Interesting scientific articles on the Russian language. Opinions on the topic

L. P. Krysin

Many people are concerned about the current state of Russian speech, what is happening to it: first of all, writers, language teachers who deal with the word professionally, as well as politicians, public figures, scientists, journalists, and doctors. And, of course, linguists: although they are called upon to impartially and comprehensively study the processes that take place in the language, they are also far from indifferent to everything that threatens the unity and integrity of the literary language, which shakes its norm, destroys cultural traditions.

What happens to our language? What gains and losses can be observed in it over the past one and a half to two decades?

You can't cover everything in a short article. Nevertheless, it is advisable to dwell on what is most remarkable, what distinguishes the current stage of development of our language from the previous ones. Two processes seem to be very noticeable. This is, firstly, the jargonization of literary speech and, secondly, the strengthening of the process of borrowing foreign words.

1. Jargonization of literary speech.

Our time at the turn of two centuries is characterized by the entry into public life of such layers and groups, whose representatives in their habits and preferences are associated with various kinds of jargon and other forms of non-literary speech. In addition, the departure in the field of social life from the canons and norms of a totalitarian state, the proclamation of freedom both in the socio-political and economic sphere, and in human relations, affect, in particular, the assessments of certain linguistic facts and processes: what was previously considered belonging socially unprestigious environment (criminal, mafia, simply uncultured), begins to acquire the rights of citizenship along with the traditional means of the literary language. Everyone feels it, not only linguists, but also, for example, journalists.

We do not notice how crime enters everyday life, into the lexicon, how television and radio began to speak the language of convicts and the lesson, how the minuses and pluses of social behavior changed places, how the age-old commandments and taboos developed by mankind for self-defense turned out to be canceled (Izvestia, November 11, 1997 G.).

In recent decades, the Russian literary language has been strongly influenced by the slang and colloquial language environment, and migration processes play an important role in this influence: the mixing of different segments of the population, the outflow of rural residents to cities, the complication of the social composition of citizens, the intensification of communication between representatives of different (including number and according to their language skills) groups, etc.

The role of jargon as a means of communication has been underestimated in the past. Until relatively recently, in the domestic science of the Russian language, it was believed that jargons do not have a social basis for their existence. This view had some merit. Thus, by the middle of the 20th century, the beggarly slang, which was quite well developed in pre-revolutionary times, seemed to have completely lost its social base; the slang of homeless children, which absorbed many elements of thieves' jargon and was quite active in the 1920s, later fades away, without a stable contingent of speakers. However, at the end of the century, both slangs are reborn in a new social and linguistic guise, as the ranks of beggars and homeless children multiply, who use some specific forms of linguistic expression, for the most part different from those used by their predecessors. These two slangs are only part of the multicolored palette of modern social jargons and argots: they exist along with such language formations used by criminals, mafiosi, prostitutes, drug addicts, counterfeiters, card scammers and other social groups that make up some part of the urban population of modern Russia.

These numerous jargons and argots are mostly dependent, flow into each other: for example, in the field of vocabulary and phraseology, jargons of drug addicts, prostitutes, beggars have much in common, student jargon has a commonality with hippie slang, shuttle traders actively use trade slang in their speech activity. etc.

At the heart of this diversity lies the prison-camp jargon. It was formed in the socially diverse environment of Soviet camps and prisons over a number of decades. Having adopted much from the lexical and phraseological arsenal of pre-revolutionary thieves' slang, prison camp jargon significantly expanded not only the set of expressive means, but also the social composition of those who used it: they were familiar with it, it was actively used by both representatives of the criminal world and recent engineers , Soviet party employees, military, students, workers, actors, poets, peasants, doctors - in a word, all those who made up the many millions of people in the Stalinist camps.

In modern conditions, prison camp jargon finds a new habitat (it is used, for example, by businessmen, journalists, politicians) and is modified, replenished with new formations and changing the meanings of traditionally used lexical units: for example, naparit 'deceive', cabbage 'money' (originally only about dollars because of their green color), put on the counter 'start daily increasing the interest on the debt not paid on time', etc.

Slang words and phrases are far from uncommon in literary speech. At first, slang vocabulary seeped mainly into its oral-colloquial variety, then, closer to our days, into the language of the media, and then in a wide stream poured into journalism, into public speeches of politicians, deputies and even writers.

Is this good or bad? Undoubtedly, it is bad if we consider the process of jargonization of literary speech exclusively from the standpoint of the traditional norm, not allowing the thought of the inevitable renewal of the set of expressive means in the course of language development. As the study of the previous stages in the development of the Russian literary language shows, the process of renewal has always been dynamic, and sometimes very difficult, in the struggle between archaists and innovators. But this process has always been characterized by a careful selection of innovations, weighing their properties in terms of suitability for the communicative needs of a cultural society. Elements of such selection can be observed even now: in the stream of slang words and phrases, the eyes of those who are endowed with a linguistic instinct and taste distinguish some, separate, especially capacious, expressive words and phrases that can be used in literary speech (of course, with a certain stylistic coloring and mainly in casual communication): for example, the words snitch, steep, lawlessness, party are noted in the speech of exemplary native speakers of the literary language.

Many of the slang elements lose their social attachment, become well known in different social groups of native speakers of the Russian language, and some are developed in the literary language: for example, the phraseological unit sit on a needle, getting from the speech of drug addicts to the pages of newspapers, acquires derivatives: needle; It is impossible to sit on the needle of investments all the time, etc.

2. Strengthening the process of borrowing foreign words.

The development of almost every natural language is characterized by the process of borrowing words from other languages. Nevertheless, native speakers often treat this process itself, and especially its results with foreign words, with a fair amount of suspicion. Why take something from others, is it not possible to get by with the means of your native language? Why do we need an 'image', if there is an 'image', why a 'summit', if we can say 'summit'? Why is the 'remake' that is fashionable now in cinematography better than the usual 'remake'? And is ‘consensus’ stronger than ‘agreement’?

Often a foreign word is associated with something ideologically or spiritually alien, even hostile, as it was, for example, in the late 40s during the struggle against kowtowing before the West. But there are other times in the history of society when a more tolerant attitude to external influences and, in particular, to the borrowing of new foreign words prevails. Such a time can be considered the end of the last century and the beginning of the present, when such political, economic and cultural conditions arose and exist that determined the predisposition of Russian society to the adoption of new and widespread use of pre-existing, but special foreign language vocabulary.

Here are some of those conditions. A significant part of the Russian population is aware of their country as part of the civilized world; in ideology and official propaganda, unifying tendencies prevail over tendencies that reflect the opposition of Soviet society and the Soviet way of life to Western, bourgeois models; there is a reassessment of social and moral values ​​and a shift in emphasis from class and party priorities to universal ones; finally, in the field of economy, the political structure of the state, in the spheres of culture, sports, trade, fashion, music, an open (sometimes excessive) orientation to the West is characteristic. All these processes and trends undoubtedly served as an important stimulus that facilitated the activation of the use of foreign vocabulary.

This can be easily illustrated by the change of names in power structures. The Supreme Council has become stable (and not just as a journalistic paraphrase) called the Parliament, the Council of Ministers the Cabinet of Ministers, its chairman the Prime Minister (or simply the Prime Minister), and his deputies the Deputy Prime Ministers. Mayors, vice-mayors, prefects, sub-prefects appeared in the cities, councils gave way to administrations, heads of administrations got their own press secretaries and press attaches who regularly speak at press conferences, send out press releases, organize briefings and exclusive interviews with their bosses .

The collapse of the Soviet Union meant, in particular, the destruction of most of the barriers that stood in the way of communication with the Western world. Business, scientific, trade, cultural ties have become more active, foreign tourism has blossomed; long-term work of our specialists in institutions of other countries, the functioning of joint Russian-foreign enterprises in Russia has become commonplace. Obviously, this meant the intensification of communication between Russian speakers and speakers of other languages, which is an important condition not only for the direct borrowing of vocabulary from these languages, but also for introducing Russian speakers to international (and more often created on the basis of English) terminological systems, for example , in areas such as computing, economics, finance, commerce, sports, fashion, etc.

So in Russian speech, first in a professional environment, and then outside it, terms related to computer technology appeared: the word computer itself, as well as display, file, interface, printer, and many others. etc., the names of sports (new or re-named): windsurfing, skateboarding, arm wrestling, kickboxing, freestyle, etc. Anglicisms also make holes in old naming systems: for example, extra time when playing football or hockey is increasingly called overtime, replay after a playoff draw and even the traditional 'fighter' in kickboxing is being replaced by the anglicism fighter.

Everyone is familiar with numerous economic and financial terms such as barter, broker, voucher, dealer, distributor, investment, marketing, monetarism, futures loans, etc. Many of them were borrowed a long time ago, but circulated mainly among specialists. However, as the phenomena denoted by these terms became acutely relevant for the whole society, highly specialized terminology went beyond the professional environment and began to be used in the press, in radio and television programs, in the public speech of politicians and businessmen.

Active borrowing of new and expansion of the sphere of use of previously borrowed foreign language vocabulary also occurs in less specialized areas of human activity: it is enough to recall such widely used words as image, presentation, nomination, sponsor, video, show (and their derivatives: video clip, video equipment, video cassette). , video salon; show business, talk show, showman), thriller, hit, disco, disc jockey and many others.

Among the reasons that contribute to such a massive and relatively easy penetration of foreign neologisms into our language, a certain place is occupied by socio-psychological reasons. Many native speakers consider a foreign word more prestigious than the corresponding word in their native language: the presentation looks more respectable than the usual Russian presentation, exclusive is better than exceptional, top models are more chic than top models. True, it must be said that here some semantic demarcation of one's own and someone else's words is outlined: a presentation is a solemn presentation of a film, book, etc.; interviews are most often exclusive, and it is apparently impossible to say about someone (without the intention of joking) “exclusive dumbass” or exclaim: “What exclusive cheese!”

The greater social prestige of a foreign word, felt by many, in comparison with the native one, sometimes causes a phenomenon that can be called an increase in rank: a word that in the source language names an ordinary, ordinary object, in the borrowing language is attached to the object, in one sense or another more significant, more prestigious. So, in French, the word boutique means ‘shop, small shop’, and being borrowed by our fashion designers and merchants, it acquired the meaning of ‘fashion store’: Clothes from Yudashkin are sold in boutiques in Moscow and St. Petersburg. Approximately the same thing happens with the English word shop: in Russian, the name ‘shop’ is not applicable to any store, but only to one that sells prestigious goods, mainly of Western production (no one will call an ordinary food store a ‘shop’). The English hospice ‘shelter, almshouse’ turns into a hospice - an expensive hospital for hopeless patients with maximum comfort, which facilitates the process of dying. And even the Italian puttana, having found itself in Russian, does not mean any prostitute (as in Italian), but mainly currency.

How to assess the current intensification of the borrowing process? How to relate to the fact that foreign words often displace Russian, native words from use?

Before answering these questions, let's see which areas of communication are most susceptible to foreign language influence.

Most often, new foreign words can be found in the press and in other media, for example, on television, in programs devoted to economic or political life, fashion, music, cinema, and sports. In oral public speech, for example, in radio and television interviews on everyday topics, in speeches at parliamentary meetings, the use of foreign words-neologisms is often accompanied by reservations such as: the so-called monetarism, as it is now customary to say, the electorate, etc., since, focusing on mass listener, the speaker feels a connection with him more directly and sharply than the author of a newspaper or magazine article. Some of the borrowings are used not only in their direct meanings, but also figuratively, metaphorically: a television marathon, resuscitation of the Russian economy, biased press, political beau monde, rating of lies, etc., and this phenomenon is also typical mainly for the language of the media .

Everyday speech does not experience any noticeable influx of foreign words, and this is understandable: being for the most part bookish or special words, borrowings are used mainly in the genres of bookish speech, in journalistic, scientific and technical texts.

Social differences are also observed in relation to foreign words, especially new ones: older people are, on average, less tolerant of foreign vocabulary than young people; with an increase in the level of education, the development of borrowings is easier; Representatives of technical professions stop their attention less on what word they see in the text or hear - Russian or in a foreign language, than representatives of humanitarian professions. I emphasize: this is an average, in general, but a more complex attitude to foreign words is also possible.

Now let's try to answer the above questions.

Regarding the intensification of the borrowing process: there is no need to panic. People often talk and write about a foreign-language flood that floods the Russian language, about the dominance of foreigners, under the yoke of which it perishes, and such statements give rise to a feeling of hopelessness. But we must not forget that language is a self-developing mechanism, the action of which is regulated by certain laws. In particular, the language is able to cleanse itself, get rid of the functionally superfluous, unnecessary.

This also happens with foreign words. In any case, the history of the Russian language testifies to just such a property of it. Who now knows the words proprieter (owner), indigestia (indigestion), amanta (lover), supirant (admirer, admirer), repantir (women's hairstyle with curls hanging on both sides of the face), suspension (suspicion) and many others who were used in the Russian language of the nineteenth century? It is unlikely that decrees were issued prescribing these words to be expelled from Russian speech - they are outdated, supplanted by themselves as something unnecessary. On the other hand, how much did the purists of the past achieve by calling for a ban on the use of such words as selfishness (instead of this, 'personality' was suggested), quotation (offered as synonymous replacements for 'reference, excerpt'), posture (instead, 'body position' was invented) , compromise (instead, it was recommended to say: 'expose in an unfavorable way'), ignore (V.I. Dal believed that this word was impermissible), etc.?

Of course, the immoderate and inappropriate use of foreign words is unacceptable, but immoderation and inappropriateness are harmful when using any word. Of course, neither linguists, nor journalists and writers should sit idly by, dispassionately watching how native speech is littered with foreign language. But you can't do anything with bans. We need systematic and painstaking scientific and educational work, the ultimate goal of which is the education of a good language taste. And good taste is the main condition for the correct and appropriate use of linguistic means, both foreign, borrowed, and one's own, primordial.

EDUCATION AND RUSSIAN LANGUAGE

A. V. Vorontsov,

director of the fundamental library

RUSSIAN LANGUAGE IN THE MODERN WORLD *

The Russian language has been and continues to be one of the world's languages. Until recently, before 1990, in terms of the number of those who speak it (500 million people, including 300 million abroad), Russian ranked third in the world after Chinese (1 billion 350 million) and English (750 million). It is today the official or working language in most reputable international organizations. Nevertheless, concern about the position of the Russian language both in Russia and in the near and far abroad has been gaining a nationwide character since the end of the last century. The severity of the problems in this area, despite the fact that 2007 was declared the Year of the Russian Language, is by no means decreasing.

Not a single language in the world in recent years has experienced such unexpected collisions and crisis situations as the Russian language had to experience during the period of Yeltsin's "democratic" reforms. Our politicians fought for power by any means, without thinking about how it would turn out for Russian culture, the Russian language and the country as a whole. They were not up to it. The national elites of the former republics and autonomous regions, having grown out of the party-state apparatus and cut themselves off from the people, rushed to power.

Meanwhile, the policy pursued within the country, when autonomous entities, with the blessing of the president, “took as much sovereignty as they could”, when the rating of national languages ​​was artificially inflated in the course of ethnic mobilization and sovereignization, led to a significant drop in the prestige of the Russian language, Russian

culture, and ultimately - the culture of the all-Russian.

If we approach the Russian language as a political problem, it will suffice to give one example. The events in Abkhazia, South Ossetia, Transnistria, among many reasons, are connected with the fact that they wanted to take away not only independence from these peoples, but also the Russian language, Russian culture.

After the collapse of the USSR, the Russian language immediately lost the status of the state language for more than 130 million people (the former republics of the Union) and covers (as a state language) only a little more than 140 million people - citizens of Russia. There is a global attack on the Russian language.

According to experts, only 63.6 million people in the CIS countries actively speak Russian, and almost 38 million people no longer speak Russian. A total of 23.5 million people consider Russian as their native language in the CIS and Baltic countries. However, there is a trend towards a steady decline in this indicator. According to available forecasts, in 10 years the number of those who do not speak Russian in the countries of the near abroad will almost double (i.e., to approximately 80 million people) and will exceed the number of those who speak Russian to some extent (60 million people).

As a result of the introduction of the language of the titular nations as the only state language, the Russian language is gradually being squeezed out of socio-political and economic life, the field of culture, and the media. Reduced opportunities for education on it. Less attention is paid to the study

* Speech to the participants of the international seminar for teachers of the near abroad "Russian language: language situation and speech culture" March 21, 2011

the development of the Russian language in general education and vocational schools, where education is conducted in the languages ​​of the titular nations.

Aggressive, militant nationalism prevailed in most of the republics of the former USSR and the "socialist camp". The ruling circles of these countries are pursuing a policy of ousting the Russian language from scientific and everyday communication, believing that by doing so they will strengthen national independence, defense, economy, culture, etc., with the tacit connivance of "civilized states" and such authoritative international organizations as the UN, the OSCE , UNESCO, European Parliament and others. The Russian language is defiantly ousted precisely in the era of globalization, when ties between states become closer, and communication between the peoples of different countries becomes an urgent need.

All the distortions in the language policy that the previous government allowed led to the infringement of the rights of both the Russian-speaking population and representatives of other nationalities. The Russian language has ceased to be a means of interethnic communication in the former countries of the social community, the CIS and the Baltics.

The Russian language remained the state language only in Belarus. 75% of children study in Russian-language schools, and in universities the share of subjects taught in Russian is at least 90%. The Russian language dominates the Belarusian media.

In Kyrgyzstan, the Russian language has been given the status of an official language. There are 160 Russian schools in the country, and 400 provide instruction in Russian and Kyrgyz. The cultural and information "Russian Center", created by the Russkiy Mir Foundation, is actively operating. The Russian language also has an official status in Kazakhstan. In other CIS countries, the Russian language has a lower status (Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan), in Ukraine it has the status of a national minority language, in Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia,

Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia - the status of a foreign language. In Uzbekistan, Russian is the native language for 40% of the population. The most loyal to the Russian language and Russian culture are in Armenia.

The Russian language has official status in Abkhazia, South Ossetia, recognized by Russia, in a part of Moldova (Transnistria, which is an unrecognized state) and in the autonomy of Gagauzia, as well as in some communes of the counties of Constanta and Tulcea in Romania, where the Lipovan Old Believers are an officially recognized minority.

The countries of the Transcaucasus are increasingly oriented towards the West, and the Russian language is giving way to English every year (this is especially evident on bilingual signs of state institutions and official international events).

However, to make the picture more complete, the following should be noted. Despite the differences in the status of the Russian language in the Central Asian republics, it is still a means of communication for the majority of the population, especially the urban ones. The Russian language is widely spoken at the household level in all these states, and most of all in Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan, where at least 70% of the population use it in everyday life. Having recently visited Bishkek, as a member of the expert council of the EurAsEC, I heard Russian speech both on the streets and in the huge market, on radio and television.

Life shows that the former Soviet republics, pursuing a policy of discrimination against the Russian language, cause considerable damage, first of all, to themselves. Relations with Russia are also losing, which is contrary to national interests.

An active attack on the Russian language is being carried out in the Baltic states - Lithuania, Estonia, Latvia. I wrote about this in detail in the work “The Russian language in the post-Soviet space”, in a number of other publications in the Herzen University Bulletin, and I will not dwell on this.

The Russian language is going through difficult times in Georgia, where those in power are pursuing a line to squeeze the Russian language out of the education system. Not only Russian schools are being closed, but also Russian sectors attached to Georgian schools (in 1990 there were 500 Russian schools, today only 130 Russian sectors remain). A few years ago, out of 4.5 million inhabitants of Georgia, about 130 thousand people considered Russian as their native language, and 1.7 million people actively spoke it. In recent years, the number of those who do not speak Russian has been growing rapidly (especially among young people) and has become about twice as large as it was in 1989.

The mass exodus of Russians from Georgia began in 1991 in connection with the slogan of President Z. Gamsakhurdia "Georgia for Georgians." Then Russians, Armenians, Azerbaijanis, Greeks (and representatives of 120 nationalities live in Georgia), and the Georgians themselves began to leave because of numerous economic and political upheavals, especially the Georgian-Abkhazian conflict. The Russian Doukhobors left near Tambov, who had lived compactly in southern Georgia since the 19th century. However, at the everyday level, as sociological data show, the craving for the Russian language has been preserved. In the near abroad, a “new Russian world” is emerging, no matter how many nationalists interfere with this process.

All of us, champions of the Russian language, are concerned about the alarming situation with Russian culture that is developing in the Slavic countries, and above all in Ukraine, whose people are an integral part of the Russian superethnos and who (just like the Great Russians and Belarusians) were characterized by priorities of spiritual, moral values , lack of arrogance, arrogance, rejection of one's exclusivity or isolation. The proximity of the Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian languages ​​is explained by the fact that these three independent national languages ​​have a common root - the Old Russian language.

In the national composition of the population of Ukraine, Russians firmly occupy the second place.

Russian is the native language for 40% of the population and over 70% are active in it. But even here, despite the change of president and Viktor Yanukovych's pre-election assurances about giving the Russian language the status of an official or language of interethnic communication, it is still the language of national minorities. Of the 22,000 schools in Ukraine, only 1,305 remained with instruction in Russian - less than 6.5% of the total.

The current president of Ukraine, V. Yanukovych (who for some reason is sometimes called "pro-Russian") has not yet made significant changes in relation to the Russian language. And relatively recently, he said that "in Ukraine, the Ukrainian language will develop as the only state language." Let us note that there is no reaction from Russia to the policy of the Ukrainian authorities, both in the past and now, when relations are more friendly. I and many were surprised by the speech of K. Kosachev, head of the Committee on International Affairs of the State Duma, who on March 11 stated that Viktor Yanukovych was pursuing “an absolutely adequate pro-Ukrainian policy, that if we give this Russian language the same powers and freedoms as Ukrainian, then the Ukrainian language could suffer from this, which would be completely wrong for the fate of statehood, for the sovereignty of Ukraine.” Kosachev's statement produced the effect of a "tub of cold water" on society. At the same time, undoubtedly, Konstantin Iosifovich voiced the general opinion of representatives of our liberal political elite, and an opinion that has long been established, but so far has not been so frankly voiced by anyone.

Indeed, a significant part of the modern political elite wants to see a single sovereign Ukraine, and it has no intentions to defend Russian interests in Ukraine, support the Russian public, protect and promote Russian culture, the Russian language.

Support for Russian compatriots abroad, protection of their rights and legitimate interests, including in culture, in the study of their native language, should be one of the long-term priorities of the country's foreign policy, relevant government institutions, and the public.

Nevertheless, in Russian society (and the further, the more) there is a steady tendency to gather all the progressive, patriotic, spiritual forces of society for the revival of Russian culture, the protection and promotion of the “great and mighty” Russian language. Hearings on the position of Russian culture and the Russian language in the State Duma are regularly held and important recommendations are made. They expressed serious concern about the situation with the position of the Russian language in the world and throughout the post-Soviet space at parliamentary hearings “On the problems of reducing, using and developing the Russian language abroad.” The duty and calling of the state is to take care of the titular language within the country and pursue a consistent policy of its popularization.

Not only professionals (linguists, scientists of various specialties, writers, critics) are concerned about the fate of the Russian language and culture, but it has become the subject of increased attention of politicians, and not only Russian ones. The initiative to hold the Year of the Russian Language (2007), put forward by UNESCO and supported by the President and Government of the Russian Federation, found a lively response at home and abroad. Let me give you just a few facts.

The country annually hosts internal and international language Olympiads for schoolchildren. In September 2005, the government of the Russian Federation adopted the federal target program "Russian Language" (2006-2010), which provided funding from the federal budget in the amount of 1.3 billion rubles. A significant part of them was used for the development of educational, cultural and scientific ties and contacts.

The International Association for the Teaching of Russian Language and Literature (MAPRYAL), which celebrated its 40th anniversary in 2007, is doing a great job in promoting the teaching and learning of the Russian language and literature. Today the international association unites 309 collective and individual members from more than 70 countries of the world. These are national associations of Russianists, philological faculties and departments of the Russian language of the largest Russian and foreign universities, language schools, and publishing houses.

In 2008 in the fundamental library of the Moscow State University. MV Lomonosov, the II Assembly of the Russian World, organized by the Russkiy Mir Foundation, took place. The motto of the assembly was the words of Anna Akhmatova: “And we will save you, Russian speech, the great Russian word. We will carry you free and clean, and we will give you to your grandchildren, and we will save you from captivity forever!

On November 3, 2010, Moscow hosted the IV Russkiy Mir Assembly, an annual meeting of compatriots living abroad, prominent scientists, political scientists, cultural and art figures, teachers of the Russian language from more than 70 countries of the world, held annually by the Russkiy Mir Foundation. 2010 in Russia was declared the Year of the Teacher, and the IV Assembly was held under the motto "Teacher of the Russian World", and the theme of supporting the teaching of the Russian language abroad became the main one. Therefore, it is no coincidence that in 2010 the Assembly was preceded by the International Forum of Teachers of Foreign Schools with the Teaching of the Russian Language, organized by the Russkiy Mir Foundation, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Rossotrudnichestvo. A. S. Pushkin.

St Petersburg University President Lyudmila Verbitskaya stressed that in 2011, for the first time, the 5th Assembly of the Russian World will be held in St. Petersburg, and on the eve of the assembly, the final round of the World Festival of the Russian Language will take place.

On April 12, 1961, one of the greatest events in the history of civilization took place: the flight of the Vostok spacecraft with the first cosmonaut on board opened the era of cosmic achievements. He became a symbol of a creative dream, a triumph of science, perseverance and unparalleled personal courage. The earth rejoiced, meeting the great son - our compatriot Yuri Alekseevich Gagarin, whom I personally had to meet on my native Smolensk land more than once. He still lives in our memory, smiling through time.

The Russkiy Mir Foundation is dedicating the international action First in Space to the fiftieth anniversary of the great feat, and I call on everyone who cherishes the name and cause of Gagarin to participate in it. The first in space was Russian labor and intellect: the efforts of hundreds of thousands of people - scientists and designers, engineers and workers - were embodied in Gagarin's launch.

And the last. I would like to remind dear listeners that back in November 1999, at the General Conference of UNESCO, it was decided to annually celebrate February 21 as International Mother Language Day. The Constitution of the Russian Federation (Article 68) stipulates that the state language of the Russian Federation throughout its territory is Russian. This is the native language of the Russian people, it is the spiritual core that unites the peoples of Russia. At the same time, the Russian Federation guarantees to all its peoples the right to preserve their native language and to create conditions for its study and development. Unfortunately, the State Duma has not yet adopted the Law “On the Protection of the Russian Language”.

Many countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States and far abroad have already implemented this initiative of UNESCO. As you know, in Russia, Belarus and Ukraine, on May 24, the Day of Slavic Writing is celebrated.

and culture, but at the same time in Belarus the Day of Belarusian Writing is held, and in Ukraine - the Day of Ukrainian Writing and Language. Unfortunately, in Russia there is still no holiday of the Russian language.

The time has come to correct this omission. This must be done also because in February 2010, the United Nations, in order to raise awareness of mankind about the history, culture and development of each of the official languages ​​of the UN, designated June 6 as the Day of the Russian Language. On this day, the great Russian poet A. S. Pushkin was born. Therefore, according to the participants of the round table of the All-Russian creative movement "Russian Lad", which was held in the State Duma in early March 2011, it is necessary to legally establish the Day of the Russian Language and hold it annually on June 6th.

And I want to end my speech on an optimistic note. As time has shown, discrimination against the Russian language and Russian culture in the former republics of the USSR does not find wide public support. Figures of culture and education, a significant part of the scientific and technical intelligentsia, sane politicians and businessmen, everyone who cares about the future of their countries and peoples, are convinced by their own experience of the perniciousness of national self-isolation, as well as a one-sided orientation in the sphere of language and mass culture only on USA and its allies. The rejection of one of the universally recognized languages ​​of interethnic and international cooperation, which is Russian, narrows the base of economic, business, scientific cooperation with such a self-sufficient country as Russia. The social need for the Russian language as the language of science, culture, education, market economy and interethnic relations remained at the same high level.

Introduction. In relation to borrowed words, two extremes often collide: on the one hand, a glut of speech with foreign words, on the other, their denial, the desire to use only the original word. At the same time, in polemics, they often forget that many borrowed words have become completely Russified and have no equivalents, being the only name for the corresponding realities (remember Pushkin's: But pantaloons, tailcoat, vest - all these words are not in Russian ...). The lack of a scientific approach to the problem of mastering foreign language vocabulary is also manifested in the fact that its use is sometimes considered in isolation from the functional and stylistic consolidation of language means: not taking into account that in some cases the appeal to foreign book words is not stylistically justified, and in others it is necessary, since these words are an integral part of the vocabulary assigned to a certain style serving a particular area of ​​communication. In different periods of the development of the Russian literary language, the assessment of the penetration of foreign language elements into it was ambiguous. In addition, with the activation of the process of lexical borrowing, the opposition to it usually intensifies. So Peter I demanded from his contemporaries to write "as intelligibly as possible", without abusing non-Russian words. M.V. Lomonosov in his “theory of three calms”, highlighting the words of various groups in the Russian vocabulary, did not leave room for borrowings from non-Slavic languages. And creating Russian scientific terminology, Lomonosov consistently sought to find equivalents in the language to replace foreign terms, sometimes artificially transferring such formations into the language of science. Both A.P. Sumarokov and N.I. Novikov opposed the clogging of the Russian language with French words that were fashionable at that time. In our time, the question of the appropriateness of using borrowings is associated with the assignment of lexical means to certain functional styles of speech. Foreign terminological vocabulary is an indispensable means of concise and accurate transmission of information in texts intended for narrow specialists, but it can also be an insurmountable barrier to understanding a popular science text by an unprepared reader. It is necessary to take into account the emerging in our age of scientific and technical progress towards the creation of international terminology, unified names of concepts, phenomena of modern science, production, which also contributes to the consolidation of borrowed words that have received international character. The influx of borrowings into the Russian language especially increased in the 1990s. This is due to changes in the sphere of political life, economy, culture and moral orientation of society. Unprecedented expansion foreign language vocabulary in all areas. She has taken a leading position in political life of the country, getting used to the new concepts of the president, inauguration, speaker, impeachment, electorate, consensus, etc.: foreign-language terms have become dominant in the most advanced branches of science and technology - computer, display, file, monitoring, player, pager, and also in financial – commercial activities – auditor, barter, broker, etc. In the cultural the sphere is invaded by bestsellers, westerns, thrillers, hits, etc. Everyday speech vividly accepts new realities with their non-Russian names - snickers, twix, hamburger, etc. This led to an intensification of the fight against borrowing. AT newspapers and magazines publish discussion materials about the use of foreign words. Academician Evgeny Chelyshev, member of the Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences, actively working in the Russian Language Council under the President of the Russian Federation, in a polemical article states: “It is one thing - economically justified, natural borrowings, gradually assimilated by the language and not destroying its national basis, and quite another thing is its aggressive, total “Americanization”. For example, the word “killer”, which came from American English, is completely unacceptable, in which the negative assessment contained in the Russian word “murderer” is blurred. To tell a person “you are a killer” is to pass a harsh sentence on him, and to call a killer is like simply defining his profession: “I am a dealer, you are a killer, both seem to be doing business.” Watching all the sad consequences of "total Americanization" expediency of foreign borrowings in modern Russian. And nevertheless, words are heard in defense of non-Russian words that are fixed in the language. Academician Yevgeny Chelyshev rightly asserts: “There are no grounds for object to many modern borrowings. Is bulky better? "electronic - computer" or even a short computer than a computer? AT our life in recent years, new phenomena have entered, and with them new words, Russian language are often missing”. Similar vocabulary enrichment processes due to borrowings occur in all modern languages. "In our turbulent age, the flow of new ideas, things, information, technologies requires fast naming objects and phenomena, forces to involve in the language already existing foreign names, and not expect the creation of original words in Russian soil." "Scientific and technical, military, financial, banking, sports Vocabulary all over the world is striving for internationalization. Craving for science progress towards civilization is reflected in the language. Kind of happening alignment of the Russian language according to the international standard. To what extent this will change the face of the Russian language, enrich it or "spoiled", time will tell. It will determine the fate of one or another borrowings that will eventually be approved or rejected linguistic taste of the era. The Russian language is not the first time faced with the need to absorb useful information from international experience in form of foreign words.

Download:

Preview:

The entry of borrowed words into the vocabulary of the Russian language

Many new words come from other languages. They are called differently, most often - borrowings. The introduction of foreign words is determined by the contacts of peoples, which makes it necessary to name (nominate) new objects and concepts. Such words may be the result of the innovation of a particular nation in any field of science and technology. They can also arise as a result of snobbery, fashion. There are also linguistic reasons proper: for example, the need to express polysemantic Russian concepts with the help of a borrowed word, to replenish the expressive (expressive) means of the language, etc. All words, getting from the source language into the borrowing language, go through the first stage - penetration. At this stage, the words are still connected with the reality that gave birth to them. At the beginning of the 19th century, among the many new words that came out of the English language were, for example, tourist and tunnel. They were defined in the dictionaries of their time as follows: an English tourist traveling around the world (Pocket dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language. Ed. Ivan Renofants. St. Petersburg, 1837),

tunnel - in London, an underground passage under the bottom of the River Thames (ibid.). When

the word has not yet taken root in the borrowing language, its variants are possible

pronunciation and spelling: dollar, dollar, dollar (English dollar),

At the stage of assimilation of a foreign word among native speakers of one language, folk etymology begins to take effect. When a foreign word is perceived as incomprehensible, they try to fill its empty sound form with the content of a close-sounding and similar in meaning native word. A famous example is spinzhak (from the English pea-jacket - jacket) - an unfamiliar word, correlated in the popular mind with the word back. The last stage in the penetration of a foreign word into a borrowing language is rooting, when the word is widely used among native speakers of the receiving language and is fully adapted according to the grammar rules of this language. It is included in a full-fledged life: it can acquire single-root words, form abbreviations, acquire new shades of meanings, etc.

If we try to identify the most common phenomena characteristic of the spoken language of the inhabitants of a modern big city (sometimes in the scientific literature it is called common jargon, in English - slang), then, unlike the literary language (language

highly educated people, as well as the "correct" language of radio and television),

he, being very lively and unstable, is characterized by some

features. Firstly, it does not contain as many foreign words as is customary

amer. English the plural form of bucks taken as initial

form of the word), gi (e) rla (girl; borrowed from the English girl and decorated with

help of the ending -a, characteristic of the words of youth jargon), pop

(popular pop music; from English pop. Associated with this word

corresponding adjective pop), fe(e)ys (person; from school

jargon from English face) and some others. Secondly, the language is still

creates semantic tracing papers: the godfather (the owner of the mafia group;

descriptive semantic tracing paper from English. godfather), soap (soap opera;

truncated semantic tracing paper from English. soap opera - translation of the first part

this combination of words - soap). Thirdly, for this type of colloquial

language is characterized by certain word-formation techniques, for example,

active use of suffixes -uh(a) (order - order, calmness -

calm down, relax - relax), -ag (a) (dormitory - hostel), -ug (a)

(chauffeur - chauffeur), -ar (a) (vodka - vodyara), -on (throwing - quirk),

Ota (limiters - limit), -§zh (baldet - baldzhzh), etc. Slang

word formation is very fond of punning rapprochements: House of Culture named after

Gorbunov is popularly called Gorbushka, where at the same time a part

original name and there is a punning convergence with the consonant word

Gorbunov-humpback.

Total computerization has led to the fact that a kind of computer jargon has developed in the Russian language, especially among the youth. the laws of the Russian language. In youth computer jargon there are many words from the English language, often altered or deliberately distorted. The English verb crack (to crack) becomes the verb to crack (or in a playful form: to grunt), and hack (to shred, to smash) - to hack with the Russian suffix -nu, which here serves to denote a single action

(how to shout - to shout once, as opposed to the verb denoting

long action, scream - make a sound; cf. knock - knock, etc.

d.). Under the influence of folk etymology, hacking programs received

ironic and loving name for a cracker, where the sound image of the English word

correlated with the Russian onomatopoeic interjection krya, denoting, in

representation of some, the sound that occurs when splitting, for example, a tree,

and in the view of others - similar to a duck cry quack-quack. two ways

reproducing one English word game (game) led to two

varieties of its transmission in different words: by the way of writing - gameses

(games), by the way of pronunciation - gamer (player). Generally English suffix

Er turned out to be very common for naming various kinds of figures:

user, lamer, etc. Many Russians have acquired new meanings in this jargon

verbs, for example: hang up (stop responding to commands); pump over,

merge (rewrite information) and many others. Like common jargon,

computer jargon loves truncated words: comp (instead of computer), screw

(instead of a winchester, with a simultaneous punning convergence with the Russian word

screw), etc. Here the same suffixes are used to form new words,

reflecting the attitude of the speaker to what they mean: vidyukha (suffix

Uh(a), which, depending on the situation, conveys the expression of rudeness,

dismissive or ironic). In general, computer jargon is very

close to the general jargon and develops according to the same patterns.

Researchers of the Russian language seek to fix innovations that arise in

language. This task is served by special neological dictionaries: dictionaries

yearbooks (series "New in Russian vocabulary"), dictionaries-"decades", where

collected observations accumulated over the past ten years, and the "Dictionary of new

words of the Russian language". However, it is tricky to keep up with the language - after all, it is alive, like

life itself.

Borrowed words in the social and political life of the country.

Recently, the media have been talking a lot about elections. The impression is that we are only doing what we are electing, well, not us, but the older generation: first to the State Duma, then to local governments, then to the presidency. And here is the word that most often sounds electorate (Latin elector - elector, voter) - a circle of voters voting for any party in parliamentary, presidential or municipal elections; the total number of voters in that constituency. Example: During the elections there is a struggle for the electorate. Equivalent: voters.

The word "electorate" will enter the Russian language for a long time, as it is very capacious

concept, it corresponds to the situation in the country, because elections are an integral

part of our life. There will be elections, there will be candidates, there will be an electorate.

I would like, of course, to choose worthy people who would be in our

difficult situation found a way to make the country prosperous, provided

compatriots a decent life. In this connection, the second found

a lot of borrowed word -xarizma (Greek charisma - mercy, divine gift) - exceptional talent; a charismatic leader is a person endowed in the eyes of his followers with authority for the exceptional qualities of his personality - wisdom, heroism, holiness.

Example: The charisma of A. S. Pushkin made him a national poet of Russia.

Most of the world-famous leaders possessed the charisma of power.

In this word, there is some discrepancy between the sound image and the high content,

and therefore it is unlikely to be widely used in speech, except

limited circle of people.

During the election campaign, you cannot do without providers.

Provider - (English provide - provide) - organization,

providing services for the use of global networks and systems.

Example: To connect to the Internet, you need to contact

provider. And providers, of course, will need to

English know - how, literally, I know how) - technical knowledge, experience,

documentation, the transfer of which is stipulated at the conclusion of licensing

contracts and other agreements.

Example: A new discovery required the development of new know-how.

We are used to turning on the radio or TV in the morning and hearing the following phrase: "The heads of state have gathered for a summit." There is a Russian equivalent of this word - negotiations. S a m m and t - (English summit - peak, top) - a meeting of heads of state, government.

Example: The summit of the two countries on the conclusion of a truce.

Rapidly entered the Russian language, displacing the Russian equivalent, the English word image.

And m and j - (English image - image) - 1. image of a business person,

the image of him, developing among others, reputation.

2. the image of the company, goods, services that ensure the position of the company in the market,

customer loyalty to the brand.

Example: Professionals are engaged in creating the image of famous people.

There is perhaps no more popular foreign word at the present stage than

the word corruption, although its Russian equivalent sounds, perhaps, no less often:

bribe, bribery.

Corryptio (Latin corryptio - a crime involving direct

use by an official of the rights associated with his position for the purpose of

personal enrichment. Corruption includes bribing officials and public

politicians, giving bribes.

Example: until we eradicate corruption, we will not be able to build a normal

democratic society.

High bosses and people with big money cannot do without

security. Security (English securit - safe).

1. security service (usually applied to foreign countries.

2. An employee of the security agencies, as well as a security guard in general, a bodyguard.

Russian equivalent: guard, bodyguard.

Example: Security guards could be seen behind the glass door of the bank.

The young security guard smiled at the girl - this was the beginning of their friendship.

And we hear this English word weekly on weekends in the news review, which reports on the popularity of a political figure. The word is rating.

R e y t and n g (English rating - power) - individual, numerical

groups, their activities, programs, plans. In general, the degree of popularity

famous figure, his assessment, rank.

And this word is used more in retrospective terms. And here's the whole second

half of 1999 there was not a day that our people did not hear the calls

impeach the former president of the country

Impeachment (English impachment - a special procedure for bringing to

liability and judicial review of cases of crimes of higher

officials.

Example: The President of the United States faces impeachment on charges brought by

Monica Lewinsky. Close to the previous word - "vote".

V o t m (Latin votum - desire, will) - an opinion expressed

parliamentary activities of the government or minister.

Russian equivalent: public opinion.

Example: The State Duma voted no confidence in the president.

When a vote of no confidence is passed, the government usually goes to

resignation.

The English word teenager turned out to be convenient to use, it turned out to be

more capacious than the Russian equivalent.

Teenager (English teen-agertee - an integral part serving

for the formation of numerals from 13 to 19 + age-age) - a teenager, a young man

or a girl between the ages of 13 and 20.

Example: Most teenagers today like Leonardo DiCaprio.

Processes associated with the development of borrowings.

One of the characteristic features of the Russian language of the 80s - 90s is the process of activating borrowed vocabulary: the expansion of the scope of use of special foreign terminology related to economics, finance, commercial activity and some other areas, and the emergence of a large number of neologism borrowings, also belonging to predominantly in specialized areas.

The place of stress in borrowed words does not always depend on the language.

source. Borrowed words are combined in Russian into groups according to

similarity of their finite elements, while the etymology of words usually has

secondary importance. Stress fluctuation in loanwords

inevitably, it indicates that borrowed words come into

interaction with Russian vocabulary and are gradually assimilated by it, becoming

from an extrasystemic phenomenon to a systemic phenomenon.

New borrowings relating to the 20th century, as a rule, follow the accent

source language, because in most cases the time for occurrence in

they have not hesitated yet. This must be preceded by a certain

the period during which words must "take root" in the language, become

known to most representatives of the language community and "find" for themselves

analogy among the words included in the vocabulary of a given language.

A feature of the vocabulary borrowed in the observed period is its

mass character, novelty, homogeneity in relation to the source language:

The vast majority of words are borrowed from English.

The sphere of distribution of borrowed words is quite specific. Before

all these are "professional languages" of specialists in a particular field

(computing, financial and commercial activities, sports), but

also in the fields of politics, art, fashion, music, dance, etc.

Thus, the main principle of accentuation of new borrowings: following

stress of the source language, in this case English.

The vast majority of words show no fluctuations in stress.

The processes noted above refer to the actual processes of formation of new units (lexical, semantic, phraseological) occurring in the Russian language in recent years.

Together with sideology, economic relations, products, technologies

mass culture borrows French, German, Chinese, Japanese, Italian and other words in the least amount. Wed: boutique, gala, gala concert, grand prix, makeup artist, consensus, beau monde, mentality, Deutschmark and hamburger, poltergeist, aikido, ikebana, taekwondo , wushu, pizzeria, pizza, prostitute, spaghetti, zombies, etc.

S.I. Alatortseva in her works on the process of borrowing nominations draws attention to the fact that this process with the corresponding concepts expands the range of nominative means and therefore is progressive. Duplicate borrowing is another matter. Due to the ability of the language to self-purify, such facts are eventually rejected as superfluous. Only those words and expressions remain that correctly fulfill the functional load.

Conclusion

Analyzing the features of the process of entering foreign words into the Russian language, we can say that it has been characterized by a special intensity since 1985, which emphasizes the role of social factors in this process. As for the assessment of the process and results of borrowing in a given period of language development from the point of view of “necessity - uselessness” and other normative and stylistic categories, this is a specific issue.

In the last 3-5 years, the Russian language has been intensively replenished with borrowed words. Especially a lot of words entered the socio-political and economic vocabulary. This is because the country has entered a new socio-political formation, as well as free market relations. There is a process of denationalization, an attempt is being made to carry out reforms in various spheres of life. Language always responds quickly and flexibly to the needs of society. It can be said without exaggeration that there was a linguistic explosion. However, there is nothing wrong with this, because borrowed words are the result of contacts, relationships between peoples and states.

Bibliography

V. M. Aristova "English-Russian Language Contacts". L., 1978

Explanatory Dictionary of Russian General Jargon. M., 1999.

Linnik T. G. Problems of language borrowing “Language situations and

Interactions of languages ​​"- Kyiv, 1989.

Ilyina O.V. Semantic assimilation of foreign language by the Russian language

Lexical innovations "Linguistic units both semantic and

Lexicographic aspects. - Novosibirsk 1998.

"The ruler of thoughts, the ruler of souls, live the language of my Fatherland!"

The gift of speech is one of the most amazing and most extraordinary human abilities. We are so accustomed to constantly using this wonderful gift of nature that we do not even notice how perfect, complex, mysterious it is. A person has a thought, in order to convey it to another, he pronounces words. I want to refer to the statement of D.S. Likhachev: “Speech, to a greater extent than clothing, testifies to a person’s taste, his attitude to the world around him, to himself. And by the way a person speaks, we can immediately and easily judge who we are dealing with. Our speech is the most important part not only of our behavior, but also of our personality, our soul, mind ... "

But think about what we say more often? What has become of us now? Why, in pursuit of a buzzword, have they ceased to feel the beauty of the Russian language? Why do we so often turn to foreign words to express ourselves, when it is quite possible to use Russian? Yes, and our youth will quickly explain the meaning of the "overseas" word, rather than the original Russian. Today our tongue is sick! He is painfully experiencing the invasion of "slang", Americanisms constantly sound from the TV screens: ok, wow, yes, store signs are full of the word "shop". The speech of young people is generously saturated with obscene words. Permissiveness and freedom (perhaps licentiousness) in everything : in books, songs, movies Where is the great Russian language?

Another problem is television! If earlier the speaker's speech was the standard of beauty, now, unfortunately, the heartfelt speeches of journalists, politicians, pop stars are full of rude vernacular, jargon. Now they serve as a model for schoolchildren and generally have a negative impact on the state of the culture of our society.

For me, Russian is my native language, the language of my parents and ancestors. It reflects the history of my people, and I appreciate and respect it. My goal and task as a teacher of the Russian language is to teach children to love, appreciate the language and culture of their people, to teach them the correct literary language.

When you go out to have a frank conversation with students, you suddenly hear: “Yes, we really don’t think about the correctness of speech, we use non-literary words. But this is not from our unwillingness to speak properly, but from the influence of the world around us. We do not live in a vacuum, we are not fenced off from unpleasant moments. After all, we learn not only in the classroom, but also at home, on the street. If adults spoke good Russian, our speech would be much more beautiful and interesting. And a person who speaks well, I want to listen and listen.

I want to give as an example a very interesting custom in American families. There, if children bring vile words from the street and ask their parents about their meaning, then they explain, and then they make them wash their mouths with soap, this is not a punishment, but hygiene of the soul, if you like. And in our country, at best, they will say: you can’t say that.

Awakening love for the word is necessary already in the smallest. A rare mother now sings a lullaby to her baby. But after all, Russian literature and oral folk art store placers of games with words and with words that awaken in the soul of a child a feeling of surprise and joy of life; many beautiful tales that inspire faith in the power of good. And such masterpieces of children's creativity as counting rhymes, teasers, jokes, changers, are they heard in our yards in a crowd of children, as in our childhood? In my opinion, too rarely ... This is how the magical power of a kind word is lost.

The question remains open. Everything depends on us. We must not remain indifferent to this problem. It depends on us, teachers, adults, whether we will preserve the traditions, the culture of a kind word. There is only hope for the school. Therefore, it is gratifying to see the desire of teachers to encourage students to improve their language through competitive essays, essays, creative and research work.

A. B. Lagunova

How to write a good scientific article

Even those who do not like this activity have to write articles. But in any case, you need to write an article in such a way that other people would like to read your work.

Choice of topic, idea

Be ambitious and ambitious. Your goals should not be limited to simply accepting an article for publication. Set a goal to make a significant contribution to your field of science.

We must learn something new. Challenge your readers and yourself! There are three writing strategies scientific article.

Pick a new problem that no one has worked on before. Identify it and offer a solution. This is the best way to become a cited and famous author.Try to explain something significant, something that no one has been able to explain before you. Before you start writing, ask yourself the following questions...

What do you want to report? What point of view do you want to present? (In most scientific articles one point of view is presented).

Why is your message important? Why should readers spend their precious time reading your article?

How are you going to formulate your thought? What experiments need to be done? What hypotheses to prove?

How is your work different from what has been done in this area before?What should a good scientific article contain?

An exciting start: First, tell the reader why they should read your article. Don't generalize, sell! A good introduction to an article answers the question, “Why should I read this article?”. First convince everyone that your work matters. It is important to start the article with a climax. Here's a good four-sentence thesis outline: state the problem, tell why it's interesting, talk about your solution, show what follows from your solution to the problem.

You must clearly show your contribution. Take the time to explain the significance of your work.

Analysis of similar publications in the introduction: you can compare your contribution to solving the problem with similar works. Lots of links. People love to be quoted. So make sure you don't forget any work related to your scientific article.

Experimental proof. It is necessary to compare your ideas with reality and report how far they are from each other. Compare your results with the best results of other scientists.

Tell us about the limitations of your work.

Obvious and non-obvious theoretical results: It is easier for people to understand your work if there is a theoretical basis. In addition, it will increase the confidence of readers.

Drawings! You need them even if you think it's stupid to use them, or you think you can't draw them. Drawings help explain a complex idea.

Original examples based on your data.

In conclusion, tell us about future work and summarize the main ideas of the article.

Scientific text style

Use strong verbs. Instead of "we applied the classification" - "weclassified." Don't avoid common language.The device operates at low temperatures. Saturate with terms.

Use abstract vocabulary(depth, persistence, reading).Use general vocabulary(operation, question, task, phenomenon, process).Avoid unnecessary abbreviations. Use simple expressions. It is better to use short sentences - no more than 15 words.

Words you can't do without.

To link parts of the text, special means are used (words, phrases and sentences) indicatingsubsequencedevelopment of thoughts (“at the beginning”, “later”, “then”, “first of all”, “preliminarily”, etc.), on the connection of previous and subsequent information (“as indicated”, “as already mentioned”, “as noted” , “considered”, etc.), on causal relationships (“but”, “therefore”, “due to this”, “hence”, “due to the fact that”, “due to this”, etc.), to the transition to a new topic (“let’s consider now”, “let’s move on to consideration”, etc.), to the proximity, identity of objects, circumstances, signs (“he”, “the same”, “such”, “so”, “here "," here ", etc.).

Please note that the scientific and methodological article approximately has the following structure:

Introduction (the following is revealed: a problem in learning, the significance of its solution, the existing traditional ways of solving this problem, the idea of ​​a new way to solve the problem, the goals of the experiment, methods, etc.).

Description of the course of experimental activity.

Description of teaching methods, findings, fragments of the lesson (short notes), etc. Description of the results of the activities of students, teachers, experiments in in general.

Conclusions (with regard to the results obtained, the following is disclosed:

broader meaning of training, impact on quality, opportunity

applications in other areas of knowledge, impact on personal development, to

what may be the result of further research in this direction).

Note: not all items in brackets need to be disclosed.

Minimum criteria for writing a good scientific and methodological article

scientific (referring to Research and developmentsomething new, the use of scientific methods of cognition, therefore it is often determined by key links in the text, implemented research methods and conclusions).

Novelty and originality(a new idea, technology, method, method, or original version of expansion, approbation, proof of the effectiveness of someone's author's idea, method, technology is proposed, therefore it is often determined by comparison with existing developments).

Practicality (associated with the transfer to the practical activities of other professionals, therefore, it is often determined by the presence in the article of ways to transfer experience). .

methodical (associated with the optimization of the innovation structure, the sequence and conditions for its implementation; most often it is determined by the number and usefulness of the recommendations in the article).

credibility (determined by the reliability of citations, the soundness of conclusions, the presence of statistical results and the consistency of their interpretations).

Presentation form:

Logic (determined by the evidence of cause-and-effect relationships, the logic of transitions, the interconnectedness of parts).

Clarity (often determined by the clarity of the terms used and the availability of illustrative examples).

Originality (determined by the presence of successful analogies, quotes, aphorisms, drawings).

Completeness (determined by the presence of the main structural parts, the presence of a minimum content and completeness of the text).

Approximate article writing strategy

Write on a separate sheet the main achievements of your experimental activity (ED) in terms of personal development, teaching organization, lesson organization, learning quality, personal development, your professional development, etc. Determine what main pedagogical problem your ED is aimed at solving.

Determine how this problem was solved by you, colleagues, various learning technologies. What are the traditional recommendations of its solution offered by methodological manuals, textbooks, teacher's guide? Write them down on a sheet.

Refer to your available teaching aids, textbooks, teacher's books, etc. Make sure you have correctly identified the traditional ways of solving the problem.

Formulate what new you will include in your article (ideas, principles, technologies, techniques, original description of personal experience, proof of the effectiveness of a known method, a unique form of presenting a relatively new idea, etc.).

Define the structural parts of the article: introduction, main content, conclusions.

Briefly write down the abstract of each part.

Start writing, revealing each part. Remember that the content, language of the article should be simple and understandable. If you have difficulty writing, then take the finished article that you liked. Then mentally define its structural parts. Use the best of this article in terms of the language and structure of its writing. You can easily transfer turns and connectives to your text.

Think about what graphic support (drawings, diagrams, tables) will illustrate the main ideas. Include them in text.

Read the article again and separately analyze the logic of semantic transitions and conclusions. If necessary, edit them.

Read the article again, determine its main idea, come up with a title.

Read the conclusions again. Make sure that each of them follows from the semantic parts of the article. Check the logic of the arguments and their evidence. Answer the question how the title of the article relates to the conclusions. If necessary, correct the title or conclusions.

Check the formatting of the article (see formatting requirements).

Check the spelling of it.

Submit your article for publication and wait for feedback.

Helpful Hints

If you have never written scientific and methodical articles, remember: there is a first time for everything!

Once you have decided on the purpose of the article, structure and abstract, start writing,without rereading the text (no returns)!Very often, the “inner critic” does not allow you to quickly cope with the task of presenting the main ideas. The scientific and methodological article shouldseparate processessemantic presentation and emotional perception of the text. Before writing an article, decide what is clear to you about the content of the various parts of the article and what you will need to think about. start writing from those fragments which are more simple for presentation. Not only will you save time this way, but you may also clarify those parts of it that seemed vague as you write. The understanding of a question often deepens as it is presented, as does the appetite that comes with eating!

If you have children's work or ready-made examples, then first structure them in a certain logic and sequence, and then write the comments and conclusions necessary for them.

If you have difficulty with time, then "cut the elephant in pieces"! That is, first write the part that inspires you the most or is best defined in terms of content, and only then the rest. The great writer M. Sholokhov had a motto:"Every day - on the line"!In this case, it is appropriate to paraphrase: every day - one completed semantic fragment!

try title parts(regardless of whether the names will be needed in the future or not). After a break in writing, it will be easier to immediately follow the general plan, reading only the titles, rather than re-reading all the written content of the fragments. Don't waste time editing individual finished parts. It is better to edit an article when all its parts are connected together.

Please note that many, even great writers have edited and rewritten their texts many times!

It is recommended to include charts and tables in the article, as the visual system is faster in processing information. Readers usually first look at pictures and highlighted text fragments. Sometimes, based on external impressions from getting to know them, the following decision is made: to read the article carefully or not.

If you havestatisticsyour ED, be sure to include them in the final part of the article, as for many they are convincing evidence of the quality, depth and scientific nature of your work! Think about the best way to design them.

When writing an article, immediately use useful computer tools: spell check, synonyms, various settings (spacing, font, alignment, etc.). It is better to install them before starting writing an article, so as not to do double work later.

The article writing strategy, like many other creative strategies, is developed and automated in the process of their implementation. Practice shows that if you have gained experience in writing 3-4 articles, the subsequent creation of scientific and methodological texts becomes easier and faster. As you progress in writing them, editing the text takes less and less time, a taste for their creation is developed.

Design Requirements

1. Font "Times New Roman", size - 12, for headings - 14.

2. Interval between lines - 1.

3. Headings are aligned to the center, subheadings - to the left, epigraphs are aligned to the right. 4. Only the main thoughts and headings, the surname and initials of the author of the article are distinguished by "F", and "A" - deviations from the main content, some examples and notes.

5. Selections must be justified: you can not select too many fragments of text!

6. Symbols should be in the same style - don't change them often!

7. The text should be aligned to the edges. Red lines are required.

9. Quotation marks are formatted with "......", not "........".

10. Make sure that there are periods at the end of sentences (common carelessness).

11. Allowed only black and whitepictures, photos, tables. In the case of graphic support, all color images should be converted to black and white.

12. If you decide to make a list, then pay attention to the subtleties of design:

If a list item begins with a lowercase letter, then ";" is placed at the end;

If you start the list with a capital letter, then "." is put at the end.

Example:

Target;

Operations;

Correction of actions;

Fixing the result.

OR

The strategy has the following structure:

Target.

Operations.

Action correction.

Fixing the result.

13. The used literature is drawn up in accordance with the established general rules and is indicated at the end of the article.

The materials were prepared by the teacher of the Russian language and literature of the Bolshemurashkinskaya secondary school of the Nizhny Novgorod region Kruglova I.A.

Used materials:

• A.A. Pligin. Recommendations for writing scientific and methodical articles.http://www.pligin.ru/articles/recomend.htm
• How to write a good article.http://voliadis.ru/good-paper

• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1 %8B%D0%BA
• G. Ya. Solganik. Stylistics of the Russian language. 10 - 11 cells. M.: Bustard, 2001.