Character in the works of Jung. "Psychological types" Jung Carl

Psychological types Jung Carl

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Title: Psychological types

About the book Psychological Types by Jung Carl

Carl Jung is a world famous Swiss psychiatrist and the founder of analytical psychology. In 1921, one of his most ambitious works, entitled "Psychological Types", was published, in which the scientist for the first time in history divided all individuals into introverts and extroverts. This book not only made a big breakthrough in psychological science, but also served as an impetus for the emergence of a new school of psychoanalysis, arousing great interest on the part of the intellectual elite and proposing a fundamentally new method of cognizing reality.

For more than half a century, Carl Jung was engaged in psychiatric practice, which allowed him to generalize his observations and come to the conclusion that there are many differences in how different people evaluate the surrounding reality. Continuing work on the study of this discovery, Jung identified 8 psychological types, which will be discussed in the aforementioned work.

The book "Psychological Types" tells that each of us, in addition to individual traits, also has the characteristics of one of the psychological types described by Jung, which demonstrates the prevailing way of thinking and the preferred manner of behavior for each particular individual.

The psychological type is, first of all, the basis of the personality, which in no way cancels the whole variety of human characters and behaviors. It is only intended to determine, based on the totality of individual qualities, in which life activity or professional area a person will be able to fully realize his abilities and achieve greater success.

For the purpose of scientific formulation of his conclusions in the book "Psychological Types" K. Jung introduced new terms that made it possible to use the analytical method in relation to psychological research. According to the scientist, each individual is initially tuned to the perception of either internal or external aspects of the surrounding reality. These two opposing worldviews were precisely the basis for the newly invented concepts of introversion and extraversion.

Thus, Jung's work "Psychological Types" is not only a recognized classic of psychoanalysis, but also a practical guide for anyone who wants to learn to better understand themselves and always be a successful person, using the means most suitable for their psychological type to achieve goals.

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His father taught him Latin from the age of six. Jung enters the gymnasium, where he studies old books, natural sciences, and medicine. Enters the university, where he decides to specialize in psychiatry, at the end he wrote a dissertation "On the psychology and pathology of occult phenomena" (as an adult, he attached great importance to dreams and events of his childhood). In 1900, Jung trained with Bleuler at the university psychiatric clinic and published the book The Psychology of Dementia praecox. Introduction to Freud. At the first international congress on psychiatry and neurology in Amsterdam, Jung made a presentation on "The Freudian theory of hysteria". Founded the Freudian Society, organized the first international congress on psychoanalysis, president of the International Psychoanalytic Association. He published "Metamorphoses I" and "Metamorphoses II" - the connection of myths and legends with the thinking of children, the connection between the psychology of dreams and the psychology of myths. Severance of relations with Freud (does not agree with Freud's theory). The concept of the collective unconscious.

45. Typology of characters according to K. Jung.

P He was the first to develop the theory that every person has a psychological type. I am convinced that there are 2 classes of psychological "functions": the first through which we receive information, and the second, on the basis of which we make decisions. 8 psychological types were identified. We get motivation from within ourselves (introverted) or from external sources (extroverted).

1. Extraverted feeling type. Impulsiveness, initiative, flexibility of behavior, sociability are characteristic. In fact, such people are by no means very intelligent.

2. Introverted feeling type. Characterized by the fixation of the interests of the individual on the phenomena of his own inner world, lack of communication, isolation, a tendency to introspection. He can draw attention to himself with his calmness, his passivity or reasonable self-control.

3. Extraverted Intuitive Type. He has a subtle flair for everything that is born and has a future. Always on the lookout for new opportunities. Willingly takes on such professions where he can develop his abilities most versatile. More often among women than among men.

4. Introverted Intuitive Type. The features of a mystic-dreamer and a seer, on the one hand, a dreamer and an artist, on the other, are characteristic. The dreamer is content with contemplation, to which he leaves to shape himself, that is, to determine himself. If he is an artist, then his art creates extraordinary things, things out of this world that shimmer with all colors, things that are beautiful and sublime. But if he is not an artist, then he often turns out to be an unrecognized genius. 5. Extraverted thinking type. A person who - has a desire to make the totality of his life manifestations dependent on intellectual conclusions. This type of thinking is productive. His thinking does not stagnate, much less does it regress.

6. Introverted thinking type. This type of thinking, like the extraverted one parallel to it, is influenced by ideas. He, like an extrovert, will follow his ideas, but only in the opposite direction - not outward, but inward. He seeks to deepen, not expand. Even if he releases his thoughts into the light, he does not introduce them, like a caring mother of her children, but throws them up and gets angry if they do not make their way on their own. As far as the internal structure of his thoughts is clear to him, it is just as unclear to him where and how they can be adapted to the world. His work is difficult. He is either silent or runs into people who do not understand him.

7. Extraverted feeling type. Pronounced sensual types are found among females. This kind of woman lives according to her feelings. Feeling interferes with thinking. Therefore, thinking in this type is suppressed as much as possible.

8. Introverted feeling type. In most cases, they are silent, hard to reach, incomprehensible, often hidden under a childish or banal mask, often also distinguished by a melancholic temperament.

Carl Gustav Jung

Psychological types

Carl Gustav Jung and Analytical Psychology

Among the most prominent thinkers of the 20th century, it is safe to name the Swiss psychologist Carl Gustav Jung.

As you know, analytical, or rather, depth psychology is a general designation of a number of psychological trends that put forward, among other things, the idea of ​​the independence of the psyche from consciousness and seek to substantiate the actual existence of this psyche independent of consciousness and reveal its content. One of these areas, based on the concepts and discoveries in the field of the mental, made by Jung at different times, is analytical psychology. Today, in the everyday cultural environment, such concepts as complex, extrovert, introvert, archetype, once introduced into psychology by Jung, have become common and even stereotyped. There is a misconception that Jung's ideas grew out of idiosyncrasy towards psychoanalysis. And although a number of Jung's provisions are indeed based on Freud's objections, the context itself, in which the "building elements" arose in different periods, which later constituted the original psychological system, of course, is much wider and, most importantly, it is based on ideas and views that are different from Freud's. both on human nature and on the interpretation of clinical and psychological data.

Carl Jung was born on July 26, 1875 in Kesswil, Canton Thurgau, on the shores of the picturesque Lake Konstanz in the family of a pastor of the Swiss Reformed Church; my paternal grandfather and great-grandfather were doctors. He studied at the Basel Gymnasium, his favorite subjects of the gymnasium years were zoology, biology, archeology and history. In April 1895 he entered the University of Basel, where he studied medicine, but then decided to specialize in psychiatry and psychology. In addition to these disciplines, he was deeply interested in philosophy, theology, and the occult.

After graduating from medical school, Jung wrote a dissertation, "On the Psychology and Pathology of So-Called Occult Phenomena," which turned out to be a prelude to his creative period that lasted almost sixty years. Based on carefully prepared séances with her extraordinarily gifted mediumistic cousin Helen Preiswerk, Jung's work presented a description of her messages received in a state of mediumistic trance. It is important to note that from the very beginning of his professional career, Jung was interested in unconscious mental products and their meaning for the subject. Already in this study /1-V.1. pp. 1–84; 2- S. 225-330 / one can easily see the logical basis of all his subsequent works in their development - from the theory of complexes to archetypes, from the content of libido to ideas about synchronicity, etc.

In 1900, Jung moved to Zurich and began working as an assistant to Eugene Bleuler, a well-known psychiatrist at the time, at the Burchholzli mental hospital (a suburb of Zurich). He settled in the hospital area, and from that moment on, the life of a young employee began to pass in the atmosphere of a psychiatric monastery. Bleuler was the visible embodiment of work and professional duty. From himself and his employees, he demanded accuracy, accuracy and attentiveness to patients. The morning tour ended at 8.30 am with a working meeting of the staff, at which reports on the condition of the patients were heard. Two or three times a week at 10.00 in the morning there were meetings of doctors with a mandatory discussion of the case histories of both old and newly admitted patients. The meetings took place with the indispensable participation of Bleuler himself. The obligatory evening round took place between five and seven o'clock in the evening. There were no secretaries, and the staff themselves typed the medical records, so sometimes they had to work until eleven o'clock in the evening. The hospital gates and doors were closed at 10.00 pm. The junior staff had no keys, so if Jung wanted to get home from the city later, he had to ask for the key from one of the senior staff. Dry law reigned on the territory of the hospital. Jung mentions that he spent the first six months completely cut off from the outside world and read the fifty-volume Allgemeine Zeitschrift für Psychiatrie in his spare time.

Soon he began to publish his first clinical papers, as well as articles on the application of the word association test he had developed. Jung came to the conclusion that through verbal connections it is possible to detect (“grope”) certain sets (constellations) of sensually colored (or emotionally “charged”) thoughts, concepts, ideas and, thereby, enable painful symptoms to emerge. The test worked by evaluating the patient's response by the time delay between stimulus and response. As a result, a correspondence was revealed between the reaction word and the subject's behavior itself. Significant deviation from the norm marked the presence of affectively loaded unconscious ideas, and Jung coined the term "complex" to describe their whole combination. /3- P.40 et seq./

In 1907, Jung published a study on dementia praecox (Jung sent this work to Sigmund Freud), which undoubtedly influenced Bleuler, who four years later proposed the term "schizophrenia" for the corresponding disease. In this work /4- S. 119-267; 5 / Jung suggested that it is the "complex" that is responsible for the production of a toxin (poison) that retards mental development, and that it is the complex that directs its mental content directly into consciousness. In this case, manic ideas, hallucinatory experiences and affective changes in psychosis are presented as to some extent distorted manifestations of the repressed complex. Jung's book "Psychology of dementia praecox" turned out to be the first psychosomatic theory of schizophrenia, and in his further works, Jung always adhered to the belief that psychogenic factors were the primary cause of this disease, although he gradually abandoned the "toxin" hypothesis, further explaining more in terms of disturbed neurochemical processes.

The meeting with Freud marked an important milestone in Jung's scientific development. By the time of personal acquaintance in February 1907 in Vienna, where Jung arrived after a short correspondence, he was already widely known both for his experiments in word associations and for the discovery of sensory complexes. Using Freud's theory in experiments - his works he knew well - Jung not only explained his own results, but also supported the psychoanalytic movement as such. The meeting gave rise to close cooperation and personal friendship, which continued until 1912. Freud was older and more experienced, and there is nothing strange in the fact that he became for Jung, in a sense, a father figure. For his part, Freud, who accepted Jung's support and understanding with indescribable enthusiasm and approval, believed that he had finally found his spiritual "son" and follower. In this deeply symbolic connection "father - son" both the fruitfulness of their relationship grew and developed, as well as the seeds of future mutual renunciation and disagreement. An invaluable gift for the whole history of psychoanalysis is their many years of correspondence, which amounted to a full-length volume / 6-P.650 [the volume contains 360 letters covering a seven-year period and varying in genre and length from a short greeting card to an actual essay of one and a half thousand words]; 7- S. 364–466 [in Russian, the correspondence is partially published here]/.

In February 1903, Jung married the twenty-year-old daughter of a prosperous manufacturer, Emma Rauschenbach (1882–1955), with whom he lived for fifty-two years, becoming the father of four daughters and a son. At first, the young people settled on the territory of the Burchholzli clinic, occupying an apartment on the floor above Bleuler, and later, in 1906, they moved to a newly built own house in the suburban town of Küsnacht, not far from Zurich. A year earlier, Jung began teaching at the University of Zurich. In 1909, together with Freud and another psychoanalyst, the Hungarian Ferenczy, who worked in Austria, Jung first came to the United States of America, where he gave a course of lectures on the method of word associations. Clark University in Massachusetts, which invited European psychoanalysts and celebrated its twenty-year existence, awarded Jung, along with others, an honorary doctorate.

International fame, and with it a private practice that brought a good income, gradually grew, so that in 1910 Jung left his post at the Burchholzl clinic (by that time he had become clinical director), accepting more and more patients in his Küsnacht, on shore of Lake Zurich. At this time, Jung becomes the first president of the International Association for Psychoanalysis and plunges into his deep research into myths, legends, fairy tales in the context of their interaction with the world of psychopathology. Publications appear that quite clearly outline the area of ​​Jung's subsequent life and academic interests. Here, too, the boundary of ideological independence from Freud was more clearly marked in the views of both on the nature of the unconscious psyche.