Verb forms that have the same structure. Types, forms and examples of verbs

When it comes to the form of the verb, we say: “Build the verb in the form of the 2nd person plural of the future tense.” Based on this, we can say that the form of the verb is person + number + time. Building your answer according to this formula, you will never miss anything. Now let's move on to the definition of all three terms.

Person and number to determine the form of the verb

The face is the one who performs the action. To determine it, ask a question to the verb who? or what? If the answer is:

• I / we - then this is a 1st person verb, it refers directly to the speaker or the group of people in which he is a member. For example: I cook, we build;
• you / you - this is a 2nd person verb, it refers to the one / those with whom we are talking. For example: you lie, you go,
• he / she / it / they - then this is a 3rd person verb, it refers to someone else (not to the speaker and not to the interlocutor). For example: he runs, she drinks, they are friends.

Time to determine the form of the verb

Determining the time is very simple: it is done almost intuitively:

• In present tense verbs, the action is happening now, right now. Even if the time is not indicated in the sentence, you can understand it yourself. For example: sculpt (when?) now building (when?) today,
• in past tense verbs, the action takes place in the past: yesterday, a week ago, etc. For example: drawing (when?) yesterday,
• in future tense verbs, the action will only take place in an hour, tomorrow, etc. For example: learn (when?) tomorrow.

Infinitive

Verbs in the indefinite form do not have gender, person, or number, but they do have an aspect. These verbs end in -ty, -ty or -who. Their form is determined using the question:

• what to do?, then it is imperfect. For example: (what to do?) read ;
• if a question is asked about the verb what to do?, he is perfect. For example: (what to do?) read.

Other verbs also have aspect, but this is not indicated when determining their form. It is worth noting that perfective verbs do not have a present tense, because the action is either completed in the past or will be completed in the future.

It is easy to determine the form of the verb, since everything is done almost intuitively, the main thing is to remember the algorithm: person + number + time.

What are the forms of the verb in Russian?

The verb is the most complex of all parts of speech. It has a view, 2 conjugations, conjugated verbs, which are very ancient. It has transitivity, recurrence, pledge. The verb has three tenses, two numbers, three persons. In the past tense, it has gender. In the Present tense, it can acquire moods, and in the future it can have a simple and complex form. And the verb can also have an infinitive, and in Russian there are two parts of speech, which, according to some textbooks, are its special forms. And all this must be taken into account in the morphological analysis. Even students of the philological departments of universities do not always cope with this uncle verb. I knew one correspondence student in Soviet times who took morphology five times and flunked this case because of the verb and its forms.

The first, perhaps, form of the verb is the infinitive, indefinite, which answers the question what to do? . By tense, the verb can be used in the present, future and past tense, and in the past tense there are two forms - perfect and imperfect (for example, did - did). Verbs are used in singular and plural. Also, verbs change by gender - masculine, feminine and neuter.

Remembering the existing forms of verbs in Russian is not difficult. First, as in any other language, verbs have an initial form, the so-called infinitive, which is the easiest to remember because it answers the question What to do? Further, the verbs are divided into tenses, this is also simple - past, future and present give three more forms. Naturally, verbs are also divided into number - singular and plural. And the favorite forms of the verbs of each student are participle and participle. The participle is an adjective verb, for example frozen, and the participle is an adverb verb that shows an additional action, for example, I was trembling, freezing.

In Russian, the verb has many forms. Let's start with verb conjugation. Each verb can change in persons and numbers, that is, conjugate. Therefore, we distinguish between the form of the first person singular and plural of the present tense, the form of the second person, etc.

Here are the personal forms of the verb go:

I'm going, we're going

you go you go

he goes, they go.

In the past tense of the indicative mood, the verb has its own form, formed from the stem of the infinitive with the suffix -l-:

Past tense forms:

took, took, took, took.

The verb has a special form - participle, which combines the qualities of a verb and an adjective, that is, indicates a sign of action.

Participles formed from the verb sow:

sowing, sown (present tense);

sowed, sown (past tense).

Mention and gerund- an invariable form of the verb, which has the features of a verb and an adverb and denotes an additional action in relation to the verb-predicate.

Hearing, speaking is an imperfect participle;

Having heard, understood, brought, baked - a perfect participle.

In a sentence, the participle is usually a circumstance.

Russian is a very difficult language. Including due to the fact that each word practically has many forms. The same applies to verbs. Verbs have an indefinite form when they answer the question what to do? . I also have perfect and imperfect forms. From different tenses, the corresponding forms of verbs are formed, the same can be said about the singular and plural. And these are just the main ones.

A verb is a part of speech that names an action or state as a process. Answers questions such as - what to do, what to do. The morphological features of the verb are: aspect, tense, mood, face. Moods are: indicative, imperative and conditional. Time: past, present and future.

The forms of the verb are those categories in which the verb changes: mood, tense, person, number, gender.

Verbs can be in the form of indicative, imperative and conditional (subjunctive in some textbooks) moods. In the indicative mood, the category of time appears: the form of the present, past and future tenses. Each of these forms has singular and plural forms; in the past tense and singular, verbs change by gender (masculine, feminine, neuter), in the present and future - by persons (1st, 2nd, 3rd).

Standing apart is the indefinite form of the verb, or the infinitive (what to do? what to do?), in which not a single inconstant feature is defined.

In modern school grammar, participles and gerunds are considered not as a special form of the verb, but as independent parts of speech.

A verb in Russian can have several forms.

Initial (undefined) verb form (it is also called the infinitive), for example, go.

Past tense form, present, future, an example went, I go, I go.

Singular, plural form, examples stand, stand.

Special form of the verb - participle.

Special form of the verb - gerund.

Verbs change by person, number, gender.

And these are just small examples. The topic of verbs is covered in more detail here.

Verbs change by person, number, tense, gender.

Genus - there are three types of female / male / middle.

Time - there are 3 types - present, future, past.

Number is Singular and Plural.

Faces - there are 1, 2, 3. (I, you, he) (we, you, they).

The verb has several forms and several types of changes.

Persons can be first, second and third.

The verb can be singular or plural.

The verb can be used in the feminine, male and neuter genders.

Instruction

You can determine the infinitive by the question. Find a verb and ask a question to it. If this is a verb in an indefinite form, then it will answer the question “what to do?”, “what to do?”. For example, grow, bake, flood, breed, lie down.
There is always a soft sign at the end of such verbs.

It is difficult to distinguish the infinitive from the personal form if the word is written in transcription. The record of the finals of these forms is the same: [tutor "itsa] (studies) - [tutor" ita] (studies). In this case, pay attention to , the vowel before [-ca] or the context where you can ask a question. If this work is not feasible, then both forms are appropriate.

The indefinite form of the verb is included in the compound nominal predicate. In this case, the sentence contains two heterogeneous verbs. To determine which of them is the infinitive, you need to designate the grammatical basis. The predicate will consist of two verbs. The one that contains the lexical meaning is the infinitive, it needs a soft sign. So, in the sentence "Students will be able to work out additionally" the predicate "will be able to work out." And the indefinite form is "to work out."

The indefinite form of the verb can act as secondary members of the sentence. In such cases, it can be determined by following the logic of reasoning. Ask a question of the indirect case from the predicate to the infinitive. If possible, then in this case it is an addition. For example, in the sentence “The coach told us to do a warm-up”, the word “do” will be an object (said what?). In this case, reason like this: the action indicated in the verb “ordered” is performed, and others will perform it. So this is not a predicate, because it is simple.

Circumstances expressed in the indefinite form of the verb most often answer the questions “for what purpose?”, “For what reason?”. In the sentence “I came to the gym to train”, we ask the question “I came for what purpose?” to the infinitive.
By definition ask a question from . In the sentence “I am fluent in the ability to play the guitar”, the infinitive is -: the ability (what?) to play.

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note

Only in one-part sentences with the main member of the predicate there are no words from which a question is asked to the verb.

Helpful advice

Ask questions from one word to another. If the minor member is expressed by a verb, then this is only an indefinite form. Be sure to write a soft sign.

Sources:

• verbs in indefinite form

A verb is a part of speech with permanent and non-permanent features. The person of the verb is its inconstant sign, and only verbs in the present and future tenses have it. Not everyone can immediately identify it. To do this, we will give a short instruction on how to determine the person of the verb.

Instruction

Instruction

You must know that indefinite form verb often called the infinitive. The verb in this form does not change either in numbers or in persons. It is impossible for him to determine both inclination and appearance.

You can, of course, form an indefinite form of the verb with the help of auxiliary questions “what to do?”, “what to do?”. But this method may not always be useful to you. Thus, it is difficult for schoolchildren to put impersonal verbs into the infinitive, which in the future may be the result of spelling errors.

Children also confuse third-person verbs with infinitives, which means they will not be able to determine whether to write: "tsya" or "tsya". For example, to the verb in the syntactic construction “seems to be successful”, children find it difficult to put auxiliary questions “what to do?”, “what to do?”. Thus, they will not be able to check the spelling of .

Finding the indefinite form of a verb or forming it is easier, paying attention to some details. So, you should know that the infinitive has the ending "t" or "ti". For example, in "bring" the ending will be "ti", and in the word "in time" - "t".

The ending "ti" is in an indefinite form if it is preceded by a vowel sound, and "t" is after a consonant. So, in the infinitive "bloom" before the end of "ti" there is a consonant sound "s", and in the word "see" - the vowel "e".

To learn how to form an indefinite form, it is necessary to ask the questions “what to do?” or "what to do?" And do not forget to pay attention to the structure of the word.

Sources:

• the verb in the indefinite form will not happen

The noun is a separate part of the speech of the Russian language. It has the forms of number and case, which classify the categories of gender, as well as animateness and inanimateness, depending on the objects designated.

Instruction

Imagine several variants of the same thing: “home”, “home”, “home”. How to determine its initial form(or dictionary form)? The initial form of the noun is the nominative form. This case denotes the concept expressed by the word. Most often, the names in this case play the role of the subject in the sentence, less often - the predicate. Nominative to the questions: “who?”, “What?” Like what?" - "house", "who?" - "bird". Ask similar questions to determine form noun.

Recall from the school curriculum that, standing in the initial form, in most cases it is in the singular. Therefore, in order to define vocabulary form this part of speech, put it in the singular: “many houses” - “one house”.

Note that some nouns only have form plural, and it is impossible to modify them, leading to the singular. These include, for example, the names of time periods, paired objects, masses of matter: “day”, “glasses”, “trousers”, “weekdays”, “pasta”, “holidays”, “ink”, “scissors”. The initial form of similar is the nominative plural form.

Pay attention to the need for homonyms (words that are the same in sound and spelling, but different in meaning) from each other. For example: “A clock hangs on the wall” (here “clock” will have the initial form only in the plural). Or: “At these hours the sky is usually

Infinitive, or indefinite form of the verb

A verb in its initial or indefinite form is called an infinitive. The infinitive always answers the question "what to do?" or "what to do?" It is never possible to ask questions in relation to the initial form: “what is she doing?”, “what will she do?”, “what will she do?”, “what did she do?”, “what did she do? " etc. That is, the infinitive, by definition, has a minimum number of morphological features.

Examples. The verb "go" answers the question "what to do?". Accordingly, it is a verb in an indefinite (initial) form, or an infinitive. However, the verbs “goes”, “will go”, “go” answer the questions “what is he doing?”, “what will he do?”, “?”. These verbs already have morphological features - persons, numbers and tenses - and are not infinitives.

Another example. The verb "write" answers the question "what to do?" and is an infinitive. From this initial form, verbs are formed in the past and future tenses, first, second and third persons, singular and plural: “wrote”, “wrote”, “”, “”, “will write”.

In other words, the verb in the infinitive is always the zero (indefinite) form, from which you can always form different forms of the same word in different persons and numbers. This process is called conjugation.

What features of the verb can be determined by the initial form

If the infinitive is the initial, zero, indefinite form of the verb, is it possible to determine any signs of this part of speech, or morphological signs, from it? Yes, you can define constants, signs of the verb.

Firstly, according to the indefinite form, it is possible to determine the types of the verb - perfect or. The imperfective verb in the initial form answers the question "what to do?" and denotes an unfinished action. For example, “walk”, “”, “sing”, “”, etc. The perfective verb in the infinitive answers the question "what to do?" and denotes a completed, finished action. For example, “walk”, “read”, “sing”, “compose”, “fly”, etc.

Secondly, by the infinitive you can determine. There are two conjugations - the first and the second. The first conjugation includes all verbs that in the infinitive end in -et, -at, -ut, -ot, -t, -yt, and a few exception verbs in -it. The second conjugation includes most of the verbs in -it, as well as some exception verbs in -at, -yat and -et.

view category

• Imperfect the view denotes the action in its course, without indicating the boundary of the action (answers the question what to do?) ( draw, sing).
• Perfect view denotes an action limited by a limit (answers the question what to do?) ( draw, sing).

There are verbs that do not have paired forms of another kind:

• to belong, to roam(only imperfect view);
• to burst, to step, to find oneself(only perfect view).

There are verbs that combine the meaning of imperfect and perfect form - two-part verbs ( command, promise, hurt).

Transitive and intransitive verbs

Verbs that combine or can combine with nouns, numerals or a pronoun in the accusative case without a preposition are called transitive. The rest of the verbs are intransitive. Instead of the accusative case, the addition with the transitive verb can also be in the genitive case without a preposition: 1) if there is a negative particle "not" before the transitive verb: understood the task - did not understand the task; read a novel - did not read a novel; to lose time - not to waste time;

2) if the action does not transfer to the whole object, but only to its part: drank water (all the water in question) - drank water (part), bring firewood - bring firewood.

When determining the transitivity / intransitivity of verbs, it is also necessary to take into account the meaning of the noun in the form of the accusative case - it must name the object of the action. Compare: stand for an hour (in line) or live for a week (at sea), where verbs are not transitive, although they are followed by nouns in the accusative case without a preposition: All night (V.p. with the meaning of time, not object) thundered (intransitive verb) the neighboring ravine, the stream, bubbling, ran to the stream.

Verbs that cannot have a direct object with them are intransitive: do (what?) Sports, understand (what?) Music, refuse (what?) Help.

Note. Transitivity / intransitivity is closely related to the lexical meaning of the verb: in one sense the verb can be transitive, and in another - intransitive. Wed: I tell the truth (I say - “I speak” - a transitive verb). The child is already talking (says - “talks” - an intransitive verb); Tomorrow I will go alone, I will teach (intransitive verb) at school and I will give my whole life to those who may need it; learn lessons (transitive verb).

Verb conjugations

Conjugation is the change of verbs in the present and future simple tenses in persons and numbers (similar to declension for nouns). Conjugations (conjugation as a category) are also called groups of verbs, the endings of which, with changes in the present and future simple tenses, change in the same way for persons and numbers.

Regular conjugations

There are two conjugations (two categories of verbs): I and II.

The conjugation is determined as follows - if the verb in the form of the 3rd person plural has a stressed ending -ut, -ut, then this is the verb of the I conjugation. If the shock ending -at, -yat, then it is a verb of II conjugation. Only if the endings of the 3rd person plural are unstressed, the following technique is used. It should be borne in mind that it is not effective for verbs with the mentioned stress endings: from the test using the verb technique described below sew it follows that it is II conjugation, and from the verification described above - I conjugation.

The second conjugation includes those verbs with an unstressed personal ending in which:

1. The infinitive ends in -it (carry, saw, spend, etc.), except for verbs shave, lay, rare verbs to build" ("to be founded, to build") and be ruffled ("to vacillate, to sway, to swell"). (Verbs be based and sway are used only in the form of the 3rd person singular and plural, other forms are not used.).
2. Exception verbs whose infinitive ends in -et ( watch, see, endure, hate, offend, depend, twirl) and on -at ( drive, hold, hear, breathe).

All other verbs with unstressed personal endings belong to the I conjugation.

Prefixed verbs, formed from non-prefixed ones, belong to the same type of conjugation as non-prefixed ones (drive - catch up - overtake - drive out, etc. - II conjugation). Verbs with -sya (-s) refer to the same type of conjugation as without -sya (-s) (drive - chase - II conjugation). Conjugation is a constant feature of the verb.

Irregular conjugations

Main article: Irregular Verbs

The Russian language also has heterogeneous verbs, in which some forms are formed according to I conjugation, and others - according to II. These include:

1. run away, which has all the forms, like the verbs of the II conjugation (run - run - run - run - run), except for the 3rd person plural. numbers - run (according to I conjugation);
2. honor- changes according to the II conjugation (honor - honor - honor - honor), except for the 3rd person plural. numbers (honor), although there is also a form of honor, which is now used less often than it is honored;
3. glimpse(“to dawn, to glow a little”) - has all the forms, as in the verbs of the II conjugation (breezhu - breezes - breezes - breezes - breezes), except for the 3rd person plural. numbers - squeal (according to I conjugation). In I-II persons, it is used extremely rarely: “You will glimmer with a timid silhouette // You will glimmer at random with a prayer” (Svetik Fomicheva).

Verbs there is, get bored, to give, create(and their prefix derivatives: overeat, to eat, pass, give away, betray, recreate etc.), as well as the obscene verb piss (piss)(conjugation on -s-).

Verb be also idiosyncratic. Rarely used forms of the 3rd person singular and plural of the present tense have survived from it in modern Russian - there is and essence. Here is an example of the use of these forms: "A straight line is the shortest distance between two points"; “The most common abstractions accepted by almost all historians are: freedom, equality, enlightenment, progress, civilization, culture” (Leo Tolstoy). Old Russian form of the 2nd person singular. h. thou art preserved as archaism in epics as part of a stable expression goy thou(be healthy). The future tense is formed from another root: I will - will be - will be - will be - will be - will be.

Verbs are conjugated (change in persons and numbers) only in the present and future tenses. Moreover, if the form of the future tense is complex (in imperfective verbs), then only the auxiliary verb to be is conjugated, and the main verb is in the infinitive. Verbs in the past tense do not conjugate (do not change by person), but they do change by gender and number: he took, she is took, it took, they have taken.

Non-permanent signs

inclinations

• indicative mood (indicative) describes an action. The indicative mood has tense forms: imperfective verbs have all three forms of tense (present, past and complex future, consisting of two words (the conjugated verb "to be" and the infinitive of this verb) - read, read, will read), and perfective verbs - only two forms of time (the past and the simple form of the future - read, read).
• Conditional(less often subjunctive) inclination (conditionalis) denotes actions that are desired or possible, but dependent on any conditions. It is formally built from the form of the past tense and a separately written particle would (would read, would write).
• imperative inclination (imperative) expresses the will of the speaker - a request, an order, an incentive to act. It is formed from the stem of the present or future simple tense with the suffix -and- or zero termination ( write, read, leave, lie down). The singular form has a zero ending, while the plural form has an ending -those (take - take, run - run, draw - draw). Conjugated verbs: want, run, strive, crave, desire, read, glimpse.

Time

• The present time shows that the action expressed by the verb coincides with the moment of speech ( do it is now, writing letter, repairing fridge).
• Past tense denotes an action that preceded the moment of speech ( made it's yesterday wrote letter, repaired fridge). For most verbs, the past tense form is built from the stem of the infinitive by adding a suffix -l. Past tense verbs change in number and gender (in the singular), taking the appropriate endings.
• Future tense expresses an action that will take place after the moment of speech ( I will do it's tomorrow write letter, I will repair fridge).

Forms future tense of verbs perfect look are formed from the basis of the simple future tense using the same endings as the present tense forms of imperfective verbs (this form is called the simple future tense form): I will write, I will tell, I will bring.

Forms future tense of verbs imperfect form are formed by adding the forms I will, you will, will, we will, will be, will be to the infinitive of the imperfect form of the verb (this form is called the compound future tense form): I will write, I will tell, I will carry.

faces

The person indicates the speaker (I, we) (1st person), the interlocutor of the speaker (you, you) (2nd person), a person or object not participating in speech (he, she, it, they) (3- e face). Not all verbs have a complete set of personal forms in the conjugation paradigm. There are so-called insufficient verbs, which have some forms missing. Yes, the verb win not used (due to difficulties in its formation) form of the 1st person singular of the future tense: instead of i will run used turnover i will win.

There are also impersonal verbs expressing actions and states that occur on their own, without their producer ( evening, chill, dawn, dusk). The conjugation paradigm of these verbs is also incomplete - it contains only 3rd person singular neuter forms - but for semantic rather than derivational reasons.

Some verbs in the paradigm use suppletive forms, that is, forms formed from different stems: I'm going - walked.

The number of the verb differs into singular and plural in all tenses, for example, past (I did, we did), present (I do, they do), future (I will do, they will do). The verb depends not only on itself, but also on the noun, for example: I go (who?) I, he plays (what does he do?) plays

Literature

• Pirogova L. I. Russian verb: Grammar reference dictionary. - M .: School-Press, 1999. - 416 p. - 5,000 copies. - ISBN 5-88527-144-5
• Rosenthal D. E. Russian language: A guide to the Russian language for applicants to universities. - M .: Publishing house "Onyx 21st century", 2000. - 416 p. - (Applicants to universities). - ISBN 5-329-00232-X

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Is the view.

In general, the presence of the aspect category is typical for Slavic languages. Species indicate the logical connection of an action with the time it was performed. In other words, the meaning of the aspect of the verb is completeness or incompleteness.

In Russian, verbs can be perfective and imperfective, indicating an action that has either already happened or will be completed:

Dmitry (what did he do?) found out that a house would be built soon (what would they do?) in this microdistrict.

The imperfect aspect differs in that it denotes the process of action itself, and not the fact of its completion:

They (what did they do?) ran towards each other. Children (what are they doing?) behave directly.

Verbs of this kind are often used in speech to denote recurring events:

Evgenia daily (what does she do?) reads books in English.

Peter every morning (what does he do?) goes to work on foot.

The specific forms of verbs in Russian differ. Non-derivative verbs in which there is no prefix, as a rule, belong to the imperfect form, and words derived from them - to the perfect. Moreover, the transition from one type to another is in most cases accompanied by a change in lexical meaning.

Cutting - what to do? - carry. in. Cut - what to do? - owls. in.;

Change - what to do? - carry. in. Change - what to do? - owls. in.

But not always the type of the verb can be determined by the presence or absence of word-forming morphemes (prefixes and suffixes). For example, some verbs formed by the prefix method retain the imperfective form:

(what to do?) walk - leave - come - move.

Verbs make up an aspect pair if they have the same lexical meaning:

• to illustrate - to illustrate;
• unite - unite;
• build - build.

In most cases, these are single-root forms.

There are very few verbs that have different roots in the same aspect pair in Russian:

• speak - say;
• take - take.

Even less common are the specific forms of verbs that make up a pair, differing only in stress:

• cut off - cut off.

Many verbs do not have a pair at all, they are usually called single-species:

• shout out (Sov. v.);
• sleep (owls. in.);
• to be present (inn. in.).

If both questions fit the word: “what to do?” and “what to do?” means we have a two-part verb. Such forms of verbs convey the semantic shades characteristic of their species, precisely in the context of the sentence:

A person (what does he do?) does not use all the possibilities of his brain.

To test knowledge, the teacher tomorrow (what will he do?) Uses tests.

As we can see, aspectual forms of verbs are obtained from such homonyms: their differences lie not only in species, but also in relation to the time of the event.

Both types of verbs have a number of grammatical differences. For example, in the perfect form there is no present tense, and in the imperfect form the future tense consists of two words.

So, knowledge of the semantic and grammatical differences of aspectual forms is necessary for the accuracy and expressiveness of speech, since the incorrect use of verbs can lead not only to a distortion of meaning, but also to