Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic. Reference

The Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic existed until the spring of 1991. Having restored the constitution of 1918, the Supreme Council in Tbilisi declared sovereignty. During the times of the USSR, the Georgian population, together with the country, experienced the post-revolutionary devastation and the deprivations of the Second World War, shared the joy of victory and post-war recovery.

stormy time

The revolution in Petrograd destroyed the Empire. Concluding the Brest Peace, the new government transferred to Turkey the lands conquered in the First World War and, Kars, Ardagan. Disagreement with the Brest peace led to the creation of the Transcaucasian Independent Federative Democratic Republic. However, ZNFDR lasted two months. At the end of May 1918 the Georgian side left the federation.

Non-recognition of the Brest peace led to the invasion of Turkish troops. During short battles, a number of regions were occupied, including Batumi, Ozurgeti, Akhaltsikhe. Under an agreement with the German government, German troops enter the territory of Georgia to protect against Turkish troops. But the result of this was the signing of peace with the Turkish side on terms that were not favorable for the Georgian republic. Georgia has lost more territories than at the conclusion of the Brest Peace.

In December 1918, British troops came to replace the German troops. In 1920 the Georgian authorities signed a peace agreement with the Soviets. But in the winter of 1921, the Red Army enters. Further events developed at lightning speed:

• 07/16/1921 - Adjara ASSR was founded in the Georgian SSR
• 12/16/1921 - Abkhazia is included in Georgia
• 04/20/1922 the South Ossetian Autonomous Region was formed
• 12/30/1922 The Georgian Federative SSR, as part of the ZSFSR, became part of the USSR

The Transcaucasian Federation included the Armenian SSR and the Azerbaijan SSR. After the dissolution of the ZSFSR (1936), the Georgian, without the word "federal" SSR, entered the Union as an independent Soviet Socialist Republic.

After the revolution

The Georgian SSR was considered in a special position. Additional subsidies were poured into the GSPC. The reason for this is that Joseph Stalin was born in Georgia. In addition to him, immigrants from Georgians - Georgy (Sergo) Ordzhonikidze, Lavrenty Beria.

The Georgian people did a lot for the country. 700 thousand Georgians fought on the fields of the Second World War. 137 residents of Georgia are Heroes of the Soviet Union, more than 240 thousand received military awards. Georgian soldiers bravely fought in the battle for the Caucasus, which lasted from July 25, 1942 to October 9, 1943. In memory of this, a medal "for the defense of the Caucasus" was issued. The award was received by 870 thousand citizens of the country.

On May 1, 1945, Georgians Meliton Kantaria and Russian Mikhail Yegorov raised the Banner of Victory over the Reichstag. They were awarded the titles of Heroes of the Soviet Union.

After the death of Joseph Vissarionovich, at the XX Congress of the CPSU, Nikita Khrushchev made a report on the exposure of Stalin's personality cult. When the demolition of monuments to Stalin was announced, the unrest of the Georgian people began, and on the night of March 10, 1956, clashes between indignant citizens and the Ministry of Internal Affairs took place in Tbilisi. As a result of the conflict:

• 22 people died
• 54 people injured
• 200 people detained by law enforcement forces

Postwar years

Georgia as part of the USSR received the growth of the industrial industry. In addition to the food industry, the oil refining industry, mechanical engineering, and energy were developing. The largest in Transcaucasia was built in Georgia.

Georgian enterprises assembled aircraft and built locomotives. The leading industries were ferrous metallurgy, chemical industry, electric power industry, light industry. An automobile plant for the production of trucks and tractors KAZ worked in Kutaisi. In 1967, the KAZ 608 Colchis, widely known in Soviet times, rolled off the assembly line.

The Georgian food industry provided the country with tea, mineral water, tobacco and wines. Citrus fruits from Georgia were on the New Year's table of citizens of the country of the Soviets. Georgian cognac and chacha are still in great demand today.

The private sector was in a good economic position. Private owners owned 6% of fertile land. The sale of flowers and citrus fruits grown by private owners in the markets of central Russia gave a lot of income. During the season it was possible to earn a new car.

Georgia grew 95% of all tea in the USSR.

Health resort

Socialist Georgia - All-Union. People from all over the country came for treatment at mineral springs, recreation at ski resorts. Rest in the cities on the Black Sea coast of Georgia is popular. Borjomi, Batumi, Bakuriani - the whole country knew these names. In the Abkhaz ASSR, which was part of Georgia, Gagra also thundered throughout the Union.

In Soviet times, sports bases of allied significance were located on the territory of Georgia. Skiers and climbers trained there. The Central Olympic Base of the USSR was built in Escher. There were competitions in various sports, football players, archers, basketball players trained. Even teams came there for the training camp, for which there were no specialized facilities. So hockey players came to Escher, although an ice rink was not built for them.

In 1978, not far from Tbilisi, the Rustavi racing complex was created. It included a ring track for auto racing, a motor track, a go-kart track, and a motoball field. All-Union competitions in road racing were held on the track. When there were no big races, local competitions were held.

The sports complex in Esher was damaged during the Georgian-Abkhaz conflict and is now not functioning.

Georgian cinema

The Soviet person began his acquaintance with Georgian culture, first of all, through films. 1921 formation under the People's Commissariat of Education. Since 1953, the studio has been called “Georgia-Film”. An animation department (1930) and a department of documentary and popular science films (1958) were also opened.

The older generation remembers the queues in cinemas for the film "George Saakadze". This is a large-scale film made by the Tbilisi film studio during the war years. The first series was filmed in 1942, the second - in 1943. Many people love the movie Father of a Soldier. Sergo Zakariadze, People's Artist of the USSR, played the title role. Only warm impressions are left by Georgian short films, like "Zealous Piglet".

The names of Georgian actors, directors, performers are known throughout the Union. And now, almost everyone knows who Vakhtang Kikabidze or Georgy Danelia is. The older generation can tell in which films Leila Mikhailovna Abashidze or Akaki Khorava played.

Conclusion

A number of modern political forces call the period of existence of the Georgian SSR occupation, citing the entry of the Red Army into the territory of Georgia in 1921 as evidence. However, they do not take into account the revolutionary mood of the masses of the time. What was intervention for the ruling bourgeois class, for the proletariat and the peasantry was liberation.

The fact that Georgia was part of the USSR gave the region economic development. The creation of new industries was the result of industrialization, which was carried out by the state. Experts believe that Georgia was the richest republic in the USSR during the "Stagnation".

GEORGIAN SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLIC, Georgia, - Union Soviet Socialist Republic. Located in the center and west. parts of the Caucasus. The area is 69.7 thousand km 2, the population is 4954 thousand people. (1975). The average population density is 71 people. per 1 km2. The rural population is 51%. The main population is Georgians (66.8% according to the 1970 census); the population also includes Armenians, Russians, Azerbaijanis, Ossetians, Greeks, Abkhazians, and others. The capital is the city of Tbilisi (1030 thousand inhabitants, 1976). The composition of the cargo. The SSR includes the Abkhaz ASSR, the Adjara ASSR and the South Ossetian Autonomous Region.

The largest cities are: Kutaisi (177 thousand inhabitants), Rustavi (127 thousand inhabitants), Sukhumi (118 thousand inhabitants), Batumi (117 thousand inhabitants), Poti (54 thousand inhabitants). Cargo. The SSR was formed on February 25, 1921. From March 12, 1922 to December 5, 1936, it was part of the Transcaucasian Federation; On December 5, 1936, it became directly part of the USSR.

The climate of almost the entire territory of the republic is subtropical with moderately cold winters and long hot summers.

Before the Great October Socialist Revolution, Georgia was a backward agrarian national outskirts of Russia. During the years of Soviet power, as a result of the steady development of all branches of the national economy, fundamental changes occurred in the structure of the republic's economy. A powerful highly developed industry has been created, including modern progressive branches, and a technically equipped diversified agriculture.

Health Organization

Before the establishment of Soviet power in Georgia, there were devastating epidemics; overall and infant mortality were high. In 1913, per capita appropriations for health care amounted to only 90 kopecks. in year; there were only 2084 hospital beds, i.e. 8 beds per 10,000 people. The availability of doctors and paramedical workers was extremely low (see Table 4). The community network was almost non-existent. In the countryside, there were only 26 medical stations (132 hospital beds), which employed 38 doctors. The population was forced to turn to healers.

Table 4. GROWTH IN THE NUMBER OF DOCTORS AND MEDICAL WORKERS (ALL DEPARTMENTS) AND THEIR PROVISION OF THE POPULATION OF GEORGIA from 1913 to 1975

During the years of Soviet power, as a result of success in the development of the economy and culture, the growth of the well-being of the masses, the expansion, deepening and specialization of medical care, a significant improvement in the health status of the population was achieved, an increase in the average life expectancy of the population of the republic from 32 years in 1913 to 73 years in 1969 .

Vital movement of the population Cargo. The Soviet Socialist Republic during the years of Soviet power is characterized by a significant decrease in the indicators of general and infant mortality. Vital movement data Cargo. SSR are given in table. one.

Stationary medical care for the population is provided by St. 500 hospitals. The number of hospital beds in the republic increased from 2,084 in 1913 to 48,020 in 1975, or more than 23 times. General level of provision of the population with hospital beds in the system of the Ministry of Health. By 1976, the SSR reached 96.9 per 10,000 people of the population. The number of children's somatic beds, gynecological, oncological and beds of other profiles has especially increased, which is associated with the process of active specialization of medical care. Data on the growth in the number of hospital beds by specialty in Georgia and the provision of beds for the population are presented in Table. 2.

Table 1. VITAL MOVEMENT INDICATORS OF THE POPULATION OF GEORGIA from 1913 to 1975 (per 1000 people)

Table 2. NUMBER OF HOSPITAL BEDS BY SPECIALTIES AND PROVISION OF THE POPULATION WITH THEM. SSR from 1940 to 1975

Indicators	Number of beds by years
Total hospital beds
including:
therapeutic
surgical
children's somatic
for pregnant women and women in childbirth
gynecological
tuberculosis
oncological
dermatovenerologic
infectious (for children and adults)
Provision of the population with beds per 10,000 people. (all specialties)

Table 3. GROWTH IN THE NUMBER OF MEDICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC DEPARTMENTS (OFFICES) IN THE MEDICAL AND PREVENTIVE INSTITUTIONS OF THE MINISTRY OF HEALTH OF THE GORGO. SSR from 1950 to 1975

On the basis of the Decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR dated July 5, 1968 "N" 517 "On measures to further improve health care and develop medical science in the country", the design and construction of large multidisciplinary and specialized hospitals and dispensaries is being carried out.

In 1973, a new modern complex of the Republican Clinical Hospital was built, a large complex of the Research Institute of Oncology, Radiology and Medical Radiology with 500 beds in Tbilisi, hospitals with 500 beds each in Makharadze, in Kutiri, Tsulukidze district, in Vladimirovka, Gulripsh district, are under construction -on, for 400 beds in Zugdidi, for 300 beds in Tskhinvali, for 264 beds in Sagarejo, etc. The construction of a rehabilitation hospital for 520 beds in Tbilisi has also begun. In 1975, a hospital building for patients with diseases of the ear, throat and nose and two clinical buildings of research institutes for therapy and cardiology were put into operation.

The number of outpatient clinics in Georgia before the Great October Socialist Revolution was so small that the majority of the working population could not use them. In 1913, there were 12 dispensaries, 37 medical and 17 feldsher stations in Georgia. From the first years of Soviet power, along with the growth of the network of hospitals, the network of outpatient clinics and polyclinics began to expand. So, only in Tbilisi in 1924 there were already 13 outpatient clinics.

In general, during the years of Soviet power, the number of non-hospital institutions increased from 66 in 1913 to 1345 in 1975, that is, more than 20 times.

From the end of the 60s. large multidisciplinary polyclinics, polyclinic departments of hospitals and medical units for 800-1200 or more visits per shift are being built; on the basis of these institutions, cardio-rheumatological, endocrinological and other specialized rooms, departments and centers are organized.

The network of children's outpatient clinics, polyclinics and women's clinics is developing at a particularly rapid pace: the number of these institutions increased from 283 in 1940 to 477 in 1975.

There are 74 ambulance and emergency medical aid stations in the republic (1975). Only the population of Tbilisi is served by 84 brigades, the number of calls reaches 1600 per day. In large cities, teams of specialized medical care (gynecological, pediatric, dental, oncological, neurological and anti-shock) have been created. Ambulances are radio-equipped.

From the first years of Soviet power in Georgia, specialized medical care began to develop; it was especially widely developed during the years of the 9th Five-Year Plan (1971-1975). The equipment of honey is constantly improving in the republic. technique and equipment of hospitals and outpatient clinics. Significant shifts in equipment have occurred in connection with the development of specialized medical care for the population. Data on the growth in the number of diagnostic and treatment departments (rooms) in the medical profession, institutions Cargo. SSR from 1950 to 1975 are presented in Table. 3. There are 168 electrocardiographic rooms, 117 functional diagnostic rooms, 51 bacteriological, 43 serological, 180 biochemical and 20 cytological laboratories in the republic (1975).

TB control

In the 20s. A tuberculosis control system began to be created, the first anti-tuberculosis institutions in Georgia were organized. In 1925, on the basis of an outpatient clinic, the first city anti-tuberculosis dispensary was organized in Tbilisi, and a year later the second city anti-tuberculosis dispensary was opened. In 1927, an anti-tuberculosis dispensary was organized in the Transcaucasian Railway. TB dispensaries in Kutaisi and Ozurgeti, an orphanage-sanatorium in Tbilisi. In 1928, at the department of faculty therapy, medical. Faculty of Tbilisi State University organized an associate professor of tuberculosis. In 1930 the Tbilisi Institute of Tuberculosis was opened. In 1936 at Tbilisi in-those of improvement of doctors the department of tuberculosis is organized. On the basis of in-that and chairs of tuberculosis the staff of phthisiatricians of Georgia basically grew up. There are 26 tuberculosis dispensaries, 75 cabinets, 11 tuberculosis hospitals and 18 specialized sanatoriums with 3,060 beds for the treatment of children in the republic (1975). Specialized boarding schools, forest schools and nursery schools have been opened. A fluorographic center has been established for the mass examination of the population. Prevention of tuberculosis through vaccination and revaccination, as well as chemoprophylaxis among persons in contact with tuberculosis patients, is widely carried out. As a result of ongoing activities, the incidence of tuberculosis over the past 15 years has decreased by almost 3 times.

Fight against cardiovascular diseases

In order to organize cardio-rheumatological care for the population and conduct scientific research in the field of cardiovascular pathology, the Institute of Cardiology was established in Tbilisi in 1946. In 1958, a cardio-rheumatological dispensary was organized. Out-of-hospital cardio-rheumatological care for the population in the M3 system Cargo. SSR is provided by 117 cardio-rheumatological rooms, as well as 117 functional diagnostic rooms and 168 ECG rooms. The methodical management of a network to lay down. - prof, the institutions rendering cardiorheumatological and cardiological help is carried out by 14 interdistrict cardiorheumatological centers. More than 430 cardio-rheumatological beds have been deployed in the republic to serve cardiological patients, most of which are deployed on the basis of clinical hospitals. In 1968 on the basis of Ying-that experimental therapy the republican heart attack center is organized. Questions of a cardiac surgery are engaged in Ying t of surgery of the Ministry of Health Gruz. SSR, Department of Thoracic Surgery and Department of Vascular Surgery, Tbilisi Institute for Postgraduate Medical Education.

Cancer care

In 1958, the Research Institute of Oncology was organized in Tbilisi, which is a scientific and methodological oncological center. There are 6 oncological dispensaries in the republic. In total in the republic (1975) 600 oncological and X-ray radiological beds were deployed, including 475 beds in hospitals of oncological dispensaries of the M3 system of the USSR. Mass targeted preventive examinations are widely carried out among the population for the purpose of early detection of precancerous diseases and malignant tumors.

Dermatovenerological care

Before the establishment of Soviet power, venereal diseases were widespread in Georgia. There was no fight against them, there were no specialized medical institutions, with the exception of the only clinic for women in Tbilisi. To Gruz. The SSR operates 113 medical-professional institutions of the skin and venereal profile, including 35 skin and venereal dispensaries, 22 of them with hospitals for 1105 beds, 78 departments and offices. As a part to lay down. - the prof. institutions there are 43 serological laboratories, 358 dermatovenereologists work. The scientific and methodical and coordinating center for the fight against skin and venereal diseases is the Dermatovenerological Institute, organized in 1935 (Tbilisi), which provides advisory assistance to all institutions of this profile.

Dental care in

Dental care in the republic is provided by 34 dental clinics (including 5 for children), 713 departments and offices. Dental offices are organized in schools with 800 or more students. To provide specialized dental surgical care, 90 beds have been deployed in the republic. Dental care for the population of mountainous and remote areas, as well as livestock breeders on summer and winter pastures, is provided by mobile dental outpatient clinics. Emergency dental care is provided to the population by duty dentists of the ambulance station. 1973 dentists, 359 dentists and 664 dental technicians work in the republic. Since 1950 at Tbilisi in-those of improvement of doctors departments of surgical, therapeutic and orthopedic stomatology are organized. Particular attention is paid to dental care for children. The network of children's dental clinics and offices is increasing, Ch. arr. orthodontic.

Maternal and child health

The first obstetric institution with 16 beds was opened in Tbilisi in 1873. Until 1921, there were only 4 women's clinics and 1 children's clinic in Georgia, owned by private individuals, 3 nurseries and 96 obstetric-gynecological beds.

By the end of 1975, there were 34 maternity hospitals (3083 beds) in the republic, 151 women's joint consultations; children's polyclinics and outpatient clinics -247. Until 1921 there were no dairy kitchens in Georgia, in 1975 there were 31 children's dairy kitchens. In 1975 there were 163 urban and 148 rural permanent nurseries for 9547 places. In 1975 in Gruz. The SSR had 31 children's sanatoriums with 2720 beds, of which 19 were somatic with 1535 beds.

Before the establishment of Soviet power for inpatient treatment of children in Tbilisi, there was a department with 100 beds at the city hospital, built with private funds. In 1940 there were 1427 beds for sick children (including 1022 beds in infectious b-tsah), and in 1975 - 27 children's hospitals for 3395 beds and, in addition, approx. 3100 children's beds in other hospitals. With the increase in the number of children's institutions, the number of children's doctors has also increased. Until 1921 there were 10 of them, and in 1975 - 2333.

In 1951, the Research Institute for the Protection of Motherhood and Childhood was organized, which is the base for the training and advanced training of medical staff of women's and children's medical and professional institutions, as well as the organizational and methodological center of all obstetric and gynecological care in the republic.

Medical care for industrial workers

There are 14 medical units in the republic. There are approx. 1880 beds (1975). Organized specialized departments equipped with modern honey. equipment and apparatus. Much attention is paid to the organization and work of workshop therapeutic sites.

Medical assistance to the rural population

After the establishment of Soviet power in Georgia, the network of both hospitals and outpatient institutions providing medical assistance to the rural population was growing. Central district hospitals are centers of qualified medical care for the population of rural areas; they represent all the main specialized departments - therapeutic, surgical, pediatric, gynecological, otorhinolaryngological, neurological.

The center of the qualified and specialized help to countrymen is republican-tsa with a consultative policlinic. At the hospital there is a department of exit emergency and planned advisory medical aid, a cut is intended for urgent departure of doctors to rural areas for the purpose of consultation, performance of emergency surgical interventions, and also for delivery of patients to the republican hospital. Branches have a dignity. aviation and road transport. In the provision of inpatient and outpatient care to the rural population, honey also takes a significant part. institutions of the city, especially dispensaries and clinics of medical institutions of the republic.

During 1964-1974. the volume of outpatient and inpatient care for the rural population of Georgia has significantly increased and its quality has improved.

The material and technical base of rural honey has improved. institutions. In areas large, diversified-tsy and policlinics are under construction. In 1971-1975. 32 hospitals with 5,850 beds were built, including 26 multidisciplinary hospitals with 3,200 beds and 22 district clinics with 5,000 visits per shift. In 1975, 1,443 doctors and 7,900 paramedical workers worked in the countryside in Georgia.

Sanitary and epidemiological service

Prior to the establishment of Soviet power in Georgia, especially dangerous infections (plague, cholera, smallpox), as well as malaria, were widespread, from which entire villages died out; every third inhabitant suffered from it. Epidemics of infectious diseases were common, but cases of these diseases were not recorded.

During the years of Soviet power, as a result of socio-economic transformations, improving the welfare of the population, strengthening the material and technical base of healthcare, developing honey. science, training of highly qualified specialists and carrying out a complex to lay down. - professional, and dignity. - epidemiological measures in the republic a number of infectious diseases have been eliminated: cholera, plague, smallpox, diphtheria, malaria. In 1975, poliomyelitis, anthrax, brucellosis, and tetanus were registered in Georgia only in isolated cases.

Before the establishment of Soviet power in Georgia, there was not a single sanitary and anti-epidemic institution at all. But at the end of the 19th century. the difficult sanitary situation forced the opening of quarantine (sanitary) points in the cities of Tbilisi, Kutaisi, Sukhumi, Poti, Batumi, Zestaponi, Khashuri, Gori and other places, where the so-called. quarantine service. In 1893, a permanent sanitary supervision (sanitary and medical inspection) was established in Tbilisi, which, however, did not have legal rights and any material base. Prior to this, some sanitary and anti-epidemic measures were carried out by the Caucasian honey, created in 1864. society with the participation of the advanced public. In 1913, there were only 8 medical doctors in Georgia.

By 1975 in Gruz. The SSR operated 100 sanitary epidemiological stations, including 3 republican, 1 regional, 66 district, 2 port, as well as 4 disinfection stations, 71 departments of preventive disinfection. In 86 dignity. - epidemiological, stations there are bacteriol, laboratories. As a part of a dignity. - gigabyte. departments of the republican and regional SES there are toxicological departments and departments of physical and chemical. research methods, laboratory departments and groups for the determination of residual quantities of pesticides in food products. At republican dignity. - epidemiological, stations are organized noise-gauge and radiol, laboratories, virological departments as a part of bacterial, laboratories. In 1975, 1,018 doctors and 3,270 paramedical workers worked in sanitary epidemiological institutions, services of the republic.

Health education

The network of health education institutions in the republic includes 6 houses of health education and 17 district health education offices at medical and professional institutions (1975). In the republic there are 32 doctors and 124 average medical workers on a dignity. education. There are 59 national universities of health, in which approx. 6 thousand people There are 4 people's universities of progress honey. science and practice, 152 public health schools, where St. 9 thousand people

Medical and physical education service

The Republican Medical and Sports Dispensary is an organizational and methodological center. Under his leadership, 9 medical and physical education dispensaries, 4 medical control rooms and 137 rooms to lay down work in the cities. physical education. The children's medical and physical education dispensary, one of the first in the USSR, was organized in Georgia (Tbilisi), it has a hospital for 80 beds, where children with various disorders of the musculoskeletal system are treated (1974).

Sanatorium-resort assistance

The diversity of the relief of Georgia, which led to the abundance of different climatic zones (from the mild climate of the humid subtropics of the Black Sea coast to the climate of mountainous areas of various altitudinal zoning), the presence of approx. 2000 sources of mineral waters (almost all types found in nature) have created extremely favorable conditions for the wide development of the resort business. The richest natural resources of Georgia before the establishment of Soviet power were very little studied, treatment at the resorts was the privilege of the wealthy sections of society. As a result of a large research and survey work, the scientific and methodological leadership of the cut was headed by the Scientific Research Institute of Balneology and Physiotherapy named after. Koniashvili (established in 1926), the resort wealth of the republic was studied and systematized, general plans for the development of resorts were developed. In the republic there are 284 sanatoriums of various profiles and recreation facilities (excluding one- and two-day ones) with a total number of beds of 60,500. Georgia has become an all-Union health resort, providing hundreds of thousands of workers in all Union republics with the opportunity to rest and be treated. At the resorts of the republic, approx. 2 million people

The most popular among the balneological resorts of Georgia are Tskhaltubo (see) with thermal nitrogen-radon water, Menji with hydrogen sulfide waters, the Tbilisi balneological resort with thermal sulfur springs, and the mud resort of Akhtala. Among the drinking resorts, the most famous are Borjomi (see) with bicarbonate-sodium water, Sairme with bicarbonate sodium-calcium water, Java with bicarbonate sodium chloride water of the Essentuki-17 type. The mineral waters of Georgia are also used for treatment outside the resort: mineral waters are bottled from 13 deposits. The annual production of all factories of the republic for bottling mineral waters reaches 350 million bottles. Of the climatic resorts, the resorts of the Black Sea coast are especially popular, on a three hundred-kilometer strip to-rogo (from the Chorokhi river to the Psou river) there are coastal health resorts - Gagra (see),

In pre-revolutionary Georgia, there were 145 privately owned and 7 hospital pharmacies, which employed 107 pharmacists and 597 assistant pharmacists. They were mostly in the cities. The rural population was almost completely deprived of medical assistance. There were no enterprises for the production of medicines, scientific pharmaceuticals, institutions and scientific personnel in the field of pharmacy. With the establishment of Soviet power in the republic, enterprises of the medical industry were created: the Tbilisi Chemical-Pharmaceutical Plant, the Batumi Chemical-Pharmaceutical Plant, the Tbilisi Plant of Organotherapeutic Preparations. Production and control over biol, preparations is carried out by Tbilisi research in-t of serums and vaccines. Pharmacy network in the republic is widely developed. In 1975, in the system of GAPU M3 Cargo. The SSR had 580 self-supporting pharmacies and 510 pharmacy points. When to lay down. institutions had 134 pharmacies. The study of the quality of medicines was carried out in 18 control and analytical laboratories.

medical personnel

In 1913, 461 doctors worked in Georgia, by 1975 their number had increased by more than 44 times, including 30 times in the countryside. The number of paramedical workers increased over the same period by more than 70 times (Table 4).

In Georgia in 1975 the level of provision with doctors per 10,000 population reached 41.1. The indicator of provision of the population of the republic with nurses is 100.8 per 10,000 population.

Medical education

There was not a single higher educational institution in pre-revolutionary Georgia. In 1975, in the republic, in addition to the Academy of Sciences, Gruz. SSR, university, research in-t of various profiles, there were medical in-t, in-t of improvement of doctors and 22 medical research in-that. In 1930, on the basis of medical. faculty of the Tbilisi un-that the medical institute (see the Tbilisi medical institute) which by 1975 let out more than 18 thousand specialists was formed. In 1935 the Tbilisi state in-t of improvement of doctors was based, in Krom annually pass specialization and improvement on 20 various specialties to 1200 doctors. During existence in-that received specialization or raised qualification over 40 thousand doctors. In 1975, 13 medical schools of the republic graduated more than 2 thousand people in the specialties of a nurse, paramedic, midwife, laboratory assistant.

medical science

Georgian medicine has a long historical tradition. As early as the 17th and 18th centuries, marked by the rise of national culture, original works on medicine appeared. After the accession of Georgia to Russia, Georgian honey. science was greatly influenced by Russian, as well as Western European medicine. However, the colonial policy of tsarism limited its development. With the establishment of Soviet power in Georgia, the intensive development of honey began. science and preparation of national scientific honey. frames.

In 1933, under the Tbilisi state. University on the basis of a physiological laboratory, on the initiative of I. S. Beritashvili, the Institute of Experimental Biology was founded, which in 1935 was renamed the Institute of Physiology. prof. I. S. Beritashvili, in Krom researches on problems of physiology of the person and animals, molecular biology, biophysics, biochemistry and radiobiology are conducted, and also actual questions of practical medicine are studied. Since 1965, the efforts of scientists from the Institute of Physiology. acad. I. S. Beritashvili is aimed at elucidating the mechanisms of memory, its various disorders and the influence of pharmacological agents. At the institute, the biophysical direction of research was started and subsequently received wide development.

Great merit in the development of honey. Sciences belong to scientists: A. S. Aladashvili, N. V. Antelava, M. M. Asatiani, S. S. Virsaladze, N. S. Kakhiani, N. A. Kipshidze, I. G. Koniashvili, N. I. Makhviladze, G. M. Mukhadze, V. M. Tsinamdzgvarishvili, Ya. P. Tsulukidze, K. D. Eristavi, et al. scientists D. M. Gedevanishvili, O. N. Gudushauri, N. A. Javakhishvili, A. D. Zurabashvili, H. N. Kipshidze, M. E. Komakhidze, G. M. Maruashvili, D. G. Mamatavrishvili , V. M. Okudzhava, I. K. Pipia, P. M. Sarajishvili, S. N. Khechinashvili, G. D. Khundadze, K. V. Chachava, S. N. Chekhinashvili and others.

In 1975, more than 2,000 researchers worked in the republic in the field of medical science, of which 1,092 were candidates and 283 were doctors of medical sciences. Sciences. To Gruz. SSR has 158 scientific honey. societies.

Budget

For health care, the development of honey. science and medical training. personnel are annually allocated significant appropriations. The healthcare budget of the republic is constantly growing. So, in 1971 it amounted to 161.4 million rubles, and in 1974 - 188.2 million rubles. Per capita per year accounted for 39 rubles. 98 kop.

Bibliography: 50 Years of Soviet Georgia, Statistical Collection, Tbilisi, 1971; Shengelia M.S. History of Medicine in Georgia, Tbilisi, 1967.

I. Sh. Zedgenidze.

Since 2011, the day of the establishment of Soviet power in Georgia has been celebrated as Occupation Day. During the years of the “occupation regime”, hydroelectric power stations were built there, tourism and industry developed, and the standard of living was one of the highest in the Union ...
Special position
The Georgian SSR as part of the Soviet Union was on a special account. It was caused by objective factors. First, Joseph Stalin was born in Georgia. In addition, other Georgians, such as Grigory Ordzhonikidze and Lavrenty Beria, were part of the supreme power in the USSR. Political activity in the Georgian SSR has always been very high, and the cult of Stalin, for obvious reasons, was especially strong.


An economic favorable regime was created in the Georgian SSR. The republic annually received substantial subsidies from the Union budget. The level of consumption per capita in Georgia was 4 times higher than the same indicator of production. In the RSFSR, the consumption rate was only 75% of the level of production.
After the famous report of Nikita Khrushchev on February 14, 1956, on the exposure of the cult of personality, mass uprisings began in Tbilisi. Already on March 4, people began to gather at the monument to Stalin in the Georgian capital, the communist Parastishvili climbed onto the pedestal of the monument, drank wine from a bottle and, breaking it, said: “Let Stalin’s enemies die just like this bottle!”.
Peaceful rallies took place for five days. On the night of March 10, wanting to send a telegram to Moscow, a crowd of thousands went to the telegraph office. Fire was opened on her. According to the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Georgia, during the suppression of the riots, 15 people were killed and 54 were injured, 7 died in hospitals, 200 people were arrested.
Throughout the Union, the dismantling of monuments to Stalin began, only in Gori, in the homeland of the "leader of the peoples", by special permission from Khrushchev, the monument was left. For a long time it remained the most famous monument to Stalin, but it was also dismantled in our time, on the night of June 25, 2010. By order of Mikhail Saakashvili.
Guilt
Georgia cannot but be associated with wines, and the Georgian in the cultural field of the Soviet Union invariably acted as a toastmaster and a connoisseur of long beautiful toasts.

The Georgian SSR was one of the main and oldest wine-producing regions of the Soviet Union, and Georgian wines have become an internationally recognized brand. It is known that at the Yalta Conference, Stalin treated Winston Churchill with Georgian Khvanchkara wine, after which the British minister became a devoted connoisseur of this brand.
Stalin himself loved the wines "Kindzmarauli", "Khvanchkara" and "Madjari".
High-quality table and fortified wines were produced in Georgia. The production of grape wines was carried out by Samtrest enterprises, which included exemplary state farms: Tsinandali, Napareuli, Mukuzani, Kvareli in Kakheti and Vartsikhe in the western part of Georgia.
The Champagne Winery produced Soviet champagne and grape wines. In Georgia, by the 1960s, 26 brands of wine were being produced: 12 dry table wines, 7 semi-sweet, 5 strong, and 2 sweet desserts.
Tourism
Due to the optimal climatic conditions, the Georgian SSR was a real tourist Mecca of the Soviet Union. For Soviet citizens, Georgian resorts replaced Turkey, Egypt, and other hot foreign countries. In the resort of Abkhazia, which was part of the Georgian SSR, there were the most fashionable resorts of the USSR Pitsunda and Gagra.


During the Soviet era, Georgia was the best training base for Soviet skiers. Also, Georgia in general and Svaneti in particular became the main climbing bases of the Soviet Union.
Alpiniades and category ascents to the peaks of the Caucasus Mountains were periodically held here. A great contribution to the development of Soviet mountaineering and climbing was made by Mikhail Vissarionovich Khergiani, 7-time champion of the USSR and Honored Master of Sports of the Soviet Union.
Georgian tea
In addition to wine, the Georgian SSR was famous for its tea. Its quality, according to William Pokhlebkin, was competitive (at the world level), although with reservations.


Despite the fact that attempts to establish and organize tea production have been made in Georgia since the middle of the 19th century, its quality left much to be desired, and plantation volumes did not reach even 900 hectares.
In the early 1920s, young plantations were planted in Georgia, and active and fruitful selection work began. In 1948, Ksenia Bakhtadze managed to develop artificial hybrid varieties of tea: "Georgian No. 1" and "Georgian No. 2". For them, she was awarded the Stalin Prize. The variety "Georgian Selection No. 8" obtained later was able to withstand frosts down to -25. This variety has become a real sensation.
In Soviet times, Georgian tea became a brand known outside the Union. In the late 70s, he was already exported to Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, Poland, East Germany, Hungary, Romania, Finland, Yugoslavia, Afghanistan, Iran, Syria, South Yemen and Mongolia.
Flowers, tangerines and the shadow economy
The Soviet people were not well versed in the specifics of the ethnic diversity of the Caucasian peoples, so the image of a Georgian, resourceful and wealthy businessman, was rather collective. However, in a way he was right.


In terms of industrial production, the Georgian SSR did not give the Soviet Union so much, but the Georgians provided Soviet citizens with everything necessary for the holidays: citrus fruits, wine, tea, tobacco, mineral water.
The Georgian SSR, according to economist Kennan Eric Scott of the Washington Institute, supplied 95% of tea and 97% of tobacco to the Soviet counters. The lion's share of citrus fruits (95%) also went to the regions of the USSR from Georgia.
In his report at the Woodrow Wilson Center in Washington, Eric Smith also noted that the Georgians played a significant role in the formation of the shadow economy of the Soviet Union, forming the market of the late USSR in the form of "diaspora competition".
Album "Soviet Georgia"
The album was released in the GDR in 1977.


Tbilisi


Sukhumi






Batumi





Pitsunda


Gagra




Borjomi, Likani

Mestia

Kutaisi

Tskhinvali

Sanatorium "Dzau" in Java

Gori, Stalin Museum

Kutaisi



Georgia, 1977. Photo report on the journey of a certain Erhard K. in the USSR. The photographs fully confirm the well-known opinion that the Georgian SSR was in one of the first places in the Union in terms of living standards. Life was pretty good back then. You can judge at least by the number of private cars ...

After the October Revolution of 1917 in Russia, in November 1917, the Transcaucasian Commissariat was established in Tbilisi as an organ of the Menshevik government in Transcaucasia (it lasted until March 1918).

After a short period of federalism with neighboring Armenia and Azerbaijan, the Georgian government, led by the Mensheviks, on May 26, 1918, declared the country's independence by adopting the Georgia Independence Act.

With the consent of the Mensheviks, in June 1918, Georgia was occupied by German and Turkish troops; in December they were replaced by British troops, who remained there until July 1920. In February 1921, the Bolsheviks launched an armed uprising and, with the help of the Red Army, overthrew the Menshevik government and established Soviet power in Georgia.

On February 25, 1921, the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic (Georgian SSR) was formed.

From March 12, 1922 to December 5, 1936, the Georgian SSR was part of the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic (TSFSR) as part of the USSR; December 5, 1936 entered directly into the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR).

The Georgian SSR included: the Socialist Soviet Republic of Abkhazia (in 1921-1931, since 1931 as the Abkhaz ASSR); Adjara ASSR; South Ossetian Autonomous Region.

The economy of Georgia was part of the all-Union socio-economic system. In the first days after the victory of Soviet power in Georgia, industry, railways, banks, and land were nationalized. Industrialization and collectivization of agriculture was carried out in the republic. Collectivization in rural areas was carried out especially cruelly, in the process of mass purges, tens of thousands of people died (party activists, intellectuals, specialists and everyone who was suspected of being dissatisfied with the regime).

As a result of industrialization, whole new branches of industry were created, including engineering, oil production, chemical, etc.

During the Great Patriotic War, several national Georgian divisions were formed on the territory of Georgia, which participated in the battle for the Caucasus, in the battles for the liberation of the Taman Peninsula, the Crimea, and on other fronts. Georgia has supplied a significant amount of weapons, ammunition, uniforms and food.

In total, about 700 thousand people from Georgia (a fifth of the population of the republic) participated in the war, about 350 thousand of them died.

In the post-war period (1950-1970) Georgia has made significant progress in development. Such industries as hydropower, coal, manganese and copper mining, ferrous metallurgy (production of ferroalloys, cast iron and steel), mechanical engineering (machine tool building, instrument making, production of trucks, electric locomotives, marine vessels), oil refining, production of building materials (cement, slate, blocks), chemical (production of mineral fertilizers and chemical fiber) and textile (silk, wool, cotton). The food industry (tea production, bottling of mineral water, including carbonated water, etc.) and the textile industry (production of silk, cotton and woolen fabrics) developed.

The infrastructure of the sanatorium and resort economy was developed on the Black Sea coast.

In the 1970s A dissident movement emerged in Georgia led by Zviad Gamsakhurdia and Merab Kostava. The course for perestroika, proclaimed in the late 1980s. Mikhail Gorbachev, led to a rapid change of leaders of the Communist Party of Georgia.

On October 28, 1990, Zviad Gamsakhurdia's coalition "Round Table - Free Georgia" won the multi-party elections to the Supreme Council of Georgia. Gamsakhurdia was elected Chairman of the Supreme Council in November 1990.

On March 31, 1991, a referendum was held on the restoration of Georgia's state independence. 90.5% of voters took part in the referendum, of which 98.93% voted for state independence.

On April 9, 1991, on the basis of the results of a national referendum, the Supreme Council of the Republic adopted the Act on the Restoration of the State Independence of Georgia, which declared the Act of Independence of 1918 and the Constitution of 1921 valid. The post of President of Georgia was introduced.

On April 14, 1991, at an extraordinary meeting of the first session of the Supreme Council, Zviad Gamsakhurdia was elected the first president of independent Georgia, on May 27, 1991, he was elected president of Georgia in general direct secret elections (86.5% of voters voted for him).

The material was prepared on the basis of information from open sources

The climate is transitional from subtropical to temperate. The Colchis lowland is characterized by a humid subtropical climate: January temperature 3-6°С, July 22-23°С; precipitation is 1200-3000 mm per year. The climate of the Iveriskaya lowland is characterized by a colder winter (January temperature - 2-1.5 ° C, July 23-26 ° C), less precipitation (300-800 mm per year). The climate of the South Georgian Highlands is characterized by relative continentality and aridity, little snow and cold winters.

The rivers of Georgia belong to the Black Sea and Caspian basins. The main ones are Kypa, Rioni. The rivers are not navigable, but they are of great hydropower importance. Georgia is not rich in lakes, but in some areas there is a group of lakes of tectonic, volcanic, sea, river, glacial, landslide, karst and other origin. The largest lakes in terms of area are Paravani (37 km 2), Kartsakhi (26.3 km 2) and Paliastomi (18.2 km 2). Forests occupy 36.7% of the area. Mountain forests are represented by a mixture of broad-leaved species (oak, hornbeam, chestnut, beech, etc.). In the upper belt of mountains, fir and spruce are common, and in some high mountain valleys - pine. Alpine meadows stretch from the upper border of the forest to a height of 2800-3500 m. The steppes have an extensive range in the Iverian depression and on the lava plateaus of the South Georgian Highlands.

Geological structure. On the territory of Georgia, fragments of the main geotectonic units of the Caucasus are represented: the Hercynian-Alpine fold system of the Greater Caucasus in the north, the Transcaucasian median massif in the central part, and the arched meganticlinorium of the Lesser Caucasus in the south, which includes uneven-aged and heterogeneous geological structural elements (see Caucasus). In the Georgian part of the Greater Caucasus, the inherited Baikal-Hercynian geoanticline of the main range with large outcrops of the ancient granite-metamorphic basement and the geosyncline of the southern slope, which is divided into smaller structural-formation zones, stand out. The discontinuous process of tectonomagmatic development of the Greater Caucasus in the Alpine stage is associated with small intrusions of the Batian and granitoids. The geosynclinal development of the southern slope of the Greater Caucasus, which began in the Hercynian cycle, continued in the Early Alpine (Cimmerian), resulting in the accumulation of thick (5-7 km) argillic and sandy-graywacke strata of the Lias, in places also of the Middle Jurassic, metamorphosed to the slate facies. In the Bajocian, the trough of the geosynclinal trough shifted southward relative to the centerline of the shale geosyncline.

In western Georgia, in the bayos, a thick (up to 3 km) stratum was formed, composed of augite and diabase porphyrites, spilites, tuffs, known as the porphyrite suite. The area of ​​its distribution in the geosyncline of the southern slope is the upper structural stage, identified as the Gagra-Java structural-formational subzone. In the Bajocian, the peripheral Transcaucasian median massif, the Okrib-Sachkhere subzone, was also involved in subsidence. At the contact of the Greater Caucasus geosyncline with the Transcaucasian median massif and on the massif itself in isolated lagoon-delta basins, coal-bearing strata of the Bzybsky, Tkvarchelsky, Magansky, Gelatsky, Tkibulsky and Shaorsky coal deposits were formed in the Bathonian. In the Late Jurassic, in some places, the sedimentation of relatively thin variegated molasses or the formation of reef limestones took place, and from the Early Cretaceous a quasi-platform regime was established. An exception is the Mestian-Tianet flysch zone on the southern slope of the Greater Caucasus, bounded by deep faults and superimposed at an acute angle on the Early Middle Jurassic trough. Within its limits from the late Jurassic to the Eocene inclusive, rhythmic flyschoid carbonate and terrigenous deposits accumulated. In the Oligocene, the thrusts of the folded system of the Greater Caucasus began on the Transcaucasian median massif, which is traditionally called the Georgian block within the territory of Georgia.

The Transcaucasian median massif is dissected by deep faults, which determine its mosaic structure. The most elevated part of the Georgian block is the Dziruli crystalline massif, where an ancient granite-metamorphic core protrudes to the surface. In the subplatform structures of the Meso-Cenozoic, an important role belongs to depressions composed of a manganese-bearing sand-silicite formation of the Oligocene. To the east and west of the Dzirul uplift zone are the Kura and Colchis intermountain depressions, composed of Neogene-Quaternary.

The intermountain depressions are complicated by brachymorphic folding of the Paleogene (sometimes Upper Cretaceous) deposits, which are associated with the oil and gas bearing structures of the Colchis, Guria, Kartli, Pritbilis and Kakheti regions. The southern part of the Transcaucasian median massif experienced a regeneration of the geosynclinal regime in the late Mesozoic and Cenozoic. The Cretaceous and Paleogene troughs include the Adjaro-Trialeti, Bolnisi (Bolnisi-Kirovabad) and Sakir (Sakir-Lori) structural-formational zones belonging to the meganticlinorium of the Lesser Caucasus. A relatively stable tectonic block stands out under the name of the Artvino-Bolnisi block; within its limits there are horst-shaped protrusions of the ancient foundation - the Khram and Lok massifs.

The Ajaro-Trialeti folded zone stretches in the latitudinal direction from the Black Sea to the right bank of the Iori River, where it submerges under molasses. The foundation of the zone has not been opened; the most ancient carbonate and volcanogenic-terrigenous formations within its limits belong to the Aptian. The most intense subsidence, accompanied by submarine volcanism, occurred in the Middle Eocene.

For the metallogeny of Georgia, the process of late Alpine tectonic-magmatic activation of the areas of complete folding of the Greater Caucasus and the Georgian block is of great importance. Its beginning should be considered the formation of barite and barite-polymetallic mineralization widespread in the Gagra-Java and Okrib-Sachkhere zones, epigenetic in relation to the ore-bearing porphyrite suite of Bajocian. The next stages of activation coincide with the Kvaisskaya near-fault lead-zinc zone, the rare-metal-arsenic belt of Racha and Svaneti, and the echelon-shaped mercury belts of Abkhazia, Svaneti, Racha and South Ossetia.

hydrogeology. According to the geological-structural and hydrodynamic conditions, five areas are distinguished within the territory of Georgia: fissure waters of the crystalline substrate of the Greater Caucasus; fissure and fissure-karst waters of the folded zone of the southern slope of the Greater Caucasus; artesian basins of the Georgian boulder; fissure and fissure-karst waters of the Adjara-Trialeti folded zone; fissure waters of the Artvino-Bolnisi block. Within the limits of the crystalline substrate of the Greater Caucasus, nitrogenous ultra-fresh bicarbonate calcium or calcium-sodium and carbonic, ferruginous slightly saline bicarbonate sodium-calcium, less often bicarbonate chloride sodium-calcium waters are developed. In the artesian basins of the Georgian block, nitrogen and methane waters of different chemical composition and mineralization (up to 400 g/l) are developed, depending on the degree of hydrogeological openness of the structures. This area is divided by the Dziruli crystalline massif into the West Georgian and East Georgian artesian basins. Other hydrogeological regions of Georgia are characterized by the manifestation of young volcanism. In the zone of intensive water exchange, fresh, nitrogenous, bicarbonate calcium waters are developed. Carbonic and nitrogen-methane hydrocarbonate, soda and salt-alkaline mineral, thermal and industrial waters are widely represented.

The seismicity of the territory of Georgia is due to the presence of seismically active deep structures, among which there are interzonal, intrazonal and transzonal. The sources of most earthquakes in Georgia lie at a depth of 10-25 km, only in rare cases reaching a depth of 30-35 km. On the general 7-point seismic background, three 8-point zones were identified: Javakhetian (focal depth 8-19 km), Gegechkor-Chkhalta (Mingrelian-Abkhazian; 2-20 km) and Kazbegi-Lagodekhi (14-25 km). The most active seismic areas and areas of possible strong earthquakes are located on the Javakheti highlands and on the southern slope of the main Caucasian ridge. According to long-term observations, the shortest period of 8-magnitude earthquakes is 100 years within the epicentral zone of the Javakheti highlands, 7-magnitude earthquakes - 300 years within the southern slope of the Greater Caucasus and the central part of the Main Caucasian Range.

Oil. The main oil areas of Georgia are confined to intermountain troughs of the median massif (Kolkhis and South Kakheti oil and gas regions) and marginal troughs of the Adjaro-Trialeti folded zone (Guri and Pritbilis regions). Commercial oil content is associated with sediments from the Upper Cretaceous to the Pliocene. The Pritbilissky oil and gas region is represented by the Samgori-Patardzeuli, Norio, Satskhenisi, Teleti, South Dome of Samgori fields. Oil deposits in the Norio and Satskhenisi fields are reservoir, arched, tectonically screened, with a dissolved gas regime. The collector is granular. The depth of occurrence of productive horizons is 350-1500 m. The deposits of Samgori-Patardzeuli, Teleti and the Southern Dome of Samgori are confined to the deposits of the Middle Eocene. The collector is porous-fractured. Oil deposits are massive, waterfowl. The depth of the productive horizon is 2800, 420-1260 and 2400 m, respectively. The oil density is in the region of 820-885 kg/m 3 , the sulfur content is 0.2-0.3%. The Taribana, Patara-Shiraki and Mirzaani fields are located in the South Kakheti oil and gas region, confined to the deposits of the Shirak suite (Meotispont). Oil deposits are reservoir, arched, tectonically screened and lithologically limited. Depth of productive horizons is 300-2600 m. Pore collector. Oil density 850-885 kg/m3, sulfur content 0.2 and 0.35%. The Supsa and Shromisubani-Tskaltsminda deposits are located in the Guria region. The oil content is confined to the deposits of the Lower Sarmatian and Maeotis. Oil deposits are reservoir, domed, tectonically screened and lithologically limited, porous reservoir. Depth of productive horizons is 300-3500 m. Oil density is 915-930 kg/m 3 , sulfur content is 0.4-0.7%. In the Kolkheti oil and gas region, one oil field is known - East Chaladidi. The deposit is massive, confined to the deposits of the Upper Cretaceous. The collector is fractured. The depth of the productive formation is 2200 m. The oil density is 885 kg/m 3 , the sulfur content is 0.5%.

Coal associated with the Batian epicontinental coal-bearing strata, a discontinuous strip stretching along the periphery of the geosynclinal-folded system of the southern slope of the Greater Caucasus and also developed in the Okribsko-Sachkhersky block of the Georgian block. Within the geosyncline, the Tkvarcheli deposit is of industrial importance, and on the block - confined to isolated coal accumulation basins. Between them, in the mentioned strip, the non-commercial Maganskoye and Gelatskoye deposits are known, and to the north-west of Tkvarchelskoye - the Bzybskoye deposit. The main reserves of coal are concentrated in the Tkibuli-Shaori deposit (310 million tons, 1983). The thickness of the gently sloping coal strata is about 60 m, the dip angle is 10-45°; in the western part of the deposit (Tkibulskaya) it is exposed on the surface, and in the eastern (Shaorskaya) part it is covered by deposits of the Upper Jurassic and Cretaceous and is opened at depths of 800-1200 m. thinner working layers and layers that are difficult to correlate between individual sections. The thickness of the working seams is up to 6-7 m, sometimes 12 m. The coals are mainly claren, gas, they do not coke on their own, but mixed with Tkvarcheli coals they give metallurgical coke. The Tkvarcheli deposit of coking coal has almost been exhausted (explored reserves in 1983 are about 20 million tons). The coal-bearing stratum overlies the porphyritic formation of the Bajocian in the form of 6 isolated areas; up to 9 coal seams stand out, of which the lower seam 1 is the most coal-saturated. Its thickness varies from 2-3 to 12 m; the maximum depth of occurrence is 500 m, the angle of incidence is 5-70°. Forecast resources for Tkvarcheli field insignificant.

Thermal waters. Georgia is rich in manifestations of various thermal waters. On the southern slope of the Greater Caucasus (Svaneti and Kazbego-Mtatushet regions), the total debit of thermal waters is about 17 l / s, t 23-37 ° C, mineralization 0.3-0.6 g / l. The 13 most important groups (out of 40) of thermal and self-flowing wells are associated with the Georgian block and are confined to Paleogene deposits. At the Gagra, Zugdidi, Okhurei, Samtredia, Sukhumi, Ujarma, Tskhaltubo deposits, the flow rate of individual wells reaches 2700 m 3 /s, t at the outflow of 20-130 ° C and mineralization of 0.5-13.6 g/l. At the deposits of the Ajaro-Trialeti folded zone of Abastumani, Aspindza, Zekari, Sulori, Udabno, the flow rate of individual wells reaches 1400 m 3 / day, t 36-48 ° C and salinity 0.15-1.12 g/l. At the deposits of the Artvino-Bolnisi block - Akhalkalaki, Vardzia, Nakalakevi, Tmogvi, the total flow rate is 12.1 l / s, t 20-46 ° C, mineralization 10-12 g / l. The total debit of all sources of thermal waters in Georgia is 1300 l / s, and the predicted resources are 8100 l / s, which corresponds to 2 million tons of standard fuel.

Iron ores do not form large deposits in Georgia. In the Bolnisi ore region of southern Georgia, the Poladauri group of hematite deposits, represented by lenticular and sheet-like bodies, occurring in the volcanogenic-sedimentary sequence of the Upper Cretaceous, was periodically developed semi-handicraft. The content of iron in ores is 30-60%; the total reserves are about 20 million tons. In some ore bodies (Balidara) there is an increased content of copper (up to 3-5%). The Dzama skarn-magnetite deposit in the Adjara-Trialeti zone, associated with the Paleogene gabbrodiorite intrusive, has been explored. The iron content in solid ores is 45-60%, in disseminated ores - 20-45%. Reserves 16.7 million tons with an average iron content of 32%. Along the Black Sea coast of Georgia stretches a strip of magnetite sands. In the southern section of Chorokhi-Supsa, 50 km long, the total iron reserves are estimated at 150 million tons, with a magnetic fraction content of 2-3% in the sands.

manganese ores confined mainly to the sandy-silicite sequence of the Oligocene; non-commercial mineralization is also known in the Upper Cretaceous and Upper Jurassic formations. The unique Chiatura deposit is dissected by the Kvirila River and its tributaries into separate highlands. The manganese stratum is characterized by a calm, gently sloping occurrence (from 2-3 to 10-12 °), it is composed series ore layers interspersed with interlayers of opoka-like siliceous rocks. The total thickness of the manganese horizon is 0.5-10 m. The maximum depth of the manganese layer is 120-150 m. Several types of ores are distinguished: oxide ores with an average manganese content of 25%, carbonate - 17.3% and oxidized - 20.4%. Their relative amount in the total balance reserves of the deposit is 35%, 46% and 18%, respectively. The Kvirilskaya depression was previously explored - a closed manganese-bearing structure located southwest of the Chiatura deposit. The manganese-bearing horizon, occurring at a depth of 500-700 m, has a discontinuous structure, and therefore the ore field is divided into sections of Rodinauli, Cholaburi, Rokiti, etc. Ores are similar to oresChiatura field, the average content of manganese in oxide ores is about 30%, in carbonate - 15-19%. Inferred resources are about 50 million tons.

copper ores they are concentrated mainly in the Bolnisi ore region, where complex copper-barite-polymetallic deposits are located: Madneuli, Tsitelsopeli, Kvemo-Bolnisi, Tamarisi, etc. They are confined to the Upper Cretaceous volcanogenic-sedimentary strata; ore bodies have the form of metasomatic deposits of solid and vein-disseminated ores, less often stocks and pillars. Vertical zonality is characteristic in the lower horizons of the deposits, sulfur and copper pyrite ores are developed, which are replaced higher by copper-zinc, polymetallic and barite ores. Main minerals: pyrite, barite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, galena. The average content of copper in industrial types of ores is 1-1.5%; in some areas - up to 2-4%. The Madneulskoye field is being developed. In the Ajaro-Trialeti zone, vein copper-polymetallic deposits associated with pre-Upper Eocene syenite-diorite intrusions are widespread. The explored Merissky ore cluster contains up to 50 steeply dipping quartz-sulfide veins. Several vein fields are allocated on an area of ​​about 180 km 2. The copper content in the veins is on average 1.5-2%. On the southern slope of the Greater Caucasus, in the Jurassic black shale stratum, copper-pyrrhotite and pyrite-polymetallic mineralization is widespread. Exploration is underway for ore fields (Adangei, Artan, Akhalsopel, and others) with very uneven, sometimes high copper contents.

Deposits of mercury ores and numerous manifestations of cinnabar mineralization are located along the southern slope of the Greater Caucasus. The most significant are the Akhei and Avadkhara deposits in Abkhazia, represented by a hydrothermally altered zone confined to sandstones and shale of the Upper Lias. The metal content in the first deposit is 0.4-9.1%, in the second - 0.27-0.41%. In South Ossetia, the Ertsoy cinnabar deposit has been discovered.

Deposits of antimony ores located along the southern slope of the Main Range of the Greater Caucasus. The Zophit deposit in the Upper Racha is of industrial importance, represented by numerous quartz-timonite veins associated with Lias shales and granitoids. The metal content in the ore is 7-17%.

Lead-zinc ores are present in the above-mentioned types of pyrite and vein copper-polymetallic ores, and also have independent significance in individual deposits of lead-zinc and polymetallic formations. The Kvaisskoe deposit is confined to the Late Alpine fault zone, traced along the strike up to 8 km and along the dip over 1 km. The rocks of the Bajocian porphyrite suite and limestones of the Upper Jurassic contain columnar bodies of lead-zinc ores. At the Upper Kvaisi and Nadarbazi sites, the zinc content in ores is on average 5.7-7.8%, lead 1.9-2.6%. The Valkhokh and Varakhkom ore-bearing structures have also been explored. Pb:Zn ratio = 0.4.

and. Industrial deposits of barite are known in the Gagra-Java zone of the Greater Caucasus and the Bolnisi ore region of the Artvino-Bolnisi block. In the Gagra-Java zone, there are two types of deposits - vein, confined to the porphyritic formation of the Bajocian (Kutais group, Chordskoe, Khaishskoe, Pitsikvarskoe, etc.), and sheet-like in the Upper Jurassic limestones (Apshrinskoe). The ore reserves of the Chordskoye deposit are 2.4 million tons. The deposit is represented by a series of parallel and conjugated veins, lenses and other bodies. The thickness of the veins is 0.2-4 m, in bulges up to 10-15 m. The angle of incidence is 15-80°. The content of barite in the ore, depending on the degree of its calcitization, is 30-95%. The Apshrinskoye deposit is confined to dolomitic and baritized limestones of the Lusitanian stage and is a metasomatic sheet-like deposit. The thickness of the mineralized zone is 17-40 m. The content of BaSO 4 in the ore is 45%. Ore reserves are 8.4 million tons. In the Bolnisi region, barite mineralization accompanies copper-lead-zinc mineralization; at the Madneulskoye deposit, barite is extracted along the way. Ore reserves are about 1 million tons, the content of barite in the ore is 32-53%. Calcite , as a rule, accompanies barite in almost all deposits. Of industrial importance is the Bajior hydrothermal vein calcite deposit, confined to the porphyritic suite of Bajos and represented by numerous veins with a thickness of 0.15 to 1 m. The ore reserves are 2.6 million tons, the calcite content in the ore is 52%.

Arsenic ores. In the zone of the southern slope of the Greater Caucasus, arsenopyrite and realgar-auripigment vein deposits of the hydrothermal type are widespread. The Lukhumskoye deposit in Upper Racha and the Tsana deposit in Lower Svaneti are of industrial importance. The first is represented by rich realgar-auripigment ore, as well as relatively poor ore in the form of individual nests, interlayers and inclusions in side rocks (schists and limestones of the Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous). 5 ore bodies have been identified, the metal content in the ore is from 3.6 to 13.3%. The ores of the Tsana deposit are quartz arsenopyrite-containing in metamorphosed clay shales, the arsenic content is from 3.32 to 29%.

Of the common deposits, the Bakurian (Tsikhisdzhvar) is exploited, represented by arrays of acid-resistant andesites with a capacity of up to 30 m. Explored reserves of 5 million m 3 (1983). The explored reserves of the yet undeveloped Kazbegi and Kobi deposits of acid-resistant andesite are 5 and 5.8 million tons.

Bentonite clays. In terms of resources of high-quality bentonite clays, Georgia occupies a leading position in. The main reserves are concentrated in the Gumbra and Askan hydrothermal-sedimentary deposits confined to the Cenomanian-Turonian volcanic rocks (Gumbra) and to the Upper Eocene trachyte tuffs (Askan). The bentonites of both deposits are products of alteration of vitreous volcanic rocks. The explored reserves of the Gumbra deposit are 6.5 million tons, the Askanskoye deposit is 10.6 million tons. The Gumbra deposit is represented by a sheet-like deposit among arkose-quartz sandstones and dolomitic chalk limestones. The thickness of the deposit is up to 5 m, the dip angle is 5-12°. At the Askanskoye field, the sheet-like deposit has a thickness of 30-260 m, a dip angle of 75-80°.

The Kisatib deposit of high-quality diatomite is located in the Akhaltsikhe region. It belongs to the hydrothermal-sedimentary type and is confined to the upper reaches of the volcanogenic Goderdzsko-Kisatib suite of the Neogene. Mineral deposit

Non-metallic industrial raw materials are represented by dolomites, dolomitic and fluxed limestones, refractory clays, quartz-feldspar sands. The Abanoi and Tkvarcheli deposits of dolomite rocks are confined to the Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous deposits of the Georgian block and the Gagra-Java zone. The dolomite and dolomitic limestone mined at these deposits belongs to classes I and II. Reserves for 1983 - 3.6 million tons (Abanoy deposit) and 83.2 million tons (Tkvarcheli deposit). The output of dolomites I and II class, respectively, 75 and 15%. The Tsiteli-Tskaro deposit of fluxing limestones is the base for the Rustavi Metallurgical Plant, and the Chishurskoye deposit is for the Zestafon Ferroalloy Plant. Reserves for 1983 are respectively 50 and 6 million m 3 .

Many deposits and manifestations of agate, obsidian, turquoise, amethyst, jasper, jet, pomegranate, topaz, petrified wood and other precious, semi-precious and ornamental stones are known. The Shurdoy and Pamaj agate deposits (Akhaltsikhe group) and the Koyundag obsidian deposit are of industrial importance. Agate-bearing deposits (andesite base