Chemical elements depending on. Periodic system of chemical elements of D.I. Mendeleev

How to use the periodic table? For an uninitiated person, reading the periodic table is the same as looking at the ancient runes of elves for a dwarf. And the periodic table, by the way, if used correctly, can tell a lot about the world. In addition to serving you in the exam, it is also simply indispensable for solving a huge number of chemical and physical problems. But how to read it? Fortunately, today everyone can learn this art. In this article we will tell you how to understand the periodic table.

The periodic system of chemical elements (Mendeleev's table) is a classification of chemical elements that establishes the dependence of various properties of elements on the charge of the atomic nucleus.

History of the creation of the Table

Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev was not a simple chemist, if someone thinks so. He was a chemist, physicist, geologist, metrologist, ecologist, economist, oilman, aeronaut, instrument maker and teacher. During his life, the scientist managed to conduct a lot of fundamental research in various fields of knowledge. For example, it is widely believed that it was Mendeleev who calculated the ideal strength of vodka - 40 degrees. We do not know how Mendeleev treated vodka, but it is known for sure that his dissertation on the topic “Discourse on the combination of alcohol with water” had nothing to do with vodka and considered alcohol concentrations from 70 degrees. With all the merits of the scientist, the discovery of the periodic law of chemical elements - one of the fundamental laws of nature, brought him the widest fame.

There is a legend according to which the scientist dreamed of the periodic system, after which he only had to finalize the idea that had appeared. But, if everything were so simple .. This version of the creation of the periodic table, apparently, is nothing more than a legend. When asked how the table was opened, Dmitry Ivanovich himself answered: “ I’ve been thinking about it for maybe twenty years, and you think: I sat and suddenly ... it’s ready. ”

In the middle of the nineteenth century, attempts to streamline the known chemical elements (63 elements were known) were simultaneously undertaken by several scientists. For example, in 1862 Alexandre Émile Chancourtois placed the elements along a helix and noted the cyclical repetition of chemical properties. Chemist and musician John Alexander Newlands proposed his version of the periodic table in 1866. An interesting fact is that in the arrangement of the elements the scientist tried to discover some mystical musical harmony. Among other attempts was the attempt of Mendeleev, which was crowned with success.

In 1869, the first scheme of the table was published, and the day of March 1, 1869 is considered the day of the discovery of the periodic law. The essence of Mendeleev's discovery was that the properties of elements with increasing atomic mass do not change monotonously, but periodically. The first version of the table contained only 63 elements, but Mendeleev made a number of very non-standard decisions. So, he guessed to leave a place in the table for yet undiscovered elements, and also changed the atomic masses of some elements. The fundamental correctness of the law derived by Mendeleev was confirmed very soon, after the discovery of gallium, scandium and germanium, the existence of which was predicted by scientists.

Modern view of the periodic table

Below is the table itself.

Today, instead of atomic weight (atomic mass), the concept of atomic number (the number of protons in the nucleus) is used to order elements. The table contains 120 elements, which are arranged from left to right in ascending order of atomic number (number of protons)

The columns of the table are so-called groups, and the rows are periods. There are 18 groups and 8 periods in the table.

The metallic properties of elements decrease when moving along the period from left to right, and increase in the opposite direction.
The dimensions of atoms decrease as they move from left to right along the periods.
When moving from top to bottom in the group, the reducing metallic properties increase.
Oxidizing and non-metallic properties increase along the period from left to right. I.

What do we learn about the element from the table? For example, let's take the third element in the table - lithium, and consider it in detail.

First of all, we see the symbol of the element itself and its name under it. In the upper left corner is the atomic number of the element, in the order in which the element is located in the table. The atomic number, as already mentioned, is equal to the number of protons in the nucleus. The number of positive protons is usually equal to the number of negative electrons in an atom (with the exception of isotopes).

The atomic mass is indicated under the atomic number (in this version of the table). If we round the atomic mass to the nearest integer, we get the so-called mass number. The difference between the mass number and the atomic number gives the number of neutrons in the nucleus. Thus, the number of neutrons in a helium nucleus is two, and in lithium - four.

So our course "Mendeleev's Table for Dummies" has ended. In conclusion, we invite you to watch a thematic video, and we hope that the question of how to use the periodic table of Mendeleev has become clearer to you. We remind you that learning a new subject is always more effective not alone, but with the help of an experienced mentor. That is why, you should never forget about those who will gladly share their knowledge and experience with you.

All chemical elements can be characterized depending on the structure of their atoms, as well as by their position in the Periodic system of D.I. Mendeleev. Usually, the characteristics of a chemical element are given according to the following plan:

indicate the symbol of the chemical element, as well as its name;
based on the position of the element in the Periodic system of D.I. Mendeleev indicate its ordinal, period number and group (type of subgroup) in which the element is located;
based on the structure of the atom, indicate the nuclear charge, mass number, the number of electrons, protons and neutrons in the atom;
write down the electronic configuration and indicate the valence electrons;
draw electron-graphic formulas for valence electrons in the ground and excited (if possible) states;
indicate the family of the element, as well as its type (metal or non-metal);
indicate the formulas of higher oxides and hydroxides with a brief description of their properties;
indicate the values of the minimum and maximum oxidation states of a chemical element.

Characteristics of a chemical element using the example of vanadium (V)

Consider the characteristics of a chemical element using the example of vanadium (V) according to the plan described above:

1. V - vanadium.

2. Ordinal number - 23. The element is in the 4th period, in the V group, A (main) subgroup.

3. Z=23 (nuclear charge), M=51 (mass number), e=23 (number of electrons), p=23 (number of protons), n=51-23=28 (number of neutrons).

4. 23 V 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 3d 3 4s 2 – electronic configuration, valence electrons 3d 3 4s 2 .

5. Basic state

excited state

6. d-element, metal.

7. The highest oxide - V 2 O 5 - exhibits amphoteric properties, with a predominance of acidic:

V 2 O 5 + 2NaOH \u003d 2NaVO 3 + H 2 O

V 2 O 5 + H 2 SO 4 \u003d (VO 2) 2 SO 4 + H 2 O (pH<3)

Vanadium forms hydroxides of the following composition V(OH) 2 , V(OH) 3 , VO(OH) 2 . V(OH) 2 and V(OH) 3 are characterized by basic properties (1, 2), and VO(OH) 2 has amphoteric properties (3, 4):

V (OH) 2 + H 2 SO 4 \u003d VSO 4 + 2H 2 O (1)

2 V (OH) 3 + 3 H 2 SO 4 \u003d V 2 (SO 4) 3 + 6 H 2 O (2)

VO(OH) 2 + H 2 SO 4 = VOSO 4 + 2 H 2 O (3)

4 VO (OH) 2 + 2KOH \u003d K 2 + 5 H 2 O (4)

8. Minimum oxidation state "+2", maximum - "+5"

Examples of problem solving

EXAMPLE 1

Exercise

Describe the chemical element phosphorus

Decision

1. P - phosphorus.

2. Ordinal number - 15. The element is in the 3rd period, in the V group, A (main) subgroup.

3. Z=15 (nuclear charge), M=31 (mass number), e=15 (number of electrons), p=15 (number of protons), n=31-15=16 (number of neutrons).

4. 15 P 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 3 – electronic configuration, valence electrons 3s 2 3p 3 .

5. Basic state

excited state

6. p-element, non-metal.

7. The highest oxide - P 2 O 5 - exhibits acidic properties:

P 2 O 5 + 3Na 2 O \u003d 2Na 3 PO 4

The hydroxide corresponding to the higher oxide - H 3 PO 4, exhibits acidic properties:

H 3 PO 4 + 3NaOH \u003d Na 3 PO 4 + 3H 2 O

8. The minimum oxidation state is "-3", the maximum is "+5"

EXAMPLE 2

Exercise	Describe the chemical element potassium
Decision	1. K - potassium. 2. Ordinal number - 19. The element is in period 4, in group I, A (main) subgroup.

See also: List of chemical elements by atomic number and Alphabetical list of chemical elements Contents 1 Symbols currently used ... Wikipedia

See also: List of chemical elements by atomic number and List of chemical elements by symbols Alphabetical list of chemical elements. Nitrogen N Actinium Ac Aluminum Al Americium Am Argon Ar Astatine At ... Wikipedia

The periodic system of chemical elements (Mendeleev's table) is a classification of chemical elements that establishes the dependence of various properties of elements on the charge of the atomic nucleus. The system is a graphical expression of the periodic law, ... ... Wikipedia

Chemical elements (periodic table) classification of chemical elements, establishing the dependence of various properties of elements on the charge of the atomic nucleus. The system is a graphical expression of the periodic law established by the Russian ... ... Wikipedia

Books

Japanese-English-Russian Dictionary of Industrial Equipment Installation. About 8,000 terms, Popova I.S. The dictionary is intended for a wide range of users, and primarily for translators and technical specialists involved in the supply and implementation of industrial equipment from Japan or ...

If the periodic table seems difficult for you to understand, you are not alone! Although it can be difficult to understand its principles, learning to work with it will help in the study of natural sciences. To get started, study the structure of the table and what information can be learned from it about each chemical element. Then you can start exploring the properties of each element. And finally, using the periodic table, you can determine the number of neutrons in an atom of a particular chemical element.

Steps

Part 1

Table structure

The periodic table, or periodic table of chemical elements, begins at the top left and ends at the end of the last line of the table (bottom right). The elements in the table are arranged from left to right in ascending order of their atomic number. The atomic number tells you how many protons are in one atom. In addition, as the atomic number increases, so does the atomic mass. Thus, by the location of an element in the periodic table, you can determine its atomic mass.

As you can see, each next element contains one more proton than the element preceding it. This is obvious when you look at the atomic numbers. Atomic numbers increase by one as you move from left to right. Since the elements are arranged in groups, some table cells remain empty.

For example, the first row of the table contains hydrogen, which has atomic number 1, and helium, which has atomic number 2. However, they are on opposite ends because they belong to different groups.

Learn about groups that include elements with similar physical and chemical properties. The elements of each group are located in the corresponding vertical column. As a rule, they are indicated by the same color, which helps to identify elements with similar physical and chemical properties and predict their behavior. All elements of a particular group have the same number of electrons in the outer shell.
- Hydrogen can be attributed both to the group of alkali metals and to the group of halogens. In some tables it is indicated in both groups.
- In most cases, the groups are numbered from 1 to 18, and the numbers are placed at the top or bottom of the table. Numbers can be given in Roman (eg IA) or Arabic (eg 1A or 1) numerals.
- When moving along the column from top to bottom, they say that you are "browsing the group".
Find out why there are empty cells in the table. Elements are ordered not only according to their atomic number, but also according to groups (elements of the same group have similar physical and chemical properties). This makes it easier to understand how an element behaves. However, as the atomic number increases, elements that fall into the corresponding group are not always found, so there are empty cells in the table.
- For example, the first 3 rows have empty cells, since transition metals are found only from atomic number 21.
- Elements with atomic numbers from 57 to 102 belong to the rare earth elements, and they are usually placed in a separate subgroup in the lower right corner of the table.
Each row of the table represents a period. All elements of the same period have the same number of atomic orbitals in which electrons are located in atoms. The number of orbitals corresponds to the period number. The table contains 7 rows, that is, 7 periods.
- For example, the atoms of the elements of the first period have one orbital, and the atoms of the elements of the seventh period have 7 orbitals.
- As a rule, periods are indicated by numbers from 1 to 7 on the left of the table.
- As you move along a line from left to right, you are said to be "scanning through a period".
Learn to distinguish between metals, metalloids and non-metals. You will better understand the properties of an element if you can determine what type it belongs to. For convenience, in most tables, metals, metalloids and non-metals are indicated by different colors. Metals are on the left, and non-metals are on the right side of the table. Metalloids are located between them.

Part 2
Element designations
1. Each element is designated by one or two Latin letters. As a rule, the element symbol is shown in large letters in the center of the corresponding cell. A symbol is an abbreviated name for an element that is the same in most languages. When doing experiments and working with chemical equations, the symbols of the elements are commonly used, so it is useful to remember them.
  - Typically, element symbols are shorthand for their Latin name, although for some, especially recently discovered elements, they are derived from the common name. For example, helium is denoted by the symbol He, which is close to the common name in most languages. At the same time, iron is designated as Fe, which is an abbreviation of its Latin name.
2. Pay attention to the full name of the element, if it is given in the table. This "name" of the element is used in normal texts. For example, "helium" and "carbon" are the names of the elements. Usually, though not always, the full names of the elements are given under their chemical symbol.
  - Sometimes the names of the elements are not indicated in the table and only their chemical symbols are given.
3. Find the atomic number. Usually the atomic number of an element is located at the top of the corresponding cell, in the middle or in the corner. It can also appear below the symbol or element name. Elements have atomic numbers from 1 to 118.
  - The atomic number is always an integer.
4. Remember that the atomic number corresponds to the number of protons in an atom. All atoms of an element contain the same number of protons. Unlike electrons, the number of protons in the atoms of an element remains constant. Otherwise, another chemical element would have turned out!

Ether in the periodic table

The world ether is the substance of ANY chemical element and, therefore, of ANY substance, it is the Absolute true matter as the Universal element-forming Essence.The world ether is the source and crown of the entire genuine Periodic Table, its beginning and end, the alpha and omega of the Periodic Table of Elements of Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev.

In ancient philosophy, ether (aithér-Greek), along with earth, water, air and fire, is one of the five elements of being (according to Aristotle) - the fifth essence (quinta essentia - Latin), understood as the finest all-penetrating matter. At the end of the 19th century, the hypothesis of the world ether (ME), which fills the entire world space, was widely used in scientific circles. It was understood as a weightless and elastic fluid that permeates all bodies. The existence of the ether tried to explain many physical phenomena and properties.

Preface.
Mendeleev had two fundamental scientific discoveries:
1 - Discovery of the Periodic Law in the substance of chemistry,
2 - The discovery of the relationship between the substance of chemistry and the substance of Ether, namely: Ether particles form molecules, nuclei, electrons, etc., but do not participate in chemical reactions.
Ether - particles of matter with a size of ~ 10-100 meters (in fact - the "first bricks" of matter).

Facts. Ether was in the original periodic table. The cell for Ether was located in the zero group with inert gases and in the zero row as the main system-forming factor for the construction of the System of chemical elements. After the death of Mendeleev, the table was distorted, removing the Ether from it and canceling the zero group, thereby hiding the fundamental discovery of the conceptual meaning.
In modern Ether tables: 1 - not visible, 2 - and not guessed (due to the lack of a zero group).

Such deliberate forgery hinders the development of the progress of civilization.
Man-made disasters (eg Chernobyl and Fukushima) would have been excluded if adequate resources had been invested in the development of a genuine periodic table in a timely manner. Concealment of conceptual knowledge is going on at the global level for the "lowering" of civilization.

Result. In schools and universities they teach a cropped periodic table.
Assessment of the situation. The periodic table without Ether is the same as humanity without children - you can live, but there will be no development and no future.
Summary. If the enemies of humanity hide knowledge, then our task is to reveal this knowledge.
Conclusion. There are fewer elements in the old periodic table and more foresight than in the modern one.
Conclusion. A new level is possible only when the information state of the society changes.

Outcome. A return to the true periodic table is no longer a scientific issue, but a political one.

What was the main political meaning of Einstein's teachings? It consisted in blocking by any means mankind's access to inexhaustible natural sources of energy, which were opened by the study of the properties of the world ether. In case of success on this path, the world financial oligarchy lost power in this world, especially in the light of the retrospective of those years: the Rockefellers made an unthinkable fortune that exceeded the budget of the United States on oil speculation, and the loss of the role of oil, which was occupied by "black gold" in this world - the role of the blood of the world economy - did not inspire them.

This did not inspire other oligarchs - coal and steel kings. So the financial tycoon Morgan immediately stopped funding the experiments of Nikola Tesla, when he came close to the wireless transmission of energy and the extraction of energy "out of nowhere" - from the world ether. After that, no one provided financial assistance to the owner of a huge number of technical solutions embodied in practice - solidarity among financial tycoons as thieves in law and a phenomenal sense of where the danger comes from. That's why against humanity and a sabotage called "The Special Theory of Relativity" was carried out.

One of the first blows fell on Dmitri Mendeleev's table, in which the ether was the first number, it was reflections on the ether that gave rise to Mendeleev's brilliant insight - his periodic table of elements.

Chapter from the article: V.G. Rodionov. The place and role of the world ether in the true table of D.I. Mendeleev

6. Argumentum ad rem

What is now presented in schools and universities under the name "Periodic Table of Chemical Elements of D.I. Mendeleev, ”is an outright fake.

The last time, in an undistorted form, the real Periodic Table saw the light in 1906 in St. Petersburg (textbook "Fundamentals of Chemistry", VIII edition). And only after 96 years of oblivion, the real Periodic Table rises from the ashes for the first time thanks to the publication of a dissertation in the ZhRFM journal of the Russian Physical Society.

After the sudden death of D. I. Mendeleev and the death of his faithful scientific colleagues in the Russian Physical and Chemical Society, for the first time he raised his hand to the immortal creation of Mendeleev - the son of D. I. Mendeleev's friend and ally in the Society - Boris Nikolaevich Menshutkin. Of course, Menshutkin did not act alone - he only carried out the order. After all, the new paradigm of relativism required the rejection of the idea of the world ether; and therefore this requirement was elevated to the rank of dogma, and the work of D. I. Mendeleev was falsified.

The main distortion of the Table is the transfer of the "zero group" of the Table to its end, to the right, and the introduction of the so-called. "periods". We emphasize that such a (only at first glance - harmless) manipulation is logically explicable only as a conscious elimination of the main methodological link in Mendeleev's discovery: the periodic system of elements at its beginning, source, i.e. in the upper left corner of the Table, should have a zero group and a zero row, where the element “X” is located (according to Mendeleev - “Newtonium”), i.e. world broadcast.
Moreover, being the only backbone element of the entire Table of derived elements, this element "X" is the argument of the entire Periodic Table. The transfer of the zero group of the Table to its end destroys the very idea of \u200b\u200bthis fundamental principle of the entire system of elements according to Mendeleev.

To confirm the above, let's give the floor to D. I. Mendeleev himself.

“... If the analogues of argon do not give compounds at all, then it is obvious that it is impossible to include any of the groups of previously known elements, and a special group zero must be opened for them ... This position of argon analogues in the zero group is a strictly logical consequence of understanding the periodic law, and therefore (the placement in group VIII is clearly not correct) was accepted not only by me, but also by Braisner, Piccini and others ... Now, when it has become beyond the slightest doubt that there is a zero group in front of that I group, in which hydrogen should be placed, representatives of which have atomic weights less than those of the elements of group I, it seems to me impossible to deny the existence of elements lighter than hydrogen.

Of these, let us first pay attention to the element of the first row of the 1st group. Let's denote it by "y". He, obviously, will belong to the fundamental properties of argon gases ... "Koroniy", with a density of the order of 0.2 relative to hydrogen; and it cannot by any means be the world ether.

This element "y", however, is necessary in order to get mentally close to that most important, and therefore the most rapidly moving element "x", which, in my understanding, can be considered ether. I would like to call it "Newtonium" in honor of the immortal Newton... The problem of gravitation and the problem of all energy (!!! - V. Rodionov) cannot be imagined as actually solved without a real understanding of the ether as a world medium that transmits energy over distances. A real understanding of the ether cannot be achieved by ignoring its chemistry and not considering it an elementary substance; elementary substances are now inconceivable without subjecting them to periodic law” (“An attempt at a chemical understanding of the world ether”, 1905, p. 27).

“These elements, in terms of their atomic weights, occupied an exact place between the halides and the alkali metals, as shown by Ramsay in 1900. From these elements it is necessary to form a special zero group, which was first recognized in 1900 by Herrere in Belgium. I consider it useful to add here that, judging directly by the inability to combine elements of the zero group, analogues of argon should be put before the elements of group 1 and, in the spirit of the periodic system, expect for them a lower atomic weight than for alkali metals.

This is how it turned out. And if so, then this circumstance, on the one hand, serves as a confirmation of the correctness of the periodic principles, and on the other hand, clearly shows the relationship of analogues of argon to other previously known elements. As a result of this, it is possible to apply the principles being analyzed even more widely than before, and wait for elements of the zero row with atomic weights much lower than those of hydrogen.

Thus, it can be shown that in the first row, first before hydrogen, there is an element of the zero group with an atomic weight of 0.4 (perhaps this is Jong's coronium), and in the zero row, in the zero group, there is a limiting element with an negligibly small atomic weight, not capable of chemical interactions and, as a result, possessing extremely fast own partial (gas) motion.

These properties, perhaps, should be attributed to the atoms of the all-penetrating (!!! - V. Rodionov) world ether. The thought of this is indicated by me in the preface to this edition and in a Russian journal article of 1902 ... ”(“ Fundamentals of Chemistry. VIII ed., 1906, p. 613 et seq.)
1 , , ,

From the comments:

For chemistry, the modern periodic table of elements is sufficient.

The role of the ether can be useful in nuclear reactions, but even this is too insignificant.
Accounting for the influence of the ether is closest in the phenomena of isotope decay. However, this accounting is extremely complex and the existence of regularities is not accepted by all scientists.

The simplest proof of the existence of the ether: The phenomenon of annihilation of a positron-electron pair and the emergence of this pair from vacuum, as well as the impossibility of catching an electron at rest. So is the electromagnetic field and the complete analogy between photons in vacuum and sound waves - phonons in crystals.

Ether is a differentiated matter, so to speak, atoms in a disassembled state, or, more correctly, elementary particles from which future atoms are formed. Therefore, it has no place in the periodic table, since the logic of building this system does not imply including in its composition non-integral structures, which are the atoms themselves. Otherwise, it is possible to find a place for quarks, somewhere in the minus first period.
The ether itself has a more complex multi-level structure of manifestation in world existence than modern science knows about it. As soon as she reveals the first secrets of this elusive ether, then new engines will be invented for all kinds of machines on absolutely new principles.
Indeed, Tesla was perhaps the only one who was close to unraveling the mystery of the so-called ether, but he was deliberately prevented from carrying out his plans. So, until today, that genius has not yet been born who will continue the work of the great inventor and tell us all what the mysterious ether really is and what pedestal it can be placed on.