Verbs ending in sya are called. "return particle" in books

In the verbs of the Russian language there are morphological non-permanent and some permanent features. One of them includes reflexive and non-reflexive types of verbs. Non-reflexive verbs, as well as reflexive ones, carry the presence or absence of special reflexive derivational postfixes -s and -sya. Let's try to figure out what it is and how such verbs are used.

Reflexivity of verbs

The reflexivity of verbs is a grammatical category that will indicate the direction or non-direction of a certain state defined by this verb, or an action on some subject. Reflexive and non-reflexive verbs in Russian are conjugated forms that differ in the presence or absence of postfixes -s and -sya (reflexive).

What is recurrence in verbs can be seen in the following examples: The boy washed and got ready. The man talked with a friend (these are examples of reflexive verbs).

The puppy played with the ball and ran to the playground. It was raining in the evening (this is an irrevocable form of the verb). This is how you need to distinguish between them.

A couple of useful words

Let us briefly recall once again that it is not particularly difficult to understand how to define an irrevocable verb. It can be transitive and intransitive, it can mean some action that is aimed at the subject (assembling a puzzle, reading a book), a state, a certain position in space, a multidirectional action, and the like (dreaming, sitting, thinking). Non-reflexive verbs do not include the postfix -s and -sya.

Shades of meaning

Reflexive verbs are able to express an action that will be directed to a specific subject (to something doing, speaking, looking, and so on).

Reflexive and non-reflexive verbs in Russian seems to be possible to discuss endlessly. Here are examples of reflexive verbs with completely different shades of meaning:

Rejoice, be upset, sad (denotes the mental or physical state of a certain subject);

The dress is wrinkled, the dog bites, the nettle branch burns (shows a permanent quality or property of the subject);

Dress, eat, put on shoes, swim (the action of verbs is directed exclusively at oneself);

I want, I want, it gets dark (an impersonal action is shown here);

Hugging, quarreling, seeing each other (reciprocal action performed by several people in their relation to each other);

Tidy up, line up, get hold of (an action of an indirectly recurrent nature, which is performed by the subject solely in his own interests).

Unforgettable suffixes for reflexive verbs

Let's figure out what a reflexive and irrevocable verb means.

Verbs in reflexive form have suffixes:

Xia - maybe, both after consonants (taken, surrounded, and the like), and after endings (teach - learn, dries - dries, etc.));

Si will stand after vowels (dropped, drawn, blurred, and so on).

In the process of forming reflexive verbs, not only suffixes are of great importance, but also prefixes (read - read, drink - get drunk). In addition, among the verbs of this type there are non-derivatives. It is they who, under no circumstances, are used without the suffixes -s and -sya (laugh, fight, like).

Since pronouns in the accusative case and nouns are never used after reflexive verbs, they are all intransitive.

No suffixes

Non-reflexive verbs in Russian do not have suffixes -s and -sya. They can be both intransitive (create, breathe, play) and transitive (talk, draw).

An important point: many reflexive verbs can be formed from irrevocable ones, for example, cook - prepare.

Based on the foregoing, one must understand that in order to determine what a reflexive and irrevocable verb means and what kind of verb it belongs to, it is necessary to find a suffix that helped in education. If the suffixes -s (-sya) are present in the words, then these are reflexive verbs. If they are not, then non-reflexive verbs.

Situations noted in verbs

So, we already know that reflexive verbs with suffixes -s and -sya. They can be both non-derivative (for example, laugh), and formed from transitive and intransitive verbs (wash - wash).

In some intransitive and reflexive verbs formed from them, we are talking about the same situation, for example: something blackens in the distance and something blackens in the distance. True, in the vast majority of situations, you can understand what an irrevocable verb means and how it looks “in life” by paying attention to the fact that the verbs reflexive and irrevocable denote completely different moments.

As a good example, we can name the following: to wash - a situation in which there are two participants (mother washes her daughter) and to wash - a situation in which there is only one participant (the girl washes); Petya hit Vanya. Petya and Vanya hit a large stone (in both cases, two boys are mentioned, but the situations in which they are direct participants are completely different).

Here we can say that the components of meaning themselves, which are introduced into the word by postfixes -s and -sya, are word-forming.

What can be found in grammars?

And the following information is noted there (we are talking about several values):

The mean-return value is to have fun, get angry, be scared, rejoice;

The meaning is active-objective - to bite, butt, swear (use;

The meaning is reciprocal - to quarrel, put up, meet, hug, kiss;

The meaning is actually recurrent - to dress, put on shoes, meet, powder;

The meaning is passive-recurrent - to be remembered, to be remembered;

The meaning is indirectly recurrent - to gather, stock up, stack, pack;

The meaning is passive-qualitative - to be introduced, to be remembered.

A reflexive verb can be formed by taking -sya to help, which will be combined with other morphemes (wink, run).

It is with the voice that reflexivity will be associated (that is, in the case in which the voice is defined at the morphemic level, reflexive verbs formed from transitive verbs will be combined into a voice, which is called reflexive-middle).

The intransitive sign is an affix. Combinations such as I'm afraid of dad, I obey my older brother, which can be found in Russian, will be few and non-normative.

Without rules - nowhere

Let's go back to what an irrevocable verb is. The rule says that having no postfix -sya. And here in return this postfix is present. It so happened for a long time that the appearance of reflexive verbs was associated with the pronoun -sya. True, initially it was attached exclusively to transitive verbs (for example, bathe + sya (that is, yourself) = bathe).

The variety of Russian verbs is divided into different groups.

Irreversible verbs from which the formation of reflexives comes - build + sya; meet + xia; write - do not write, sleep - do not sleep.

Irreversible verbs - to have dinner, to answer.

Reflexive verbs - laugh, fight, balk.

From the information provided, we can conclude that the postfix -sya in Russian can perform different functions:

Prepare reflexive verbs that differ from producing non-reflexive verbs in lexical terms (forgive - say goodbye);

Form the reflexive form of verbs (to turn white).

It is necessary to pay attention to the fact that some verbs in -sya have a synonymous reflexive combination (to cover - to cover oneself).

The division of verbs into reflexive and irrevocable has developed in the Russian language completely irrespective of their division into transitive and intransitive, collateral and non-collateral. It does not coincide with either one or the other one hundred percent, but is in a certain connection with the categories of transitivity and voice: -sya represents the intransitiveness of the verb, but only the reflexive form can provide the voice correlation.

In conclusion

Let's talk a little more about verbs and summarize a productive conversation.

Verbs are words in which the meaning of some process is defined, that is, they are able to express the signs indicated by them as some kind of action (say, read, write), state (sit, jump) or becoming (get old).

In addition to syntactic conjugation forms, verbs have non-syntactic reflexive and non-reflexive forms and aspect form. By the way they express non-syntactic formal meanings, verbs can be divided into grammatical categories that are in some relationship to each other.

The dependence of the subdivision of verbs into irrevocable and reflexive lies in the extent to which the grammatically intransitive meaning of the process is expressed or, conversely, not expressed in them.

Reflexive - verbs in which there is a grammatically expressed intransitive. In other words, they perfectly show that the process expressed by them can be turned to a direct object, which is represented by a noun in the accusative case without a preposition. An example is the words - get angry, meet, wash, knock, dress.

Irreversible verbs have some difference: they do not have any indication of the intransitive process. That is why they can be transitive: dress (daughter), annoy (parents), meet (guests), and intransitive: clobber, knock.

Particle -sya, ascending to the reflexive pronoun itself. In modern Russian, -sya acts as a post-inflectional, or inflectional (standing after the end), suffix (postfix) in verb forms (in the infinitive - after the suffix) and is either a form-forming affix as an element of a pledge value (to wash, bite), or word-forming affix, more often in combination with a prefix or suffix (to cry, look closely, be proud).

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It means an action directed at oneself. On one's own.

"Dressed-sya" - dressed himself. "Decorated" - decorated himself.
"Scratched" - scratched himself. Without outside help - oh, malazza!
"Pricked-sya" - pricked himself. Myself. No one ran and did not prick. He himself sat down on a cactus and pricked himself.
“Burned”, “scalded”, “killed” - the same thing. Myself. Myself. Burned, scalded, killed.

Well, still in sight! I decided to make myself offended, upset, or I wanted to suffer. Decided and done.
External influence is a reason, nothing more.
In response to the same impact, one will be offended, the other will be angry, and the third will laugh! %)))
You can't deceive the tongue, it has been polishing for centuries ... SIA!

Well, what the hell, you ask, make yourself dependent on someone else's emotions?
“If I marry Vasya, my mother will be upset, upset and sick!”
And you offer mom to bite-Xia! Preferably by the elbow or ear.
Or - finally, calm down. ;))

Particle or suffix?

The question often arises-sya - particle or suffix? After all, in Russian it was customary to consider -Xia returning particle?

Here is what N.M. Shansky writes about this: “As a certain significant unit of the modern Russian language, on the one hand, it does not have the properties that are characteristic of particles, and on the other, it has all the features inherent in suffixes.

What are particles? These are words that have not only a specific word sound and meaning, but also complete verbal independence. In a sentence, they can move freely and be located after any word, being clearly recognized as a separate lexical unit. We pay special attention to how, when varying the particle, the meaning of the sentence completely changes:Only he then helped you. He then helped only you. He only then help you. Particles always live their own lives, separate from the surrounding words.

Does it - Xia, like particles, an independent word? No. Unlike real particles of the type already, only, would, not, here, still, almost, only, perhaps, even, really, etc., existing as words in a sentence, -sya as a specific linguistic fact is observed only in the word (in the verb, in the participle and gerund participle formed from it). So - Xia represents only a significant part of the word, a morpheme, a unit of intra-word manifestation and semantics, inseparable from the corresponding verbs and their participial and participle formations. Verbs with the reflexive particle -sya are divided into several groups.

Proper reflexive verbs : the action is directed to the actor (i.e. returns to him). The value of the posfix -sya here is equal to the value of "self":wash, dress, shave, defend, hide etc.

Reciprocal verbs : the same action is performed by two (or more) persons. In this case, each person performs an action and takes on an action:meet, hug, greet, get acquainted, put up, fight, kiss, correspond etc.

Reflexive verbs , in which the postfix -sya, making the verb intransitive, does not change its main meaning. These verbs denote: 1) various changes in movement, position, state (move, descend, land, return, bend down, stop, decrease etc.); 2) the beginning, continuation and end of any phenomenon or action (start, continue, end ); 3) a permanent property of an object (for example:the cactus pricks, the tree bends, the dog bites ).

Verbs that are not used without -sya : laugh, become, fear, appear, strive, need etc.

Impersonal verbs denoting a state independent of the person : happens, it gets dark, I think, I want to, I’m unwell, I don’t work, I can’t sleep, I can’t sit, etc.)

Imperfect verbs with a passive meaning (cf.:The experiment is carried out by scientists; The monument is protected by the state ).

"-Xia as a service morpheme after a non-derivative stem, it can only be a suffix. Truth,-sya stands in the word after the end, but it can also be inflectional. A suffix is a service meaningful part of a word that is located after the root, and it does not matter whether immediately after the root or not, before or after the ending. The same inflectional suffixes are suffixes -then, either, something.

-Xia is not an ending, due to the fact that it does not have inflectional semantics. After all, the endings indicate the connection of the word with other words in the sentence, while the suffix -Xia such functions are not peculiar: it has distinct but non-syntactic meanings: the value of reciprocity (they kiss ), suffering (the house is being built ), intensity of action (knocking ), emphasized intransitivity (boast ) etc.

So the morpheme-sya is called a suffix because, being behind the root, it does not have the semantic features of the ending and has such meanings that entirely fit into the semantic framework characteristic of the suffix.

Etymologically -Xia represents an enclitic (short) form of the reflexive pronoun itself, that is, it goes back not even to a service, but to a full-fledged word.

Literature

Shansky N.M. In the world of words. Moscow, 1985.

return particle

Dictionary-reference book of linguistic terms. Ed. 2nd. - M.: Enlightenment. Rosenthal D. E., Telenkova M. A.. 1976 .

See what the "return particle" is in other dictionaries:

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