What kind of verb do you want? Verbs transitive and intransitive

One of the Russian language is the Verb. The verb denotes an action, a state of an object. His main questions are: what to do? what to do? This part of speech has a lot on which its place in speech and syntactic role in the sentence depend. The topic of this article is “Perfect Verbs”, therefore, before talking about them, you need to find out the meaning of their category: aspect. The aspect category is grammatical; it is inherent in all its forms and shows the action in time. The verb "decided" and "decided" are similar in meaning, but grammatically different. Decided - perfect verb. kind, it indicates a completed action, that it is completed and limited. Decided - the verb is imperfect. kind and does not contain the limits or completeness of the action. There are two types of verbs in Russian: perfect and imperfect.

Already by one name - a perfective verb - one can understand that we are talking about an action that has begun, completed, there is a limit, a border, the result of an action. Therefore, the questions of the perfect form of the verb are: what to do? what did (a) do? what did they do? what will you do?

For example: in the past tense

"I have read the book" means: I have read the whole book to the end;

"I wrote a letter" means: the letter is ready;

"I learned the language" means: I know the language;

"We sang the song" means: to the end.

Whereas the sentences: “I wrote a letter”, “I read a book”, “I sang a song”, “I studied the language”, mean that the action took place, but whether it was completed is unknown.

Verb types differ mainly in meaning and tense forms. Perfective verbs have a past and future simple tense: I did (I do), I wrote (I will write), I played (I will play), I read (I will read), I studied (I will study). The endings in the future simple are the same as in the present tense for imperfect verbs. type: I read, I play.

Imperfect verbs. species have forms present., past. and future difficult time. The sentences "We will build", "We will study" only say that the actions will be performed, but not whether they will be completed. Whereas the sentences “We will build”, “We will study” say that something will be built to the end, will be studied and we will know. This, with different formation of temporary forms, leads to errors in using the present instead of the future, the future instead of the present in speech.

So, instead of the correct formation of the future tense: I will say, I will go, I will take, I will start, people who do not speak the language mistakenly say: I will say, I will go, I will start.

Education and species pairs

The initial form of the formation of perfective verbs is mainly imperfective verbs. species with the addition of prefixes, suffixes, opposition of suffixes, alternation at the root, movement of stresses, expression of species by different roots, words. Species pairs are formed.

1. Perfective verbs are formed by adding the suffix -nu- to imperfective verbs: jump-jump, swing-swing. These verbs give meaning to brevity and instantaneousness.

Some verbs with the suffix -nu- have the last consonants before the suffix: throw-throw, drown-drown, whisper-whisper. The suffix -nu- in perfective verbs indicates the result, the limit, the completeness of the action (disappear, reach), the one-time action (push, shout, wave), the intense beginning of the action (gush, burst)

2. Prefixes give the verb the meaning of completeness, without changing the main lexical meaning of the word: write-write, write off; go blind; go blind; to go gray; to go gray; build-build; do-do; strengthen - strengthen.

But often prefixes give a new lexical meaning to the verb perfect. type: read - reread, read, finish reading

Prefixes, along with the meaning of completeness, can bring other shades to verbs, indicate the relationship of action to time. So, the prefix in some verbs adds the meaning of limited action in time, for example: today I read, worked, took a walk (I read for some time and stopped, worked for some time and stopped working, walked for a short time.)

The prefixes for-, on-, when combined with some verbs, bring the meaning of the beginning of the action into the word: sing-sing (began to sing); make noise - make noise (began to make noise); fly-fly (began to fly)

For example:

The forest rang, groaned, crackled, the Hare listened and ran away. ( N. Nekrasov)

The eagles whistled and squealed even more plaintively. Then the eagle suddenly screamed loudly, spread its wings and flew heavily towards the sea ... ( L. Tolstoy)

3. Sometimes aspectual pairs of verbs are formed from different roots, words: put-put. Remember the words and combinations with which perfective verbs are used: suddenly, unexpectedly, suddenly, once, as, immediately, as suddenly, once.

Exercise!

Here is an illustrated text. Find perfective verbs in the text. Explain the difference in the meaning of the verbs perfect. and imperfect. kind.

Hunting

A handsome eagle slowly makes a circle over the sea. His flight is so calm and graceful. Here he stopped for a moment in the air, as if someone was holding him by the thread. Something happened. This predator saw prey in clear water. Suddenly and swiftly the eagle began to fall down like a stone.

And already at the very water, on the fly, he grabbed his victim with his beak and abruptly rose up. The fish wags its tail, tries to free itself from its beak, but the eagle holds its prey in a stranglehold, without interrupting the flight.

Instruction

All Verbs divided into two kind. To begin with, the term "view" should be given. View is a verbal category that shows how an action occurs in time, expresses the relation of an action to its result. Category kind in any form, have all Verbs Russian language. How , Verbs perfect and imperfect kind.

Definition of imperfective verbs kind Imperfect verbs kind called Verbs, answering the question "?" and denoting an action without indicating the result, as well as without limiting it in time, the action is long or repetitive (, look, talk, sit, stand).

Imperfect and perfect verbs kind form pairs by sight. The species pair is made up of an imperfect kind and perfect verb kind having the same lexical meaning and differing only in meaning kind: watch - view, write - write, build - build, run - run.

note

on interspecific relations of verbs

Helpful advice

to consolidate the studied material, it is necessary to select a large number of examples

Sources:

• Definition of verb types
• perfect form of the verb

The term "verb" came into our speech from Ancient Russia. In those distant times, the Slavs called their alphabet "Glagolitic". In modern language, this part of speech occupies an important place. Verb words are often found in sentences, together with the subject they form the grammatical basis. The verb has a number of grammatical features, it can be the main and secondary member of the sentence.

Instruction

The action and state of an object are conveyed with the help of having invariable signs of a perfect or imperfect form, transitivity - intransitivity, recurrence - irreversibility and conjugation.

The imperfect is more common in our speech. Usually morphemes help to form a perfect one from it: “look - look”, “shout - shout”. But it also happens vice versa: “- to stitch”, “to decide - to decide”. Such verb variants represent aspect pairs.

If verbs can control the nouns that stand with them in the form of the accusative case, and the connection between them is expressed without the help of a preposition, then they will be considered: “show”, “cook”, “”. Intransitives are not characterized by such a subordinating connection: “absent”, “take a closer look”, “sit”.

The suffix -sya (-s) on the suffix indicates that the verb is reflexive. Irrevocables do not have such a suffix. It should be remembered that recurrence indicates intransitivity.

The conjugation is indicated by a set of endings when changing in persons and numbers. It is easy to recognize this feature if the personal ending of the verb is stressed. If the conjugation is not established, it is necessary to pay attention to the infinitive. All, except for "shave" and "lay", verbs ending in -it, and a few excluded from this list (on -et, -at) - make up the II conjugation. The rest represent the I conjugation. Among the verbs, several different conjugations stand out: “want”, “run”, “honor”.

The existing category of the mood of the verb helps to establish how the actions performed relate to reality. Verb words in each of the moods have a certain set of features. Verbs of the indicative mood convey actions that take place in reality. The concept of the category of time is applied to them. The present and future tenses tend to change by persons and numbers, and the past, instead of a person, by gender. The imperative contains a call to action. A similar form of the verb can be unity with the words “yes”, “come (those)”, “let”. The possibility, certain conditions of action are indicated by the conditional mood, in which the verb necessarily stands in the past tense and has the particle “by (b)” with it.

When there may be no person or thing performing the action. The purpose of such verb words is to convey various states of nature or man. They have a corresponding name - "impersonal". Examples of the use of such verbs in impersonal sentences: “It was getting dark outside the window”, “I am shivering”.

The usual purpose of a verb in sentences is to act as a predicate. Syntactic functions are expanded when it is used in : here it can be subject, perform the function of a sentence. Consider different options: “Whistle (sk.) everyone up!”, “Tourists began to carefully move (part of the predicate) forward”, “Learning (subject) is always useful”, “Guests asked to turn on (additional) music louder”, “ The boy expressed a desire to seriously engage in (def.) volleyball”, “I came to see (obst.) you.”

note

Linguistic scientists have two points of view about participles and gerunds formed from verbs: they are distinguished as independent parts of speech or verb forms.

Sources:

• General characteristics of the verb as a part of speech

The Slavic languages ​​are sharply opposed to other Indo-European languages ​​in terms of the forms of expression of the categories of time and aspect. The modern system of species took shape in linguistics only at the beginning of the 20th century. In order to correctly determine the form of the verb in Russian, it is necessary to take into account a number of reasons.

The aspect of a verb is a lexical and grammatical category of a verb that expresses the relation of an action to its internal limit. An internal limit is a point in the course of an action when the action becomes inactive.

History of the verb aspect category

Until the 20th century In linguistics, 3 types were distinguished:

1. Indefinite view, coinciding with the modern imperfect view.

2. Multiple view. Examples are: sat, walked.

3. Single view, coinciding with the modern perfect view.

In modern linguistics, it is customary to distinguish between grammatical types of a verb on the basis of semantics, i.e. values.

In Russian grammar, perfect and imperfect types are distinguished.

It can be determined based on the following criteria:

1) Based on semantics.

Perfective verbs denote an action that has reached an internal limit (for example:, did). Imperfective verbs denote an action that has not reached the internal limit (for example: looked, did).

2) For questions.

Perfective verbs answer the question “what to do?”, and imperfective verbs answer the question “?”. For example: (what did you do?) looked, (what did you do?) looked.

3) On the basis of word-formation.

The perfect form is formed with the help of prefixes, the imperfect form - with the help of suffixes. So, the perfective verbs "looked, did" have prefixes, and the imperfective verbs "looked, did" do not.

4) By compatibility.

Imperfect verbs are combined with adverbs "long", "slow", with the words "every day" and others, and perfective verbs do not have such an opportunity. So, you can say “looked for a long time”, but you cannot use the expression “looked for a long time”.

5) By the difference in the set of word forms.

Perfective verbs cannot be in the present form, and imperfective verbs do not have 3 tense forms.

In modern Russian, it is a paired (binary) opposition of the perfect and.

Perfective verbs denote an action limited by an internal limit.

Perfective verbs can have the following particular meanings:

1. Specific actual value.

Indicates a single action in its entirety: entered, wrote, shouted.

• - I has entered, the old man was reading a newspaper in an armchair ...
• (A. N. Tolstoy)

2. Total value.

Indicates the integrity of an action united by a common result or goal; lexical indicators of type are used twice, thrice, several times and etc.

• Bulat-Tuganovskiy knocked three times short and decisive.
• (A. I. Kuprin)
• Mum baked a lot pancakes.

3. Cash-effective value.

The main thing is the end result of the action: the student came, the father returned.

• - You probably cold in my dancing shoes.
• (V. A. Soloukhin)

Grammatical features of perfective verbs

1. The perfective verbs will have two forms - and. They don't have forms! This is explained by the incompatibility of the grammatical meanings of the perfect form and the present tense.

2. Perfective verbs form synthetic forms of the future tense: look - look, sew - sew.

• write - write vsh oh, write nn th
• tell - story vsh uy, story nn th

4. Verbs of the perfect form form: say - tale in, look - look in, plant - plant in write - write in .

The Russian language is quite difficult to learn. After all, many features, rules and exceptions to them can confuse and make you think about issues related to the emergence of certain language processes. A rather difficult issue in the study of the Russian language is the verb. For those who want to know what verbs are in Russian and how to use them correctly in colloquial speech and writing, this article has been created. It is worth considering that it is impossible to give an unambiguous answer about the characteristics of verbs, since they have different qualities and features. All this takes into account various classifications. Let's look at them and talk about what verbs are.

Verb types

The form of the verb shows how the action proceeds in time. A classification based on this characteristic of the verb distinguishes between perfective and imperfective aspects of the verb.

• Perfect verbs answer the question "What to do?" and serve to indicate the completeness of the action (read). Based on their characteristics, such verbs are designed to describe facts, what has already happened or has reached a certain limit (The long-awaited spring has come, the birds have returned from the south).
• Verbs belonging to the imperfective group answer the question "What to do?" and indicate the procedural nature of the action (read). Examples of verbs of this kind indicate processes that are repeated, and in general the process itself as an action (It was cold, winter was coming).

Often, the prefix allows you to translate the verb from one form to another, which forms a species pair (read - read).

Verb moods

The question of what kind of verbs are in the subject of mood is also interesting. This feature of the verb indicates how the action relates to reality.

• Based on this, the indicative mood is distinguished, which is closely related to the category of time, so the action is expressed in the past, present and future. An indicator of this mood is suffixes and personal endings (stood, stood, stood, stand, I will stand).
• Imperative verbs encourage action. Their feature is the inability to change over time (stop, sing, let's start).
• The subjunctive mood of verbs indicates the condition under which the action can be carried out. An indicator of this inclination is the particle would (If it had not rained, we would have gone for a walk).

Verb tenses

Depending on the time characteristic, it is worth paying attention to what verbs are in this case.

• Past tense verbs indicate that the action happened before the moment of speech, it has already taken place (the girl picked the flower). The indicator here is the past tense suffixes.
• The present tense can only be determined for imperfective verbs, while it is expressed by personal endings (stand, stand, stand, stand, stand).
• Verbs of the future tense indicate the probability, the possibility of performing an action after the moment of speech (Tomorrow I will fly in a balloon). It should be borne in mind that in Russian the categories of tense and aspect are closely intertwined.

Verb conjugations

A very important category of the verb is the conjugation. Thanks to conjugation, verbs can change in person and number. Indicative in this category are personal endings. To determine the conjugation, you should pay attention to the ending of the verb (get sick - I conjugation, drive - II conjugation) and the type of infinitive (sick - I conjugation, drive - II conjugation). Verbs in which one part of the personal endings is an indicator of the first conjugation, and the other part of the second conjugation, are special in this regard. These are multi-conjugated verbs, examples of which are the words want, run, read, and all their derivatives.

One of the points in the study of the Russian language is the study of such a part of speech as a verb. The verb has several forms, types, conjugations. In this article, we will dwell on how you can determine the form of the verb. There are only two of them: perfect and imperfect.

Determine the form of the verb using a question

This is the simplest and most reliable option that does not require a lot of time and additional knowledge.

Perfective verbs answer the question “What to do (does, did, did)?”, And for imperfective verbs we ask the question “What to do (does, did, did)?”.

Determine the type of the verb by the nature of the action

Perfective verbs denote an action that, by the time the verb is used, has already been completed or will be completed by a certain time (or upon reaching some specific goal). Also indicate actions that do not need to be repeated. They can denote actions in the future, the main limit is the very implementation of this action. That is, the action is always limited by some framework.

Imperfect verbs are not limited by time frames and can occur at the moment, denote long-term actions, actions that require repetition.

Example. The verb "to wash" means that something must be completely washed by some specific moment. The action will end when the desired result is achieved, which means the perfective verb.

The verb "to wash" means that something must be washed for an indefinite period of time. Due to the fact that the time of action is not limited, we can conclude that the verb is imperfective.

However, it is not necessary to determine the form of the verb only by meaning. It will be safer to additionally ask a question, as we did in the first paragraph. This way you can avoid accidental errors.

Determine the form of the verb by parsing the word

Each of the types of verbs has some specific features in word formation. These signs can also tell you what kind of verb you are dealing with.

Perfective verbs are characterized by the following features:

• prefixes "from", "you", "by", "on", "about", etc.,
• suffix "well".

Imperfect verbs are characterized by the following features:

• prefixes "from", "you", "by", "on", "about", etc.,
• suffix "iva", "yva", "va", etc.

After reading this article, you may notice that you can determine the form of the verb very quickly and without much difficulty. You just need to know a few important rules and features, for example, what question a particular type of verb answers or what suffix is ​​characteristic of it.