The nominal part of the predicate examples. What is the predicate in the sentence: Twice two - four.? Auxiliary verb meanings

Predicate- the main member of a two-part sentence, denoting the action or sign of what is expressed by the subject.

Predicate has a lexical meaning (names what is reported about the realia named in the subject) and grammatical meaning (characterizes the statement from the point of view of reality or irreality and the correlation of the statement with the moment of speech, which is expressed by the forms of the mood of the verb, and in the indicative mood - and time).

There are three main types of predicates: simple verb, compound verb and compound nominal .

Simple verbal predicate, ways of expressing it

Simple verb predicate(PGS) can be expressed one word and ambiguously .

PGS- one word :

1) a verb in conjugated form, that is, the form of one of the moods; in these cases, the predicate agrees with the subject: He read / reads / will read / would read / let him read / this book.

2) verbal interjection or infinitive; there is no agreement between the predicate and the subject: And the hat bam right on the floor. As the music starts, the boy will immediately dance.

PGS- phrase :

1. PGS - phraseologically free , but syntactically related phrase - may have the following structure and typical meaning:

1) repetition of the verb form to indicate the duration of the action:
I go, I go, but the forest is still far away.

2) repetition of the verb form with a particle so to indicate an intense or fully implemented action:
That's what he said.

3) repetition of the same verb in different forms or single-root verbs to enhance the meaning of the predicate:
He does not sleep himself and does not let others.
I can't wait for spring.

4) a semantic verb with an auxiliary verb form that has lost or weakened its lexical meaning and introduces additional semantic shades into the sentence:
And he take it and say / know yourself sings.

5) two verbs in the same grammatical form to denote an action and its purpose:
I'll go for a walk in the garden.

6) a verb with a particle was, introducing the meaning of a failed action:
I was going to the cinema, but didn't go.

7) design with the value of the intensity of action:
All he does is sleep.

2. PGS- phraseological unit denotes a single action, inseparable in meaning into an action and its material object, in most cases this phraseological unit can be replaced by one verb: take part, come to your senses, fall into a rage, sound the alarm, have the opportunity, have the intention, have the habit, have the honor, have the right; to express a desire, to burn with desire, to acquire a habit, to consider oneself entitled, to consider it necessary etc.:

He attended the conference(=participated).

Compound verb predicate(GHS) has the following structure:
pre-infinitive part + infinitive.

Infinitive expresses the main lexical meaning of the predicate - calls the action.

Pre-infinitive part expresses the grammatical meaning of the predicate, as well as an additional characteristic of the action - an indication of its beginning, middle or end (phase meaning) or possibility, desirability, degree of commonness and other characteristics that describe the attitude of the subject of the action to this action (modal meaning).

Phase value expressed by verbs become, start (start), accept (accept), continue (continue), stop (stop), stop (stop) and some others (most often these are synonyms for the above words, characteristic of the colloquial style of speech):

I started/continued/finished reading this book.

modal meaning can be expressed

1) verbs to be able, able, want, wish, try, intend, dare, refuse, think, prefer, get used to, love, hate, beware, etc.

2) a linking verb to be (in the present tense in zero form) + short adjectives glad, ready, obliged, must, intend, able, as well as adverbs and nouns with a modal meaning:

I was ready / willing / able to wait.

Both in the pre-infinitive part and in the position of the infinitive, a phraseological unit can be used:

He is eager to participate in the conference(= wants to participate)
He wants to attend the conference(= wants to participate).
He lit with eagerness to take part in conference(= wants to participate).

The complication of CGS occurs due to the additional use of a modal or phase verb in its composition:

I started to want to eat.
I felt that soon I could start to want to eat.

A special type of GHS is presented in sentences, the main members of which are expressed by verbs in an indefinite form: to be afraid of wolves - do not go into the forest. The auxiliary part of such predicates is not typical for compound verbs: it is represented by the linking verb to be, which occurs in compound nominal predicates. In addition to being, the auxiliary part can also be represented by the verb mean, for example:

Not to come means to offend.

The predicates expressed are not compound verbal predicates:

1) the compound form of the future tense of the imperfective verb in the indicative mood: I will work tomorrow;
2) a combination of a simple verbal predicate with an infinitive that occupies the position of an object in the sentence in the case of different subjects of action in the conjugated form of the verb and the infinitive: Everyone asked her.underline ( border-bottom: 1px dashed blue; ) to sing (everyone asked, but she should sing);
3) a combination of a simple verbal predicate with an infinitive, which in a sentence is a circumstance of the goal: He went outside for a walk.

It is easy to see that in all these cases the conjugated form of the verb before the infinitive has neither phase nor modal meaning.

Compound nominal predicate

Compound nominal predicate(SIS) has the following structure:
nominal part (bundle) + nominal part.

Nominal part expresses the lexical meaning of the predicate.

Indicative part expresses the grammatical or grammatical and part of the lexical meaning of the predicate.

Indicative part it happens:

1) abstract: the verb to be (in the meaning of "to appear", and not "to be" or "to be"), which expresses only the grammatical meaning of the predicate - mood, tense, person / gender, number; in the present tense, the abstract connective appears in the zero form: He is a student / was a student.

2) semi-significant (semi-abstract): verbs to appear (appear), be, appear (appear), present (appear), become (become), become (become), stay (remain), be considered, etc., which express the grammatical meaning of the predicate and complement the meaning expressed by the nominal part; these verbs are usually not used without a nominal part.

For example: He turned out to be a student. She seemed tired.

3) significant (full-valued): verbs of movement, state, activity go, walk, run, return, sit, stand, lie down, work, live, etc.

For example: We returned home tired. He worked as a janitor. He lived as a hermit.

Significant and semi-significantbundle when determining the type of the predicate, it can be replaced by an abstract one.

The nominal part can be expressed in one word and ambiguous.

Single-word noun expression :

1) a noun in the case form, more often in the nominative case. / instrumental.

For example: He/was a teacher. The skirt was in a cage.

2) an adjective in full and short form, in the form of any of the degrees of comparison.

For example: His words were smart. He became taller than his father. He is the tallest in the class.

3) full or short participle: Letter was not printed .

4) pronoun: This pencil is mine!

5) numeral: He was eighth in line.

6) adverb: The conversation will be frank. I felt sorry for the old man.

An ambiguous expression of the nominal part:

1) a phraseologically free, but syntactically related phrase may have the following structure:

a) a word with a quantitative meaning + a noun in the genitive case.

For example: The boy was five years old.

b) a noun with words dependent on it, if the noun itself is not very informative, and the semantic center of the statement is located precisely in the words dependent on the name (the noun itself in this case can be thrown out of the sentence almost without loss of meaning).

For example: He is the best student in the class.

2) phraseological unit: He was the talk of the town.

The linking part can also be expressed by a phraseological unit:

He looked gloomy and distracted - phraseologism in the connective part;

A compound nominal predicate, like a compound verb, can be complicated by introducing a modal or phase auxiliary verb into it.

For example: She wanted to appear tired. He gradually began to become a specialist in this field.

Compound verb predicateCompound predicates are predicates in which the lexical meaning and grammatical meaning (time and mood) are expressed in different words. The lexical meaning is expressed in the main part, and the grammatical meaning (time and mood) is expressed in the auxiliary part.
Wed: He sang (PGS). – He began to sing (SGS); He was ill for two months (PGS). – He was ill for two months (SIS).

The compound verb predicate (CGS) consists of two parts:
a) the auxiliary part (the verb in conjugated form) expresses the grammatical meaning (time and mood);
b) the main part (the indefinite form of the verb - the infinitive) expresses the lexical meaning.

GHS = auxiliary verb + infinitive

For example: I started to sing; I want to sing; I'm afraid to sing.
However, not every combination of a conjugated verb with an infinitive is a compound verbal predicate! In order for such a combination to be a compound verbal predicate, two conditions must be met:
1. The auxiliary verb must be lexically ambiguous, that is, it alone (without the infinitive) is not enough to understand what the sentence is about.
Cf .: I started - what to do ?; I want what to do?
1. If in the combination “verb + infinitive” the verb is significant, then it alone is a simple verbal predicate, and the infinitive is a secondary member of the sentence.
Wed: She sat down (for what purpose?) To rest.
2. The action of the infinitive must refer to the subject (this is the subject infinitive). If the action of the infinitive refers to another member of the sentence (objective infinitive), then the infinitive is not part of the predicate, but is a minor member.
Wed:
1. I want to sing. I want to sing - a compound verb predicate (I want - I, I will sing - I).
2. I asked her to sing. Asked - a simple verbal predicate, sing - an addition (asked - I, she will sing - she).

Auxiliary verb meanings

1. Phase (beginning, continuation, end of action) Start, become, start off, continue, finish, stay, stop, quit, stop, etc. He began to prepare for departure.
He continued to prepare for his departure.
He gave up smoking.
He again began to talk about the hardships of rural life.
2. Modal meaning (necessity, desirability, ability, predisposition, emotional evaluation of the action, etc.) To be able, to be able, to wish, to want, to dream, to intend, to refuse, to try, to try, to count, to be able, to contrive, to try, to assume, to get used to, to hasten, to be shy, to endure, to love, to hate, to be afraid, to fear, to be cowardly, to be ashamed, to set a goal , burn with desire, have honor, have intention, make a promise, have a habit, etc.
I can sing.
I want to sing.
I'm afraid to sing.
I like singing.
I'm ashamed to sing.
I hope to sing this aria.

Plan for parsing a compound verb predicate
1. Indicate the type of predicate.
2. Indicate how the main part is expressed (subjective infinitive); what is the meaning of the auxiliary part (phase, modal) and what form of the verb it is expressed.
Sample parsing
The old man started eating again.
Started to chew - a compound verb predicate. The main part (to chew) is expressed by the subjective infinitive. The auxiliary part (started) has a phase meaning and is expressed by the verb in the past tense of the indicative mood.
Auxiliary part of the compound verb predicate can be expressed with a linking verb be (in present tense in zero form) + short adjectives glad, ready, obligated, must, intend, able , as well as adverbs and nouns with a modal meaning:

I was ready (not averse, able) to wait.

Compound nominal predicate
A compound nominal predicate (CIS) consists of two parts:
a) the auxiliary part - the link (the verb in conjugated form) expresses the grammatical meaning (time and mood);
b) the main part - the nominal part (name, adverb) expresses lexical meaning.

SIS \u003d link + nominal part

For example: He was a doctor; He became a doctor; He was sick; He was sick; He was wounded; He came first.
Types of linking verbs

Link type by value

1. Grammatical link - expresses only grammatical meaning (time, mood), has no lexical meaning. Verbs to be, to be. In the present tense, the connective to be is usually in the zero form ("zero connective"): the absence of a connective indicates the present tense of the indicative mood. He was a doctor.
He will be a doctor.
He is a doctor.
He was sick.
He will be sick.
He is sick.
He is sick.
Lyricism is the highest manifestation of art.
2. Semi-significant copula - not only expresses the grammatical meaning, but also introduces additional shades into the lexical meaning of the predicate, but cannot be an independent predicate (in that meaning). a) the emergence or development of a sign: become, become, become, become;
b) preservation of the sign: stay;
c) manifestation, detection of a sign: to be, to be;
d) assessment of the sign from the point of view of reality: to appear, to appear, to be presented, to be considered, to be known;
e) the name of the sign: to be called, to be called, to be revered.
He became ill.
He remained sick.
He was sick every autumn.
He got sick.
He was considered sick.
He seemed sick.
He is sick.
He was said to be sick.
They were called sick.
3. Significant link - a verb with a full lexical meaning (one can act as a predicate).
a) Verbs of position in space: sit, lie, stand;
b) verbs of motion: go, come, return, wander;
c) state verbs: live, work, be born, die.
She sat tired.
He left angry.
He returned upset.
He lived as a hermit.
He was born happy.
He died a hero.

Verb be can act as an independent simple verbal predicate in sentences with the meaning of being or having:
He had three sons; He had a lot of money.
Verbs become, become, become etc. can also be independent simple verbal predicates, but in a different meaning:
He ended up in the center of the city;
He stood against the wall.
The most difficult to analyze are compound nominal predicates with a significant copula, because usually such verbs are independent predicates (cf .: He was sitting by the window). If the verb becomes a link, then its meaning is less important than the meaning of the name associated with the verb (He sat tired; more important is that he was tired, not that he was sitting, not standing or lying).
For the combination "significant verb + name" to be a compound nominal predicate, the following conditions must be met:
1. a significant verb can be replaced by a grammatical connective to be:
He sat tired - He was tired; He was born happy - He was happy; He came first - He was first;
2. the link can be made zero:
He sat tired - He is tired; He was born happy - He is happy; He came first - He is the first.
If the verb has dependent forms of the full adjective, participle, ordinal number (answers the question which one?), then it is always a compound nominal predicate (sit tired, left upset, came first). The parts of such a compound nominal predicate are not separated by commas!

Ways of expressing the nominal part

1. Noun
1.1. Noun in the nominative or instrumental case He is my brother.
He was my brother.
1.2. Noun in the indirect case with or without a preposition The navigator was in oblivion.
I'm penniless.
This house is Meshkov.
1.3. A whole phrase with the main word - a noun in the genitive case (with the meaning of a qualitative assessment)
The son-in-law was a silent breed.
This girl is tall.
2. Adjective
2.1. short adjective
He is cheerful.
He became cheerful.
2.2. Full adjective in the nominative or instrumental case He is cheerful.
He became cheerful.
2.3. Comparative or superlative adjective Here the sounds of the music were more audible.
You are the best.
3. Communion
3.1. Brief communion He is wounded.
The glasses were broken.
3.2. Full participles in the nominative or instrumental case of glass were broken.
The glasses were broken.
4. Pronoun or whole phrase with the main word pronoun All fish are yours.
This is something new.
5. Numerals in the nominative or instrumental case
Their hut is the third from the edge.
Their hut was the third from the edge.
6. Adverb
I was on my guard.
His daughter is married to my brother.

Note!
1) Even if the predicate consists of one word - a name or an adverb (with a zero link), it is always a compound nominal predicate;
2) short adjectives and participles are always part of a compound nominal predicate;
3) nominative and instrumental cases - the main case forms of the nominal part of the predicate;
4) the nominal part of the predicate can be expressed as a whole phrase in the same cases as the subject.

The most typical mistakes when parsing a compound nominal predicate:
1. The short form of the adjective and especially the participle is taken as a verb, therefore the predicate is mistakenly considered a simple verb. In order not to be mistaken, put the predicate in the past tense: the suffix -l appears in the verb, and the short adjective or participle will have a bunch was (was, was, were).
For example:
He is sick (PGS). - He was sick;
He is sick (SIS). - He was sick;
City taken (SIS). The city has been taken.
2. A short adjective of the middle gender (the nominal part of the predicate) is confused with the adverb in -o. In order not to be mistaken, pay attention to the form of the subject:
if there is no subject (one-part sentence), then the nominal part of the predicate is an adverb.
Wed: The sea is calm;

if the subject is an infinitive, a feminine, masculine noun, a plural noun, then the nominal part of the predicate is an adverb: To live is good; Life is good; Children are good;
if the subject is a neuter noun, change the number of the subject or substitute another subject - a feminine or masculine noun: the form of the adverb will not change; the ending of the short adjective will change; you can also replace the short adjective with a full one.
Compare: The sea is calm (SIS; the nominal part is expressed by a short adjective). - The river is calm; The seas are calm; The sea is calm).
3. The nominal part of the predicate, expressed by the full adjective, participle, ordinal number, is mistakenly parsed as a minor member - a definition. In order not to be mistaken, pay attention to the word from which the question is raised what? to the given name.
If the question is posed from the subject or object, then this is the definition.
Wed: She had red

Compare: She had a red (what?) dress; red - definition.
If the question is what? is placed from the verb, then this is the nominal part of the predicate.
Cf.: Her dress was

Compare: Her dress was (what?) Red; red is the nominal part of the predicate.
If there is no verb in the sentence, then pay attention to the word order:
the attribute usually comes before the subject-noun.
Compare: She has a red dress;
the nominal part of the predicate usually comes after the subject-noun.
Cf .: Her dress is red.
4. The nominal part of the predicate, expressed by a noun, a pronoun in the nominative case, is often confused with the subject. It is especially difficult to distinguish between the subject and the predicate if both members are expressed in the nominative case.
To distinguish between subject and predicate expressed in the nominative case, consider the following:
the subject usually precedes the verb:
Moscow is capital of Russia; The capital of Russia is Moscow.
However, in Russian, the predicate can also precede the subject.
Compare: Good man Ivan Ivanovich;
indicating particle This stands or can be placed before the predicate:
Moscow is the capital of Russia; Moscow is the capital of Russia; Ivan Ivanovich is a good person.
Note that in sentences like: This is good; This is my brother - this is the subject, expressed by the demonstrative pronoun in the nominative case;
the subject can only be expressed in the nominative case; the predicate has two main case forms - the nominative and instrumental cases. If you put in a sentence a link to be in the past tense (was, was, was, were) or a link to be, then the form of the nominative case of the predicate will change to the form of the instrumental, while the subject will remain the same.
Compare: Moscow was the capital of Russia; Moscow is the capital of Russia; Ivan Ivanovich was a good man; Ivan Ivanovich is a good person.

Plan for parsing a compound nominal predicate
1. Indicate the type of predicate.
2. Indicate how the nominal part is expressed, in what form the linking verb is.
Sample parsing
Life is good.
Good is a compound nominal predicate. The nominal part is well expressed by the adverb; the grammatical link to be is in the zero form; zero connective indicates the present tense of the indicative mood: I came first.
The first one came - a compound nominal predicate. The nominal part of the first is expressed by the ordinal number in the nominative case; the significant copula came is expressed by the verb in the past tense of the indicative mood: This guy is of medium height.
Medium height - compound nominal predicate. The nominal part of the average height is expressed as a whole phrase with the main word - a noun in the genitive case; the grammatical link to be is in the zero form; zero connective indicates the present tense of the indicative mood.

Which includes a subject and (or) a predicate. Their correct selection is the key to successful parsing. In this case, most often there are difficulties with finding the predicate. It can have a different structure and ways of expression. Depending on this, the following types of predicates are distinguished: simple and compound.

What is a predicate?

In a sentence, the subject usually names the subject (or has the meaning of objectivity). The predicate denotes the action, state, quality of the object named by the subject. You can ask him one of the questions: what does he do? what it is? what is he?

This member of the sentence can be expressed by words of different parts of speech and includes lexical and grammatical (the relation of the statement to reality) meaning. They can be combined in one component or require two or more components to express. Accordingly, the composition of the predicate may be different: one or several interrelated words. Knowing these subtleties helps to correctly find the grammatical basis in a sentence.

Types of predicates: table

The study of this topic deals with syntax. In Russian, the following types of predicates are distinguished:

Simple verb predicate

It is this type of main member that usually comes to mind when the question arises about what types of predicate you know. It is believed that finding it is quite easy, but in reality everything can be more difficult. Indeed, usually such a predicate is expressed in only one word - a verb in one of the mood forms: indicative ( I will sing you a song), subjunctive or conditional ( He would read a poem, but his throat hurts), imperative ( Please tell me my favorite story). In this case, both lexical and grammatical meanings are contained in one word.

However, when working with this type of predicate, you need to remember a few important points. First of all, about the fact that the verb in the form of the future compound tense is a simple verbal predicate ( A friend will meet at the station), although it consists of two words. Ignorance of this fact is the most common reason for the erroneous definition of the grammatical basis and its type. When characterizing different types of predicates in the Russian language, one must also take into account the following little-known (or often forgotten) ways of expressing it.

Difficulties in identifying a simple verbal predicate

Here are examples of sentences, when finding and characterizing the main members of which you can make a mistake.

Two verbs used in the same form mean, in fact, one action: I'm going to eat something.
The composition of the predicate, along with the main one, includes the verb TAKE in the personal form: She took and refused.
The same verb is used twice - in an indefinite and personal form with a negative particle between them: She doesn't read herself...
The personal verb is repeated to reinforce what was said ( I'm going, I'm moving forward...), sometimes with a particle SO (Yes, I sang, I sang like that).
The sentence contains a combination of a verb with the word WAS or KNOW (KNOW YOURSELF), which have the meaning of a particle: He first thought...
The predicate is a phraseological unit: Finally he came to his senses.

Thus, when determining the type of predicate in a sentence, one must be guided by the grammatical features of the verb as a part of speech and the conditions indicated above.

Compound predicates

Very often, when determining the grammatical basis of a sentence, semantic constructions consisting of two or more words are distinguished. These are subjects expressed by an indivisible phrase, or compound predicates, in which there are two parts: the main part (contains lexical meaning) and auxiliary (in addition to indicating grammatical features, it can sometimes introduce additional semantic shades). The latter are divided into verbal and nominal. For the correct finding and characterization, it is necessary to know their structure.

Compound verb predicate

The lexical meaning is always expressed by the infinitive, and the grammatical meaning is always expressed by an auxiliary verb (want, wish, be able, start, complete, wish, love, etc.) in a personal form or a short adjective (glad, obliged, ready, must, able, intends). Here are the types of predicates with examples:

Soon the sun began to set.
A friend was obliged to warn about his departure.

When determining a compound verbal predicate, it is necessary to distinguish between the combination of the predicate and the complement expressed by the infinitive: The guests asked the hostess - about what? - sing. In such a case, you can be guided by a hint: if the actions denoted by the verb in a personal and indefinite form are performed by one person (subject), then this is a compound verbal predicate, if different, this is a simple verbal predicate and an addition.

The infinitive can also have a circumstantial value and will be a minor member in such a sentence. Example: He sat down - why? - relax.

Thus, the presence of an infinitive in a sentence is not always an indicator that a compound verb predicate is used in it.

Compound nominal predicate

This is the type that causes the most difficulty in defining. In it, the nominal part contains the main lexical meaning, and the link - grammatical.

The nominal part can be expressed:

A noun in the nominative or instrumental case.
An adjective in one of the forms (full, short, degree of comparison).
Numerals in the nominative or instrumental case.
Communion.
Pronoun (used alone or as part of a combination).
Adverb (more precisely, the word of the category of state).
Whole phrase.

The nominal part can be represented by one word or a combination of them. Moreover, short adjectives and participles, as well as a simple comparative degree, can be in a sentence only part of the nominal predicate.

Human life is a constant struggle.
Everything around seemed magical.
Six yes five - eleven.
The hat was pushed to the forehead.
The book is now yours.
By evening it became stuffy.
His face seemed darker than a cloud.

As a link, the verb BE in a personal form is often used, as well as the words APPEAR, BECOME, COUNT, MAKE, etc., which complement the lexical meaning ( She has been a nurse for two years now.). Sometimes such types of predicates include as a bundle verbs denoting activity, state, movement and expressing in other sentences an independent semantic meaning: STAND, WORK, RUN, GO, etc. ( The girl has been standing like an idol for ten minutes now).

Using this knowledge will help you correctly parse any sentence, and the question of what types of predicate you know will no longer cause difficulties.

A compound predicate consists of two parts: bundles and the verbal or nominal part.

Compound verb predicate

A compound verb predicate consists of a connective part and an indefinite form of the verb. Answers questions what does it do? what to do? what have you been doing? The linking part can be:

phase verb (start, continue, become, quit):

I started/continued/finishedread this book.

modal in a word (be able, able, want, wish, try, intend, dare, refuse, think, prefer, get used to, love, hate, beware):

He wants to enroll in the Institute. I long could not with them meet.

Some linguists distinguish a separate group of connectives called emotional.

Compound nominal predicate

A compound nominal predicate is a predicate that consists of nominal part and linking verbs.

The most commonly used is the linking verb. be. Less commonly used, but other linking verbs are possible.

A link in a sentence can be omitted.

The nominal part of the compound predicate is expressed in different ways:

adjective: weather was good;

noun: book - true friend;

comparative degree adjective: he has character harder become;

short form of the passive communion: grass bevelled;

short adjective: evening quiet;

adverb: mistake was there;

numeral: two by two - four;

pronoun: this notebook my;

phraseological combination: is he sat in a puddle;

idiom: is he wasthe talk of the town .

Secondary members of the sentence

Definition

Definition(or attribute ) - in syntaxRussian language secondary sentence member denoting a sign, quality, property of an object. Usually expressed adjective or communion. Answers the questions what?, which?, what?, what?, what?, whose?, whose?, whose?, whose?. When parsing a sentence, it is underlined with a wavy line.

Classification

Definitions can be linked to nouns way harmonization(agreed definitions) and methods of control and adjacency ( inconsistent definitions).

Agreed Definitions

Consistent with the member being defined in the form ( case, number and gender in units. h.), are expressed by adjectives, participles, ordinal numerals,pronouns.

« Large trees grow near paternal house"

"AT our class no lagging behind students"

"He decides this task second hour"

In modern in Russian an agreed definition in a sentence most often precedes the name being defined (see the above examples). The reverse order (an agreed definition follows the name being defined) is allowed, but is usually used in special cases:

in traditional proper names and special terms: "Petropavlovsk- Kamchatsky”, “Ivan Great", "name noun"," heather ordinary»;

in poetic works, the word order of which is influenced by the requirements of the form ( the size,rhyme etc.):

Baron in cloisterssad Satisfied, however, was fate, Pastora flatteryfunerary , coat of arms tombsfeudal And epitaphbad .

- A. S. Pushkin. Message to Delvig

Inconsistent definitions

They do not agree with the word being defined and are expressed by nouns in oblique cases, the comparative degree of adjectives, adverbs, infinitives, subordinate clause.

"The rustle of the leaves birches»

"He liked the evenings at grandma's house»

"Choose a fabric more fun with a pattern»

"Eggs for breakfast soft-boiled»

"They were united by the desire see you»

"House where I live»

In Russian, inconsistent definitions in a sentence almost always follow the name being defined, exceptions are found only in poetic works:

Yes, I remember, though not without sin, From the Aeneid two verses. He rummage didn't have hunting In the chronological dust of the Genesis of the earth: But days gone by jokes From Romulus to the present day He kept in his memory.

Circumstance

Circumstance in syntaxRussian language secondary sentence member, depending on predicate and denoting a sign of action or a sign of another sign. Usually circumstances are expressed by nouns in indirect cases or by adverbs, although some groups of circumstances can be expressed participle turnover. They can also be expressed by an infinitive, a noun in the oblique case with and without a preposition, and even by some phraseological units.

According to the meaning that is clarified by the questions, the circumstances are divided into the following main types:

Circumstances	What do they mean	Questions	Examples
		When? How long? Since when? How long?	Will come tomorrow. Once upon a time icy winter time I came out of the forest (N. Nekrasov). Sunrise to sunset the streets are seething with life (E. Trutneva)
Mode of action and degree		How? How? In what degree?	Work passionately
	Location, direction, path	Where? Where? Where	On the image
	Reason, occasion	Why? On what basis? From what? For what reason?	Didn't go due to illness
	The purpose of the action	What for? For what purpose? For what?	Leave to rest
Comparisons			Behind the stove, a cricket was ticking like clockwork (K. Paustovsky).
	Action condition	Under what condition?	Postpone your trip if the weather worsens
	Condition, contrary to what	Against what? Despite what?	Let's do it despite the difficulties

AppendixAppendix- This definition, expressed by a noun consistent with the word being defined in the case, for example: A golden cloud spent the night on the chest of the cliff -giant . Applications can indicate various qualities of an object, indicate age, nationality, profession and other signs, for example:

Grandmother- old lady looks out the window.

River Don spilled

Underlined, like the definition, with a wavy line.

A proper name, when combined with a common noun, can be an application when it does not name a person. For example, in a sentence

The Uralmash district is located in the north of Yekaterinburg.

the application will be the word "Uralmash". If the proper name refers to a person:

Cosmonaut Tereshkova went into space

then the proper name is the subject, with which the predicate agrees (in the feminine gender), and the common noun astronaut is an application.

If next to the application - a common noun there is a definable word, which is also a common noun, they are usually combined with a hyphen: Magic carpet,ascetic monk.

When a common noun is followed by a proper noun, the hyphen is omitted ( boxer Ivanov), but there are combinations in which the common noun follows the proper name, then there is a hyphen between them: Mother Volga,Moscow river,Ivan the Fool,nightingale the robber.

The application, as a rule, is consistent in case with the word being defined. There are exceptions in which the application can be put in a case other than the word being defined: these are names - proper names and nicknames.

If the application before the main word can be replaced by a single-root adjective, then the hyphen is not put after the application. For example: “old watchman” (the application is an old man, the main word is a watchman, the old man can be replaced with “old” - an old watchman), and an old watchman (a hyphen is put because the application and the main word are common nouns).

In this article, we will talk about the types of predicates, dwell in detail on the compound nominal and its connectives, give examples.

As you know, the grammatical basis of the entire sentence is the predicate and the subject - the main members. The predicate usually agrees in person, gender and number with the subject. It expresses the grammatical meaning of the indicative, imperative or conditional mood.

3) compound nominal predicate (see examples below).

They are divided according to two principles. The types of predicates are classified as follows:

In the first case, such types as simple and compound are separated. The latter includes compound nominal and verbal predicates. Based on the second principle, nominal and verbal are distinguished. The nominal part of the compound predicate can be expressed by an adjective, a noun and an adverb. These divisions overlap. So, a verbal predicate can be compound or simple, but a nominal predicate is always compound.

A simple verbal predicate, which, as you will see, has some nuances in its definition, expresses the verb in conjugated form, that is, used in the form of a mood (indicative, conditional, or imperative). It also includes such options that do not have a formal indicator of time, mood and subordination to the subject. These are truncated forms of the verb (hvat, tol, bam, etc.), as well as the infinitive used in the meaning of the indicative mood. In addition, a simple verbal predicate can be represented by a phraseological phrase, as well as a conjugated form of the verb + a modal particle (come on, yes, let it, let it be, as it were, exactly, as if, just now, etc.)

As already mentioned, the nominal type is always compound, including those cases when it is represented by only one word form. Despite the fact that there is only one word expressing it, in such sentences there is a compound nominal predicate. Examples are as follows: “He is young. He is worried about work, worries.

Such predicates always have two components. The first is a link that expresses the predicative categories of time and modality. The second is the linking part, it indicates the real main content of this type of predicate.

The doctrine of the link in the Russian science of syntax has been developed in detail. The peculiarity of the traditional approach is that this term is understood widely. A bunch, firstly, is called the word "to be", the only meaning of which is an indication of time and modality. Secondly, it is called verbs with a modified and weakened to some extent meaning, which express not only predicative categories, but also put material content into such a predicate.

Compare examples: he was sad - he seemed (became) sad - he returned sad.

In the first sentence, the link "to be" is abstract, it is a function word, a formant, which has grammatical forms of tense and mood, which is typical for a verb. However, it is not a verb because it does not have a procedural action or sign, as well as a category of aspect, which any of them has.

In other examples, connectives of a different type are presented - significant and semi-significant. The latter contribute the meaning of the occurrence of a feature (become / become), its preservation (remain / remain), external detection (appear / appear), the inclusion of an external carrier (pass through / be heard, be called, be considered) in a compound nominal predicate.

Examples can be given as follows: he became smart - he remained smart - he seemed smart - he was reputed to be smart.

Significant connectives are verbs with a specific, specific meaning (mostly denoting movement or being in one state or another). They are able to attach to themselves either a noun in etc. with the meaning of a qualitative characteristic, or an adjective in the form T.p. or I.p.

Sentences with a compound nominal predicate with significant connectives can be cited as an example of the following:

The connective “to be”, being abstract, does not have the form of the present tense in the indicative mood, therefore its expression in this mood is the very absence of the connective. Such sentences, oddly enough, also have a compound nominal predicate. Examples:

The verb "to be" should be distinguished from the copula, which has two meanings:

1. To be, to be present (We were in the theater. At that time there were many performances).

The words "essence" and "is", which go back to the present tense forms of the third person of the verb "to be", in modern language are considered to be auxiliary words, namely, particles.

The absence of a link is called its zero form. This definition was formulated by A. M. Peshkovsky, it was the first attempt to study syntactic phenomena in a paradigmatic aspect. The introduction of this concept means that the syntactic construction (that is, the predicative basis of some nominal two-part sentence) is studied not as such in isolation, but in a certain series. This is illustrated by the following examples:

We have considered such types of predicates as simple verbal and compound nominal. Let us now dwell in more detail on the compound verb predicate. It has two components - the infinitive and the conjugated verb form. The latter, with its grammatical form and lexical meaning, expresses the temporal, modal and aspectual characteristics of some action, which is indicated by the infinitive. The infinitive can be attached to itself by verbs belonging to several semantic groups (wanted to work, started working, came to work, forced to work).

A compound predicate, according to the grammatical tradition, is not any combination with a conjugated infinitive. In order to be able to talk about it, two requirements must be met:

1. The infinitive in such a predicate does not denote any action, but only a certain substance, the same as the conjugated verb form, that is, some object called the subject.

Examples include the following. On the one hand, he wanted to work, he began to work, he can work, he knows how to work. On the other hand, his parents forced him to work, everyone asked the girl to sing, the boss ordered him to complete the task. In the first case, in which compound verbal predicates are presented, it is customary to call the infinitive subjective, since it denotes the action of some substance, the same as the conjugated verbal form. In the second case, there is an objective infinitive, which is traditionally not included in the compound predicate, but is referred to as a secondary member.

2. Determining the boundaries of the compound predicate, one should take into account the nature that the semantic relations between the infinitive and the conjugated verb form have. The infinitive with the meaning of purpose is not included in it. It has such a meaning with various verbs of motion: I came to work, I went to chat, I ran to find out, they sent me to find out. The infinitive of purpose (which, as is clear from the examples, can be either objective or subjective) is the minor term. Only compounds of the infinitive with verbs that are most abstract in meaning (with modal and phase ones) should be considered as a compound predicate.

The compound verbal predicate is thus understood as a designation of an action, some procedural feature, which is characterized in the aspectual (started to work) or modal (wanted to work) plan, or simultaneously in both of them (wanted to start working).

We examined the main types of predicates, dwelling in detail on the compound nominal and the various connectives that are present in it. This is only a brief overview of the topic, more information can be found in any grammar textbook in the section on syntax.

Predicate- this is the main member of the sentence, which usually agrees with the subject (in number, person or gender) and has the meaning expressed in questions: what does the subject do? what happens to him? what is he? what is he? who is he?

The predicate expresses the grammatical meaning of one of the moods (indicative mood - present, past, future tense; conditional mood, imperative mood).

Simple verbal predicate. Compound verbal predicate - CGS. Compound nominal predicate - SIS

Simple verb predicate (PGS)

Ways of expressing a simple verbal predicate

A gloomy morning comes.
A gloomy morning came.
Sergei will enter the theater school.
He would gladly go to the countryside.
Write down your homework.

3. Interjectional verb forms (truncated forms of the verb like bam, grab, jump)

4. Phraseological turnover with the main word - a verb in conjugated form

The team won the championship.
He's chasing the bastard again.

5. Verb in conjugated form + modal particle ( yes, let, let, let's, let's, it was like, like, like, like, exactly, hardly, almost, just and etc.)

Let me go with you.
Let him go with his father.
May you have sweet dreams.
He started to walk towards the door, but suddenly stopped.
The room seemed to smell of burning.
He seemed to be paralyzed with fear.
He nearly died of grief.
He just did not somersault, trying to make the audience laugh.
He almost passed out with joy.

Compound predicates are predicates in which the lexical meaning and grammatical meaning (time and mood) are expressed in different words. The lexical meaning is expressed in the main part, and the grammatical meaning (time and mood) is expressed in the auxiliary part.

Wed: He sang(PGS). - He started to sing(GHS); He was sick for two months(PGS). - He was sick for two months(SIS).

The compound verb predicate (CGS) consists of two parts:

a) the auxiliary part (the verb in conjugated form) expresses the grammatical meaning (time and mood);
b) the main part (the indefinite form of the verb - the infinitive) expresses the lexical meaning.

CGS = auxiliary verb + infinitive. For example: I started to sing; I want to sing; I'm afraid to sing.

However, not every combination of a conjugated verb with an infinitive is a compound verbal predicate! In order for such a combination to be a compound verbal predicate, two conditions must be met:

The auxiliary verb must be lexically ambiguous, that is, it alone (without the infinitive) is not enough to understand what the sentence is about.

If in the combination “verb + infinitive” the verb is significant, then it alone is a simple verbal predicate, and the infinitive is a secondary member of the sentence.

The action of the infinitive must refer to the subject (this is the subject infinitive). If the action of the infinitive refers to another member of the sentence (objective infinitive), then the infinitive is not part of the predicate, but is a minor member.

Wed:
1. I want to sing. I want to sing- compound verb predicate ( want - I, sing I will – I).
2. I asked her to sing. Requested- simple verbal predicate sing- addition ( asked - I, sing will - she is).

Compound nominal predicate (CIS) consists of two parts:

a) ancillary part - bundle(verb in conjugated form) expresses grammatical meaning (time and mood);
b) the main part - nominal part(name, adverb) expresses lexical meaning.

Examples: He was a doctor; He became a doctor; He was sick; He was sick; He was wounded; He came first.

Verb be can act as an independent simple verbal predicate in sentences with the meaning of being or having:

Verbs become, become, become etc. can also be independent simple verbal predicates, but in a different meaning:

The most difficult to analyze are compound nominal predicates with a significant copula, because usually such verbs are independent predicates (cf.: He was sitting by the window). If the verb becomes a link, then its meaning is less important than the meaning of the name associated with the verb ( He sat tired; more important is that he was tired, not what is he sitting, not stood or lay).

For the combination "significant verb + name" to be a compound nominal predicate, the following conditions must be met:

the significant verb can be replaced by the grammatical connective be:

He sat tired - He was tired; He was born happy - He was happy; He came first - He was first;

He sat tired - He is tired; He was born happy - He is happy; He came first - He is the first.

If the verb has dependent forms of the full adjective, participle, ordinal number (answers the question which?), then it is always a compound nominal predicate ( sat tired, left upset, came first). The parts of such a compound nominal predicate are not separated by commas!

2) short adjectives and participles are always part of a compound nominal predicate;

3) nominative and instrumental cases - the main case forms of the nominal part of the predicate;

4) the nominal part of the predicate can be expressed as a whole phrase in the same cases as the subject.

1. The short form of the adjective and especially the participle is taken as a verb, so the predicate is mistakenly considered a simple verb. In order not to be mistaken, put the predicate in the past tense: the suffix -l appears in the verb, and the short adjective or participle will have the link was ( was, was, were).

For example:
He's sick(PGS). - He was sick ;
He is sick(SIS). - He was sick ;
City taken(SIS). - The city was taken .

2. The short adjective of the middle gender (the nominal part of the predicate) is confused with the adverb in -o. In order not to be mistaken, pay attention to the form of the subject:

if there is no subject (one-part sentence), then the nominal part of the predicate is an adverb.

if the subject is an infinitive, a feminine, masculine noun, a plural noun, then the nominal part of the predicate is an adverb:

Living is good; Life is good; Children are good;

if the subject is a neuter noun, change the number of the subject or substitute another subject - a feminine or masculine noun: the form of the adverb will not change; the ending of the short adjective will change; you can also replace the short adjective with a full one.

Wed: The sea is calm(SIS; the nominal part is expressed by a short adjective). - The river is calm; The seas are calm; The sea is calm).

3. The nominal part of the predicate, expressed by the full adjective, participle, ordinal number, is mistakenly parsed as a minor member - a definition. In order not to be mistaken, pay attention to the word from which the question is raised what? to the given name.

If the question is posed from the subject or object, then this is the definition.

Wed: She had red(which?) the dress ; red- definition.

If question which? is placed from the verb, then this is the nominal part of the predicate.

Wed: Her dress was(which?) red ; red- the nominal part of the predicate.

If there is no verb in the sentence, then pay attention to the word order:

the attribute usually comes before the subject-noun.

the nominal part of the predicate usually comes after the subject-noun.

4. The nominal part of the predicate, expressed by a noun, a pronoun in the nominative case, is often confused with the subject. It is especially difficult to distinguish between the subject and the predicate if both members are expressed in the nominative case.

To distinguish between subject and predicate expressed in the nominative case, consider the following:

However, in Russian, the predicate can also precede the subject.

the demonstrative particle it stands or can be placed before the predicate:

Moscow is the capital of Russia; Moscow is the capital of Russia; Ivan Ivanovich is a good person.

note that in sentences like: This is good; This is my brother – This is a subject expressed by a demonstrative pronoun in the nominative case;

the subject can only be expressed in the nominative case; the predicate has two main case forms - the nominative and instrumental cases. If you put in a sentence a bunch of be in the past tense ( was, was, was, were) or a bunch of appear, then the form of the nominative case of the predicate will change to the form of the instrumental, and for the subject it will remain the same.

Wed: Moscow was the capital of Russia; Moscow is the capital of Russia; Ivan Ivanovich was a good man to them; Ivan Ivanovich is a good man om.

Specify the type of predicate.
Indicate how the nominal part is expressed, in what form the linking verb is.

Good well expressed in an adverb; grammatical link be

Came first- compound nominal predicate. Nominal part first expressed by the ordinal number in the nominative case; significant link came expressed by the verb in the past tense of the indicative mood.

Medium height- compound nominal predicate. Nominal part medium height expressed as a whole phrase with the main word - a noun in the genitive case; grammatical link be– in zero form; zero connective indicates the present tense of the indicative mood.

> Read also other topics chapter 1 "The grammatical basis of the sentence":

> Go to the table of contents of section 1 “A simple sentence” of the book “Russian language course. Syntax and punctuation"

Compound nominal predicate (grade 8), along with the subject, is one of the main members of the sentence. As you know, there are three types of predicates: simple verbal predicate, compound verbal predicate, compound nominal predicate. A simple verb is expressed by one full-valued word or a related phrase. The compound verb predicate has two parts: the infinitive and the verb. What is a compound nominal predicate? To begin with, we note that it is studied in the 8th grade, it consists of two parts: a bundle and a nominal part.

Bundle expresses modality and category of time. Most often, the following verbs can act as a link:

The verb to be in all categories of tense. Do not forget that this verb in the present tense turns into a zero connective;
verbs become, appear, become, etc.;
verbs with a categorical meaning of an action or process: arrive, return, stand, leave, reach, swim, fly away, come, etc .;

Katerina is excited and energized by the unforeseen circumstances that have arisen on her way home. I'll be the first just for the sake of being better than you. If you become a good boy, I might take you to the circus with me.
It was getting cold outside, so we returned to the house. You turned out to be a two-faced person, because you wanted to quarrel everyone. It becomes fun from those memories of bygone days.
Leave this doctor healthy. My husband will arrive tomorrow by plane via Moscow on a direct flight.

The compound nominal predicate has several types of connections, which are markedly different from each other:

The link is abstract, represented by the verb to be. This verb has the only function - the expression of grammatical meaning, that is, the categories of time, mood, gender, number. The main thing to keep in mind when defining a compound nominal predicate with a zero link is that in the form of the present tense this link is not materially expressed, but only implied. For example, in a sentence: she is a doctor with great experience, but little ambition. The main members of the sentence are highlighted: she is the subject, expressed by the pronoun, the doctor is a compound nominal predicate, with the zero connective omitted to be. The link in the present tense form in the compound nominal predicate is omitted because in Russian, unlike English, it is not customary to say this: she is a doctor with great experience, but little ambition. This is unsound.

In past and future tenses, the verb to be expressed clearly. Same context: she was a doctor with a lot of experience but little ambition and she will be a doctor with a lot of experience but little ambition. Compound nominal predicates with an abstract connective to be are highlighted in the sentences. A few words about the form of the subjunctive mood, when using it, the particle would be added to the abstract connective to be. Suggestion: she would be a doctor with a lot of experience but little ambition.

Ligament semi-abstract, is represented by the verbs to appear, seem, turn out, appear, become, etc. The peculiarity of semi-significant connectives is that they carry not only a grammatical component, but also help in expressing the meaning of the nominal part of the predicate. Suggestion: she turned out to be a doctor with a lot of experience, but little ambition.
Ligament significant, expressed in words of action, movement, any process. For example, we include such verbs as sit, lie down, hear, think, read, walk, breathe, run, swim, wash, undress, speak, etc. These connectives express specific lexical and grammatical meanings. Suggestions: Geese in the yard walked important, as if the owners of the whole farmstead. He served as an ensign on the border for many years.

noun in the nominative or instrumental case;
adjective in a comparative, positive degree;
adjective in short form;
participle;
adverb;
pronoun.

Summer days are getting shorter. Today you look better than yesterday. I'll be later, you don't have to wait for me for dinner. (adjective in comparative degree).
She is the decoration of this evening (noun in the instrumental form).
Aunt Masha seemed very sad to me. This summer has been unusually cold. The flowers you gave for the holiday were very beautiful. (adjective in a positive degree).
This child is sometimes completely unbearable. The man living on the floor above is extraordinarily rich. Honey collected from your apiary is so sweet. (abbreviated adjective).
All the mistakes made while writing the dictation were mine (possessive pronoun).
I suddenly became afraid. It was rather strange (adverb).

She is a highly educated teacher.
Yura will become a driver after completing his studies.
The dress that mother bought Nina for graduation was polka dots.
The defendant's actions were unfounded.
The video tutorial was weak, so there was no benefit from it.
Masha seemed to be two heads taller than her classmates, so she looked overgrown.
Linar is the strongest pull-up in the class, so it makes no sense to fight him.
There was a lot of noise in the classroom, so the teacher seemed tired.
As bitter as it was, I had to confirm that this briefcase was mine.
Katerina was sixth in line for bread.
She is the worst student in the class.

Thus, the compound nominal predicate is studied in grade 8, along with other types of predicate: simple verb and compound verb. Its feature is the presence of two parts: ligament and nominal part. The problem of modern school education lies in the fact that sometimes students do not have time to fully understand the essence of the types of predicates in the classroom, as a result, it is impossible to find and determine one of the main members of the sentence. You can deal with this problem in different ways, for example, work with a tutor or watch accessible and simple video tutorials on the Internet.

obrazovanie.guru

Predicate(in syntax) - the main member of the sentence, associated with the subject and answering the questions: “what does the object (or person) do?”, “what happens to it?”, “what is it?”, “what is it?”, “ who is he?" etc. The predicate denotes the action or state of objects and persons that are expressed by the subject. The predicate is most often expressed by a verb that agrees with the subject, but often the predicate is also expressed by other parts of speech (nouns, adjectives, participles, numerals, pronouns, adverbs, indivisible phrases).

When parsing a sentence, the predicate is underlined by two lines.

A simple verbal predicate is a predicate expressed by one verb in any mood:

Wind sways grass.
The sun fled behind the cloud.
I I'll go in the forest.
He would go in town.
You to me write mail right away!
In the shadows for a long time heard whisper.

The compound predicate is verbal and nominal. It consists of two parts: a copula and a verbal or nominal part.

A compound verb predicate consists of a connective part and an indefinite form of the verb. Answers questions what does it do? what to do? what have you been doing? The linking part can be:

phase verb (start, continue, become, quit);
modal word (wants, ready, forced, maybe not able).

He wants to enroll in the Institute.
I long could not with them meet.
You gotta learn.
I was unable to think about it.

A compound nominal predicate is a predicate that consists of a nominal part and a linking verb.

The most commonly used is the linking verb. be, are less commonly used, but other linking verbs are possible.

When parsing, the predicate is indicated by two horizontal lines.

The nominal part of the compound predicate is expressed in different ways:

PREDICATE- PREDICIAL, predicate, cf. 1. One of the two main members of the sentence, which contains a statement, making the expression of thought complete (gram.). Simple predicate. Compound predicate. In the sentence the factory works, the word works is a predicate. 2 ... Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov

predicate- predicate, word. Ant. subject, subject Dictionary of Russian synonyms. predicate adj. predicate Dictionary of Russian synonyms. Context 5.0 Informatics. 2012 ... Synonym dictionary

PREDICATE- (predicate) one of the main members of the sentence. In a two-part sentence, the predicate correlates with the subject and expresses its actions, properties, states ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

PREDICATE- PREDICIAL, wow, cf. In grammar: the main member of the sentence, denoting the attribute of the subject, named in the subject, and together with the subject forming the grammatical basis of a simple sentence. | adj. predicative, oh, oh. Explanatory Dictionary ... ... Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary

Predicate- PREDICATE or predicate. The term S. is used in different meanings: 1. psychological S. or S. (predicate) of the judgment is what is thought about the subject of the judgment or about the so-called. psychological subject (see Subject), i.e. the representation that ... Dictionary of literary terms

predicate- The main member of a two-part sentence, grammatically dependent on the subject, denoting an active or passive sign of the subject that is expressed by the subject. Simple verbal predicate. Compound verb predicate. Nominal compound ... Dictionary of linguistic terms

Predicate- The predicate is one of the two main members of the sentence, in which the message is expressed; correlates with the subject and is connected with it by a predicative relation (see Predicate, Sentence). The dominant element (usually a verb) of the composition of the predicate (predicate ... Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary

predicate- the main member of the sentence, meaning an event. It is expressed by a verb (a simple verbal predicate), as well as a noun, an adjective, an adverb (a compound nominal predicate); cf .: He is yearning / He is in anguish / The year was successful. Compound verb ... ... Literary encyclopedia

predicate- wow; cf. Lingu. One of the two main members of a sentence, denoting the action or state of the subject expressed by the subject. Subject and s. Simple, complex with. Verb s. ? Predicative, oh, oh. With th value. With th use of the word. ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary

predicate- The main member of a two-part sentence, correlative with the subject, grammatically subordinate to it. The formal dependence of the predicate on the subject is manifested in the predicative connection: So the moon has risen. The ideal means of expressing the predicate is ... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal