The verb has constant morphological features. Definition of permanent and non-permanent features of the verb

Reflexive verbs are those that have the postfix "-sya". Attaching this postfix affects the syntactic and semantic properties.

The transitivity of a verb lies in its ability to attach a direct object to itself. It can be expressed by a noun in the accusative case without a preposition: "read a book." It can also be a noun in the genitive case without a preposition, provided that part of the subject is involved: “put salt”.

The verb in which there is a negation is also transitive: "not to hear laughter." Intransitive verbs do not have such opportunities: "crawl", "".

The verb can be either perfective or imperfective. The perfective verb symbolizes the completed action: "answer." The imperfective verb indicates the incompleteness of the action: "to answer."

The conjugation of a verb is its change in persons and numbers. There are two types of conjugation.

If the ending of the verb is unstressed, according to the first conjugation, all verbs are inclined not to “–it”. The exception is the verbs "shave" and "lay", they are also declined according to the first type. According to the second, verbs are inclined to “–it”, except for “shave” and “lay”, 7 verbs to “–et” and 4 verbs to “–at”. These verbs are: “twist”, “see”, “depend”, “hate”, “offend”, “watch”, “tolerate”, “drive”, “hold”, “hear”, “breathe”.

With a personal shock, he conjugates according to the following scheme. First conjugation first person: “I give / give”, second person: “give / give”, third person: “give / give”. Second conjugation first person: "sleep/sleep", second person: "sleep/sleep", third person: "sleep/sleep".

Variable morphological characters

The mood of the verb is indicative, imperative and conditional. The indicative expresses real actions that took place, are taking place and will take place. The imperative reflects the motivation of the speaker to something.

Conditional mood - actions that are desirable or possible under certain conditions. The particle "by" is added to the verbs in this mood.

The tense of the verb is divided into present, past and future. Only indicative verbs can change tense. The number of the verb is singular or plural.

The person of the verb is first, second and third. First person: I/we; Second person: you/you; Third person: he/she/they. The gender of the verb is masculine and. Only verbs in the past tense and singular, as well as in the conditional mood, can change on this basis.

Morphological features of a noun

Common noun (common noun or proper name)
Animation
declination
Number
case

Grammar

A noun has a number of attributes (nominal classes), the number of which varies in different languages. These attributes can be:

gender (masculine, feminine, neuter, there are also nouns of common and mutual genders);
case (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental, prepositional);
number (singular, plural);
animation.

The set of these characteristics determines the paradigm of inflection, called declension.

All nouns have one of 3 declensions:

Nouns of the 1st declension - masculine and feminine nouns ending in the nominative singular -and I, For example, dad, mom, family.
Nouns 2 declensions - masculine and neuter nouns ending in the nominative singular: zero ending for masculine and zero or -o, -e for the neuter gender, for example, window, dove, table.
Nouns 3 declensions - feminine nouns in the nominative singular zero ending, for example mouse, shawl, lie.

Words ending in "-iya" (for example, water area), vary according to 3 declension.

There are also heterogeneous nouns that do not follow the general rules of any of the declensions: for example, nouns ending in -my ( time, seed, tribe, burden, stirrup, crown, banner, flame, udder, name) and nouns way, child.

Verb

Morphological features of the verb

Permanent:

recurrence;
. transitivity;
. type (perfect or imperfect);
. conjugation (I or II).

Non-permanent:

Mood (indicative, imperative, conditional);
. time (in the indicative mood) - present, past, future;
. number (singular or plural);
. person (in the imperative mood; in the present and future tenses - the indicative mood);
. gender (in the past tense - singular, in the conditional mood).
The initial form is the indefinite form of the verb (infinitive).

Verbs transitive and intransitive

Transitive verbs can have a direct object: meet(friend) drink(tea); noun in the accusative case without a preposition: know(the address); a noun in the genitive case without a preposition, if the action covers part of the subject: put(Sahara); if the verb has a negation: do not see(horizon). Intransitive verbs cannot carry a direct object: run, smile.

Verb type:

Perfect (completed action) what to do? send, reply.

Imperfect (incomplete action) what to do? send, reply.

verb mood

Indicative.
The real actions that took place, are taking place and will actually take place: participates, participated, will participate.

Imperative.
Actions to which the speaker encourages someone (orders, asks, advises): (don't) participate, (don't) speak, (don't) come.

Conditional (subjunctive).
Actions intended, desirable or possible under certain conditions: (wouldn't) participate, (wouldn't) talk, (wouldn't) come.

Verb conjugations

Conjugation is the change of the verb in persons and numbers.

In modern Russian, there are two conjugations, which are traditionally indicated by Roman numerals - I conjugation and II conjugation.

If the stress falls on the end of the verb, then the conjugation is determined by ear at the end. If the stress falls on the stem and personal endings are difficult to distinguish by ear, then the conjugation is determined by an indefinite form.

To I conjugation include the verbs nel, the infinitive of which ends in -et, -at, -ot, -ut, -yat, -yt, -t, as well as several verbs in -it: shave, lay, rest, build up, sway, beat, twist, pour, drink, sew, rot, live, swell, -knock (bruise, make a mistake) (and formed from them). When conjugated, such verbs have endings: 1st person: singular - “y” (- “yu”), plural - “eat”. 2nd person: singular - “eat”, pl. - “eat” 3rd person: singular - “et”, pl. - “ut” (- “yut”)

Verbs II conjugation when conjugated, they have endings: 1st person: singular - “y” (- “u”), plural - “im”. 2nd person: singular - “ish”, plural - “ite” 3rd person: singular - “it”, plural - “yat” (- “at”) These include:

- verbs ending in -it(Besides shave, lay, rest, glimpse, build up, twist, beat, pour, drink, sew, rot, live, swell, make a mistake and formed from them)
- some verbs -et:, shine, hurt(about a part of the body) order, twirl, see, hang, look, burn, rattle, buzz, gundet, blow, depend, ring, see(look), itch, boil, swarm, smoke, pore, grunt, fly, hate, offend, puff, itch, whistle, whistle, sit, whistle, mourn, creak, stink, look, sniff, rumble, endure, want(except for 2 persons unit present time) , snore, crunch, rustle, hiss, make noise(and derived from them)
some verbs in -at: run away(Besides run, run), strum, grumble, grumble, squeal, squeal, grumble, drive, rattle, breathe, hold, tremble, buzz, murmur, sound, scream, lie down, be silent, rush, mumble, squeak, growl, hear, sleep, knock, hang around , rumble, rumble, snort, rustle, rumble(and formed from them);
- some verbs -yat: stand, afraid;
- other verbs with unstressed personal endings belong to the I conjugation.

Several verbs have an uncharacteristic (archaic) system of endings for verbs I and II conjugations: give, eat, create, be, bother(and their derivatives: eat, eat, recreate etc.).

Some verbs are differently conjugated, that is, they have part of the forms from the first conjugation, and part from the second: run, to want. Or have shapes to choose from honor- honor / honor, also pour- pour / pour (according to Lopatin's dictionary), wag, tweak and a number of others. In modern reference books and dictionaries glimpse already belongs to the second conjugation, previously it had forms according to the first conjugation.

The verb, like any, has signs by which it is characterized. They are grammatical categories that are inherent in verb forms. Consider the permanent and non-permanent features of the verb, studied in the framework of the school curriculum.

A verb is understood as a linguistic verbal category with its inherent syntactic and morphological properties, which denotes the state or actions of the subject under consideration. Part of speech answers the questions “what to do”, “what to do”.

When studying, the forms are necessarily considered:

Initial. Occurs under the name indefinite. Another name is the infinitive. They end in -ch, -th, -ty. The listed endings are formative suffixes. As part of the school curriculum, they are often treated as graduations. Examples: protect, carry, roll. The indefinite verb form is characterized by the naming of an action or state. There is no indication of a specific person, time or date. Such features allow us to classify it as immutable. The main feature that distinguishes the infinitive from other categories is the presence of constant properties.
Personal. This category includes all existing categories other than the infinitive. They have personal endings.
Participle. Some scholars classify adverbs as a separate part of speech.
Communion. In some programs, it, like the gerund, is distinguished as a separate part of speech.

Knowledge about what morphological features a verb has is obtained by the student in the lessons of the Russian language. It is the 5th grade in a general secondary school that is considered to be the optimal period for mastering the basics of morphology.

As part of the 5th grade curriculum, the student receives basic knowledge about the permanent and non-permanent signs of the verb. They also acquire practical skills in parsing a word as a part of speech.

A thorough knowledge of the basics of spelling in the Russian language is impossible without knowledge of the morphological properties that characterize the verb as a part of speech.

There is the following classification:

Permanent morphological features. A distinctive feature is that they cannot be modified, regardless of the presence of other parts of speech or other influence factors.
Non-permanent morphological features of the verb. In some literary sources they are found under the name of variable. They are marked by the ability to change depending on the general meaning of the sentence or a separate phrase.

Permanent

Grammatical categories that accompany the characteristics of verb forms are called permanent morphological features. Regardless of the semantic meaning that the phrase is endowed with, they are not amenable to change.

Among the constant morphological features inherent in the verb, the following categories are found:

View. There are perfective and imperfective verbs. The first group is characterized by a completed action and the question "what to do". For example: run away, read. The second group names the unfinished action and answers the question “what to do”: see, multiply.
Recurrence. Serves to describe a potential state (swears) or an ongoing action performed by a subject in relation to itself (washes itself), as well as an action occurring in relation to two or more objects that are in close relationship (put up). Feature - the presence of a postfix -sya / s. There is a division into reflexive (wash, undress) and irrevocable (plant, drink) verbs.
Transitivity. It is a category that characterizes the possibility of directed action. Feature - the ability to attach an add-on. It is customary to distinguish between transitional (wash fruit, eat cake) and intransitive (go, stay).
Conjugation type. Represents a category according to which the conjugation mechanism for persons and numbers is determined. It stands out 2 (ending in -it) and 1 conjugation (all the rest). There are also different conjugated verb forms.

Consideration of the permanent morphological features of the verb is impossible without characterizing the non-permanent ones.

Fickle

The grammatical categories inherent in conjugated verbs and participles are non-permanent features. This group is characterized by the ability to change under the influence of the semantic load, which is contained in the phrase.

What non-permanent signs are usually distinguished:

Mood. Expresses the relation of action to reality. It is customary to single out the conditional (a feature is the particle “would”: I would see, read, go), imperative (do, look, hear) and indicative (I rest, you understand) moods.
Number. It is a category that determines the number of described subjects involved in the action. Inherent in verbs and participles. There is a division into singular (runs, walks, read) and plural (worn, walk, painted) number.
Time. Contains an indication of the time period when the action took place relative to the moment of speech. characteristic of the indicative mood. It is customary to single out the present (I look, I eat), the past (I watched, I ate) and the future (I will watch, I will eat) times.
Face. Gives an idea of who is doing the action. It is characteristic of the imperative and indicative mood of the future and present. It is classified into 1 (draw, read, let's go), 2 (eat, think, swim) and 3 (stroke, look) faces.
Genus. Characterized by the gender of the person performing the action. Inherent in participles, conditional and indicative verbs in the past tense. Allocate female (decorated, cleaned, would have screamed), male (soiled, swept, would have eaten), middle (cleaned, galloped, it would be needed) gender.

Parsing order

Among the practical skills provided by the curriculum, students are required to know how to parse a word.

For a verb, there is the following procedure for morphological parsing:

Part of speech, infinitive.
The verb form is highlighted.
The conjugation is defined.
Time is revealed.
The number is specified.

Depending on whether it belongs to the future or the present time, face definition becomes available. For past tense verb forms, the gender is chosen. The last step in parsing is the definition as a member of the sentence, that is, the syntactic role in a particular sentence.

Useful video

Summing up

Knowledge within the Russian language of such concepts as permanent and non-permanent morphological is necessary in order to successfully pass the final exam at school and subsequently enter a university where the Russian language is included in the list of entrance tests.

Inconstant sign of the verb - what is it? You will find the answer to the question asked in the materials of the presented article. In addition, we will tell you about what forms this part of speech has, how it declines, etc.

General information

Before understanding what permanent and non-permanent features of the verb exist, it should be said about what this part of speech is in general.

A verb is a part of speech that denotes the state or action of an object and answers the questions “what to do?” and “what to do?”.

Verb forms

Each verb has the following forms:

Initial. Sometimes it is called the infinitive or indefinite form. Such verbs end in -ty, -t or -ch, that is, with formative suffixes (for example: guard, bloom, bathe, etc.). The indefinite names only the state or action and does not indicate the number, time or person. This is the so-called immutable form. It has only permanent features.
Conjugated forms, that is, not being an infinitive. As a rule, they have permanent and non-permanent features of the verb.
General participle.
Participle.

So, in order to correctly compose the text of the letter, you should know that the presented part of speech has:

fickle;
constant signs of the verb.

Let's consider them in more detail.

Inconstant signs of the verb

Non-permanent forms include:

number;
mood;
face;
time.

It should be noted that each of these features has its own characteristics.

Mood

All verbs have 3 mood forms. This feature shows how the speaker evaluates the action. In other words, with the help of such a form one can find out whether he considers it desirable, possible or real under any particular condition.

Time

The term "non-permanent features of the verb" speaks for itself. That is, this part of speech changes over time. However, this only applies to verbs in

So, let's consider in more detail how such a part of speech changes over time:

Present tense. Formally, it is expressed as -u, -yu, -eat, -et, -ut, -et, etc. (For example: I walk, I think, I do, I dream, I carry etc.). It should be especially noted that the present tense refers to the process that is taking place at the moment. At the same time, he himself may not be in the present, but be in the past or future. Here's an example: She runs ahead of me. She thought she was running ahead of me. She'll run ahead again.
Future tense. As you know, it denotes a process that will happen very soon. For example: I will go for a walk in the evening. It should also be noted that the future tense is also present in perfective and imperfective verbs. Although in these cases it is expressed differently ( I will read - I will read, I will sing - I will sing, I will walk - I will take a walk etc.).
Past tense. Such a tense indicates an action that has already passed (for example: walking, doing, thinking). This form is formed by adding the suffix -l-.

Number

The non-permanent features of the verb are those features that, if necessary, can change the word at the right time, person, etc. The number is also a non-permanent feature. It can be:

The only one: do, expect, go, go, go etc.
Multiple: do, expect, go, go, let's go etc.

Face

In the forms of the future and present tense, all verbs change according to the following persons:

1st person indicates that the process is carried out by the speaker: I sing, we sing;
2nd person indicates that the action is performed by the listener: you are silent, you are silent;
3rd person indicates that the action is carried out by a person not participating in the dialogue: it, he, she goes, they go.

It should also be noted that some verbs refer to some action or state that occurs without the participation of a certain person, as if by itself. Such verbs are called impersonal. Here's an example: Chill. It's getting light. It's getting dark.

Genus

What other non-permanent signs of the verb exist? Of course, the genus also belongs to them. However, this form is inherent only to verbs in the singular, conditional mood and:

Now you know what non-permanent morphological features of the verb exist and how the given part of speech changes in accordance with them. However, it should be noted that, in addition to non-permanent, there are also permanent forms. Let's consider them in more detail.

The signs of the verb are constant

If they turn to you and ask: “Name the inconstant features of the verb,” then you will certainly do it without hesitation. But what will you say if they want to hear from you a list and differences in the constant features of the verb?

So, these forms include:

transitivity;
returnability;
conjugation.

View

Absolutely all verbs are imperfective or perfective. This sign shows exactly how the action proceeds. As you know, all perfective verbs answer the following question: “what to do?”. In addition, they indicate the result of an action, its completion, beginning or end (for example, what to do? - get up).

May change in the past ( what did they do? - got up) and future simple tense ( what will they do? - get up). There is no present tense form for this feature.

Imperfect answer the following question: "what to do?". In addition, when denoting an action, they do not indicate its result, completion, beginning or end: get up. Such verbs have a past ( what they were doing? - got up), the present ( what do they do? - get up) and future complex tense ( what will you do? - I will get up). The imperfect aspect also has an indefinite form of the verb ( what will do? - will get up, will dance etc.).

It should be especially noted that in the Russian language there is a small number of two-pronged verbs. Such words, depending on the context, can either become perfect or imperfect ( order, marry, investigate, execute, arrest, marry, attack, examine etc.).

Here's an example:

Rumors spread throughout the city that the king himself was executing his enemies. In this case, the verb "executes" answers the question "what does he do?" and is imperfect.
Rumors spread throughout the city that the king himself was executing several rebels. In this case, the verb "executes" answers the question "what will he do?" and looks perfect.

recurrence

Permanent features also include such a form as recurrence. Thus, verbs that have the postfix -sya or -sya are called reflexive. For example: fight, fight etc. The rest are irrevocable. For example: beat, scold, think etc.

Transitivity

All verbs are divided into intransitive and transitive. The latter denote a process that passes to another subject. Its name can be expressed:

All other verbs are considered intransitive ( play in the forest, believe in justice etc.).

Conjugation

You know what inconstant sign of a verb can be used to write a beautiful stylistic letter. However, this is not enough for compiling a competent text. After all, it is very important to know how verbs are written in a particular conjugation.

As you know, with this form, the endings of verbs change. In turn, conjugations depend on the person and number of a word.

So, to compose a competent letter, you need to remember that:

Verbs of the 1st conjugation have endings: -eat (-eat), -u (-u), -et (-et), -ete (-ete), -em (-eat) and -ut (-yut). Here's an example: you work, you want, you howl, you sing, you run etc.
Verbs of the 2nd conjugation have endings: -ish, -u (-u), im, -it, -at (-yat) or -ite. Here's an example: grow, feed, love, pass, destroy etc.

Service and significant parts of speech contains the Russian language. The verb belongs to independent parts of speech. “Glagolit” in the Old Russian language meant “to speak”. Thus, even the ancestors proved that literate speech is impossible without the dynamics of narration, which is achieved by using verbs.

What is a verb: morphological and syntactic features

The verb talks about the action of the subject. Determine the verb on the questions "what to do?", "what to do?". Characterizing the verb, pay attention to its grammatical meaning, morphological features and function in the sentence. The grammatical features of the verb are divided into permanent and non-permanent.

The points of view of scientists about the allocation of verb forms diverge. Until now, there are disputes whether to single out the participle and the participle as significant parts of speech, or whether they are just forms of the verb. We will consider them as independent.

The grammatical meaning of the verb

Grammatically, the verb talks about the action of the subject. There are several groups of actions that are expressed by verbs:

Work, labor of the subject of speech: “to sharpen”, “to drive”, “to build”, “to dig”.
Speech or mental activity: “speak”, “assume”, “think”, “find out”.
The movement of an object in space, its position: “ride”, “stay”, “sit”, “situate”.
The emotional state of the subject of speech: "sad", "hate", "cherish", "love".
The state of the environment: "evening", "freezes", "drizzles".

In addition to the general grammatical meaning of the verb, it is worth mentioning its syntactic function. In a sentence, he is one of the main members, a predicate. The verb-predicate agrees with the subject and forms with it the predicative basis of the sentence. From the verb, questions are posed to the secondary members of the predicate group. As a rule, these are additions and circumstances expressed by nouns, adverbs or participles.

How the verb changes: permanent and non-permanent signs

Morphological features of the verb are divided into permanent and non-permanent. This gradation occurs in terms of changing the word itself or only its form. For example, "read" and "read" are two different words. The difference is that “read” is an imperfective verb, while “read” is a perfective one. They will change in different ways: the perfective verb “read” is not supposed to have the present tense. And “I read” - we read only indicate the number of the verb to read.

Permanent signs of the verb:

view (imperfect, perfect);
conjugation (I, II, heterogeneous);
recurrence (non-returnable, returnable).

gender (female, neuter, male);
mood (subjunctive, indicative, imperative);
number (plural, singular)
time (present, past, future);

These signs are formative. Therefore, when parsing a verb, they say that it stands in the form of a certain tense, mood, gender and number.

Verb moods

The grammatical features of the verb contain mood. One verb can be used in the form of indicative, subjunctive (conditional) and imperative moods. Thus, this category is included in the non-permanent features of the verb.

Indicative. It is characterized by the fact that the verb in this form can be used in the present, future and past tenses: “the child is playing” (present tense); "the child played" (past tense); "the child will play" (future tense). The indicative mood allows you to change the verb for persons and numbers.
Conditional (subjunctive) mood. Represents an action that can happen only under certain conditions. It is formed by adding to the main verb of the particle would (b): "With your help, I could cope with the difficulties." It is possible to change the verbs of the conditional mood by numbers and gender, in these forms they are consistent in the sentence with the subject: “She would have solved this problem herself”; “They would solve this problem themselves”; “He would solve this problem himself”; “Most would have solved this problem on their own.” It is important to note that the conditional mood does not imply a change in tenses of the verb.
Imperative mood. Denotes the motivation of the interlocutor to action. Depending on the emotional coloring, the motivation is expressed both in the form of a wish: “Please answer the question”, and in the form of an order: “Stop screaming!”. To get the verb of the imperative mood in the singular, it is necessary to add the suffix -i to the stem in the present tense: “sleep - sleep”, it is possible to form it in a non-suffixal way: “eat - eat”. The plural is formed with the suffix -te: "draw - draw!". Imperative verbs change by numbers: "eat soup - eat soup." If it is necessary to convey a sharp order, the infinitive is used: "I said, everyone stand up!".

verb tense

Morphological features of the verb contain the category of tense. Indeed, any action can be allocated a time at which it occurs. Since the verb changes with tenses, this category will be inconsistent.

Verb conjugations

The grammatical features of the verb cannot be fully characterized without the category of conjugation - their changes in persons and numbers.

For clarity, here is a table:

Other signs of the verb: aspect, transitivity, reflexivity

In addition to conjugation, the constant grammatical features of the verb contain the categories of aspect, transitivity and reflexivity.

Type of verb. Distinguish between perfect and imperfect. The perfect view involves the questions “what to do?”, “what will he do?”. Indicates an action that has achieved a result ("learn"), begun ("sing") or completed ("sing"). The imperfect is characterized by the questions “what to do?”, “what does it do?”. Assumes an action that continues and is repeated many times ("jump").
Recurrence of the verb. It is characterized by the presence of the suffix -sya (-s).
Transitivity of the verb. It is determined by the ability to control a noun in the accusative case without a preposition (“imagine the future”), if the verb has the meaning of negation - with transitivity, the noun will be in the genitive case: “I do not observe it.”

So, the signs of the verb as a part of speech are diverse. To determine its permanent features, it is necessary to put the part of speech in the initial form. To determine non-permanent signs, it is necessary to work with the verb taken in the context of the narrative.