Institute of Law and National Security. General work experience

All substances, according to their ability to conduct electric current in solution or in a molten state, can be divided into two groups: electrolytes and non-electrolytes.

electrolytes Substances are called substances whose solutions or melts conduct an electric current. Electrolytes include acids, bases and salts.

Non-electrolytes Substances are called substances whose solutions or melts do not conduct electric current. For example, many organic substances.

The ability of electrolytes (conductors of the second kind) to conduct electric current is fundamentally different from the electrical conductivity of metals (conductors of the first kind): the electrical conductivity of metals is due to the movement of electrons, and the electrical conductivity of electrolytes is associated with the movement of ions.

It was found that in solutions of acids, bases and salts, the experimentally found values ​​of p, tcrys., tboil, po i once ( i- isotonic coefficient). Moreover, the number of particles in the NaCl solution increased almost 2 times, and in the CaCl2 solution - 3 times.

To explain the behavior of electrolytes, the Swedish scientist S. Arrhenius in 1887 proposed a theory called theories of electrolytic dissociation. The essence of the theory is as follows:

• 1. When dissolved in water, electrolytes decompose (dissociate) into charged particles (ions) - positively charged cations (Na +, K +, Ca2 +, H +) and negatively charged anions (Cl-, SO42-, CO32-, OH-). The properties of ions are completely different from those of the atoms that formed them. The decomposition of a neutral substance into ions as a result of chemical interaction with a solvent is called electrolytic dissociation.
• 2. Under the action of an electric current, ions acquire a directed movement: cations move towards a negatively charged electrode (cathode), anions - towards a positively charged electrode (anode).
• 3. Dissociation is a reversible and equilibrium process. This means that in parallel with the disintegration of molecules into ions (dissociation), there is a process of combining ions into molecules (association): KA K+ + A-.
• 4. In solution, ions are in a hydrated state.

For a quantitative assessment of electrolytic dissociation, the concept is used degrees of electrolytic dissociation() is the ratio of the number of molecules decomposed into ions to the total number of dissolved molecules. The degree of dissociation is determined empirically and is expressed in fractions or percentages. The degree of electrolytic dissociation depends on the nature of the solvent and solute, temperature and concentration of the solution:

• 1. The more polar the solvent, the higher the degree of dissociation of the electrolyte in it.
• 2. Substances with ionic and covalent polar bonds undergo dissociation.
• 3. Increasing the temperature increases the dissociation of weak electrolytes.
• 4. With a decrease in the concentration of the electrolyte (during dilution), the degree of dissociation increases.

Depending on the magnitude of the degree of dissociation, conventionally electrolytes (at a concentration of their solutions of 0.1 M) are divided into:

According to the type of ions formed during dissociation, all electrolytes can be divided into acids, bases, salts.

acids- electrolytes that dissociate with the formation of only H + cations and an acid residue (Cl- - chloride, NO3- - nitrate, SO42- - sulfate, HCO3 bicarbonate, CO32 carbonate). For example: Hcl H++Cl-, H2SO4 2H++SO42-.

The presence of a hydrogen ion in acid solutions, more precisely, a hydrated H3O + ion, determines the general properties of acids (sour taste, action on indicators, interaction with alkalis, interaction with metals with the release of hydrogen, etc.).

In polybasic acids, dissociation occurs in steps, and each step is characterized by its own degree of dissociation. So, phosphoric acid dissociates in three steps:

I stage	H3PO4 H+ + H2PO4-
II stage	H2PO4- H+ + HPO42-
III stage	HRO42- H+ + PO43-

And 3<2<1, т.е. распад электролита на ионы протекает, в основном, по первой ступени и в растворе ортофосфорной кислоты будут находиться преимущественно ионы Н+ и H2РO4-. Причины этого в том, что ионы водорода значительно сильнее притягиваются к трехзарядному иону РO43- и двухзарядному иону HРO42-, чем к однозарядному H2РO4-. Кроме того, на 2-ой и 3-ей ступенях имеет место смещение равновесия в сторону исходной формы по принципу Ле-Шателье за счет накапливающихся ионов водорода.

Foundations- electrolytes that dissociate with the formation of only hydroxide ions (OH-) as anions. After the separation of OH-, cations remain: Na +, Ca2 +, NH4 +. For example: NaOH Na + + OH-, Ca (OH) 2 Ca2 + + 2 OH-.

The general properties of bases (soapiness to the touch, action on the indicator, interaction with acids, etc.) are determined by the presence of OH- hydroxo groups in base solutions.

For polyacid bases, stepwise dissociation is characteristic:

I stage	Ba(OH)2 Ba(OH)+ + OH-
II stage	Ba(OH)+ Ba2+ + OH-

The dissociation of amphoteric hydroxides proceeds both as a base and as an acid. Thus, the dissociation of zinc hydroxide can proceed in the following directions (in this case, the equilibrium shifts depending on the medium according to the Le Chatelier principle):

salt- These are electrolytes that dissociate into metal cations (or groups replacing it) and anions of the acid residue.

Medium salts dissociate completely: CuSO4 Cu2+ + SO42-. Unlike medium salts, acidic and basic salts dissociate in steps:

I stage	NaНСО3 Na+ + НСО3-	Cu(OH)Cl Cu(OH)+ + Cl-
II stage	HCO3- H+ + CO32-	Cu(OH)+ Cu2+ + OH-,

moreover, the degree of dissociation of salts in the second stage is very small.

Exchange reactions in electrolyte solutions are reactions between ions. A necessary condition for the occurrence of exchange reactions in electrolyte solutions is the formation of weakly dissociating compounds or compounds that are released from the solution in the form of a precipitate or gas.

When writing reaction equations in ionic-molecular form, weakly dissociating, gaseous and sparingly soluble compounds are written in the form molecules, and soluble strong electrolytes - in the form ions. When writing ionic equations, be sure to follow the table of solubility of acids, bases and salts in water (Appendix A).

Consider the technique of writing ionic equations using examples.

Example 1 Write the reaction equation in ion-molecular form:

BaCl2 + K2SO4 = BaSO4 + 2KCl

Solution: Salts are strong electrolytes and almost completely dissociate into ions. Since BaSO4 is a practically insoluble compound (see Appendix A table), the main part of barium sulfate will be in an undissociated form, so we will write this substance in the form of molecules, and the remaining salts, which are soluble, in the form of ions:

Ba2+ + 2Cl- + 2K+ + SO42- = BaSO4 + 2K+ + 2Cl-

As can be seen from the resulting complete ionic-molecular equation, the K+ and Cl- ions do not interact, therefore, excluding them, we obtain a brief ionic-molecular equation:

Ba2+ + SO42- = BaSO4,

The arrow indicates that the resulting substance precipitates.

Ionic equations can represent any reactions occurring in solutions between electrolytes. Moreover, the essence of any chemical reaction is reflected precisely by a short ion-molecular equation. Based on the ion-molecular equation, one can easily write a molecular equation.

Example 2 Match the molecular equation to the following ion-molecular equation: 2H+ + S2- = H2S.

Solution: Hydrogen ions are formed during the dissociation of any strong acid, such as HCl. Two chloride ions must be added to the hydrogen ions in the short ionic equation. Cations (for example, 2K+) should be added to sulfide ions, forming a soluble, well-dissociated electrolyte. Then the same ions must be written on the right side. Then the complete ion-molecular and molecular equations will have the form:

• 2H+ + 2Cl- + 2K+ + S2- = H2S + 2K+ + 2Cl-
• 2 HCl + K2S = H2S + 2 KCl-

Have you ever wondered why some solutions conduct electricity while others do not? For example, everyone knows that it is better not to take a bath while blow-drying your hair. After all, water is a good conductor of electric current, and if a working hair dryer falls into water, then it cannot be avoided. In fact, water is not such a good conductor of current. There are solutions that conduct electricity much better. Such substances are called electrolytes. These include acids, alkalis and water-soluble salts.

Electrolytes - who are they?

The question arises: why do solutions of some substances pass electricity, while others do not? It's all about charged particles - cations and anions. When dissolved in water, electrolytes decompose into ions, which, under the action of an electric current, move in a given direction. Positively charged cations move towards the negative pole, the cathode, and negatively charged anions move towards the positive pole, the anode. The process of disintegration of a substance into ions when melted or dissolved in water is proudly called electrolytic dissociation.

This term was introduced by the Swedish scientist S. Arrhenius when he studied the properties of solutions to transmit electricity. To do this, he closed through a solution of some substance and watched whether the light bulb lights up at the same time or not. If the incandescent bulb lights up, then the solution conducts electricity, from which it follows that this substance is an electrolyte. If the light bulb remains extinguished, then the solution does not conduct electricity, therefore this substance is a non-electrolyte. Non-electrolytes include solutions of sugar, alcohol, glucose. But solutes of table salt, sulfuric acid and perfectly conduct electric current, therefore, electrolytic dissociation occurs in them.

How does dissociation proceed?

Subsequently, the theory of electrolytic dissociation was developed and supplemented by Russian scientists I.A. Kablukov and V.A. Kistyakovsky, having applied to its substantiation the chemical theory of solutions by D.I. Mendeleev.

These scientists found that the electrolytic dissociation of acids, alkalis and salts occurs as a result of electrolyte hydration, that is, its interaction with water molecules. The ions, cations and anions formed as a result of this process will be hydrated, that is, associated with water molecules that surround them in a dense ring. Their properties are significantly different from non-hydrated ions.

So, in a solution of strontium nitrate Sr (NO3) 2, as well as in solutions of cesium hydroxide CsOH, electrolytic dissociation occurs. Examples of this process can be expressed as follows:

Sr(NO3)2 = Sr2+ + 2NO3 -,

those. upon dissociation of one molecule of strontium nitrate, one strontium cation and 2 nitrate anions are formed;

CsOH = Cs+ + OH-,

those. the dissociation of one cesium hydroxide molecule produces one cesium cation and one hydroxide anion.

The electrolytic dissociation of acids occurs in a similar way. For hydroiodic acid, this process can be expressed by the following equation:

those. the dissociation of one molecule of hydroiodic acid produces one hydrogen cation and one iodine anion.

dissociation mechanism.

The electrolytic dissociation of substances-electrolytes proceeds in several stages. For substances with an ionic bond type, such as NaCl, NaOH, this process includes three sequential processes:

at first, water molecules, having 2 opposite poles (positive and negative) and representing a dipole, are oriented near the ions of the crystal. With a positive pole they are attached to the negative ion of the crystal, and vice versa, with a negative pole - to the positive of the ions of the crystal;

then the crystal ions are hydrated by water dipoles,

and only after that, the hydrated ions, as it were, diverge in different directions and begin to move randomly in the solution or melt until they are affected by an electric field.

For substances with such as HCl and other acids, the dissociation process is similar, except that at the initial stage there is a transition from a covalent bond to an ionic one due to the action of water dipoles. These are the main points of the theory of dissociation of substances.

Year of graduation from TSU named after G.R. Derzhavin: 2006.

Faculty / Specialty: Institute of Law / Jurisprudence

Current city: Tambov

Position: Associate Professor of the Department of Civil Law

Description of achievements: PhD in Law

Career:

In 2006 she graduated with honors from the Institute of Law of the Tambov State University. G. R. Derzhavin.

From 2006 to 2008, practical activities were carried out in the legal and accounting fields. In 2009 she defended her Ph.D. thesis in the specialty 12.00.01 – “Theory and History of Law and State; history of the doctrines of law and the state.

From 2008 to 2010 she worked as a teacher at the Tambov branch of the Moscow University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia.

Since 2011 he has been working at the Institute of Law of the Tambov State University named after. G.R. Derzhavin (Institute of Law and National Security since 2015): since 2011 - at the Department of Constitutional, Administrative and Financial Law of the Institute of Law of Tambov State University. G.R. Derzhavin, since 2012 - at the Department of Financial and Administrative Law, and since 2013 - at the Department of Civil Law.

About studying at TSU:

She entered the 1st year of the Institute of Law of the TSU named after G.R. Derzhavin in 2001. The question of the place of higher education seemed to be non-existent. It was obvious - TSU im. G.R. Derzhavin. I chose the specialty according to my own preference. She believed that it was in jurisprudence that there was an opportunity to realize oneself as much as possible, since the profession of a lawyer is characterized by the possibility of a greater choice of place of work and the choice of the specifics of work. When choosing a specialty, I was also based on the common and well-established opinion that the profession of a lawyer is the most demanded and prestigious.

Studying at the institute required a lot of effort and effort. But the more I learned, the more interest there was in obtaining new knowledge, the more confidence that the choice of profession was made correctly, the more motivation to improve my skills. Special thanks should be expressed to the teaching staff. Thanks to their work and desire to transfer their knowledge and skills to us, there has always been confidence that we are provided with a quality education. There was not the slightest doubt that there was no scientific or practical problem that could withstand their knowledge and experience.

Currently, I also work as a teacher. This work is challenging and interesting at the same time. Its scale is amazing: seminars, lectures, round tables, conferences of various levels, communication with people, with representatives of various state, municipal and private structures. Working at the university gives a complete feeling that you are in constant motion.

The choice of a profession should be conscious. And how much it can be realized in their school years is checked by each individually after some time or even decades later. And that is why it is so important to make a choice consciously and for yourself correctly. The work of a lawyer is universal, interesting, exciting, it is able to reveal the personality, while providing a wide choice of areas for the realization of one's capabilities and career growth.

Be truthful and honest with children without hiding it from them. what happens in the soul is the only education.

L.N. Tolstoy

Education is a complex multifaceted process, characterizing it by A.S. Makarenko wrote: "Education is a social process in the broadest sense. It educates everything: people, things, phenomena, but first of all and most of all - people. Of these, teachers are in the first place."

About myself

Teaching experience - 27 years, of which 18 years I have been working in a boarding school for children with disabilities. Graduated from Karasuk Pedagogical College.

For many years I selflessly gave myself

Children's souls, hearts, without stint,

As best she could, she warmed everyone with her love

And she asked God for happiness, praying at night.

I could not be a real mother to them,

But he was always a native person,

Fair, caring and most importantly -

Helped to live childhood outside the hearth.

Wiped a tear from children's eyes unapologetically

I bandaged my knees, knitted socks,

Lullaby sang, whispered secretly,

And the soul was torn from terrible longing

Smiled openly, and the heart sobbed

She hugged me, begged for forgiveness,

That I am here, and not a blood mother

Standing next to a little daughter

Have grown up. Scattered around the world, in the hope

Build your happiness and find a home...

I am with other children. And again, as before

With love I try to pass my childhood

Books that shaped my inner world

Makarenko "Pedagogical poem", Sukhomlinsky "I give my heart to children", Ushinsky "On education"

My view of the world

"A child knows how to love the one who loves him - and he can only be brought up with love" Felix Dzerzhinsky

I thought: the main thing is to form,

Make, sculpt.sculpt,

I thought: show the right route,

Edit, heal, teach.

I thought: tear, fight, chop,

Ride as long as the strength carries.

But it turned out - just love

Only love. That's all.

S.V. Belova

My achievements

2015 Took part in the seminar "Individual support for students with disabilities in the educational process. Conducted an open lesson.

2015 Letter of thanks from the principal of the school for professionalism, sensitive attitude. attention and care for students.

2016 Gratitude for participation in the project "Rainbow of childhood".

2017 Diploma for active participation in the week of educators "Wide Maslenitsa"

2017 Received a certificate of participation in the III regional competition of pedagogical skills "Pedagogical professionalism in the practice of modern educational systems"

2017 Under my leadership, the pupils took part in the regional creative festival "Special children - special talents"

2017 Took part in seminars of the cycle "Formation of competencies among specialists involved in work with orphans and children left without parental care, foster families, families experiencing difficulties in raising and developing children

2018 Diploma of the participant of the regional festival "School, creativity, success"

2018 Gratitude from the director for many years of fruitful work.

2018 Took part in the work of the joint interregional scientific and practical conference "Education of persons with disabilities and disabilities: socialization in a changing world"

2018 Diploma of victory (1st place) in the regional competitive event held on the All-Russian educational portal "Prosveshchenie" in the nomination of the best methodological development

2019 Diploma of the winner (2nd place) in the regional competitive event held on the All-Russian educational portal "Prosveshchenie" in the nomination of the best author's program.

2019. Under my leadership, the pupils took part in a regional competitive event held on the All-Russian Educational Portal "Prosveshchenie". in the category of decorative and applied arts. Participation result: winner 1st place

2019 Under my leadership, the pupils took part in the All-Russian creative competition "Horizons of pedagogy" Nomination: "Decorative and applied art" Result of participation: winner (III place)

My portfolio

There is a science of education - pedagogy. But educating a person is more of an art. And no books can teach this art. The job of a teacher is complex and varied. Those who are in love with their profession work with enthusiasm and inspiration. The teacher's love for the chosen profession is manifested primarily in love for children, and not for the elect, but for each, any child - complaisant and difficult, mobile and slow, shy and lively, impudent and polite. The peculiarity of this love is in the pedagogical orientation and vigilance, high demands and respect for children, reasonable kindness and strictness towards them. "To become a real educator of children," said V.A. Sukhomlinsky, "one must give them one's heart."

Add certificate to portfolio

To narrow the search results, you can refine the query by specifying the fields to search on. The list of fields is presented above. For example:

You can search across multiple fields at the same time:

logical operators

The default operator is AND.
Operator AND means that the document must match all the elements in the group:

research development

Operator OR means that the document must match one of the values ​​in the group:

study OR development

Operator NOT excludes documents containing this element:

study NOT development

Search type

When writing a query, you can specify the way in which the phrase will be searched. Four methods are supported: search based on morphology, without morphology, search for a prefix, search for a phrase.
By default, the search is based on morphology.
To search without morphology, it is enough to put the "dollar" sign before the words in the phrase:

$ study $ development

To search for a prefix, you need to put an asterisk after the query:

study *

To search for a phrase, you need to enclose the query in double quotes:

" research and development "

Search by synonyms

To include synonyms of a word in the search results, put a hash mark " # " before a word or before an expression in brackets.
When applied to one word, up to three synonyms will be found for it.
When applied to a parenthesized expression, a synonym will be added to each word if one was found.
Not compatible with no-morphology, prefix, or phrase searches.

# study

grouping

Parentheses are used to group search phrases. This allows you to control the boolean logic of the request.
For example, you need to make a request: find documents whose author is Ivanov or Petrov, and the title contains the words research or development:

Approximate word search

For an approximate search, you need to put a tilde " ~ " at the end of a word in a phrase. For example:

bromine ~

The search will find words such as "bromine", "rum", "prom", etc.
You can optionally specify the maximum number of possible edits: 0, 1, or 2. For example:

bromine ~1

The default is 2 edits.

Proximity criterion

To search by proximity, you need to put a tilde " ~ " at the end of a phrase. For example, to find documents with the words research and development within 2 words, use the following query:

" research development "~2

Expression relevance

To change the relevance of individual expressions in the search, use the sign " ^ " at the end of an expression, and then indicate the level of relevance of this expression in relation to the others.
The higher the level, the more relevant the given expression.
For example, in this expression, the word "research" is four times more relevant than the word "development":

study ^4 development

By default, the level is 1. Valid values ​​are a positive real number.

Search within an interval

To specify the interval in which the value of some field should be, you should specify the boundary values ​​in brackets, separated by the operator TO.
A lexicographic sort will be performed.

Such a query will return results with the author starting from Ivanov and ending with Petrov, but Ivanov and Petrov will not be included in the result.
To include a value in an interval, use square brackets. Use curly braces to escape a value.