the meaning of the subject. Depending on the specific meaning, several groups of nouns are distinguished: ko and kreg and e (magazine, pine, crow)", material (oil, sugar, water); abstract (reading, courage, kindness, blueness); collective (children, youth, students).
Morphological (or grammatical) features of a noun: gender, number, case, declension.
Syntactic features: can be any member of the sentence.
Indicate1 to which group (concrete, personal, abstract, collective) these1 nouns belong according to ph.tex and co-grammatical meaning.
House, ocean, work, time, beauty, child, silver, dawn. jam, ink, youth, courage, hero, heroism, singing, intelligentsia, collection, powder, water, joy, animal, summer, oil, children, heaven, children, spirits, crocodile. birch, foliage, greenery, berry, raspberry, fish.
Read an excerpt from L. Pushkin's posture. Name her. Determine the syntactic role of nouns in this poetic passage.
Winter! The peasant, triumphant, renews the path on the 11 logs: Where the horse, spending the night in snow, Weaves at a trot somehow; Exploding fluffy reins, A daring wagon flies; In a sled - "Zhuchka®" having planted, Transforming himself into a hoard.
The scamp has already frozen his finger: It hurts and it's funny, And his mother threatens him through the window ...
Distribute nouns according to lexical and grammatical groups.
2. Define the words according to the way they originate.
137. Read a poem by A. Akhmatova. Make a complete morphological analysis of nouns. I asked the cuckoo. How many years will I live... The tops of the pines trembled, A yellow beam fell into the grass.
11o pi sound in the thicket fresh ... I'm going home,
And the cool wind undead My hot forehead. Select from the studied works of literature examples of the use of nouns in the role of various members of the sentence: subject, predicate, secondary members.
Read and write the text, insert the missing punctuation marks. Indicate the author and title of the work.
What artistic details used in the text did you pay attention to? How do they characterize the characters in this text?
Let's see what category of milk. .nourishing .x belongs to ..t this person g..v..ril the next day Arkad ..yu Bazarov, rising with him but, tes? ic .. hotels ... in which Odintsova stayed. my nose is right there (not. pi) well.
I wonder you! - v.khlikknul Arkady, - How? You, you, Bazarov, hold on to that narrow morality... which...
What a freak you are! - (no, nn) ​​interrupted Bazarov carelessly. - Do you (don't, ni) know that in our dialect., and for your brother "not okay" means "okay"? Please..you have, then. (No, pi) yourself (whether) you said since today that she was stra (n, nn) ​​about married (?). Although in my opinion1 marrying a rich old ..ka is (neither, not) a little (not, nor) strange, but, on the contrary, good .. reasonable. I believe in urban rumors (not, not); but I like to think as the educated governor tells us that they are fair.
Arkady (neither, not) answered anything (neither, not) and p.. knocked on the door of the room. A young servant in livery ..1 led both friends ..lei into a large room furnished (n, nn) ​​badly like all rooms in Russian towns ... but tired (n, nn) ​​with flowers. Soon, Odintsova herself appeared in a simple morning (and.! -sh) we "pay, She seemed even younger .. in light .. weight (and, nnkto eo? nza. Arkady pr .. gave her Bazarov and with with secret surprise, he noticed that he seemed (as if) embarrassed, while Odintsova remained perfectly calm (but) yesterday.
D, 1 1- Select from the given text 2-3 words of significant Ifc ^ J parts of speech and make І with their morphological analysis.
2. What types of types can be attributed to the selected ЇЇ text expression? Give your examples.
Write out the nouns in groups depending on their lexicographical magical meaning: real, concrete, abstract, collective.
Prepare to write under the dictation of this text.
The division into animate and inanimate entities does not always coincide with the division of everything that exists in nature into living and non-living things. So. the words doll, dead, thuja, jack, trump card, wood goblin, idol are referred to as animated. And the words people, crowd, children, flock, group, youth, peasantry, company - to the inanimate.
The names of the heavenly bodies are inanimate nouns, but the same words as the names of the gods are animate: to study Jupiter, to honor Jupiter.
140. Determine the gender of nouns. Name the words of the general gender, make phrases or sentences with them in two versions: referring to female and male persons.
Joy, tulle, depot, coffee, name, mouse, teacher, work, little house, insect, rentier, smart girl, chimpanzee, engineer, doctor, hairdresser, attache, master, bully, kangaroo, touchy, professor, ledp, Baku, Kaprp, muddler, jury, popsicle, Sochi, personally, comrade, turkey, Mississippi, university..
G] "! Most of the indeclinable nouns1 th are the words L-LJ of the middle gender, naming inanimate objects (cocoa, cafe, menu). The masculine gender includes words denoting males (maestro, entertainer), the feminine feminine gender (Miss, lady).
The gender of compound words is determined according to the gender of the leading word: AND TA - news and television agency.
74
From these words, write out the nouns that have the form: a) only the plural: b) only the singular.
Money, twilight, honey, youth, twenty-four hours, bills, gates, cold, porcelain, enmity, youth, milk, yeast, games, holidays, glasses, seekers, grief, whitewash, skates, stockings, scissors, psaltery, goats, windows, cabbage soup, abacus, relatives, teachers. humidity, laughter, linen, dream, happiness.
Learn to distinguish between the endings -с, -and v of nouns of different declensions.
The ending -i is written:
in the first declension of the genus. hope: from a song;
in the III declension, genus., dates. and suggestion. cases: from envy, in life;
in noun prepositions. case units hours, if the ending is preceded by the letter and: in a sanatorium, about the army;
in nouns ending in -mya in dates. and suggestion. cases: to the flame, about the flame.
The ending -e is written:
j 1) in the I declension of dates. and suggestion. hopes (except for the noun on j lla): to the hut, about the gallery:
j 2) in the II declension of the preposition. case (except for the noun in -y, -we): j in the house, about the sea.
Write down, explain the spelling of case endings -e, -and for nouns.
On a sandbar .., from a birch grove .., in my notebook .., the name of an interesting book .., in a large building .. conservatory .., call me by name .., was in the library .., served in the army .., went to an overcoat .., ra..skaz..val about ra..vedk... new building.., went to the main square..d.. capitals.., nodosh..l to the site.. , on the cover .. of notebooks .., on the first page., of books .., on the bottom., branches .. green ate .., on the bottom vegv .., unala from branches .., participated in the competition .. vani .. , in the championship ... was in school ... in the theater .., on the streets .., walked on the ox .., in the city .., was in the planetarium .., flew in the sky .., swam in the sea .. , needed bread .., in salt .., you can buy .., in food and .., I thought about interesting places .., I forgot about sadness .., oh no, no .. know .., about sad lime. ., from weeks .. to weeks .., strength in united .., all in position .. lot .., on the native side to ... was on a tree .., stood at the banners .., told about the captain .. . about his bitterness .., lay on the decks .., drew from pictures .., overjoyed ... was in Romania .., love for Rodin .. .
75
f 11 To check the spelling of noun endings L^J, select words of the same declension, but with an accent on the ending, and substitute them in the place of the word being checked. For example: to the height .. - cherry - earth - to the earth - to the cherry; in a notebook .. - notebook - steppe - in the steppe - in a notebook. Masculine and neuter nouns have the same case endings.
Determine the theme of the proverbs. Which one is the most significant for you? Using this rule, check the spelling of the endings.
1. The word source .. penitent .. from the heart
In a smart b..sed.
Kind silence is better than a bad grumble. 5. Where there are many weeds, there is little bread, where there are many words, there is little wisdom. 7. The wound from the saber .. ignites .. and the brine from the tongue bleeds.
Put the nouns in the genitive case m and o gesture in c and o number.
Apricot, apple, contract, tangerine, towel, fable, tomato, poker, saucer, boot, rail, saber, northerner, gram, soldier, Tatar, Minsker, Tajik, sock, son, friend, chicken, kilogram, nobleman, gorge, dress, leaf, prince, husband, log.
145*. Put these nouns in the instrumental case. Find the difference in endings. Formulate a rule.
Poet A. S. Pushkin, city of Pushkin, composer A. P. Borodin, nole Borodino, writer A. P. Chekhov, city of Chekhov, A. I. Herzen, Charles Darwin, stirrup, mother, way, neighbor, time.
Let's name some suffixes of nouns: the meaning of a person by type of activity; tools, devices
abstract value 11 not 3) -ishk(a), -shch(e),
-burn(P).
diminutive
-vnok(?), -ushk(a), -chik(a), -enk(a)
The most common prefixes are listed in the "Word Formation" section.
146. Write down 2-3 nouns with suffixes meaning: a) profession, person; b) diminutive: c) object; d) distracted. Select the stem and all morphemes of the word. Determine the declension of written nouns.
147. Read verse passages from the works of Russian poets. Name their authors. Highlight the noun suffixes. What meaning do they give to words? What do these texts have in common? Find comparisons in the texts of TT and III, open them and expressive meaning will be depicted. I. Girls, beauties,
Darlings, girlfriends2, Play around, girls; Take a walk, darlings! Tighten the song, The cherished song, Lure he mod od i w To our round dance. How do we lure the young man
As we see from afar, Run away, dear, Throw cherries, Cherries, raspberries, Red currants, lie go to eavesdrop Treasured songs, Do not go to peep "Our girlish games. P. In Holy Russia, our mother,
Do not find, do not find such a beauty: Walks smoothly - like a swan; Looks sweet - like a dove; He says a word - the nightingale sings; Her ruddy cheeks are burning, Like the dawn in God's heaven; Fair-haired, golden braids, Braided in bright ribbons, Running over the shoulders, wriggling, Kissing with white breasts. In the family she was born a merchant, Nicknamed Alena Dmitrevna. III. This morning, together with the sun Already out of those dark thickets, A snow-white swan floated out like a dawn.
Near the green coast, Tilting their gentle heads, Lilies whispered With low-pitched brooks.
Behind, a slender band of swans moved,
II the mirror-like surface was crushed into emerald rings.
^ ""Ch 1. Produce phonetic. derivational and mor-
phological analysis of selected words.
2. Find words in which there is a spelling: spelling of vowels after hissing and c. Explain their spelling.
The general grammatical meaning of the adjective is LLJ, the sign of the subject.
Morphological features - change in gender, numbers, cases. Agrees with the noun.
Syntactic signs - in a sentence it can be a definition or a predicate.
Three categories of adjectives are distinguished according to their meaning: qualitative, relative, possessive.
Qualitative ones are called "a sign by size (large), age (old), color (white), weight (light), appearance (beautiful), internal qualities (kind), etc.
Relative ones indicate the material from which the object is made (glass wall), indicate the sign of the object in relation to the place (Moscow streets), to the time (winter morning), to the purpose of the object (sportswear), to the action) (washing machine) .
Possessives designate the sign of an object by its belonging to any person or animal (father's hat, fox tail).
Their suffixes are: -ii (-yn), -ov (-ev), -ig/ (-i).
An adjective can change its meaning. So, the relative adjective bear in the phrase bear coat can become a quality bear walk, possessive - bear lair.
149*. I. Form irrelatives from the indicated words, make phrases with them, using them in the meaning of qualitative, relative, possessive (where possible).
Sample: squirrel - squirrel; squirrel hollow, squirrel coat.
Bird, tree, fox, pearl, silver, apple tree, old man, rain, brother, fog, gold, sailor.
II. Distribute phrases depending on the category of adjectives.
Clay jug, velvet curtain, velvet voice, cordial meeting, heartache, winter evening, steep mountain, steep character, gray dress, gray performance, sports shoes, athletic gait, dense forest, dense man, swan down, swan song, disservice, bear lana, bear fur coat, green hat, blue sky, blue dreams, blue eyes.
fy! Kachssgvennys adjectives have - the bottom of the form - full k "n short (old - old, beautiful - beautiful).
Relative adjectives have only the full form (winter, yesterday).
Possessive adjectives in the nominative have only a short form, in other cases both forms.
In short adjectives, after hissing at the end of the word, the word is not written b: good, odorous, hot.
Short adjectives do not change gyu cases.
150. Read an excerpt from the story of V. Korolenko "The forest is noisy." Write out the phrases “adjective + noun*, indicate the gender, number, case of adjectives. Name the adjectives according to their grammatical categories. Write a miniature essay “Hello, light stars of the fluffy, first snow” (11. Turgenev), use all categories of adjectives.
The forest roared...
There was always noise in this forest - rovit.li. lingering, as otg. dalyg boards. ringing, calmer and embarrassing .. th, how quiet .. I am a song without words, no matter how (ne, ne) yasp .. a memory of the past. "4
There was always a noise in it, because it was an old ... dense .. boron, which (not, np) to .. sit still drinking and so .. since the forest-peak? young lady. Tall, centennial pines from the edge., mighty, about the oxen and stood gloomy;., the army, tightly closing at the top of the green. (B) it was quiet below, it smelled of tar; through the canopy of pine trees. , pi) moveable, (neither, not) move in a leaf. In the damp, the corners stretched tall, green stems, ladders; white, porridge bent over with heavy heads. as (as if) in a quiet, languor. And (in) the top, (without) a koitsa and a break, pulled with a lei., Noise, as if disturbing., Sighs of the old.
Before the suffix -k-, after the consonant (except for й and shi- LU of the sleeping one), a fluent vowel o (low - low) appears, in other cases - e (clear. - clear). Adjectives are sharp, cunning, strong, smart, you need to remember, like adjectives without fluent vowels: brave, kind, cheerful, generous, wise, quick, swarthy, etc.
The form pa -snen is formed by adjectives with a stressed suffix -enn (y) (except for timely - timely and blessed blapsen).
151. Form short forms from the indicated adjectives. Group the adjectives according to the method of forming a short degree. Make a conclusion. Can all adjectives be shortened?
Good, bright, hot, smart, friendly, clear, wise, red, flying, cunning, sonorous, boring, evil, interesting, friendly, sharp, powerful, strong, blessed. red, elegant, small, ordinary, timid, lilac, mysterious, majestic, buckskin, thief .. sing, instant, peppy, soft, useful, unchanged, ancient, native.
152". Read the text from M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin's story "The History of a City". What words and phrases do you consider key here?
Briefly describe that part of the history of the city of Gdunov, which is associated with Alena Osinova. Give your interpretation of the ending of the chapter "Hungry City", where this passage is taken from. Insert missing punctuation marks.
The fact is that at this very time to leave., from the city, in the sl..bod. a tin of that sweet Russian k., beauties., at a glance .. on which a person (not, pi) sunbaths? With an average height, she was plump, white and ruddy; had big .. gray .. bulging eyes. ., cherry., lips, thick .., well-defined (and, and) eyebrows, (dark) blond braid to toe and walked the streets., "gray duck ..y" Her husband, Dmitry Prokofiev, was engaged in a yamshchina6 and was also a match for women ..: he was young, strong and handsome. He went in and foxes ..6 putting on a k..g> and in fireworks. (no, no) looked for a shower., in Aleik .., and Alenka (no, no) looked for a shower., in Dmitr... spread songs together there. agree, life.
153. Indicate where these passages come from. Write out the phrases “adjective + noun” from the texts. Determine the gender, number, case of adjectives.
Give a description of short adjectives, indicate their stylistic and syntactic role in the sentence.
I. So, she was called Tatyana. Neither by the beauty of her sister, nor by the freshness of her ruddy face, would she attract the eyes. Dika, sad, silent, Like a timid doe in the forest, She seemed to be a stranger in her own family.
P. To tell the truth, young woman Indeed, she was a queen: Tall, slender, white, And with her mind, and took everything; But she is proud and stubborn. Selfish and jealous.
III. How i om but he was silent. How ardently eloquent, How careless in heartfelt letters!
How swift and gentle his gaze was, Bashful and impudent...
The spelling of adjective endings is checked with
The power of the question: you need to find the noun on which it depends, and from this noun ask a question to the adjective. The ending of the question will tell you the ending of the adjective:
what? ym (-im)
(in, about) what? ohm (-em)
to a to o g o? -th (-his)
Adjectives in the masculine gender in them. and wine. cases in an unstressed ending is written -y (-y).
154. Check the endings of adjectives with questions: if the question is what? - define gender.
Not frail .. cricket .. to behind the stove
I would like a transparent river to run through my native land. Bud..t morning will sound like a sedge. The earth will straighten up. I would like to stand high as a mountain .. In the border .. region. Surrounded by .. colorful expanses, Blessed .. thankful .. of human love, I would like a wheat .. field To the horizon pr .. fall cheek ...
(S. Ostr o v o d.)
Form 5 adjectives in the following ways: 1) only by adding a prefix: 2) using suffixes; 3) in a prefixed-suffixal way: 4) by adding the bases. Select all morphemes in words.
gooch When prefixes are added not-, without-, de-, anti- to nri- Li-J adjectives, they get a meaning opposite to the meaning of the original word, as a result antonyms appear.
By adding a prefix, a word with a meaning close to “very” is transformed.
Write down at least 10 phraseological expressions containing adjectives from any phraseological dictionary. Give them a complete morphological description.
157*. Write out from the explanatory dictionary of the Russian language (any edition) phrases with adjectives: golden, wolf, swan, copper, lead, in which these adjectives would be first relative, then qualitative. Choose synonyms for quality adjectives.
Nn is written in adjectives:
LA^ 1) formed from nouns with the help of suffixes -enn-, -oni-, cranberry, artificial, pension:
formed from adjectives with the help of the suffix -enn-: tall, hefty;
formed from nouns with a basis on n + suffmks -k-: length + n - long, true + n - true;
formed from nouns in -mya: time - temporary, flame - fiery (from the indirect case - "/.);
5) formed from prefixed verbs: worn coat, accelerated pace.

Noun is a part of speech that names an object and answers questions "who what?". Nouns have a number of features with which you can classify all nouns by type.

The main features of the noun.

• The grammatical meaning of a noun- the general meaning of the subject, everything that can be said about this subject: this what ? Or who ? This part of speech can mean the following:

1) The name of objects and things ( table, ceiling, pillow, spoon);

2) Names of substances ( gold, water, air, sugar);

3) Names of living beings ( dog, person, child, teacher);

4) Names of actions and states ( murder, laughter, sadness, sleep);

5) The name of the phenomena of nature and life ( rain, wind, war, holiday);

6) Names of features and abstract properties ( white, fresh, blue).

• Syntactic sign of a noun is the role it occupies in the sentence. Most often, a noun acts as a subject or object. But in some cases, nouns can also act as other members of the sentence.

Mum cooks delicious borscht (subject).

Borscht is prepared from beets, cabbage, potatoes and others vegetables (addition).

Beet is vegetable red, sometimes purple (nominal predicate).

Beet from the garden- the most useful (definition).

Mum- chef knows how to surprise his household at the table, mom- friend able to listen and comfort (Appendix).

Also, a noun in a sentence can act as appeals:

Mum, I need your help!

• By lexical Nouns can be of two types:

1. Common nouns- these are words that mean general concepts or name a class of objects: chair, knife, dog, earth.

2. Proper names- these are words meaning single objects, which include names, surnames, names of cities, countries, rivers, mountains (and other geographical names), animal names, names of books, films, songs, ships, organizations, historical events, and the like: Barsik, Weaver, Titanic, Europe, Sahara and etc.

Features of proper names in Russian:

1. Proper names are always capitalized.
2. Proper names have only one number form.
3. Proper names can consist of one or more words: Alla, Viktor Ivanovich Popov, "Loneliness in the Net", Kamensk-Uralsky.
4. Titles of books, magazines, ships, films, paintings, etc. written in quotation marks and capitalized: "Girl with Peaches", "Mtsyri", "Aurora", "Science and Technology".
5. Proper names can become common nouns, and common nouns can move into the category of proper names: Boston - Boston (a type of dance), though - the Pravda newspaper.

• By type of item nouns are divided into two categories:

1. Animated nouns- those nouns that denote the names of wildlife (animals, birds, insects, people, fish). This category of nouns answers the question "who?": father, puppy, whale, dragonfly.

2. Inanimate nouns- those nouns that refer to the real and answer the question "what?": wall, board, machine, ship and etc.

• By value Nouns can be divided into four types:

Real- kind of nouns naming substances: air, dirt, ink, sawdust etc. This kind of nouns has only one form of number - the one that we know. If a noun is singular, then it cannot be plural, and vice versa. The number, size, volume of these nouns can be adjusted using cardinal numbers: few, many, few, two tons, cubic meter and etc.

Specific- nouns that name specific units of objects of living or inanimate nature: man, pole, worm, door. These nouns change in number and combine with numerals.

Collective- these are nouns that generalize many identical objects into one name: many warriors - an army, a lot of leaves - foliage etc. This category of nouns can exist only in the singular and cannot be combined with cardinal numbers.

Abstract (abstract)- these are nouns that name abstract concepts that do not exist in the material world: suffering, joy, love, grief, fun.

The grammatical meaning of a noun.

(Ivanova and others) Noun - a significant part of speech that has the meaning of objectivity. Objectivity - a grammatical meaning, due to which verbal units - the names of both objects proper and non-objects (abstract concepts, actions, properties, etc.) - function in the language in a similar way to the names of objects proper. Derivational means of verbal, adjective nouns create an opportunity for names-states, properties, qualities, etc. to function syntactically along with the names of objects: movement, strangeness, activity. These formations are called syntactic derivatives. Their morphological functioning is in many cases limited: not all syntactic derivatives are able to participate in the morphological categories of the name. This is one of the most important features of the field structure of a noun.

Word formation of a noun. The inflectional apparatus of nouns is very poor. As for its morphemic structure, it should be noted here that a one-syllable structure is very common, in which the root, stem and word coincide in sound design (although they differ functionally). At the same time, the noun has a word-formation apparatus, which is much more diverse than the apparatus of inflection. In grammatical terms, this is important because suffixes, in addition to their semantic function, are indicators that a given word belongs to nouns.

The suffix structure is observed mainly in two large groups: in person nouns and in abstract nouns.

The following face suffixes are most characteristic: -er, -ist, -ess, -her-singer, naturalist, authoress, legatee. Of the suffixes of abstract nouns, the most characteristic are: -ness, -ion, (-ation, -ition), -ity, -ism, -ance, -ment- lateness, rotation, ignition, security, socialism, elegance, movement.

Noun subclasses. Nouns are subdivided into nouns common nouns and names own.

Common names are a generalized name for any object denoted by them: river can refer to any river, dog- to any dog, pleasure- to any feeling of pleasure.

proper names, in contrast, do not have a generalizing conceptual content; they are the name, the nickname of individual individual creatures or objects, they are assigned specifically to this individual, but do not apply to other similar phenomena. So, John- most likely the name of a male person, but, in essence, it can also be assigned to a dog, an elephant, etc.; spot can be the name of a dog, cat, horse, etc.; the Cutty Sark- the name of a well-known English clipper (high-speed ocean-going ship), but it does not indicate this reference and could be the name of a cafe, cinema, cottage. Proper names are not devoid of grammatical categories inherent in common nouns; However, grammar is primarily concerned with common nouns that have a generalizing meaning.

Since nouns objectively name any phenomena of linguistic reality, they are represented by a wide variety of lexical groups. Interacting with grammatical categories, these groups create a branched field structure of the noun.

Set of morphological grammatical categories noun is very poor. Undoubtedly there is a category of number. The existence of the category of case is extremely controversial. The grammatical category of gender does not exist in English.

The problem of the category of the genus. The category of gender in English disappeared completely by the end of the Middle English period. The designation of biological sex exists in the language, but purely lexical or word-building means are used: boy - girl, cock - hen; bull - cow; waiter - waitress, lion - lioness; he-goat - she-goat. The same is observed in a number of Indo-European languages ​​when denoting gender differences: teacher-nitsa, doctor-sha, tiger-itsa; German Lowe - Lowin, Lehrer - Lehrerin.

B. Strang, author of Modern English Structure, and several other authors argue that English has a category of noun gender on the grounds that it is possible to substitute a name with a pronoun indicating biological sex or inanimateness: he, she, it. This point of view seems completely unacceptable, since we are talking about the substitution of the name by another part of speech and the transfer of the feature of this other part of speech to a noun that does not have this feature. And for pronouns, the indicated meaning is purely lexical and has nothing to do with the grammatical meaning.

Number category. The main meaning of the category of number is the opposition of singleness and plurality of objects. Multiplicity means more than one. The single number is transmitted in the basic form, i.e., a form that has no endings and coincides with pine. The plural is indicated in writing by the formant -s, which is realized as a series of allomorphs - /z/, /s/, /iz/, depending on the nature of the final sound of the stem (dogs /z/, potatoes /z/, books, bats/s/; classes, bushes/iz/). Such is the productive inflectional pattern of the plural form; it can be called an "open model", since new words that appear in the language are formed in the plural in this way.

Authors seeking to maximally formalize the description of the language, in particular structuralists, usually consider the absence of an ending in the singular as the presence of a zero suffix. However, the zero suffix is ​​not a morpheme, that is, a linearly distinguishable segment that has a sound form. It seems, however, possible to speak of a zero exponent without writing it as a morpheme.

Along with the open model, there are a number of closed groups; the nouns included in them form plural forms with the help of unproductive means assigned only to these nouns. These are suffixes that function only within these groups: a) suffix -ep, attached to two nouns - oxen, children; b) Latin plural suffixes, borrowed together with the nouns they formed in Latin: - i (nucleus - nuclei),-a (stratum-strata); -ae (antenna - antennae). The list of these nouns is small, and, what is very important, nouns that are in wide use appear in Proper English forms: along with termini- the form terminuses; as well as antennae - antennas.

Descriptivists Harris, Hockett and others consider the suffix -en as an allomorph (variant) of the s/z morpheme, based on their identical function; Obviously, if we accept this point of view, the above endings of Latin borrowings should also be included here. Such a point of view is possible only if the morpheme is defined as a purely functional element, regardless of its sound design. Meanwhile, the allomorph is established on the basis of sound and semantic community. On the other hand, the functional commonality of the various plural suffixes cannot be denied. We propose the term "functional synonyms", which will denote certain grammatical means that are functionally similar, but are not allomorphs.

Along with suffixed forms, there is a small but very persistent group of nouns in the language that use vowel alternation to form the plural: /u:/ - /I:/ - tooth - teeth, foot - feet;/au/ - /ai/ - mouse - mice, louse - lice;/u/ - /I:/ - woman - women;/æ/ - /е/ - man - men. The alternation /ai/ - /i/ also exists in the stem child - children, along with suffix. This alternation reflects the ancient way of forming grammatical forms and, as can be seen from the list of words, has been preserved in very few nouns.

Finally, some nouns do not have a formal plural: sheep, deer, swine. Yes, in the proposal The sheep fell into the ditch determine the form of a number sheep impossible unless it is prompted by the wider context.

• A noun is an independent part of speech that denotes an object and answers the questions who? what? (and case questions)

• General grammatical meaning A noun is the meaning of an object. The subject of grammar is everything that can be asked: who is this? or what is it?

• By meaning, nouns are divided into the following groups :

• specific - name specific objects of animate or inanimate nature: magazine, brother

• real - name various substances: air, water, capron, oil

• abstract - name the phenomena perceived mentally: running, novelty, joy, endurance

• collective - call a lot of identical objects as a whole: foliage, kids

• Morphological features of nouns - gender, number, case, declension.

• Syntactic features of nouns : in a sentence, the noun is most often the subject or object, but it can also be other members of the sentence - definitions and even predicates.

• common nouns nouns that name homogeneous objects: forest, table, book, textbook

• animated nouns call objects of wildlife (who?): girl, bird

gender of a noun .

• The gender of a noun can be determined by adding to the noun the pronoun my (m.r.), my (f.r.), my (cf.): (my) bow, (my) pumpkin, (my) sun.

• some nouns experience fluctuations in gender: tulle-this tulle, this tulle; shampoo - this shampoo, this shampoo

• A special group is made up of nouns of the general gender, which can denote both male and female people: an orphan, a bully, a bully, a crybaby, a slob, a slob, a dirty one (What a bully you are! - about a boy. What a slob you are! - about a girl)

• Bow - m.r. Sun - cf. Pumpkin - f.r.

• Nouns have two numbers:

• singular and plural

• Nouns in the singular form denote one object, in the plural form - many: book-books

• By numbers, specific nouns change. The change in numbers is transmitted using the endings: month-months

• Abstract, real, collective nouns do not change in numbers. They have one form - singular or plural.

The number of the noun.

• Only the singular form has:

• Real nouns: milk, sour cream

• Abstract nouns: love, friendship

• Collective nouns: leaves

• Proper nouns: Caucasus, Ural

Case of nouns

There are six cases in Russian. Each case has its own name and meaning. Each case has its own questions. All cases, except for the nominative, are called indirect. Cases show the relation of a noun to other words in a sentence. To determine the case, you need to find the word on which the noun depends and ask a case question from this word to the noun.

Noun declension

• Changing nouns in cases and numbers is called declension. Nouns are divided into three types of declension.

• The 1st declension includes nouns f.r., m.r. with the ending -a, -i.

• The 2nd declension includes nouns m. with a null ending, as well as nouns cf. R. with the ending -o, -e.

• The 3rd declension includes nouns f.r. with a null ending. They have a soft sign at the end of the base.

Inflected nouns

• When changing in cases and numbers, some nouns have endings of different declensions, so they are called inconsistent. These include:

• -nouns in -mya: burden, time, udder, banner, name, flame, tribe, seed, stirrup, crown

• -masculine noun way

Immutable nouns

• Some nouns in Russian do not change in cases and numbers.

• Invariable nouns include:

• - common nouns and proper nouns of foreign origin: soda, cocoa, coffee, coat, radio, subway, kangaroo, chimpanzee ...

• - names of a girl or a married woman: lady, miss, mrs, madam, fraulein, frau

• - compound words: Moscow State University, Computer, Nuclear Power Plant

• The number and case of such nouns can be determined in phrases and sentences. Prepositions can indicate the case of such nouns.

§one. General characteristics of the noun

The noun is an independent significant part of speech.

1. grammatical meaning- "thing".
Nouns are words that answer the questions:
Who? , What?

2. Morphological features:

• constants - common noun / proper, animate / inanimate, gender, type of declension;
• changeable - number, case.

3. Syntactic role in a sentence any, especially often: subject and object.

The kids love the holidays.

As an appeal and introductory words, the noun is not a member of the sentence:

- Sergey!- my mother calls me from the yard.

(Sergey- address)

Unfortunately, it's time to go do your homework.

(Unfortunately- introductory word)

§2. Morphological features of nouns

Nouns have a set of morphological features. Some of them are permanent (or immutable). Others, on the contrary, are non-permanent (or changeable). Unchangeable signs refer to the whole word as a whole, and changeable to the forms of the word. So noun Natalia- animated, own, female, 1 cl. In whatever form it may be, these signs will be preserved. Noun Natalia may be in the form of and many others. numbers, in different cases. Number and case are inconstant signs of nouns. In the illustration, dotted lines lead to such non-permanent or variable morphological characters. It is necessary to learn to distinguish which signs are permanent and which are non-permanent.

§3. Common nouns - proper nouns

This is the division of nouns according to the features of the meaning. Common nouns denote homogeneous objects, i.e. any object from their series, and proper nouns call a separate specific object.
Compare nouns:

• child, country, river, lake, fairy tale, turnip - common nouns
• Alexey, Russia, Volga, Baikal, "Repka" - own

Common nouns are varied. Their ranks by value:

• specific: table, computer, document, mouse, notebook, fishing rod
• abstract (abstract): surprise, joy, fear, happiness, miracle
• real: iron, gold, water, oxygen, milk, coffee
• collective: youth, foliage, nobility, spectator

Proper nouns include names of people, nicknames of animals, geographical names, names of works of literature and art, etc.: Alexander, Sasha, Sashenka, Zhuchka, Ob, Ural, "Teenager", "Gingerbread Man" etc.

§4. Animation - inanimateness

Animate nouns call "living" objects, and inanimate - not "living".

• Animated: mother, father, child, dog, ant, Kolobok (hero of a fairy tale, acting as a living person)
• Inanimate: orange, ocean, war, lilac, program, toy, delight, laughter

For morphology, it is important that

• in plural in animate nouns
  Near the school, I saw familiar girls and boys (vin. pad. = born. pad.), and in inanimate nouns wine form. pad. matches the shape. pad.: I love books and films (vin. pad. = im. pad.)
• in the singular for animate masculine nouns wine form. pad. matches the form. fall:
  The fox saw Kolobok (vin. fall. = genus. fall.), and for inanimate nouns of masculine gender wine form. pad. matches the shape. pad.: I baked a gingerbread man (wine. pad. = im. pad.)

The rest of the nouns have the form im., vin. and genus. cases are different.

Means, sign of inanimateness can be determined not only based on the meaning, but also on the set of word endings.

§5. Genus

gender of nouns is a permanent morphological feature. Nouns do not change by gender.

There are three genders in Russian: male, female and average. The sets of endings for nouns of different genders differ.
In animate nouns, the reference to the masculine or feminine gender is motivated by gender, since the words denote male or female persons: father - mother, brother - sister, husband - wife, man - woman, boy - girl etc. The grammatical sign of gender correlates with gender.
For inanimate nouns, the belonging of the word to one of the three genders is not motivated. The words ocean, sea, river, lake, pond- different gender, and the gender is not determined by the meaning of the words.

The morphological indicator of the genus is the endings.
If the ending word has:

a, u or a, oh, e in the singular and s, ov, am, s or ow, ah, ah in plural , then it is a masculine noun

a, s, e, y, oh, e in the singular and s, am or s, ami, ah in the plural, it is a feminine noun

oh, a, u, oh, om, e in the singular and ah, ah, ah, ah, ah in the plural, it is a neuter noun.

Do all nouns belong to one of the three genders?

No. There is a small group of amazing nouns. They are interesting in that they can refer to both males and females. These are the words: smart girl, glutton, sleepyhead, greedy, crybaby, ignorant, ignorant, wicked, bully, slob, wicked, muddler, slobber, daredevil etc. The form of such words coincides with the form of feminine words: they have the same set of endings. But the syntactic compatibility is different.
In Russian you can say:
She is so smart! AND: He is so smart! The meaning of the gender of an animate person can be found out by the form of a pronoun (as in our example) or an adjective, or a verb in the past tense: Sonya woke up. AND: Sonya woke up. Such nouns are called common nouns.

Common nouns do not include words that name professions. You may already know that many of these are masculine nouns: doctor, driver, engineer, economist, geologist, philologist etc. But they can designate both male and female persons. My mother is a good doctor. My father is a good doctor. Even if the word names a female person, then adjectives and verbs in the past tense can be used in both masculine and feminine: The doctor came. AND: The doctor came.

How to determine the gender of immutable words?

There are invariable nouns in the language. All of them are borrowed from other languages. In Russian, they have a gender. How to determine the genus? It's easy if you understand what the word means. Let's look at examples:

Monsieur - madam- in words denoting an animated person, gender matches gender.

Kangaroo, chimpanzee- words for animals male.

Tbilisi, Sukhumi- words - city names - male.

Congo, Zimbabwe- words - names of states - neuter.

Mississippi, Yangtze- words - names of rivers - female.

Coat, muffler- words denoting inanimate objects are more often neuter.

Are there any exceptions? There is. Therefore, it is recommended to pay attention to unchangeable words and remember how they are used. The gender is expressed not by the ending (there are no endings for indeclinable words), but by the form of other words that are connected with the unchangeable noun in meaning and grammatically. These can be adjectives, pronouns or verbs in the past tense. For example:

Mississippi wide and full.

Short adjectives in the form of f.r. indicate that the word Mississippi zh.r.

§6. declination

declination is a type of word change. Nouns change in number and case. Number and case are variable morphological features. Depending on what forms the word has in different numbers and cases, in the totality of all possible forms, nouns belong to one of the declensions.

Nouns have three declensions: 1st, 2nd and 3rd. The vast majority of Russian nouns are nouns of the 1st, 2nd or 3rd declension. The type of declension is a constant, unchanging morphological feature of nouns.

The 1st declension includes feminine and masculine words with endings a, I in its original form.
Examples: mom, dad, grandfather, water, earth, Anna, Anya, lecture - ending [a].

The 2nd declension includes masculine words with zero ending and neuter gender with endings about, e in its original form.
Examples: father, brother, house, Alexander, sea, lake, building - ending [e] , genius, Alexey.

The 3rd declension includes null-ending feminine words in its original form.
Examples: mother, mouse, night, news, rye, lies.

initial form- this is the form of the word in which it is usually fixed in dictionaries. For nouns, it is the nominative singular form.

Pay attention to the words traditionally called nouns on ia, ie, uy : lecture, building, genius.

What is the correct ending for these words?

Do you remember that the letters I and e, which are written at the end of such feminine and neuter nouns after vowels, and the letter and - vowel represent two sounds? Lecture- [i'a], building- [i’e], and the sound [i’] is the last consonant of the base. So, in words like lecture ending [a], in words like building- [e], and in words like genius- null ending.

So the feminine nouns are: lecture, station, demonstration belong to the 1st declension, and masculine: genius and middle: building- to the 2nd.

Another group of words requires commentary. These are the so-called neuter nouns me , the words path and child. These are inflected nouns.

Inflected nouns- these are words that have endings characteristic of forms of different declensions.
There are few such words. All of them are very ancient. Some of them are common in today's speech.

List of nouns on me: stirrup, tribe, seed, burden, udder, crown, time, name, flame, banner.

For their spelling, see All spelling. Spelling of nouns

§7. Number

Number- this is a morphological feature that is changeable for some nouns and unchanged, constant for others.
The vast majority of Russian nouns change in number. For example: home - at home, girl - girls, elephant - elephants, night - nights. Nouns that change in number have both singular and plural forms and endings corresponding to these forms. For a number of nouns, the singular and plural forms differ not only in endings, but also in the stem. For example: man - people, child - children, kitten - kittens.

A smaller part of Russian nouns does not change in numbers, but has the form of only one number: either singular or plural.

Singular nouns:

• collective: nobility, children
• real: gold, milk, curdled milk
• abstract (or abstract): greed, anger, kindness
• some of their own, namely: geographical names: Russia, Suzdal, Petersburg

Plural nouns:

• collective: shoots
• real: cream, cabbage soup
• abstract (or abstract): chores, elections, twilight
• some own, namely geographical names: Carpathians, Himalayas
• some specific (objective), watches, sledges, as well as a group of nouns denoting objects that consist of two parts: skis, skates, glasses, gates

Remember:

Most things denoted by nouns that have only the form of a singular or plural person cannot be counted.
For such nouns, the number is an invariable morphological feature.

§eight. case

case- this is a non-permanent, changeable morphological feature of nouns. There are six cases in Russian:

1. Nominative
2. Genitive
3. Dative
4. Accusative
5. Instrumental
6. Prepositional

You need to firmly know the case questions, with the help of which it is determined in which case the noun is. Since, as you know, nouns are animate and inanimate, there are two questions for each case:

• I.p. - who what?
• R.p. - who?, what?
• D.p. - to whom; to what?
• V.p. - who?, what?
• etc. - who?, what?
• P.p. - (About who about what?

You see that for animate nouns the questions of win.p. and genus. etc., and for the inanimate - to them. p. and wine. P.
In order not to be mistaken and correctly determine the case, always use both questions.

For example: I see an old park, a shady alley and a girl and a young man walking along it.
I see (who?, what?) the park(vin. p.), alley(vin. p.), girl(vin. p.), human(vin. p.).

Do all nouns change by case?

No, not all. Nouns that are called invariable do not change.

Cockatoo (1) sits in a cage in a store. I approach the cockatoo (2) . This is a big beautiful parrot. I look at the cockatoo (3) with interest and think: - What do I know about the cockatoo (4)? I don't have a cockatoo (5) . With cockatoo (6) interesting.

Word cockatoo met in this context 6 times:

• (1) who?, what? - cockatoo- I.p.
• (2) I approach (to) whom ?, what? - (k) cockatoo- D.p.
• (3) look (at) whom?, what? - (to) cockatoo- V.p.
• (4) know (about) whom?, what? -( o) cockatoo- P.p.
• (5) no one?, what? - cockatoo- R.p.
• (6) wondering (with) whom?, what? - (with cockatoo)- etc.

In different cases, the form of immutable nouns is the same. But the case is easily determined. Case questions, as well as other members of the sentence, help with this. If such a noun has a definition expressed by an adjective, pronoun, numeral or participle, i.e. a word that changes in cases, then it will be in the form of the same case as the invariable noun itself.

Example: How much can you talk about this cockatoo?- (about) who?. how? - P.p.

§nine. The syntactic role of nouns in a sentence

The mother is sitting by the window. She leafs through a magazine, looks at photographs of people and nature. My mother is a geography teacher. "Mom," I call her.

Mother - subject

Near the window - circumstance

Magazine- addition

Photo- addition

Of people- definition

nature- definition

Mother- subject

Teacher- predicate

Geography- definition

Mum- appeals, as well as introductory words, prepositions, conjunctions, particles are not members of the sentence.

test of strength

Check your understanding of the contents of this chapter.

Final test

1. What nouns denote individual specific objects, and not groups of homogeneous objects?

   • proper names
   • Common nouns

2. Which group of nouns has the most variety of meanings?

   • proper names
   • Common nouns

3. Is animateness-inanimateness expressed grammatically: by a set of endings?

4. How can you find out the gender of a noun?

   • By value
   • By compatibility with other words (adjectives, pronouns, past tense verbs) and by endings

5. What are the names of nouns that have endings characteristic of different declensions?

   • Indeclinable
   • Differing

6. What is the sign of the number of nouns good, evil, envy?

   • Permanent (immutable)
   • non-permanent (changing)