The city is an industrial center. Industrial Exodus

Socio-economic effects of HSR 1 on society

Positive effects from the implementation of high-speed rail projects are not limited to direct effects from the development of the national transport system. The implementation of HSR projects will also lead to the emergence of general economic effects due to the positive impact on employment, labor productivity and the pace of regional development. These effects are not included in the standard calculation of user benefits. The implementation of high-speed rail projects is expected to lead to the following economic effects:

Agglomeration effect;
Growth of employment of the population;
Effects of regional development;
The effect of employment in construction;
Increasing the investment attractiveness of Russia in terms of foreign direct investment;
Development of tourism.

Agglomeration effect

Large-scale investments in transport infrastructure, such as investments in the construction of high-speed lines, as a rule, lead to improved communication between administrative centers and peripheral areas, which leads to the centralization of the labor market and the concentration of labor resources. It is known that there is a close relationship between the concentration of labor resources, the level of productivity and subsequent economic growth, explained by the following main factors:

Increasing the size and depth of the labor market. Greater choice of employees for the employer and the possibility of reducing wage costs due to competition between employees;
Increase in the number of competitors and potential counterparties. Creation of additional incentives for the development of innovation and efficiency improvement, development of specialization in service industries;
Huge opportunities for networking and knowledge sharing (eg in the field of scientific research).

Thus, HSR is an important factor in strengthening markets by improving access to finance, land and labor, which leads to increased productivity, positive economies of scale and growth of the regional economy.

These benefits are in addition to the direct benefits for HSR users and are generally not included in the calculation of generalized transport costs (due to the fact that users do not realize such consequences of using HSR).

A comprehensive study conducted by the World Bank in 2007 showed that in the mid-2000s, the economies of many backward regions of Russia showed faster growth rates, while the economies of some regions rich in natural resources grew significantly more slowly. Statistical analysis supports the hypothesis that economic growth in the Central, Northwestern and Southern regions, compared with the rest of the country, is facilitated by a strong effect of urban and regional agglomerations. The improvement of the transport infrastructure is expected to enhance the considered effect for the backward regions of the country, including those located outside the zone of passage of high-speed lines.

Growth in employment

The demand for transport services is a derived demand, that is, people use transport services only for the purpose of satisfying another need (for example, holding a business meeting or commuting to work). Consequently, passengers travel only if the costs of transport do not exceed the benefits of activities at the destination. Prior to the commissioning of high-speed lines, a number of economic zones may have been inaccessible to many workers and organizations, as transportation costs (in monetary and time terms) were too high and exceeded the benefits of operating at the destination.

The commissioning of the high-speed railway will bring together the areas of residence of labor resources and areas of employment by reducing the generalized transport costs. As a result, the previously unemployed will become participants in the labor market, as well as increased mobility among the working population, which will be able to work in areas more remote from their place of residence. This will help improve the efficiency of the labor market and the level of economic activity of the population.

For example, it will be possible to build a high-speed line station at a distance of 50-100 km from Moscow and create a new urban settlement nearby, which will reduce tension in the Moscow housing market by increasing the supply of real estate. HSR passengers will travel from such an urban settlement to the center of Moscow in no more than 30 minutes - faster than when traveling by car from the outskirts of Moscow.

In the 1950s, a number of "new towns" were built near London along the main railway lines. Today, daily commuting from these cities to the capital is a widespread phenomenon. The launch of the HS1 project in the UK has brought cities into the London job market that were previously considered too far away from the capital for daily commuting.

Effect of regional development

The construction of high-speed lines will lead to the connection of vast territories to employment zones, an increase in the labor mobility of the population and, as a result, an increase in labor productivity. On the other hand, the construction of high-speed lines is also highly likely to increase the attractiveness of previously remote regions that are poorly included in the economic activity of administrative centers, which will lead to their economic development and an increase in the cost of land and real estate.

The net effect of such processes is uncertain. It is necessary to carry out an accurate analysis as to whether economic activity will decrease in the main economic centers, whether there will be a redistribution of demand for residential real estate to new regions involved in economic activity, what will be the ratio of positive effects in areas of new activity and possible reverse effects in the main economic centers .

The effects of regional development can be very significant, and a more detailed analysis is needed before any investment decision is made on HSR projects.

An example is the city of Lille in northern France, which is located at the intersection of the London-Paris and London-Brussels HSR routes. In the past, this city was a fading industrial and coal-mining center with high unemployment rates. As a result of the construction of the HSR, Lille has now become the third most important commercial and financial center in France. The growth of economic benefits in this city is likely to have led to a decline in the economy in other centers. Nevertheless, in such a situation, a rational redistribution of economic activity from the most economically prosperous centers, such as Paris, is most likely, which should also be considered as a positive effect.

Direct foreign investments

There are a number of cities in Russia that are highly attractive for foreign direct investment. Foreign investors often prefer to develop their business in such cities, rather than in Moscow and St. Petersburg, where the cost of living and doing business is very high. The main disadvantage of regional cities, from the point of view of investors, is the limited supply of young professionals and senior managers in the labor market. The development of high speed lines and the reduction of travel time to 1-1.5 hours will allow regional cities to be less dependent on the local labor market and local universities and overcome this barrier.

The implementation of foreign direct investment will have a significant positive impact on the economy of the Russian Federation.

Tourism development

The tourism industry in the Russian Federation is characterized by a significantly lower degree of development compared to most European countries. This situation is due to the influence of a number of factors, including the historically established closeness, a complex visa regime and the large territorial size of the country, forcing tourists to travel huge distances by European standards.

High-speed rail projects will unite into a single system a significant number of cities that have significant potential for the development of the tourism industry and are still poorly known outside the Russian Federation (for example, the historical center of Nizhny Novgorod). Accordingly, the HSR operator will have significant opportunities for the development of tourist transportation. In the process of this analysis, the quantitative potential for the development of the tourism industry was not considered. However, it should be noted that most foreign high-speed lines pay considerable attention to this market segment. Thus, the tourist flow to Malaga increased by 25% after the commissioning of the high-speed highway.

In accordance with the statements of representatives of the Government of the Russian Federation, the visa regime for entering the Russian Federation will be significantly simplified during the 2018 FIFA World Cup. lead to a general increase in the popularity of recreation in the Russian Federation.

The impact of the VSR 1 Project on the interests of society:

Meeting the growing demand for transport services in the Moscow-St. Petersburg corridor;
Creation of new jobs both at the HSR itself and in related industries;
Improving the reliability of transport passenger traffic;
Saving travel time on the Moscow-St. Petersburg route;
Release of transport capacities at OKTZhD.

Impact of the VSR 1 Project on business interests:

Possibilities of localization of technologies and production;
Growth in the utilization of production capacities of industrial enterprises;
Advanced training of Russian construction and design companies, loading and modernization of production facilities for the production of products necessary for the construction of VZhM 1 at the level of world standards;
Growth of investment attractiveness of the regions adjacent to the highway.

Industrial agglomerations are understood as territorial economic entities that are characterized by a high level of territorial concentration of enterprises in various sectors of the economy, infrastructure facilities and scientific institutions, as well as a high population density. The economic prerequisite for the development of industrial agglomeration is the advantages inherent in this form of location.

A high level of concentration and diversification of production, which determines its maximum efficiency.
The most efficient use of industrial and social infrastructure systems.

Placing a group of enterprises of various sectors of the economy in a compact area leads to a reduction in the area required for industrial construction by an average of 30% compared to their dispersed placement, the estimated cost of construction is reduced by 3%, and the number of buildings and structures is reduced by 25%. Savings reach 20% of the cost of common facilities due to the creation of unified utility and auxiliary facilities, production and social infrastructure.

The largest industrial agglomerations are Moscow, Nizhny Novgorod, St. Petersburg, Yekaterinburg, Yaroslavl and others. However, the excessive development of industrial agglomerations, as well as the concentration of production, can have a negative impact, significantly reducing the economic effect. First of all, this is connected with the issues of environmental protection and the development of the social sphere.

An industrial hub is considered as a group of industries located compactly in a small area. Its main feature is participation in the system of the country's territorial division of labor, the presence of industrial relations between enterprises, the commonality of the settlement system, social and technical infrastructure. Modern industrial hubs are planned and developed not as autonomous industrial centers, but as elements of dissected production structures of territorial production complexes.

Growing up on the basis of a consistent combination of production and the creation of key infrastructure facilities, industrial hubs represent a qualitatively new phenomenon in the regulated process of development of the territorial structure of the economy. Departure from the principle of the complexity of territorial development, the predominance of the departmental approach lead to the emergence of irrational forms of location, disproportions in development between the sectors of market specialization, complex-forming industries and the service sector, reduce the efficiency of the development of the industrial hub.

Such forms of territorial organization of the economy are being developed both in old industrial areas, for example, Zheleznogorsk, associated with the extraction and enrichment of iron ore, the KMA, Cheboksary, the development of which was facilitated by the Cheboksary hydroelectric power station, a tractor plant, a chemical plant with related industries, and in areas of new development, for example, Sayanogorsk , which is formed on the basis of the electric power industry generated by the Sayano-Shushenskaya and Mainskaya hydroelectric power stations, and energy-intensive industries.

Unlike industrial hubs, industrial centers for the most part have a set of industrial enterprises that do not have technological links with each other. Such placement reduces the opportunities for the development of cooperation, and, consequently, the effectiveness of the growth of the industrial center. Regional centers are an example.

One of the progressive forms of territorial organization of industry at the present stage is the combination of production: the enterprises that form the plant have close technological, economic and organizational ties.

Industrial plants have wide opportunities for deep processing of raw materials and recycling of industrial waste, which not only increases their efficiency, but also creates the prerequisites for the organization of waste-free, technologically clean production, practically harmless to the environment. The combination of production has become widespread in heavy industry (metallurgy, chemical, timber) and in light industry (textiles), food.

A significant economic effect is provided by industrial plants created on the basis of the integrated use of mineral resources and represented by enterprises of various sectors of the economy (the formation of gas chemical complexes, the combination of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises with chemical production, etc.).

The economic effect of the combination is formed by saving raw materials, materials, electricity, heat, reducing capital costs and reducing the cost of products. The creation of combines in comparison with the placement of individual enterprises provides a reduction in capital investments by up to 30-35% and a reduction in the cost of manufactured products by 20-25%.

The formation of market relations in Russia leads not only to a variety of forms of ownership - state, cooperative, joint-stock, rental and private, but also to new forms of industrial integration. One of these forms is holding. This is a new form of industrial integration of predominantly joint-stock enterprises with the participation of state capital, both federal and regional.

The holding may include joint ventures and foreign firms. Interested enterprises and firms combine part of their blocks of shares and create the authorized capital of the parent enterprise (holding), which becomes a joint-stock company, mainly of an open type.

An industrial holding company (IHC) is a group of technologically related enterprises located in a specific area. There is a merger of enterprises and joint investment in production, which allows you to increase output, its sale, reduces the likelihood of bankruptcy of enterprises. PHC are created mostly on the basis of fuel and raw materials extractive industries, mainly in the regions of the European North and Siberia. An example of the creation of a holding company is LUKoil. The holding represents a new form of management system and regional integration of the industry.

Another form is financial and industrial enterprises (FIE), which combine industrial production and banks. FPP is a voluntary production and financial union of independent economic entities.

The development of market relations necessitated the creation of a new system of industrial investment, which led to the formation of new integrated structures capable of self-development in modern economic conditions. One of such systems is financial-industrial groups (FIGs).

The main function of their creation is technological or economic integration for the implementation of investment projects and programs aimed at increasing production efficiency, creating new jobs, increasing competitiveness and expanding markets for goods and services. The first financial and industrial group registered in 1993 was the Ural Plants group.

The FIG system integrates financial, production and commercial structures, while maintaining the legal independence of each of the group members.

The FIG is characterized by a rather diversified development and covers more than 100 areas of activity. Its largest areas are the automotive industry, ferrous metallurgy, and the chemical industry.

In 1993-1996 45 financial and industrial groups were registered, which on a voluntary basis included more than 700 enterprises, organizations and financial and credit institutions with a total number of employees of about 3 million people. Such large industrial enterprises as JSC Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works, West Siberian Iron and Steel Works, JSC NOSTA (Orsko-Khalilovsky Iron and Steel Works), JSC AvtoVAZ, KamAZ, as well as financial organizations are registered as part of FIGs. "Menatep", "Inkombank", "Promstroybank", "Avtobank" and others. Among the financial and industrial groups, in terms of their volume and number of personnel, such as Ruskhim, Magnitogorsk Steel, Nizhny Novgorod Automobiles, Vostochno- Siberian group.

Most financial-industrial groups include among their members organizations whose specialization does not coincide with the main activity of the group. Thus, the financial-industrial group "United Industrial Construction Company" includes enterprises of the light and food industries: JSC "Safyan" and JSC "Ryazanrybprom".

The creation of FIGs is one of the important directions for bringing the defense complex out of a deep crisis. Currently, four FIGs are registered in the defense industry - Ural Plants, High-Speed Fleet, Sokol and Sibir. In the coming years, it is planned to create another 30 similar associations.

The creation of new forms of industrial organization of the economy contributes to the further development of market relations, the production of products that are competitive on the world market, and an increase in the efficiency of the development of the entire economic complex of Russia.

Russia is the biggest country in the world. Its open spaces can be called endless, as they stretched over more than 17 million square meters. km, which is almost 12% of the entire surface of the Earth.

Russia is an industrialized state with rich deposits of gas, oil and other minerals. This is what helped her to take a leading position among other countries, which are almost 100% dependent on the produced fuel. Industrial (the list will be given below) form the basis of the economic development of the state. There are about 300 such centers. They are located in the Far East, the Urals, in the northern part of the Caucasus. Some of the cities are located in the center of Russia.

Classification

So, what is the peculiarity of industrial centers and what are the best of them? The industrial cities of Russia can be divided into several groups, focusing on certain features:

The first group includes centers that were built back in the days of the Soviet Union. After perestroika, plants and factories were privatized and transferred to new standards. Of course, the modernization required a lot of time and finances, but now these production facilities meet European standards. There are about 150 cities in this group, these are Surgut, Tomsk, Krasnoyarsk, etc.
The second group includes a part of the centers, which are the so-called industrial consumers. It is headed by the Moscow Region.
The third group is the industrial centers of Russia. Cities have a favorable geographical position, but for certain reasons they have not yet been modernized. In order to fully restore their potential, it is necessary to inject large amounts of money. In the meantime, these cities are developing at the expense of other areas, such as large ports, transport hubs, and tourism.
The fourth group is innovative. Industry in these cities works with the latest technology. They can be called the basis of the state, which allows it to fully develop.
The fifth group includes the two most important cities in Russia. Moscow and St. Petersburg have a great influence on the entire industrial sector of the country.

Let us consider in more detail the industrial cities of Russia. The list of the largest of them is presented below.

First place - Moscow

The capital of the Russian Federation has an annual turnover of 1900 billion rubles. The most developed industries here are mechanical engineering, gas and oil refining. The pharmaceutical and food industries are also growing quite rapidly. Large plants and factories operate on the territory of Moscow, there are many garages, warehouses and various bases, engineering and scientific centers. It is worth noting that the capital is the largest which fully affects the development of the railway, automobile and aviation industries.

St. Petersburg - the second position in the list

Its annual turnover is about 1300 billion rubles. The main contribution is made by the following industries: ferrous metallurgy, food processing, mechanical engineering, shipbuilding, etc. St. Petersburg rightfully occupies a leading position in the list of “Large industrial cities of Russia”. World corporations such as Nissan, Intel, Toyota successfully work here. All of them produce products that meet European standards. The chemical industry deserves special attention. Achievements in this area have brought Russia to the world level.

Third place - Surgut

Located in the north of the country, Surgut is one of the largest industrial centers in Russia. Its turnover is more than 800 billion rubles. Thanks to both oil and its subsequent processing, the economic well-being of the city is growing rapidly. In comparison with similar centers, Surgut is an impeccable leader. Almost all enterprises are listed on the balance sheet of OJSC “Surgutneftegas”. The power industry is also well developed here.

Nizhnevartovsk in the top five

The city is located in the Urals. The wealth of the region is mainly due to the largest oil field. Gas is also produced and processed here, which is then exported to many European countries. In the north are Russia, thanks to which the welfare of the whole country is improving. For example, Nizhnevartovsk contributes almost 500 billion rubles to the general treasury, which allows it to take 4th place in the ranking. The oil and gas complex is headed by NK Rosneft, which includes such large enterprises as NNP, Samotlorneftegaz, etc. It is also worth noting the RussNeft company, which was created thanks to the financial support of the large Swiss concern Glencore.

Fifth place - Omsk

The millionth city of Omsk is the administrative center. First of all, it is the largest transport hub. Its turnover reaches 400 billion rubles. The food and light industries, aerospace and chemical industries, as well as oil refining, are well developed here. are owned by Gazprom. Even during the Great Patriotic War, the largest factories and plants were evacuated here, the main specializations of which are mechanical engineering and the petrochemical industry.

Sixth place - Perm

The diversified industry of Perm plays an important role in the economic development of the country. The annual income is 350 billion rubles. Basically, heavy engineering, gas and oil refining industries are developed here. A significant contribution is made by such industries as chemical, electric power, as well as food and printing. The average salary for 2013 was almost 25 thousand rubles. Thanks to this, Perm was included in the list of "Large industrial cities of Russia", having quite high rates.

The capital of the Republic of Bashkortostan is Ufa

Ufa occupies the seventh position in the rating of industrial cities of Russia. On its territory there is a large accumulation of various industries. The most important industries are wood and metalworking, oil refining, and mechanical engineering. Thermal power plants also play an important role in economic development. The construction of a nuclear power plant was started here, but after the Chernobyl accident, all work was suspended. At present, according to the federal program, the construction of a nuclear power plant is still planned.

Eighth place - Norilsk

The northernmost city of Norilsk is located in the Krasnoyarsk Territory. The population in it is about 150 thousand people. Living conditions here are quite difficult, mainly due to climatic conditions. The mining and metallurgical industry and the industry of non-ferrous metals are the most developed. Being in eighth place in the rating of "Large industrial cities of Russia", Norilsk has a turnover of 300 billion rubles. The main part of the income is palladium, platinum and other precious metals.

Ninth place - Chelyabinsk

The only city in Russia with a new self-government scheme. Chelyabinsk is located on the eastern slope of the Ural Mountains. This is a fairly large center with a turnover of 300 billion rubles. Ferrous metallurgy accounts for almost 50% of all manufactured products. It is also worth noting such industries as instrument making, metal processing, mechanical engineering. Light industry is also well developed here. The industrial cities of Russia, Chelyabinsk in particular, are famous for their high-quality alloys. It is here that most of the ore is processed, rails, pipes, as well as tractors, cranes, loaders are made.

Completes the top ten Novokuznetsk

Novokuznetsk is located in Western Siberia. The volume of industrial income is 260 billion rubles. It has a well-developed coal mining industry, which is one of the largest in the country. Metallurgy and metalworking also play an important role in the economy. Quite significant enterprises involved in energy are located here. More than 50 plants and factories operate on the territory of the city, which allows it to take tenth place in the top 10 “Largest industrial cities of Russia”. Unfortunately, since 2013 there have been massive layoffs in some industries.

During the Soviet period industrial cities arose, as a rule, on the basis of a systematically developing industry. So, in their time, Magnitogorsk, Novokuznetsk, Norilsk, Lipetsk developed rapidly on the basis of metallurgy, Kharkov, Chelyabinsk, Minsk on the basis of tractor building, Berezniki, Solikamsk on the basis of chemistry. Many new cities have emerged, including on the basis of the development of the chemical industry (Nizhnekamsk, Navoi, Tobolsk), automotive industry (Tolyatti, Zhodino, Naberezhnye Chelny), metallurgy (Novolipetsk, Kostomuksha, Stary Oskol), oil industry (Tyumen, Surgut, Nizhnevartovsk) , hydropower, aluminum, timber and woodworking industries (Bratsk, Ust-Ilimsk). On the basis of nuclear energy, new cities arose near Kostroma, Smolensk, on the Southern Bug, etc. The main city-forming objects were large enterprises of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, chemistry, energy, mechanical engineering, timber industry complexes, etc.

Industrial cities often arise on the basis of:

one enterprise or production;
an industrial complex of enterprises of one leading industry, where the leading enterprise is complemented by related ones;
several production complexes of various industries that are not directly related to each other.

When designing a city, they always provide for the possibility of its development, since the emerging city itself serves as a place of attraction for other industries. It has become a common phenomenon when in a city with an enterprise dominated by male labor (metallurgy, chemistry), light and food industries, instrument making, etc., are located in which women predominantly work.

Also in the Soviet period, cities arose - scientific centers with research institutes, higher educational institutions and experimental production facilities. Among these cities, the Novosibirsk Akademgorodok, the cities of Pushchino, Krasnaya Pakhra, Dubna, Chernogolovka, etc., gained fame.

In industrial cities, up to 80% of workers are employed in the city-forming industries.

In many cities, along with enterprises of class I and II in terms of sanitary characteristics, there is also a relatively harmless industry that requires a large number of qualified personnel. These include machine-building and instrument-making plants, watch factories and enterprises of machine-tool, textile and light industries, etc.

With the emergence of a city-forming industry and the growth on this basis of the city itself, an accompanying or, as it is commonly called, service industry is created. It includes enterprises of the light, food and meat and dairy industries, refrigerators, food and manufactured goods warehouses, trade, municipal and consumer services, urban transport, etc. Such enterprises are closely connected with the residential part of the city. Examples of the location of industrial enterprises are shown in rice. 2.

Fig. 2. Examples of the location of industrial enterprises in the city: a - the industrial zone is located along the railway line passing through the city center, b - enterprises are located along the railway line passing through the outskirts of the city, and occupy a central position in it: c - enterprises are located along the river and the railway line; d - enterprises are concentrated in two large industrial zones of the city; e - enterprises are dispersed throughout the city; e - enterprises are concentrated in three large zones along the railway lines; g - enterprises are located in the central part of the city and form several industrial hubs; and - enterprises are concentrated in one industrial hub on the outskirts of the city along the railway line

When placing enterprises, their town-planning differentiation is necessary. Only on this basis can the harmonious integration of industry into the city's organism be achieved. According to this principle, the General Plan of Moscow was implemented in the Soviet Union, which, in particular, laid down the principle of creating eight planning zones of the city. According to this plan, residential areas and places of application of labor of the population of the capital are distributed evenly, which contributes to bringing housing closer to places of application of labor.

However, in modern urban planning there are many complex and difficult to solve functional, technical, social, economic, transport, architectural, aesthetic and other problems. Almost all of them are closely connected with the development of industry.

A characteristic feature of modern urban planning, which is developing in the conditions of scientific and technological progress, is the intensity of the implementation of the planned plans. For example, in a number of newly created cities, the initial population was planned to be 80-100 thousand inhabitants. However, many of these cities, already in the process of building the first industrial enterprises, grew faster than planned indicators based on the expansion of the industrial base of related or new industries.

Alexei SERGEEV, Chairman of the Committee for Economic Development, Industrial Policy and Trade, tells in more detail about the course of this process, as well as how the city sees the development of new industrial zones, in an interview with the magazine.

– How fast is the withdrawal of industry from the center today? Which companies have decided to move?
– The process of transferring industrial enterprises outside the historical center of the city has been going on for many years. In parallel, the functional purpose of territories previously occupied by industry is changing. Among the largest projects, one can note the relocation of the Petmol plant and the construction of a new workshop for the production of children's dairy products in the Parnas non-residential area. Also, this is the relocation of OAO Krasnoye Znamya to the Vostochnaya industrial zone and OAO NPP Burevestnik to Rybatskoye. Among the pioneers were also the Vulkan Plant, the First Furniture Factory. The relocation of the terminal and logistics complex of Modul LLC from the territory of Varshavsky railway station is at the final stage.

In the near future, JSC Sestroretsk Tool Plant is expected to move from Sestroretsk to the Konnaya Lakhta zone. Space-Motor CJSC from the Northern Valley region transfers production to Konnaya Lakhta. Also JSC "Lenpoligraphmash" from the embankment of the river Karpovka is ready to move to the non-residential zone "North-West".
The profile committees of St. Petersburg supported the idea to change the functional purpose of a number of territories, giving them the status of residential development zones.
In particular, these are the production sites of the branch of OJSC Power Machines - the plant Electrosila, OJSC Optimed-Invest and OJSC KLIMOV.

The territories occupied by OAO Compressor, Federal State Unitary Enterprise Zavod im. Kalinin, CJSC Plant Izmeron, OJSC Steel Rolling Plant, OJSC Nevskaya Manufaktura. Such changes are a green light for investors who want to buy the rights to the territory from enterprises for the purpose of redevelopment.
According to recent amendments made to the General Plan of St. Petersburg, the area of industrial territories is now 18 thousand hectares - 13% of the area of the entire city.

- Which of the existing industrial zones are being developed most actively?
- Horse Lakhta, Metallostroy, Rybatskoye, Izhora Plants, Novo-Orlovskaya, where the next residents of the SEZ will be located.

Among the promising territories, Predportovaya-3, which will be allocated for IT-cluster enterprises, and Beloostrov should be singled out.

– How is the land management and engineering preparation of new industrial zones carried out?
– In 2007–2010 about 1.1 billion rubles are allocated for the construction of engineering infrastructure facilities KERPPiT as a state customer. In 2007, 200 million rubles were spent for these purposes.
In 2008, 350 million rubles are allocated. In 2009 - 350 million rubles. In 2010 - 200 million rubles.
Last year, planning projects and land surveying projects for the Krasnoselskaya and Shushary-2 zones, as well as the Neudorf and Novo-Orlovskaya SEZs, were approved. There are projects for planning and surveying the territory for the industrial zones "Rybatskoye", "Ruchi", "Obukhovo", "Rzhevka", "Predportovaya-3", partially - for the territories "South-West", "Beloostrov", "Pushkinskaya", " Kolomyagi”, “Parnas”, IT park sites.
In the next two or three years, it is planned to conduct engineering preparations for the Metallostroy, Predportovaya-3, Horse Lakhta, and Parnas industrial zones. This process will continue in Kamenka, Shushary-2, and Rybatsky. The design of integrated sanitary protection zones for industrial areas has begun.

– Is it possible to motivate the owners and managers of enterprises to more actively move capacities outside the center? What is the effect of the applied economic levers?
- There is no dictate from the executive branch of the city. Based on economic benefits, business itself decides how expedient it is to transfer production facilities from the city center to industrial zones.
Today, land lease rates in the city center are much higher than in industrial zones, so maintaining an industrial site in the city center becomes inefficient. Industrialists are starting to count lost profits. A residential building or a business center in most of these cases shows a higher profitability. In addition, old enterprises need to upgrade their machine park and technologies. Technical re-equipment allows the same volume and range of products to be produced on smaller areas.
The laws of St. Petersburg "On tax incentives", "On state support of investment activities in the territory of St. Petersburg" also provide for certain tax benefits.

For investors who, within one calendar year, made investments in fixed assets that were not previously in operation in the territory of St. Petersburg, in the amount of more than 150 million rubles, the corporate property tax rate is halved for a period of 3 years.
If investments amount to 150-300 million rubles, the income tax rate is reduced from 24% to 22% for the same period. If more than 300 million rubles, the rate is reduced to 20% in the part that falls into the regional budget.
If the amount of investments in fixed assets during 3 calendar years of investment amounted to at least 3 billion rubles, then the city provides the investor with benefits for a period of 5 years. In particular, the company is exempt from property tax, the income tax rate is also reduced to 20%.

The city also helps to find a site convenient for future production in the allotted territories. All applications for the provision of land plots for industrial enterprises are submitted to the St. Petersburg Investment Department.
The department submits the application to the City Industrial Investment Agency. The agency is actually engaged in individual project support. The size of capital investments, the scale of the project, its socio-economic significance for the city are the criteria by which a particular project is recognized as important or strategic.

– Does the integrated development of territories for industrial construction make urban planning and economic sense?
– The city's approach to the system of development of industrial territories is fixed in the Sectoral (cluster) scheme for the development and specialization of industrial zones of St. Petersburg. The document was developed by KERP&T and CGA.

The main reason for the emergence of the cluster scheme was the shortage of large free plots (more than 10 hectares) for the placement of industrial facilities. Also, the need for such a document arose due to logistical and environmental restrictions, as well as different volumes of land reserves within industrial zones.

In the process of forming industry specialization, the main and reserve functions of each industrial zone will be determined. Places for engineering infrastructure facilities will also be preliminarily designated.

Prepared by Natalia Andropova