Chapter XXIV. Social and political consequences of the Norman conquest of England and the further development of feudal relations in it (XI-XIII centuries)

House of Lords

(clergy, secular authorities invited by the king)

House of Commons

(knights, citizens elected by their voters)

Page 1

Lesson 20
Subject: history.

Date: 12/21/2011

Teacher: Khamatgaleev E.R.

1. 
   Checking homework.
2. 
   
3. 
   Henry II Plantagenet.
4. 
   English Parliament.

Equipment: Ved. §20.

1. 
   Checking homework.

• 
  What are the reasons for the strengthening of royal power in France?
• 
  What reforms did Saint Louis IX manage to carry out?
• 
  How did the strengthening of royal power during the reign of Philip IV the Handsome?

1. 
   England after the Norman Conquest.

• 
  Who conquered England in 1066? (Duke of Normandy William, later William the Conqueror.)
• 
  Where did the decisive battle take place? (Under Hastings.)

To strengthen his power, Wilhelm confiscated many of the lands of the local nobility and transferred them to his associates. At the same time, he tried to distribute the land so that one feudal lord had them scattered throughout the country.

• 
  Why do you think? (To weaken the position of their vassals.)

In addition, 1/7 of all confiscated lands became the property of the king. In 1086 the king conducted a land census. The so-called Domesday Book was compiled - a list of land holdings of the inhabitants of England. In accordance with it, fixed taxes were collected.

• 
  What was the specificity of English feudalism? (Its specificity lay in the significant power of the king.)

textbook material

• 
  Why was the power of the king of England in the 11th-12th centuries stronger than that of the French king? Why did the situation change in the 13th century?

England after the Norman Conquest. Since 1066, when Duke William of Normandy was solemnly proclaimed king of England, for several centuries the English kings, simultaneously as vassals of the French king, owned vast territories in France. The fates of the two states were closely connected.

In Normandy, William had strong power over his subjects. He sought to ensure that in England the power of the monarch was no less strong. To rally around the king, the Normans were prompted by their not quite strong position in the captured, but not yet reconciled country.

The lands of the Anglo-Saxon nobility, who resisted the conquerors, were confiscated by the new king and transferred to his associates, but he did it in such a way that the possessions of powerful barons were scattered in different parts of the country. This made possible rebellions of the feudal lords against the royal power less dangerous. In addition, not only large, but also small feudal lords of England had to take an oath of allegiance to the king. All of them became his direct vassals. Finally, Wilhelm left himself a huge domain, which accounted for 1/7 of all cultivated land in the country.

The land census conducted throughout the country in 1086, the first in medieval Europe, also contributed to the strengthening of the king's power. Seeing it off, the king's people demanded that the locals tell them only the truth, as at the Last Judgment, so the census materials were called the "Book of the Last Judgment." The census gave the king, firstly, data on the size of the possessions and incomes of his vassals, and, secondly, the information necessary for taxing the entire population with taxes.

The conquerors arrived in England from France, where feudal relations already dominated by that time. By asserting their habitual orders in the occupied country, they thus, as it were, spurred the development of feudal relations, which had been going on in England before, but not at such a rapid pace. A feature of the development of England during this period was a significant increase in royal power, explained both by the very fact of the conquest and by the wise policy of William the Conqueror. At the end of the 11th and in the 12th century, the power of the king was much stronger in England than in neighboring France.

• 
  Do you think that William the Conqueror can be called an outstanding politician?

1. 
   Henry II Plantagenet.

• 
  Remember what lands Henry had before he became the English king? (He owned Anjou, as well as the lands of his wife, Eleanor of Aquitaine, in southern France.)

Henry II Plantagenet (1154-1189) was the great-grandson of William the Conqueror. During his reign, he carried out several significant reforms that led to the strengthening of royal power. He gave new powers to sheriffs, who represented royalty in the counties. He introduced the so-called "shield money", which the feudal lord could pay to get rid of military service. With this money, the king created his own armed forces. Henry II carried out a judicial reform that gave any subject the right, by paying a certain amount, to transfer the trial from the seigneur's court to the royal court. Moreover, the royal judge, when resolving the case, interviewed representatives of the local population. Thus was born the modern trial by jury. Only the Catholic Church failed to subdue the king. The Archbishop of Canterbury Thomas Beckett strongly defended the principle of the independence of the church from secular power. Representatives of the king's inner circle conspired and killed Becket. However, this only led to a weakening of the position of the king, who, under pressure from the pope, had to publicly repent.

Henry II was distinguished by energy, perseverance and a rare administrative talent. In England, he managed to quickly consolidate his power, so he focused on his French possessions, where he was actually an independent sovereign. The king tirelessly traveled around his lands, suppressed the rebellions of the feudal lords, everywhere sought to restore order and improve governance. He carried out several important reforms in his possessions.

First of all, Henry II strengthened the power cherandfov - their representatives in the counties (as the administrative districts were called in England). Further, the king carried out military reform. The military service of a knight, in whole or in part, he replaced by payment "shield money". With these funds, detachments of mercenaries were assembled, which were a much more reliable force than an army consisting of vassals.

Great changes in the lives of the subjects of Henry II caused judicial reform. Its essence was that any free person could, for a certain fee, transfer the consideration of his case from the seigneur's court to the king's court. Understanding the merits of the case, the royal judge interviewed several "decent, honest and trustworthy" people. Subsequently, the development of this practice led to the emergence court prisIzhnyh.

Strengthening his power, Henry II inevitably faced the privileges of the church, which he also wanted to subordinate to his influence.

The king decided to make his friend Thomas B head of the English church e chum. But Becket, becoming an archbishop, changed dramatically: a lover of life's pleasures turned into an ascetic, a faithful servant of the king began to deny the monarch's right to impose new taxes on the church and interfere in its affairs. The king turned from exhortations to threats, but Becket firmly stood his ground. “Is there really no one who would save me from this priest!” - once an angry crowned man exclaimed in his hearts. The call of the king was heard by the courtiers, and right at the altar of Canterbury Cathedral, Becket was killed. This crime led the whole country into indignation, the Pope threatened the king with excommunication. Henry II had to repent. And Thomas Becket was later canonized and became the most revered English saint.

• 
  What became decisive in the canonization of Thomas Becket?

1. 
   English Parliament.

• 
  What is Parliament? (organ of popular representation.)
• 
  Remember who became the English king after the death of Henry II Plantagenet? (His son Richard I the Lionheart.)

After Richard's death, the throne passed to his brother, John Landless. The new king - petty, cunning, cruel - did not enjoy the love of his subjects. At the same time, he did not measure his ambitions with his capabilities. He entered into a confrontation with Pope Innocent III. But when the pope excommunicated the king from the church, the latter had to repent and recognize himself as a vassal of the Roman throne. The king suffered one defeat after another from Philip II Augustus, losing his French possessions. The defeat at the hands of the French king at Bouvin was the reason for the uprising of the barons. In 1215, John was forced to sign the Magna Carta, which markedly limited royal power. It established the rights of the barons and the urban population, which the king had no right to violate. At the same time, a special council of 25 was created, which was supposed to monitor the observance of the Magna Carta.

Notebook entry: 1215 - the year of the adoption of the Magna Carta.

However, John Landless, in fact, did not comply with the signed document. An equally short-sighted policy was pursued by his son, Henry III. In addition, the population resented the foreign policy adventures of the king. As a result, a nationwide uprising arose, led by Count Simon de Montfort. Henry III and his son Edward were arrested, London was taken, and power passed to Montfort, who in 1265 convened Parliament.

• 
  Why did Montfort convene Parliament? (To strengthen their own power.)
• 
  Who made up Parliament? (From representatives of the aristocracy, chivalry, clergy and townspeople.)

As a result, the Plantagenets returned to power, but the new king Edward I was now forced to assemble a parliament, which acquired the right to approve all taxes in the state. Unlike the States General, the English Parliament consisted of two chambers: the House of Lords, which included barons and representatives of the highest church hierarchy. And the Houses of Commons (knights, universities and townspeople were represented in it). In fact, this is the first representative class assembly in Europe. In time similar institutions will emerge in France, Spain, Germany, Sweden, etc.

The new king was not distinguished by his father's political talent, nor by the valor and firmness of his older brother. At the same time vindictive and cowardly, quick-tempered and treacherous, John more than once betrayed his supporters and made new enemies for himself. He was unable to complete any of the work he had begun and was inactive at decisive moments.

John Landless wanted to subjugate the barons to his power, but, without showing his father's flexibility and common sense, he quickly gained fame as an insidious tyrant. Without any serious reason, he expelled objectionable barons, deprived them of their possessions. It cost him nothing, having collected huge “shield money” from the barons for the war in France, to suddenly cancel the campaign and spend the money on personal needs. At the same time, the immoderate extortions and abuses of the royal officials turned the knights and townspeople against him.

In an effort to subjugate the English Church, John came into conflict with Pope Innocent III. But the pope excommunicated him from the church and announced that he was dethroning him. The frightened king was forced to make peace with the pope: he declared himself a vassal of the pope and undertook to pay him huge sums of money every year. Now only victories in France, where he was opposed by Philip II Augustus, could save the authority of the king. But it was here that things went worst of all: in a matter of years, John lost more than half of his French possessions. Having reconciled with the pope, he tried to return them, but in 1214 he suffered a decisive defeat.

• 
  What else is Pope Innocent III famous for?

When this became known in England, the barons revolted. They were supported by those sections of the population that had previously taken the side of the king: the clergy, knights, townspeople. In 1215 the victorious barons forced the king to sign Great xaa mouthful of liberties.

A charter is a charter that gives or confirms certain rights.

In fact, it was a surrender agreement: the king granted the rebels everything they wanted. The barons won more than others. The charter protected their interests and privileges from the arbitrariness of royal power.

Having won in alliance with the knights and townspeople, the barons had to take into account their interests. Therefore, the Charter protected from arbitrariness not only the nobility, but also the knights and townspeople, and to some extent all free people. Special "Advice 25" consisting of barons, monitored the implementation of the Charter. If the king violated it, the council could start a war against him.

Historians argue about the essence and meaning of the Magna Carta. Some note that its main content is the restriction of the power of the king in favor of large feudal lords. Others emphasize that for the first time in the Middle Ages, free people received certain guarantees from the arbitrariness of the authorities. One thing is certain: many centuries later, in completely different historical conditions, the bold and clear formulations of the Magna Carta were again used in the struggle of the British against the arbitrariness of royal power. This is why the Magna Carta is considered the cornerstone of English liberty and democracy.

• 
  Where and in connection with what did the word "democracy" appear?

King John had no intention of honoring the Charter. He was preparing to fight the barons, but in the midst of preparations he suddenly died.

Needing broad support for his power, Montfort in 1265 for the first time convened an assembly to which, in addition to barons and bishops, representatives of knights and cities were invited. This meeting is called parliament(from the French word "parle" - to speak, that is, "a place where they speak").

Shortly thereafter, Montfort was defeated and killed in action. The civil war ended, and its main result was the emergence of parliament.

Although the power of the king was restored, it became quite obvious that it was extremely difficult to govern the country without the support of the estates. Therefore, the new king Edward I began to regularly use parliament in government. Parliament was a good counterbalance to the influence of the nobility, and the taxes approved by it were collected more easily and in greater volume than the previous arbitrary requisitions. In turn, representatives of the estates were able to inform the king about their needs through parliament.

The structure of the English Parliament was different from that of the Estates General of France. The king, by personal letters, invited barons, bishops and abbots of large monasteries; together they made up the House of Lords. In addition, two knights from each county and two citizens from the largest cities were elected to parliament. They constituted the House of Commons, the importance of which was constantly increasing.

• 
  Why do you think the House of Commons grew in importance?

So in England there was a body of power in which all three estates of the then society were represented. It was not the first in Europe (in Spain, similar bodies called "court e sy” arose somewhat earlier), but turned out to be perhaps the most famous. Later, estate representation was established in many other European countries (the Reichstag in Germany, the Riksdag in Sweden, the Sejm in Poland and the Czech Republic, etc.).

In the XIII-XIV centuries in England, as in France, a centralized state was strengthened with class representation.

FROM THE GREAT CHARTA

12. Neither shield-money nor allowance shall be raised in our kingdom except by the general counsel of our kingdom, unless it is for the ransom of our captivity, and for the knighting of our firstborn son, and not for the first marriage of our firstborn son. our daughter...

32. We will not retain the lands of those who are accused of serious crimes for more than a year and a day, and then these lands must be returned to the lords of these fiefs ...

39. No free man shall be arrested, or imprisoned, or dispossessed, or outlawed, or exiled, or in any other way dispossessed, nor shall we go upon him or send upon him except by the lawful judgment of his equals and by the law of the land...

41. All merchants should be free and safe to leave England and enter England, and to stay and travel in England both by land and by sea, in order to buy and sell without any unlawful duties ...

60. All those above-named customs and liberties, which we have deigned to recognize as subject to observance in our kingdom, so far as it concerns us in relation to our vassals, everyone in our kingdom, both laity and clergy, is obliged to observe, so far as it concerns them in towards their vassals.

• 
  What groups of people were represented by the Magna Carta? Support your answer with text. Do you think the famous Article 39 of the Charter applies to all free people, or does it refer to a narrower section of the population?

1. 
   Questions of self-control.

1. 
   How did the Norman Conquest affect the development of England?
2. 
   Locate England's possessions in France on the map. How significant were they for both states?
3. 
   Prove that all the main reforms and activities of Henry II were of a centralizing nature.
4. 
   Why did Parliament, first assembled for a specific purpose during the civil war, not disappear with its end, but, on the contrary, acquired a permanent character?
5. 
   Based on the text of the textbook and on the map (p. 187), determine how the position of the vassals of the English king differed from the position of the vassals of the French king?
6. 
   Make a plan for paragraph 3 of Magna Carta by yourself.

1. 
   Homework: read and paraphrase §20 "England: from the Norman Conquest to Parliament" (pp. 192-201); answer questions with 201.

War of the scarlet and white roses.

Rise of the English Parliament

Norman Conquest of England

Plan

Lecture 11

England in the XI - XV centuries.

Political centralization is one of the most important processes in the formation of a single state. Despite the general historical prerequisites for this phenomenon, it certainly has individual features that are characteristic of each country.

In England, the rise of political power took place in three stages. The most important event that influenced the history of medieval England was the conquest of its French - Norman feudal lords, led by William, Duke of Normandy, who received the nickname "Conqueror".

From the moment of the Norman Conquest, the royal power of England proved to be stronger than in other countries of what was then Western Europe. At first, this was determined by the presence of a large royal domain, the absence of compact large feudal estates, the peculiarities of the vassal system, and the political weakness of cities. Hostility towards the conqueror of the local population, which weakened only by the second half of the XII, also encouraged the Norman elite to rally around the king. Using this situation, Wilhelm I immediately created a relatively strong central government apparatus. The officials of the king were placed at the head of the counties - sheriffs in charge of administration, court, collection of taxes and royal revenues. The taxes levied in the Anglo-Saxon period, which gave the king great financial resources, were preserved and even increased. Thus, the Norman Conquest significantly strengthened the royal power, the political unity of the country and created the preconditions for the formation of a relatively centralized state in England.

The second stage of the political centralization of England can be considered further reforms of the XI-XII centuries. The successors of William I, especially his younger son Henry I (1100-1135), continued to strengthen the central state apparatus: the permanent royal council (royal curia) began to play an important role, which included senior officials - royal judges, persons in charge of the royal chancellery, treasury and Council of Taxes (justiciar, chancellor, treasurer). The curia also includes the most loyal to the king large feudal lords. It combines judicial, administrative and financial functions.

Traveling judges - special "missions of judges" who traveled around the country and controlled the activities of the administration, the administration of justice, and the collection of taxes in the counties - became important.

Already under Henry I, a special body was allocated within the royal curia - the treasury, which in England was called the “Chessboard Chambers” 1 and was in charge of collecting royal income and checking the financial statements of sheriffs. The judiciary also stands out within the curia.

An important role in strengthening the centralization of the state was played by the reforms of Henry II. In an effort to expand the competence of the royal court at the expense of seigneurial courts, he carried out a number of reforms. Its essence was that every freedom of a person could, for a certain fee, obtain permission to transfer his case from any patrimonial court to the royal one, where it was investigated by a jury, while in patrimonial courts the trial was still carried out with the help of "God's court".

The introduction of the institution of the jury attracted to the royal court a huge influx of cases from the seigneurial curia. The expansion of the judicial functions of the royal curia increased the income of the king. In the process of judicial practice of the royal courts, the so-called common law (common law) began to be gradually developed - a single royal law for the whole country, which gradually replaced the local law applied in the seigneurial courts and the courts of hundreds and counties.

Henry II also carried out military reform. It consisted in the fact that the military service of the feudal lords in favor of the king was limited to a certain, relatively short period. In return for the rest, and sometimes the entire service, the feudal lords had to pay a special amount of money - "shield money". With this money, the king hired knights, which reduced his dependence on the barons' militia. In addition, the king prescribed that every free person, in accordance with his property status, should have certain weapons and, at the call of the king, should appear to participate in the campaign. Thus, the old militia of the free peasantry (Anglo-Saxon “fird”), which had fallen into decay, was restored.

All these reforms strengthened royal power and contributed to the centralization of the feudal state.

Henry II's attempt to bring church courts under state control was unsuccessful. On this basis, he clashed with the head of the English Church, the Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Becket. During the struggle, on the unspoken orders of the king, Becket was killed (1170). The pope intervened, forcing Henry II, under the threat of excommunication, to bring public repentance and abandon the reform of church courts.

Checking homework.

1. Who was interested in the unification of France (oral answer)
2. Reasons for the unification of France (work with the int.board)
3. What successes have been achieved in the unification of France (oral answer)
4. Conflict of King Philip 4 and Pope Bonifotius 8 (oral answer)
5. States General:

1. Estates of the States General (internet board)
2. Definition of the States General (int.board).

1. Activities of the States General.
2. From all of the above, let's conclude: what was the meaning of unification for France

Explanation of new material #1

Norman conquest.In 1066, the conquest of England by the Duke of Normandy William began. Since he was related to the ending old dynasty, he laid claim to the royal throne.

He received the support of: the Pope; his vassals and knights from other regions of France.

William's troops crossed the English Channel and landed on the south coast of England. Here the battle took place Hastings that decided the fate of the country.

Battle of Hastings.

England was ruled by the Norman dynasty. William took away land holdings from most of the large feudal lords and distributed them to his knights.

What are the consequences of the Norman Conquest?

1. Strengthening royal power(all swore allegiance to William and became his vassals);
2. The beginning of the formation of a centralized state;
3. Strengthening of feudal oppression(a census of land and population was carried out - the income of the population began to be taken into account more fully).

How did the Norman Conquest affect the development of England?

Explanation of new material #2

Henry II and his reforms.

What can be said about Henry II. (page 161 – read)

During his reign, a lot of changes took place in the country and a number of reforms were carried out:

1. Judicial reform

1. creation of a royal court

(bypassing the court of the local feudal lord);

1. court for the free

12 jurors;

1. court for dependent peasants -

feudal court.

1. Military reform:

1. Introduction of shield money

(special contribution of the knights to the king instead of campaigns);

1. Shield money contained:

militia, permanent mercenary army.

1. Strengthening the power of sheriffs:

1. On the ground, the power of sheriffs was formed -

royal officials who

ruled the county: the sheriff collected taxes,

pursued a breach of the order.

What was the significance of these reforms for France?

Explanation of new material #3

Magna Carta.

After the death of Henry II, power passed to his eldest son, Richard I the Lionheart. After the death of Richard, the youngest son of Henry II, John the Landless, became king. In 1215 he signedMagna Carta- the great charter protected the nobility from the arbitrariness of the king, as well as knights and townspeople. However, having signed the Charter, John was not going to fulfill its requirements, having secured the support of the pope, he started a war against his opponents, but died in the midst of hostilities.

Working with a document (p.163.Semantic Reading Strategy)

Stage 1 - Before reading the text:

1. Read the title, highlight familiar and new terms in it.
2. Try to guess what will be discussed.

Stage 2 - While reading the text:

1. Find new words and determine their meanings in a dictionary.

Stage 3 - After reading the text:

1. Answer the questions for the test and comment on them;

1. The power of the king was limited, the guilty succumbed to the court.
2. The charter was beneficial to free people, barons, merchants.
3. They got freedom, they could defend it through the courts - a law appeared.

Explanation of new material #4

Parliament. The son of John Henry III was a spineless man, was under the influence of his wife. He generously granted land and income to foreigners, which caused discontent among the population.

In 1258, the harrows convened a royal council, called the "frantic council". The barons made demands to the king and he was forced to accept the demands:

1. Without barons, the king could not decide important matters;
2. Foreigners had to return the castles and estates received from the king.

Having achieved their goal, the barons did not take care of the knights and townspeople. In 1265, in order to strengthen his power, Count Monifort convened a meeting, which included: large spiritual and secular feudal lords, representatives of knights and townspeople. This class is called parliament.

Functions of Parliament:

1. Participation in the creation of laws;
2. Tax clearance;
3. Control over the use of taxes;
4. Baron restrictions.

In Parliament, these two houses acted jointly, so they were able to pass a law that no tax would be collected without the consent of the House of Commons. When approving a new tax, parliament usually presented its demands to the king and obtained concessions from him. Gradually, Parliament began to participate in changing laws. The English Parliament had a great influence on state affairs. But the peasants did not participate in the work of parliament. Many fled from their masters - the fugitives gathered in detachments, attacked the feudal lords, bishops and officials. About their adventures, the people composed songs - ballads. The favorite hero of English ballads was the good robber - Robin Hood.

Is there a difference between Parliament and the Estates General?

How many years has the English Parliament been in existence?

1. Let's highlight what qualities Robin Hood possessed?