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Individual features and qualities of thinking.

The individual features of thinking in different people are manifested primarily in the fact that they have different ratios of different and complementary types and forms of mental activity (visual-effective, visual-figurative, verbal-logical and abstract-logical).

Individual features of thinking also include other qualities of cognitive activity: the productivity of the mind, independence, breadth, depth, flexibility, quickness of thought, creativity, criticality, initiative, quick wits, etc. (see fig. 8).

Rice. 8. Components of the productivity of the mind

For example, for creative work it is necessary to have the ability to think independently and critically, to penetrate into the essence of objects and phenomena, to be inquisitive, which largely ensures the productivity of mental activity. All these qualities are individual, change with age, and can be corrected.

Speed ​​of thought- the speed of thought processes. Speed ​​of thought is especially needed in cases where a person is required to make certain decisions in a very short time (for example, during an accident).

Independence of thinking- the ability to see and pose a new question, and then solve it on their own. The independence of thinking, as the ability to use social experience and the independence of one's own thought, is manifested, first of all, in the ability to see and pose a new question, a new problem, and then solve them on one's own. The creative nature of thinking is clearly expressed precisely in such independence.

Flexibility of thinking- the ability to change aspects of the consideration of objects, phenomena, their properties and relationships, the ability to change the intended path for solving the problem if it does not satisfy the changed conditions, active restructuring of the initial data, understanding and using their relativity. Flexibility of thinking how the ability to find ways to solve a problem lies in the ability to change the path (plan) for solving problems that was originally planned if it does not satisfy the conditions of the problem that are gradually isolated in the course of solving it and which could not be taken into account from the very beginning.

Inertia of thinking- the quality of thinking, manifested in a tendency to a pattern, to habitual trains of thought, in the difficulty of switching from one system of actions to another.

The rate of development of thought processes- the minimum number of exercises necessary to generalize the principle of the solution.

Economy of thinking- the number of logical moves (reasoning) through which a new pattern is assimilated.

breadth of mind- the ability to cover a wide range of issues in various fields of knowledge and practice.

Depth of thinking- the ability to delve into the essence, reveal the causes of phenomena, foresee the consequences; manifests itself in the degree of significance of features that a person can abstract when mastering new material, and in the level of their generalization.

Sequence of thinking- the ability to observe a strict logical order in the consideration of a particular issue.

Critical thinking- the quality of thinking, which allows for a strict assessment of the results of mental activity, to find strengths and weaknesses in them, to prove the truth of the put forward provisions.

Sustainability of thinking- the quality of thinking, manifested in the orientation to the totality of previously identified significant features, to already known patterns.

mindfulness of thought- the quality of thinking, manifested in the ability to express in a word both the result of the work (essential features, concepts, patterns, etc.), and those methods, techniques by which this result was found.

These individual characteristics must be specially taken into account in order to properly assess mental abilities and knowledge.

All of the listed and many other qualities of thinking are closely related to its main quality, or feature. The most important feature of any thinking - regardless of its individual individual characteristics - is the ability to single out the essential, to independently come to ever new generalizations. When a person thinks, he is not limited to stating this or that fact or event, even if it is bright, interesting, new and unexpected. Thinking necessarily goes further, delving into the essence of a given phenomenon and discovering the general law of development of all more or less homogeneous phenomena, no matter how outwardly they differ from each other.

Mental tasks are solved with the help of mental operations.

Analysis- a mental operation by means of which the whole is divided into its component parts.

Synthesis- mental unification of separate parts into a single holistic image.

Comparison- a mental operation, due to which a comparison of objects and phenomena takes place in order to detect similarities and differences between them. Abstraction is a mental operation, during which significant, essential properties of objects and phenomena are distinguished, while being distracted from non-essential properties. Generalization is a mental operation that combines phenomena and objects according to their essential, most common features. Concretization is a mental transition from general concepts, judgments to single ones, corresponding to general ones. The presence of selected mental operations in a person indicates a good level of development of thinking.

Each person differs from another in various qualities of thinking.

Let's take a closer look at them.

breadth of mind- this is the ability of a person to see the task as a whole, on a large scale, but at the same time do not forget about the importance of details. A person with a broad mind is said to have a broad outlook.

depth of mind- the ability of a person to understand the very essence of the issue.

The opposite negative quality is the superficiality of thinking, when a person, paying attention to the little things, does not notice the main, important, essential.

Independence of thinking- the ability of a person to put forward and solve new problems without the help of other people.

Flexibility of thinking- the ability of a person to abandon previously developed methods for solving problems and finding more rational methods and techniques.

The opposite negative quality is inertia (stereotyping, rigidity) of thinking, when a person follows previously found methods of solving, despite their unproductiveness.

Quickness of mind- the ability of a person in a short time to understand the task, to find effective solutions, to draw the right conclusions. Often the presence of this quality is determined by the characteristics of the functioning of the nervous system.

They say about such people - quick-witted, resourceful, smart.

However, it is necessary to distinguish the speed of thinking from haste, when a person rushes to solve a problem without thinking it through to the end, but snatching out only one side.

Criticality of the mind- the ability of a person to give an objective assessment of himself and others, comprehensively checking all existing solutions.

Thus, each person has his own individual characteristics that characterize his mental activity.

Thinking is a very complex and multifaceted mental activity, and its characteristics cannot be simple and unambiguous. Thus, a person can think with varying degrees of generalization, relying more or less on perceptions, ideas or concepts. Depending on this, there are types of thinking that characterize the individual characteristics of human thinking (they were discussed in the previous paragraph).

Differences in the mental activity of people are manifested in various qualities of thinking. The most significant of them autonomy, breadth, depth, flexibility, speed and criticality . These qualities of thinking (or qualities of the mind) become peculiar properties of a person's personality.

Independence of thinking It is characterized by the ability of a person to put forward new tasks and find the necessary solutions and answers without resorting to the frequent help of other people. This does not mean that an independently thinking person does not rely on the knowledge, thoughts and experience of other people. Self-mind people consciously absorb and creatively apply the experience and knowledge of others. A person who does not have independent thinking focuses only on other people's knowledge and experience, and when solving various issues and problems, he relies solely on ready-made formulas, template solutions, does not seek to find his own ways and ways to solve them,

The teacher often has to deal with independent and non-independent thinking of schoolchildren. Some students can easily cope with such tasks as, for example, summarize the content of the story in their own words, find a way to solve a new type of mathematical problem. Other students without the help of a teacher or a ready-made sample cannot complete such a task on their own. Education of independent thinking in students is one of the most important tasks of our school.

breadth of mind It is expressed in the cognitive activity of a person, covering various areas of activity, in a broad outlook, versatile curiosity. Extensive cognitive activity as a quality of thinking is based on comprehensive and deep knowledge. The upbringing of the breadth of mind is directly related to the task of the all-round development of the personality.

depth of mind It is expressed in the ability to penetrate into the essence of the most complex issues, the ability to see the problem where other people do not have a question. A deep mind is characterized by the need to understand the causes of phenomena and events, the ability to foresee their further development. The development of the depth of the mind, as well as its breadth, is determined by the activity of a person, his knowledge, the presence of stable cognitive interests.

Flexibility of mind It is expressed in the freedom of thought from the shackling influence of techniques and methods of solving problems fixed in past experience, in the ability to quickly change one's actions when the situation changes. A student with a flexible mind can, if necessary, quickly switch from one method of solving a problem to another, diversify his attempts to solve it, and as a result quickly find new ways to solve the problem. There are students with inflexible minds. Their thought is inert (sedentary), constrained, they hardly switch to a new method of proof, a new way of solving a mental problem, again and again returning to the method of solution fixed in the past. If children, for example, solve several examples for addition, then their mode of action is fixed and it is difficult for them to immediately switch to subtraction. Such students need to be specially trained to quickly restructure the action.

Quickness of mind - this is the ability of a person to quickly understand a difficult situation, quickly think it over and make the right decision. Resourceful and quick-witted people are people with a quick mind. The speed of thinking depends on knowledge, on the degree of development of mental skills, as well as on the individual pace of mental activity, which is usually based on the high mobility of nervous processes in the cerebral cortex.

Haste of mind should be distinguished from quickness of mind. A person with this quality of mind is characterized by a lack of habit of long and hard work. The haste of the mind is also the superficiality of the mind, when a person snatches out any one side of the issue and is not able to consider it in all its complexity. At school, students are often observed who make many mistakes only because of haste and some kind of feverish haste. The guys, without thinking through the question to the end, strive to answer it as quickly as possible. Such students must be patiently restrained, urged not to rush, but to think more.

Meet at school and students "slow-thinking", with slow thinking. They are often unfairly mistaken for incompetent. This quality is often a manifestation of the type of the nervous system, but sometimes it is also the result of a peculiar laziness of the mind, the absence of the habit of long and hard work and the lack of satisfaction from intense mental activity. For a lazy mind, the most pleasant state is to think less, and if the need to think arises, then the teaching tends not to bother itself with this occupation. In such a case, it is necessary to try to arouse the student's interest in the subject, to encourage at least small achievements.

If the reason is the general phlegm of the student, the slowness of his reactions, i.e., features of the type of the feather system, then it is necessary to resort to special techniques to induce him to work faster only if the slowness of thinking adversely affects learning. It is quite acceptable if the student develops his own individual style of mental work - albeit somewhat slow, but solid, solid.

Criticality of the mind - this is the ability of a person to objectively evaluate his own and other people's thoughts, carefully and comprehensively check all the propositions and conclusions put forward. A person with a critical mindset never regards his statements as absolutely true, infallible and exhaustive. And if it turns out that his judgments do not correspond to reality, then he will not hesitate to discard them and will look for new solutions. The great naturalist C. Darwin pointed out that he could abandon the most curious hypothesis if the facts contradicted it.

Dispute- Breadth of mind or slavery of illusions?

Breadth of mind or slavery of illusions? What did I hide in myself from myself, Where the main secret is hidden in the depths of my soul Why do I dig where all meaning disappears Searching for myself, suspecting in advance That everything is before us, and I am everything... SLIP. The dispute between mathematics and poetry. The mathematician declares, - You didn’t think, dear, why does it happen that everything that is around you was created by mathematicians, and not by lyricists, physicists, and not by the humanities? How often do mathematicians and physicists like to argue that they are smarter than any lyricist? This is where this article should start. How often have I heard smart people try to justify art, lyrics, poetry, faith and religion. Yes, mathematics and physics, no doubt, create material things, but what did spiritual reasoning create? And I will say this: if we imagine our world as an energy field, where there is a magnitude of charge and a certain carrier of this charge. The charge flows from one carrier to another (information exchange, for those who do not understand), respectively, the value of this charge can also be different (in theory, charge carriers should also be removed, since we are talking about a field, but it’s easier to imagine this picture, it’s easier abstract). That is, this is an explanation for mathematicians, who can easily imagine the whole world as a kind of field. If the value of this charge is too large, then the carrier can be destroyed (i.e., deprived of the initial charge, and hence of its initial information that it carried in itself). To avoid this, the charge follows, shares with other carriers, thus, the movement of particles (carriers) occurs, thus, the perpetual motion machine of the universe (pulsation) is carried out. In a society of people, this manifests itself something like this: let's say a person is overcharged and if he does not find relaxation, then sooner or later this can lead to a nervous breakdown. A nervous breakdown will lead to destructive actions (destruction of matter). The charge in a person accumulates one way or another, this simply happens as a result of fluctuations of the "field" described by me below, that is, the constant movement of the charge almost like from plus to minus, only here we are not talking about the charge itself, but about its magnitude. In human physiology, this charge can be defined as libido, i.e. sex drive. Freud also said that our instinct does not really imply a complete desire for comfort as such (although many biologists think otherwise, instincts, in their opinion, controlling living matter, always seek comfort) it initially also implies self-destruction. That is, the function of constant synthesis of this energy (libido) is inherent in a person, while another part of the instinct makes matter reduce this charge, saving it from destruction - eros. The direct way in animal physiology to reduce this charge is, of course, sexual intercourse and the struggle for survival. The same can be said about a person, but the structure of our psyche is more complex than the psyche of an animal. The complication of the structure implies an increase in the charge, i.e. we no longer have enough sexual intercourse and the simple struggle for animal existence in order to shed this charge. This is where art, religion and science come to the rescue. Simply put, if a poet does not compose poetry, then he either drinks, or beats, or robs, or finds another way to realize his energy potential, which can be called sublimation with a stretch. If human society is isolated from lyricists and lyricism, then as a result we have a strong social weakening of the system, which can lead to the death of society. Although the carrier of energy cannot be destroyed, destruction only means depriving it of its charge of energy. A society devoid of lyricism, of course, cannot die to the end, it's just that there are two options for its further development. The first option is simplification, involution, when the society, having collapsed, will lead to the degradation of the personality, which will have to be simplified, for example, to the animal level and thereby deprive itself of a high charge. That is, there will be a normal return to animal, more primitive life. Option two - society finds a different way to implement the energy charge, for example - war, conflict, religion, etc. Of course, there are many ways and paths, I will not consider them. Lyricism holds civilization, it helps to reset this very energy, just like mathematics or physics. In fact, I reduced all the processes taking place in society and in human life to simple mathematics, i.e. every process in society is a natural regularity, and if we argue about the benefits of lyricism and mathematics, it turns out that we are simply talking about the magnitude of the charge. And this whole argument comes to a dead end of absurdity. Of course, considering the need for lyricists in society, I went too far, but to be honest, this "field" theory, although applicable to the biological laws of nature (it is universal), but I perfectly understand its inferiority and applied it only to mathematicians and not the lyricists thought about it. However, here the question certainly arises, why then should not everyone be physicists and mathematicians, if the essence lies only in the discharge of this very energy? In fact, indeed a mathematician from the point of view of nature can become a lyricist and vice versa. Both those and others are needed in nature to maintain a certain energy balance, since the field is not separate elements, it is a single organism fighting for its universal survival. If for some reason it is necessary in the nature of man, in the nature of his social life, to make it so that there are fewer physicists and more lyricists, then she will certainly do it. Those. there will be a transfusion of energy from more to less, so the metabolism of the field is observed. Do you need evidence here, if you need it, then here's a simple example for you: Let's imagine a tribe, what would not be "Mambo" in distant Africa. All of them from time immemorial lived without grieving, until it happened for some reason, for example, a distortion of the earth's magnetic field, as a result of which the rivers changed their original course. What then does nature do so that this tribe can survive? It makes possible the birth of a person who knows how to search for water underground with the help of two branches. Such a person may be a bad hunter, but thanks to him, the tribe has a chance to survive. Thus, in this person, most of the energy is spent in search of this very water, and a small part is spent, for example, on hunting, for one's own survival. Throughout the tribe, for a long time, the energy that should have been freely realized in relation to the search for water, as a result of its absence, accumulated in them. And now, with the appearance of this person, since he is looking for water for them, their energy should feed him. Those. his relatives must take care of him and thus give the accumulated energy in them to this person who does not have it. This is how energy is exchanged. The picture is very rough and has its own nuances that should be considered. I'm just too lazy to describe them all, but I think the core idea is accessible and understandable. This unusual person can be easily compared with a lyricist who appeared in our society only in response to a lack of, for example, simple emotions (ie, an elementary exchange of energy). The conclusion here is this: lyricism is just an outlet for "extra" energy invented by the very evolution of society so that it could exist and preserve itself. The word "superfluous" is bracketed here because there is nothing superfluous in nature and this concept is relative here. Now again to the question of the dispute between lyricists and mathematicians. Here a certain gentleman declares that mathematics has done everything in this world. But I can say with the same absurdity that the lyrics did everything (although, as I said, both of them are just an energy charge)! I explain: Spiritual and material values ​​are inseparable, one cannot exist without the other. Civilization is based on an empty and useless idea for its time. It is based on faith, and faith is nothing but an empty spiritual inquiry. Today we can say that the first "human-monkey", which instead of a spear threw a well-aimed word at his enemy (referring to Z. Freud) did it right, as he founded a civilization. But judge for yourself, for its time it was nothing more than stupid fun that turned into a tragedy. So, let's look at something else with you: For the ancient "man-ape" it was right: 1) Takes care of food. 2) Takes care of offspring That is, this is a real pattern. And now let's talk about unnecessary things, about empty spiritual research. It was wrong from the point of view of the survival of the individual: 1) Pick up a stick and draw something on the ground. 2) Pick up a stick and start hitting dry wood with it, tapping out the rhythm. The first two correct directives are physics and mathematics. The second wrong directives are lyrics and primitive stupidity. But thanks to this stupidity, civilization appeared. Physics and mathematics took on the role of executive, and thought, faith, lyrics, art took on the role of thought, spirit, i.e. empty and seemingly unnecessary waste of their vitality. So why does nature still invent lyricists, why does it make people think about the empty, when they should survive, and in order to survive, create material things? In the end, say mathematicians and physicists, you are the great materialists of this world, because materialism implies that soap is like a kind of material that can be touched. And if so, the lyricists create and change matter just like willows. I’ll add on my own: I’m only thinking about this topic, and I’m not saying anything, because I myself can explain all the processes in society not only with the help of the “field” theory, i.e. this is not my opinion. When I hear all these disputes, who is still smarter and more necessary for the society of mathematics or lyrics, I have no choice but to smile in response. In nature, everything is needed and everything is there. Searching for myself, suspecting in advance That everything is in front of us, and I am everything... Sincerely, SLIP.

Differences in the mental activity of people are manifested in various qualities of thinking, the most significant of which are breadth and depth, independence and criticality, flexibility and quickness of mind. These qualities of thinking, or qualities of the mind, become peculiar properties of the personality.

breadth of mind expressed, on the one hand, in a wide cognitive activity of a person, covering various areas of reality, and on the other hand, it is characterized by a comprehensive and creative approach to the studied issues of science and practice, based on comprehensive and deep knowledge.

depth of mind expressed in the ability to penetrate into the essence of the most complex issues of life, the ability to see the question, the problem where other people do not have questions; see complexity where others do not see it. A deep mind is characterized by the need to understand the causes of phenomena and events, the ability to foresee their further development, to find the right ways and means of cognizing the surrounding reality.

Independence of thinking It is characterized by the ability of a person to put forward new tasks and find the necessary solutions and answers without resorting to the frequent help of other people. Self-mind people consciously absorb and creatively apply the experience and knowledge of others.

Criticality of the mind It is characterized by a person's ability to objectively evaluate his own and other people's thoughts, carefully prove and comprehensively check all the propositions and conclusions put forward. The critical mind is above all a disciplined mind; , a strict and responsible mind, taking nothing for granted.

Flexibility of mind characterized by ease, freedom of thought when choosing a method for solving new problems, the ability, if necessary, to quickly switch from one method of solving a problem to another. People with inflexible minds lack these qualities. Their thought is inert (immovable), constrained, they hardly switch to a new way of proof, a new way of solving a mental problem.

Quickness of mind- it is the ability of a person to quickly understand a difficult situation, quickly think it over and immediately make the right decision. Resourceful and quick-witted people are people with a quick mind. From quickness of mind should be distinguished : haste of thought. A person with this quality of mind is characterized by a kind of laziness of the mind, the absence of the habit of long and hard work. For a lazy mind, the most blissful and pleasant state is to think less, and if the need to think arises, then. a person with such a mind strives to quickly stop this occupation.

Memory- one of the most popular mental features of a person. No wonder the ancient Greeks considered the goddess of memory Mnemosyne the mother of nine muses.

The goddess of memory Mnemosyne gave birth to nine daughters from Zeus - muses, goddesses of sciences and arts. Muses become assistants to everyone who strives for knowledge and creativity. But if a person is deprived of the gift of Mnemosyne - memory, then all the wisdom and all the beauty of the world become inaccessible to him, both the past and the future disappear for him.

Memory– a form of mental reflection, which consists in memorization, preservation and subsequent reproduction by the individual of his experience.

figurative memory - memory that processes information from analyzers - visual, auditory, tactile, olfactory, gustatory).

motor memory- memory for movements and systems for the formation of motor practical skills.

Verbal-logical memory(specifically human memory) - the content is the thoughts of a person, embodied in various linguistic forms .

Emotional memory - memory for feelings and emotions.

2. Depending on the nature and goals of the activity:

A) involuntary- memory in which there is no special purpose - to remember.

The effectiveness of involuntary memory depends on whether the material of the activity that he performs is included in the goal of a person, on the attitude to the activity, on the motives of the activity.

B) Arbitrary- Purposeful memory.

Mnemic actions- these are actions that require setting a special goal to remember, save, but at the same time it is necessary to pick up a visual or funny association, translate the memorized material into verses or consonant phrases. ). By way of remembering:

A) mechanical- there is no reliance on understanding;

B) semantic- based on generalized and specialized associations.

4. Depending on the duration of saving information