Gook's years of life. Results of further cell research

During his 68-year life, Robert Hooke, despite poor health, was tireless in his studies, did a lot scientific discoveries, inventions and improvements.

More than 350 years ago, he discovered the cell, the female egg and the male sperm.

Discoveries

Hooke's discoveries include:

the discovery of proportionality between elastic tensions, compressions and bends, and the stresses that produce them (Hooke's law),
correct wording the law of universal gravitation (Hooke's priority was disputed by Newton, but, apparently, not in terms of the wording - the force of gravity is inversely proportional to the square of the distance; in addition, Newton claimed an independent and earlier discovery of this formula, which, however, was not known to anyone before Hooke's discovery reported),
discovery of the colors of thin films (that is, ultimately, the phenomenon of light interference),
the idea of the wave-like propagation of light (more or less simultaneously with Huygens), the experimental substantiation of its experimental justification by the interference of light discovered by Hooke, wave theory Sveta,
hypothesis about the transverse nature of light waves,
discoveries in acoustics, such as demonstrating that the pitch of a sound is determined by the frequency of vibration,
theoretical position about the essence of heat as the movement of body particles,
the discovery of the constancy of the temperature of melting ice and boiling water,
Boyle's law (what is the contribution of Hooke, Boyle and his student Richard Townley is not completely clear),
A living cell with the help of a microscope improved by him. Hooke owns the term "cell" - English. cell.

and much more.

The first of these discoveries, as he himself states in his essay “ De potentia restitutiva”, published in, was made by him 18 years before that time, and was placed in another of his books under the guise of an anagram“ ceiiinosssttuv", meaning " Ut tensio sic vis". According to the author, the above law of proportionality applies not only to metals, but also to wood, stones, horn, bones, glass, silk, hair, and so on. At present, this Hooke's law in a generalized form serves as the basis of the mathematical theory of elasticity. As for his other discoveries, he does not have such exclusive primacy in them; for example, Boyle noticed the colors of thin films in soap bubbles 9 years earlier; but Hooke, observing the colors of thin plates of gypsum, noticed the periodicity of colors depending on the thickness: he discovered the constancy of the melting temperature of ice no earlier than members of the Florentine Academy, but the constancy of the boiling point of water was noticed by him earlier Renaldini; the idea of the wave-like propagation of light was expressed by him later by Grimaldi.

The idea of the universal force of gravity, following Kepler, Hooke had from the mid-1660s, then, still not enough certain form, he expressed it in the treatise " Attempt to prove the motion of the earth”, but already in a letter on January 6, 1680, to Newton Hooke for the first time clearly formulates the law gravity and invites Newton, as a mathematically more competent researcher, to justify it strictly mathematically, showing the connection with Kepler's first law for non-circular orbits (quite likely, already having an approximate solution). From this letter, as far as is now known, begins documentary history the law of universal gravitation. Hooke's immediate predecessors are called Kepler, Borelli and Bulliald, although their views are quite far from a clear correct formulation. Newton also owns some of the work on gravitation that preceded Hooke's results, but most of the most important results, which Newton later recalled, in any case, was not reported to anyone by him.

He invented many different mechanisms, in particular for constructing various geometric curves (ellipses, parabolas). Proposed a prototype of heat engines.

In addition, he invented a minima thermometer, an improved barometer, a hygrometer, an anemometer, a registering rain gauge; made observations in order to determine the influence of the rotation of the Earth on the fall of bodies and dealt with many physical questions, for example, about the effects of hairiness, cohesion, about the weighing of air, about specific gravity ice, invented a special hydrometer to determine the degree of freshness of river water (water-poise). In Hooke presented to the Royal Society a model of the helical gears he invented, which he later described in “ Lectiones Cutlerianae»(). These screw wheels are now known as White wheels. Cardan joint, which serves to hang lamps and compass boxes on ships, Hooke used to transmit rotations between two shafts intersecting at an arbitrary angle.

Having established the constancy of the freezing and boiling points of water, together with Huygens, he proposed these points as reference points for the thermometer scale.

Other achievements

Hooke was Christopher Wren's chief assistant in rebuilding London after the Great Fire. In collaboration with Wren and independently built many buildings as an architect (for example, the Greenwich Observatory, the church of the Willen parish in Milton Keynes, see pictures). In particular, he collaborated with Wren in the construction of London's Cathedral of St. Paul, whose dome was built using the method invented by Hooke. He made a major contribution to urban planning, proposing a new street layout scheme for the restoration of London.

Robert Hooke(Eng. Robert Hooke; Robert Hook, July 18 (28), 1635, Isle of Wight, England - March 3, 1703, in London) - English naturalist, encyclopedic scientist. Hooke can be safely called one of the fathers of physics, especially experimental, but in many other sciences he often belongs to one of the first fundamental works and many discoveries.

Biography

Hooke's father initially prepared him for spiritual activity, but in view of Robert's poor health and his ability to engage in mechanics, he intended him to study watchmaking. Subsequently, however, the young Hooke showed an interest in scientific pursuits and, as a result, was sent to Westminster School, where he successfully studied Latin, Ancient Greek, Hebrew, but was especially interested in mathematics and showed a great ability for inventions in physics and chemistry. His ability to study physics and chemistry was recognized and appreciated by scientists at Oxford University, where he began to study from 1653; he first became an assistant to the chemist Willis, and then to the famous Robert Boyle.

Since 1662 he was the curator of experiments at the Royal Society of London (since its inception).
In 1663 the Royal Society, recognizing the usefulness and importance of his discoveries, made him a member.
In 1677-1683 he was the secretary of this society.
From 1664 - professor at the University of London (professor of geometry at Gresham College).
In 1665 he published "Micrographia", which describes his microscopic and telescopic observations, containing the publication of significant discoveries in biology.
Since 1667, Hooke reads "Kutlerovskie (Cutlerian or Cutler) lectures" on mechanics.

During his 68-year life, Robert Hooke, despite poor health, was tireless in his studies, made many scientific discoveries, inventions and improvements.

More than 350 years ago, he discovered the cell, the female egg and the male sperm.

Discoveries

Hooke's discoveries include:

discovery of proportionality between elastic tensions, compressions and bends, and the stresses that produce them (Hooke's law),
the correct formulation of the law of universal gravitation (Hooke's priority was disputed by Newton, but, apparently, not in terms of the formulation - the gravitational force is inversely proportional to the square of the distance; in addition, Newton claimed an independent and earlier discovery of this formula, which, however, before the discovery of Hooke did not tell anyone)
discovery of the colors of thin films (that is, ultimately, the phenomenon of light interference),
the idea of the wave-like propagation of light (more or less simultaneously with Huygens), the experimental substantiation of its experimental substantiation by the interference of light discovered by Hooke, the wave theory of light,
hypothesis about the transverse nature of light waves,
discoveries in acoustics, such as demonstrating that the pitch of a sound is determined by the frequency of vibration,
theoretical position on the essence of heat as the movement of body particles,
the discovery of the constancy of the temperature of melting ice and boiling water,
Boyle's law (what is the contribution of Hooke, Boyle and his student Richard Townley is not completely clear),
living cell using an improved microscope. Hooke owns the term "cell" - English. cell.

and much more.

The first of these discoveries, as he himself states in his essay “ De potentia restitutiva”, published in 1679, was made by him 18 years before that time, and in 1676 it was placed in another of his books under the guise of an anagram“ ceiiinosssttuv", meaning " Ut tensio sic vis". According to the author, the above law of proportionality applies not only to metals, but also to wood, stones, horn, bones, glass, silk, hair, and so on. At present, this Hooke's law in a generalized form serves as the basis mathematical theory elasticity. As for his other discoveries, he does not have such exclusive primacy in them; for example, Boyle noticed the colors of thin films in soap bubbles 9 years earlier; but Hooke, observing the colors of thin plates of gypsum, noticed the periodicity of colors depending on the thickness: he discovered the constancy of the melting temperature of ice no earlier than the members of the Florentine Academy, but the constancy of the boiling point of water was noticed by him earlier by Renaldini; the idea of the wave-like propagation of light was expressed by him later by Grimaldi.

Undeniably interesting. How could such a brilliant inventor be forgotten? The biography of Robert Hooke is unforgettable!

Who was called by contemporaries of that time "the most inventive person who ever lived"? It was Robert Hooke. He was born in 1635. In 1662 he was appointed curator of experiments at the Royal Society of London. In 1677 he became the secretary of this society. In 1703 he died and was buried in an unknown grave in north London. Scientists and historians have made a lot of efforts lately to restore the memory of the good name of the "forgotten genius". His outstanding inventions were still put on display at the Greenwich Astronomical Observatory. How did it happen that a person who made a huge contribution to science was forgotten?

Hooke's legacy

The biography of Robert Hooke is very bright. He invented many things in his life.

Hooke was a great inventor and scientist. What did he invent? Universal joint, which is still used in cars today; universal hairspring for watches; iris, which adjusts the size of the lens. He built an air pump for Robert Boyle, the famous English chemist and physicist. His law, named after him, is still used to describe the elasticity of springs. Having examined the cork with the help of his device, he introduced the term "cell" and described it cellular structure. This term helped to further designate the basics of life and the structure of all living plants and animals. Another of Hooke's outstanding creations is the project of an improved compound microscope. Later, the London microscope was built according to this project, and its designer was Christopher Kok.
In 1665, Hooke's work "Micrography" was published, i.e. "small drawings" This contribution brought Hooke's early fame. What is interesting about this work? It presented skillfully and accurately executed images of insects that Hooke examined under a microscope. The flea pattern is the most famous. She showed off on an engraving measuring 30 by 45 centimeters, wearing "armor" with all her spikes, claws and bristles. When the ladies saw this drawing, they fainted! Why? For many, it was a shock to learn that often these tiny insects settle on the human body.
When Hooke compared the tip of a needle magnified under a microscope with the materials of nature, he wrote:

“The microscope provides us with innumerable evidence that the hairs, bristles and claws of insects, the spines, hooks, and hairs of plants are thousands of times sharper and finer than anything that has been made. human hands and their ideal shape and smoothness clearly testify to the omnipotence of the creator.

Encyclopædia Britannica noted:

"For the first time, with the help of a microscope, wonderful world in in which living organisms are presented in all truly incredible complexity.

When Hooke examined the fossils under a microscope, he realized that these were the remains of long-dead organisms. In the 17th century, Samuel Pepys, a writer, author of the Diaries and a contemporary of Hooke, spoke of the writings of the Micrographia:

"This is the most entertaining and original book I have ever read."

Yes, Micrographia was a real treasure trove of interesting scientific observations.

London after the fire.

In 1666 there was a great fire in London. Guk was appointed overseer of the restoration of the city. Together with his friend Christopher Wren, a scientist who looked after the royal buildings, Hooke worked on a restoration plan. The London memorial, 62 meters high, commemorates the fire, is one of Hooke's projects. He was going to use this unsupported stone column, the highest in the world, in order to test his theory of gravity. The Montagu House, a British museum, was also built, with the help of Hooke and his design. Although Wren is credited with the creation of Greenwich astronomical observatory, all the same most The project was completed by Guk.
Being an excellent astronomer, Robert Hooke was one of the first to build a mirror telescope. It was named after the Scottish astronomer and mathematician James Gregory. It was Hooke who determined that Jupiter rotates around its axis. Images of Mars in Hooke's drawings were used two centuries later to determine the rate of rotation of this planet. Yes, Hooke's biography combines many areas human activity from astronomer to architect.

Biography of Robert Hooke. Why was he forgotten?

Forgotten Why?

After 22 years since Hooke wrote Micrography, in 1687 Isaac Newton published Principia Mathematica natural philosophy". It came out 22 years after Micrographia. In this work, Newton described the laws of motion, as well as the law of gravity. The main ideas of the theory of gravity before Newton were formulated by Hooke. This is noted by Alan Chapman. And yet, it was the works of Hooke that prompted Newton to study the nature of light.
A field of disagreement over the issue of gravity and optics, a gap occurred between these two scientists. Newton then removed everything referring to Hooke and his work in his Principia Mathematica. It is also known that Newton tried to erase Hooke's name and his contribution to science from history, and when Newton became president of the Royal Society, all Hooke's handmade tools, papers and his only portrait disappeared. Two centuries later, the name of Hooke was forgotten, and his fame faded.
However, paradoxically, Newton's famous words:

were addressed specifically to Hook. Yes, indeed, Robert Hooke was a great astronomer, architect, naturalist, architect and inventor. He is a real giant of his time! The biography of Robert Hooke really cannot be forgotten!

The message about, which is set out in this article, we will talk about an English naturalist, physicist and researcher.

Robert Hooke contribution to biology. What did Robert Hooke discover?

Robert Hooke contributions to biology is that he was the first to use a microscope to study animal and plant tissues. Studying a slice of the elderberry core, the scientist saw that it consists of a large number small formations. Hooke called them cells.

Brief information about Robert Hooke

The parents wanted their son Robert to devote his life to spiritual work. Due to poor health and passion for mechanics, Hooke is sent to study watchmaking. In the future, the young man showed an interest in science and began to study at Westminster School. Here the future scientist studied mathematics, mechanics, physics and languages. Thanks to his sharp mind Hooke entered Oxford University in 1653.

Robert Hooke discoveries in biology

At the university, he began to study physical properties ordinary cork. He was very interested in the question of why it has high buoyancy. In order to find out, Hooke made many observations, making sections on the cork and studying them under a microscope. In the course of research, the scientist revealed that it consists of a large number of small cells, similar to monastic cells. In 1665, Robert Hooke first described how these partitioned cells are arranged. He described the results of his observations in his work "Micrography, or some physiological descriptions of the smallest bodies made by means of magnifying glasses." In it, the scientist first used the term "cell". Then the naturalist studied the cut of the core of the elderberry and cork, examining under the microscope all the same formations, similar to cells from bee honeycombs. Although, in fact, he did not consider the cells themselves, but their membranes. This is how Robert Hooke discovered the cage.

In addition to studying the cell, the scientist in his book described the origin of minerals, remote planetary bodies and questions of the theory of light. His work "Micrography" aroused genuine interest in scientific circles.

What did Robert Hooke discover?

In addition to biology, the scientist Robert Hooke was fond of studying fossils. Therefore, he is also considered the founder of paleontology. In addition, he illustrated his book with his own hand and made engravings for it. Scientist invented for arithmetic complex actions computer and upgraded an instrument that studied the planet's magnetic field.

We hope that from this article you have learned what discovery Robert Hooke made.

Robert Hooke (July 28, 1635, Isle of Wight - March 3, 1703, London) was an English encyclopedic scientist and naturalist. He is the author of many inventions, discoveries and improvements.

life path

His father was preparing Robert for a spiritual career, but due to poor health, the young man began to study watchmaking. Robert showed an increasing interest in scientific pursuits, so he soon began studying at Westminster School. Here he studied ancient Greek, Latin, Hebrew and mathematics. In addition, already at that time he showed the ability for inventions in mechanics and physics. What happened next in his life?

1653 - begins to study in Oxford University. Here Hooke becomes Robert Boyle's assistant.

1662 - became curator of experiments at the Royal Society of London.

1663 - becomes a member of the said Royal Society.

1664 - became professor of geometry in University of London.

1665 - Publishes "Micrographia" describing microscopic and telescopic observations. Several important biological discoveries.

1677-1683 - He was secretary of the Royal Society.

Discoveries

Robert Hooke's list of discoveries includes:

the discovery of proportionality between elastic tensions, bends and compressions, and the stresses that produce them;
discovery of colors of thin films;
correct definition of the law of universal gravitation;
the idea of the undulating propagation of light;
assumption about the transverse character of light waves;
demonstrating that the pitch of a sound is determined by the frequency of vibration;
the discovery of the constancy of the boiling point of water and the melting of ice;
the discovery of a living cell (Hooke owns the term "cell");
discovery of the female egg and male spermatozoa;
justification for the rotation of the earth around the sun.

inventions

1656-1658 - the invention of the spiral spring to regulate the course of the clock.

1666 - the invention of the spirit level. In the same year, Robert Hooke presented before Royal Society he invented a model of helical gears.

1684 - Invented the optical telegraph system.

Hook improved:

barometer;
telescope;
hygrometer;
registering rain gauge;
anemometer.

Hooke was K. Wren's chief assistant in the rebuilding of London after the fire of 1666. As an architect, he participated in the construction of buildings such as the Greenwich Observatory and London's Cathedral of St. Paul. R. Hooke also proposed a new layout of the streets of London.

As a child, Hook was often sick. Some doctors claimed that he would not live past the age of 20. As a result, the inventor lived for 68 years.

It was Hooke who called the elementary unit of a living organism a “cell” (English cell). Interestingly, the scientist believed that this particle is similar to the cells of the monks.

The inventor was interested in the science of breathing. Once he even placed himself in a special hermetic apparatus, from which the air was gradually pumped out. As a result, Hook partially lost his hearing.