Lecture 19 Noun

In this lecture, the noun is systematically considered as a part of speech.

Noun

In this lecture, the noun is systematically considered as a part of speech.

Lecture plan

19.1. The general meaning of a noun.

19.2. Lexico-grammatical categories of nouns.

19.3. Grammatical meanings of gender, number, case of nouns.

19.4. Declension of nouns.

19.5. The transition of words of other parts of speech into a noun.

19.1. General meaning of a noun

A noun is a part of speech that denotes an object and answers the questions who? or what ?, has signs of gender, number and case, in a sentence it is most often the subject or object.

19.2. Lexico-grammatical categories of nouns

common nouns	Generalized denominations similar items ( rain, city, alley)	Most common nouns have both singular and plural (city - cities, garden - gardens)
Own	Names of individuals, animals, phenomena, events, single objects ( Alexander, Moscow, Dnepr, "Youth")	As a rule, proper nouns are used in the form of only one number - or singular ( Ural, "Seagull"), or plural ( Karpaty, "News")
Specific	The names of individual objects of inanimate nature and living beings, as well as specific manifestations of actions, states of processes that can be counted ( book, bear, jump, evening)	Specific nouns are used in both the singular and the plural. (book - books, evening - evenings)
Distracted	The names of various abstract concepts - qualities, actions, states ( mercy, openness, embodiment)	Abstract, collective, material nouns refer to common nouns, inanimate (or stand outside the distinctions of animation-inanimateness), denote objects and phenomena that cannot be counted. These nouns, as a rule, are used in the form of only one case - or the only one ( humanity, wax, happiness), or plural ( finance, seedlings, sawdust)
Collective	The names of the totality of living beings or objects as a whole (children, students, foliage)
Real	Names of homogeneous substances (minerals, chemical compounds, medicines, materials, food products) that can be measured but not counted ( gold, oil, milk, cement)
animated	They call living beings - persons and animals ( child, doctor, elephant, dolphin)	Grammatically, the meaning of animate-inanimate is expressed in the accusative plural. In the animate V.p. pl. h. = R.p. pl. h. Inanimate V.p. pl. h = Im. n. pl. h. Im.p. friends, apples R.p. friends, apples V.p. friends, apples
inanimate	Name inanimate objects window, earth, contract)

The principles for highlighting the lexical and grammatical categories of nouns are different, so one noun belongs to several categories at the same time. For example:

19.3. Grammatical meanings of gender, number and case of nouns

Determining gender for nouns

Among the words in -а (-я) there are nouns that can be classified, depending on gender, either to the masculine or to the feminine gender: He's so touchy - She's so touchy. Such words are called words of the general gender (cry-baby, self-taught, slob, razin, fox, fidget, bully, ignorant, touchy, goody, sweet, etc.).

Number is an inflectional grammatical category of a noun that indicates the number of animate and inanimate objects. The category of number is formed by the grammatical meanings of the singular and plural.

Determining the meaning of a number in nouns

words are used in the meaning of both numbers	words are used only in the meaning of the singular.	words are used only in the meaning of plural. h.
1.names of specific items and various concepts to be counted (fire, board, decision)	1. own nouns ( Natalia, Odessa, Caucasus), 2.collective nouns (children, youth, greens), 3.real nouns (blueberries, cabbage, copper); 4.abstract nouns (capacity, mercy, poetry)	1. names of paired objects or objects consisting of several parts (sleigh, glasses, scissors, trousers, scales, mansions, rakes), 2. names of abstract actions, games, rituals (debates, elections, hide and seek, name days, christenings, hide and seek), 3.names of certain time periods (weekdays, twilight, holidays), 4. names of substances, materials (yeast, ink, pasta, blush), 5. proper nouns (Athens, Carpathians, Hawaii)

Case is an inflectional grammatical category that expresses the syntactic relations of a noun to other words in a phrase and sentence.

19.4. Noun declension

Table 1 reveals the content of the concept declination in the first value, table 2 - in the second.

Table 1

table 2

19.5. Transition of words of other parts of speech into a noun

The transition to the category of nouns of other parts of speech is called substantiation.

Compare: children's clothing - equipped children's

doctor on duty - dining room attendant

child studying at school - school student

Date: 2010-05-18 10:43:01

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The words act as the building blocks of language. To convey thoughts, we use sentences that consist of combinations of words. In order to be linked into combinations and sentences, many words change their form.

The section of linguistics that studies the forms of words, types of phrases and sentences is called grammar.

Grammar has two parts: morphology and syntax.

Morphology- a section of grammar that studies the word and its change.

Syntax- a section of grammar that studies word combinations and sentences.

Thus, word is an object of study in lexicology and grammar. Lexicology is more interested in the lexical meaning of the word - its correlation with certain phenomena of reality, that is, when defining a concept, we try to find its distinctive feature.

Grammar, on the other hand, studies the word from the point of view of generalizing its features and properties. If the difference between words is important for vocabulary house and smoke, table and chair, then for grammar, all these four words are absolutely the same: they form the same forms of cases and numbers, have the same grammatical meanings.

Grammatical meaning e is a characteristic of a word from the point of view of belonging to a certain part of speech, the most general meaning inherent in a number of words, independent of their real material content.

For example, words smoke and house have different lexical meanings: house- this is a residential building, as well as (collected) people living in it; smoke- aerosol formed by products of incomplete combustion of substances (materials). And the grammatical meanings of these words are the same: noun, common noun, inanimate, masculine, II declension, each of these words can be determined by an adjective, change by cases and numbers, act as a member of a sentence.

Grammatical meanings are characteristic not only of words, but also of larger grammatical units: phrases, components of a complex sentence.

Material expression of grammatical meaning is an grammatical tool. Most often, grammatical meaning is expressed in affixes. It can be expressed with the help of function words, alternation of sounds, changes in the place of stress and word order, intonation.

Each grammatical meaning finds its expression in the corresponding grammatical form.

Grammatical forms words can be simple (synthetic) and complex (analytical).

Simple (synthetic) grammatical form involves the expression of lexical and grammatical meanings in the same word, within a word (consists of one word): was reading- the verb is in the past tense.

When the grammatical meaning is expressed outside the lexeme, complex (analytical) form(combination of a significant word with an official): I will read, let's read! In Russian, the analytical forms include the form of the future tense from imperfective verbs: I will write.

Individual grammatical meanings are combined into systems. For example, singular and plural values ​​are combined into a system of number values. In such cases, we are talking about grammatical category numbers. Thus, we can talk about the grammatical category of tense, the grammatical category of gender, the grammatical category of mood, the grammatical category of aspect, etc.

Each grammatical category has a number of grammatical forms. The set of all possible forms of a given word is called the paradigm of the word. For example, the paradigm of nouns usually consists of 12 forms, for adjectives - of 24.

The paradigm is:

universal– all forms (full);

incomplete- there are no forms;

private according to a certain grammatical category: declension paradigm, mood paradigm.

Lexical and grammatical meanings are in interaction: a change in the lexical meaning of a word leads to a change in both its grammatical meaning and form. For example, the adjective voiced in the phrase ringing voice is qualitative (has forms of degrees of comparison: voiced, louder, most voiced). It's the same adjective in the phrase media is a relative adjective (voiced, i.e. formed with the participation of the voice). In this case, this adjective has no degrees of comparison.

And vice versa grammatical meaning some words may directly depend on their lexical meaning. For example, the verb run away in the meaning of "move quickly" is used only as an imperfective verb: He ran for quite some time until he collapsed completely exhausted. The lexical meaning (“to escape”) also determines another grammatical meaning - the meaning of the perfect form: The prisoner escaped from prison.

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The general meaning of the noun and its grammatical features

Noun- this is a part of speech that combines words with an objective meaning expressed in the grammatical categories of case and number and in forms of a certain grammatical gender.

In a noun, semantically different words are combined by the common meaning of objectivity: the names of specific objects (boat, forest, gold), creatures (girl, bear, tit), natural phenomena (lightning, rain) generalized properties and features (kindness, courage, blue) states (rest, nap) etc. Unlike adjectives, adverbs, verbs, nouns name signs and actions or states independently, regardless of those objects and phenomena to which these signs or processes are characteristic, who are their carriers.

The zahal-categorical meaning of objectivity in a noun is expressed in grammatical categories and in word-formation means. The main grammatical features of a noun are the presence of categories of gender, case and number. Each noun belongs to one of three grammatical genders - masculine, feminine, or neuter. Only plural nouns do not have grammatical gender (gate, bran, yeast and etc.).

Nouns change by case (except for some words of foreign origin, some abbreviations and surnames) and are characterized by the grammatical meaning of the number (some have comparable number forms, others appear only in the singular or plural).

The categories of gender, number and case of nouns differ from adjectives, pronominal and partially numeral ones: in a noun they are defining, and in other nominal parts of speech they repeat the grammatical meanings of an explanatory noun, therefore, they are syntactically determined meanings, for example: salt water, salt water, salt water, salt water; my friend, my friend, my friend, my friend.

In a noun, the meaning of a number is quite often expressed by an auxiliary means (stress), and the meaning of the gender is perceived in the process of comparing inflections of the entire paradigmatic series (compare: weaver and oven, day and salt) and taking into account the semantic reference to gender in the names of creatures (compare: father and apple Nicholas and Marina) and a number of other signs.

In adjectives, in terms of pronouns and numerals, all three grammatical meanings (gender, number and case) are expressed by inflection.

A noun as the name of an object appears in its typical syntactic function of the subject (in the initial form - the nominative case) or the application (in indirect cases). For example: The sky turned blue today(O. Gonchar) Rosehip is difficult to bear fruit. She grabs people by the sleeve(L. Kostenko).

A noun can also perform secondary functions: definition (agreed - application and inconsistent), circumstance, nominal part of a compound predicate, for example: Sonny Omelko - a small clap "I - stood by his mother and watched what she was doing(Elena Petrovna) A flexible breeze breathed towards him with the insipid freshness of the great waters, the subtle spicy spirit of the distant steppes.(O. Gonchar) Do not look in a foreign land, do not ask for what is not in heaven, and not only in a foreign field(T. Shevchenko) Poetry is always originality, what an immortal touch to the soul(L. Kostenko).

Part of speech	Noun
What means
morphological features	Conjugated words. Change by cases and numbers. They have a genus. Initial: nominative singular, and for those used only in the plural, nominative plural. According to lexical and morphological features, they are divided into proper and general, concrete and abstract, names of creatures and inanimate, prefabricated and single
syntactic signs	Main: subject (nominative or generic, when combined with a quantitative numeral or other word with a quantitative meaning - in the folded subject), application (in indirect cases). Non-basic: circumstance (more often a noun with a preposition, especially in case), inconsistent definition, applications, nominal part of a compound predicate

Various lexical meanings are united under objectivity, but all of them are perceived as the names of an object. These can be names:

specific items (bed, broom, glasses, sled)

creatures (man, teacher, doctor, bee, stork, goose, cat)

plants (rye, acacia, spruce, viburnum)

natural phenomena (blizzard, blizzard, lightning, rain, snow);-actions or states (drawing, correspondence, cooking, message)

abstract concepts (kindness, success, dignity, love, generosity).

A noun is a part of speech that denotes an object and answers the questions who? what? (patriot, cosmonaut, duty officer, Olympics, youth, sports, banner, planetarium, Moscow, Vladivostok, whiteness, walking, joy).
Note. The subject in grammar is everything that you can ask who is it? what is it?, for example: who is it? - student, what is it? - book.
By meaning, nouns are divided into proper (Lev, Tolstoy, Leningrad, Bulgaria, Kashtanka, "Aurora") and common nouns (textbook, harvester, Komsomol member, collective farm), animated (student, Petya, Tanya, Natasha, agronomist, elk, pike) and inanimate (house, city, village, newspaper, magazine, Volga, Baikal).
Nouns are masculine (engineer, young naturalist), feminine (neighborhood, journalism) or neuter (generation, fatherland).
Note. Nouns by gender do not change.
. Nouns change by case (bread, bread, bread, bread, about bread; discipline, discipline, discipline, discipline, about discipline) and by numbers (singular: detachment, land; plural: detachments, lands).
The initial form of a noun is the nominative singular.
In a sentence, nouns are most often subject and object, as well as an inconsistent definition, application, circumstance and nominal part of a compound predicate, for example:

1. The book makes a person the master of the universe (P. Pavlenko) - the subject of the book is expressed by a noun; 2) The whole life of mankind settled in the book (A. Herzen) - the addition in the book is expressed by a noun with a preposition; 3) The book is a repository of knowledge (B. Polevoy) - the nominal part of the compound predicate repository is expressed by a noun;

1. Dampness from the ground began to cool the side (A. Gaidar) -

an inconsistent definition from earth is expressed by a noun with a preposition; 5) Over the gray plain of the sea, the wind gathers clouds (M. Gorky) - the circumstance of the place over the plain is expressed by a noun with a preposition; b) The people will not forget the winner of their selfless heroes (V. Lebedev-Kumach) -
application winner is expressed by a noun.
Nouns in the nominative case can act as an address: Thank you; Motherland, for happiness with you to be on your way! (A. Tvardovsky) - the appeal of Rodin is expressed by a noun.

More on the topic MEANING AND GRAMMATIC FEATURES OF A NOUN:

1. § 39. Interaction of grammatical and lexical meanings in the structure of a noun
2. §39. Interaction of grammatical and lexical meanings in the structure of a noun
3. MEANING AND GRAMMATIC FEATURES OF THE NAME OF THE ADJECTIVE
4. MEANING AND GRAMMATIC SIGNS OF THE NAME OF THE NUMBER
5. 6.5. The meaning of a noun, its morphological features and syntactic functions
6. 112. The meaning of a noun, its morphological features and syntactic functions
7. 9. Noun as a part of speech: semantics and grammatical categories. Syntactic functions of the noun.

I. Permanent:

Exceptions:

animated

inanimate

2) Word character;

a. Male

b.Female

c. Average

d. General (sweet, colleague)

II. Non-permanent:

a. Nominative

b. Genitive

c. Dative

d. Accusative

e. Instrumental

f. Prepositional

Subject to: Light reflected in the window.

Predicate: Volga - This shipping river.

Addendum: I see shore.

Circumstance: Summer we're heading south.

Definition: Case about inheritance

"wall" "table" or "window" "chain" . For example:

1) Stop at stop... E, which means to stop E).

2) Were on a raid... E means to raid E).

3) Don't need help.. And means to help And).

Exceptions to the rule: nouns on -y, -y, -y And, in disbelief And, in a sanatorium And-ya, -ya with nouns on -y, -y, -y : in the moonlight AI(siyan IE), but in the moonlight E(siyan IE, check "to the table e"), say Natal AI but say natal E(Natal BL), to be on a date AI(date IE), but be on a date IE(date IE, check "on the table e").

Adjective: general grammatical meaning, morphological features, role in the sentence, spelling of adjective endings.

The adjective name denotes a sign of an object, its quality and answers the questions what? whose?.

Morphological features:

I. Permanent:

1) Discharge:

a. Qualitative denotes a sign of an object that determines its quality. (hot)

b. Relative is called a sign in relation to the material, the place of action, an abstract concept. (gold)

c. Possessive means that an object belongs to a person or animal.

2) The degree of comparison is only for qualitative adjectives:

a. Comparative (closer, stronger)

b. Superior (closest strongest)

a. Brief only for quality (hot - hot)

II. Non-permanent:

The adjective most often acts as a definition: The sky was blue. It can also be part of the predicate: Water for us seemed extremely cold.

Spelling endings:

1. In the form of the nominative singular, masculine adjectives under stress have the ending -oy (bay), in an unstressed position - -y (false), after soft, hissing and back-lingual consonants - -y (winter, walking, fishing).
Notes: Remember: out of town.
In other words with the root city- ending -th (suburban, suburban).
Remember: boundless and boundless.

2. Possessive adjectives ending in -y, -ya, -e. -i in all cases, except for the nominative and accusative singular masculine, are written with ь (bird, bird, bird, bird, bird, etc.; cf. bird).
Note. In these adjectives, -й is a suffix (not an ending) and is preserved in all case forms.

Historical commentary. Short adjectives in modern Russian do not change by case, but in phraseological units you can find outdated case forms in which -y is written (on a bare foot, in broad daylight, in a hurry). In Old Russian, short adjectives were declined like nouns.

Verb: general grammatical meaning, morphological features, role in the sentence, spelling of suffixes in verbs

The verb as a part of speech denotes an action and answers the questions: what to do? what is he doing? what to do? what will he do?

Signs:

a. Perfect

b. Imperfect

2. Transitivity

a. Transitive verbs denote an action that is directed to an object expressed in the accusative case without a preposition (direct object)

b. Intransitive verbs cannot carry a direct object

3. Incline

a. The indicative denotes an action as a real fact occurring in time, i.e. an action that happened, is happening or will happen in the future;

b. The imperative expresses the impulse to action;

c. The subjunctive denotes an action that could take place under some specific conditions, or an action that is desired.

a. The present

b. Past

c. Future

5. Conjugation is a change of the verb in persons and numbers.

Spelling suffixes:

1) The suffixes -ova-, -eva- are written in the infinitive and in the past tense, if in the form of the 1st person singular. h. present tense the verb ends in -th, -yu: I talked - I talk

2) Suffixes -yva-, -iva- are written in the past infinitive, if in the form of the 1st person singular. Present tense verbs end in -Ivayu, -Ivayu: I put it off - I put it off.

Note in the verbs to get stuck, to overshadow, to intend, to do, the suffix -eva- is written.

3) In transitive verbs, the suffix -i- is written, in intransitive verbs -e-: deforest (deprive the forest) - deforest (lose the forest).

4) For verbs in the past tense, before the suffix -l, the same vowel is written as in the basis of the infinitive.

Spelling prefixes

1. Vowels and consonants in prefixes (except for prefixes on -Z, -S)

Vowels and consonants in the prefixes B-, DO-, FOR-, ON-, O-, PERE-, PO-, PRO-, C-, OB-, FROM-, OVER-, UNDER-, POD-, PRE- and others do not change in writing, regardless of pronunciation. They are characterized by traditional spelling.

2. The letters Z, C at the end of the prefixes

In prefixes ending in -Z (WITHOUT-, WHO-, VZ-, IZ-, BOTTOM-, TIME-, ROS-, THROUGH-, THROUGH-) before vowels and voiced consonants is written W, before the deaf - With There are no prefixes Z- in Russian.

3. The letters O, A in the prefixes ROZ-, ROS-, RAZ-, RAS-.

In the prefixes ROZ-, ROS-, RAZ-, RAS- it is written O under stress, without stress - A

4. The letters E, I in the prefixes PRE-, PRI-.

The prefix PRI- indicates the approach, attachment, incompleteness of the action. The prefix PRE- denotes the highest degree of a feature and is close in meaning to the word VERY or has the same meaning as the prefix PERE-. If the meaning of the prefixes PRE-, PRI- is doubtful, it is necessary to refer to the dictionary

5. NOT and NOR in pronouns and negative adverbs

In indefinite and negative pronouns, as well as in negative adverbs, the prefix NE- is written under stress, and NI without stress.

Direct speech and dialogue

Separate circumstances

Noun: general grammatical meaning, morphological features, role in the sentence, spelling E and in noun endings

The noun as a part of speech includes words with objective meaning in a broad sense (table, window, etc.) the noun answers the questions who? and what?.

Morphological features of a noun:

I. Permanent:

1) Common and own

2) Animate and inanimate

Exceptions:

animated

1) The words dead, deceased, doll (toy), matryoshka, puppet, addressee;

2) The name of some card pieces: king, ace, trump card, jack, queen;

3) The name of some chess pieces: queen, king, bishop, horse;

4) Nouns of the middle gender in -ische, denoting fairy-tale characters: a monster, a monster;

5) Nouns in a figurative sense: mattress (mattress inanimate) - mattress (“soft-bodied person” animate); with reverse transfer, nouns retain the category of animation: kite - kite.

inanimate

1) Collective nouns: people, crowd, army, flock;

2) Word character;

3) Names of microorganisms: microbe, bacterium, etc., as well as words like embryo, pupa, larva, etc.

3) Concrete, abstract, collective and material

a. Specific - objects and phenomena

b. Abstract - actions, signs, states

c. Collective - a set of objects or persons

d. Real - a substance or a mass of homogeneous composition

a. Male

b.Female

c. Average

d. General (sweet, colleague)

5) Declension (indeclinable: m.r. coffee, porter, entertainer, kangaroo, flamingo; zh.r. lady, madam; cf.r. muffler metro)

a. The first feminine and masculine in –a, -я;

b. Second masculine and middle ending in –o, -e and zero ending;

c. Third feminine null ending

II. Non-permanent:

a. Nominative

b. Genitive

c. Dative

d. Accusative

e. Instrumental

f. Prepositional

a. The only (only singular milk, students)

b. Plural (only plural scissors, gates)

The proposal may act as any member:

Subject to: Light reflected in the window.

Predicate: Volga - This shipping river.

Addendum: I see shore.

Circumstance: Summer we're heading south.

Definition: Case about inheritance keeps me going for a long time.

Unstressed endings of nouns need to be checked with test words with a stressed ending. To do this, we use only three words for nouns of each declension: for nouns of the 1st declension, this word "wall" , for nouns of the 2nd declension is the word "table" or "window" , and for nouns of the 3rd declension - "chain" . For example:

1) Stop at stop...("stop" is a noun of the 1st declension, we check with the word "wall": stand on the walls E, which means to stop E).

2) Were on a raid...("raid" - noun of the 2nd declension, check with the word "table": stand on the table E means to raid E).

3) Don't need help..("help" - noun of the 3rd declension, check the word "chain": do not need a chain And means to help And).

Exceptions to the rule: nouns on -y, -y, -y do not obey the rule of the test word, they always have a second letter-ending I next to the letter I: near the station And, in disbelief And, in a sanatorium And. I draw your attention to the fact that you need to be careful not to confuse nouns with -ya, -ya with nouns on -y, -y, -y : in the moonlight AI(siyan IE), but in the moonlight E(siyan IE, check "to the table e"), say Natal AI but say natal E(Natal BL), to be on a date AI(date IE), but be on a date IE(date IE, check "on the table e").