Exceptions of the Russian language. Correct spelling algorithm

Russian is one of the most difficult languages in the world. A lot of spelling and punctuation rules, vocabulary and grammar - all this creates difficulties not only for foreigners, but also for native speakers. In addition, exceptions to Russian spelling rules a great many, and every literate person needs to know them.

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Borrowed words

One of the simplest rules in Russian is after hissing. From elementary school, everyone knows that after Sh and Sh you cannot write the letters Yu and Ya: thicket, pike, tentacles.

However, many are wondering: how to spell the word brochure or for example parachute, and why. These words came to us from the French language. Jury, brochure, parachute are written with the letter Yu after hissing and are exceptions.

Often when writing, the difficulty is the word hood, since it has two unstressed vowels, and the stressed O is after the hissing. It is also of foreign origin, and its spelling should be remembered.

Advice! The spelling of names that came from other languages should be remembered, as it often does not correspond to the rules of Russian spelling. When in doubt, it is best to consult a dictionary.

Exception verbs

As practice shows, for schoolchildren one of the most difficult rules is writing. It would seem that everything is simple here: in Russian there are only two conjugations.

Need learn to identify conjugation, and depending on this, write the desired letter at the end. But this rule is complicated by a large number of exceptions.

endure (too much);
twirl (turns head);
offend (offended because of a trifle);
depend (depend on circumstances);
hate (we hate bad weather);
to see (sees poorly);
look (look in different directions);
hear (hear strange sounds);
breathe (breathing with difficulty);
keep (keeps everyone on their toes);
drive (drive at breakneck speed).

It is considered correct to attribute to the 1st conjugation all other verbs that do not end in -it in the initial form, and therefore, to any other combinations of letters. But even here there are words that do not obey the rule. This is friends from school:

shave (you don't shave your beard)
lay (lay softly, but sleep hard).

The first conjugation also includes the outdated word “to be founded”, which is no longer used in modern speech.

Important! In order to avoid mistakes at the end of the verb, you need to know well not only the rule, but also learn all the insidious exceptions.

O / Yo after hissing: exceptions to the rule

The rule about writing o, e, and e after sibilants is much simpler than it might seem.

In order not to be mistaken, you must first determine is the spelling at the root of the word or in other parts of it (suffixes, endings).

If we are talking about the root, then write the letter correctly yo in those words to which you can pick up cognate with e. Brush - bristle, comb - scratch, click - click. If you can’t find such a replacement, then after the hissing you need to write about: glutton, shock. Often such cases are remembered as exceptions to the rule.
In the suffix and ending, choosing the desired letter is even easier. E (e) is written in verbs and verbal forms, as well as in denominative parts of speech without stress: flows, condensed milk (from thicken), river.

In the word gooseberry very often make mistakes, but if you look, it is not at all difficult. If we analyze the morphemic composition, then we will see the root in this name -kryzhov- and the suffix -nik-. There are no related word forms with e, which means that the letter o should be written.

Vowels after C: how not to make a mistake

One of the most simple and favorite grammar rules for children is the choice of a letter. and or s after c. The algorithm of actions here is similar to that considered in the previous rule.

The first thing to do. - to determine in which morpheme the spelling that is difficult for us is located.

At the root after c need to write and: merry circus, metal compasses, clock face. Only a few lexical units do not comply with this rule:

Gypsy;
tiptoe;
chick;
poke (colloquial word);
tsyts (interjection).

All of them are easy to remember if you put them together in a funny phrase known to everyone.

Important! The same rule applies to nouns ending in -tion: in them, Qi is also at the root: contact the police, a valuable share, fragrant acacia, etc.

In the ending and suffix after c always spelled s, and there is no exception to this paragraph of the rule: delicious cucumbers, kunitsyn fur, skillful craftswomen, frisky tits, etc. In other words, all words tsy written only with the letter Y.

Writing H and HH in different cases

Another insidious part of Russian grammar is the number of N in different morphemes. To write correctly, in case of doubt, you need start by defining the part of speech and then follow the relevant rules:

In nouns and adjectives in Russian, two Hs are written at the junction of the root and the suffix: hermit-nick, strange, crown.
In you need to write as many N as in the adjectives from which they are derived. Strange - from strange, foggy - from foggy, spontaneous - from spontaneous.

When studying spelling rules in the Russian language lessons, we often come across exceptions to the rules that we memorize automatically, without thinking about the nature of their origin. And teachers do not explain this phenomenon of Russian spelling, but simply offer it as a fact. I was also interested in the reasons for the emergence of exception words in Russian orthography. It seems that this material can be used by literature teachers in Russian language lessons, since knowledge of historical processes in the development of the language is necessary for more successful learning.

I offer a small historical commentary, which I managed to find in various scientific works.

1. Spelling: and, a, y after hissing.

A striking example of historical spelling in Russian is the letterand after consonants w, w. We are speaking zhy, shy, but we write zhi, shi, because this is how these combinations were pronounced at the dawn of our writing, when consonantsw, w were soft. And just three words:jury, brochure, parachute, following the transliteration principle, they are written throughYu. The spelling of these words reflects both French pronunciation and spelling:jury - jury, brochure - brochure, parachute - parachute. If these words were still in the Old Russian language, then their spelling would fully and completely reflect the traditional principle of Russian spelling, sincew, w were soft. But these words came to us in the 19th century, whenw, w already hardened, and became exceptions to the rule.

2. Spelling: letters oh - yo after hissing words at the root.

Recall that in school textbooks this rule sounds like this: “At the root, after hissing under stress, it is written ё, not o. Exception words: rustle, gooseberry, seam, hood, etc. "But if you follow the mechanism of this rule, you will be convinced that the letter e - e is written when the stress in the word on this syllable is not constant and when new words are formed switches to another syllable: chewed - chew, wives - wife, bangs - forehead, etc. And in such words as rustle, seam, clink glasses, glutton, gluttonous, the root syllable, with all changes in the word, remains stressed and does not alternate with ё. (By the way, such scientists as K.I. Bylinsky, D.E. Rosenthal and others speak about this.)

Shouldn't the wording of this rule in school textbooks be changed: “At the root, after the hissing ones, it is written ё, when the stress on the root is not constant; and it is written about, if the root remains stressed with all changes in the word "? Then students will not need to memorize a huge number of words that fell into the category of exceptions.

But what to do with such words as driver, highway, chocolate, juggler, etc., which for some reason are also considered by compilers of school textbooks in this rule?

They are all foreign-language and are written in accordance with the transliteration principle, falling into the category of dictionary words.

And yet, I would like to separately talk about three more words, since their etymology is of particular interest: gooseberry, thicket, slum.

Gooseberry. Etymologically, this word has two suffixes: -ov-, -nick-. In modern Russian, where the word kryzh has gone into a passive reserve, the root has grown together with the suffix -ov-. This makes memorize this word as an exception, while it consistently adheres to the rule of writing o - ё in suffixes after hissing.

Slum. The word is also formed with the help of the suffix -ob- from an unpreserved slum - "brushwood, crackling". This means that the rule “O - e in suffixes after hissing” applies here too.

The word thicket, formed from the well-known word thicket, obeys the same principle. It has a thicket root and a suffix -ob-.

Of course, in modern Russian we do not correlate the words slum and crack, gooseberry and kryzh, and, perhaps, a simplification has occurred here. But by the word thicket, we still select a single-rooted thicket. Is it appropriate then to apply the rule “Letters o - e after words hissing at the root” here?

3. Spelling: letters and - s after c.

The spelling of letters and - s after q developed spontaneously, but later these spellings were attached to certain morphemes. Writing qi at the root is a historical phenomenon. Words with such a combination of letters are usually foreign. After c, it is also written in accordance with the soft or semi-soft pronunciation of those sounds that are transmitted in Russian by the letter c, for example: civilization from lat. civilis, quote - lat. citatum. In Russian, the letter ts conveys a solid sound, after which only [s] can be pronounced, but not [i]. Since the vast majority of borrowed words with qi at the root, Russian words with tsy at the root (gypsies, tiptoe, chick, tsyknut, tsyts) were included in the exceptions.

Paradox! But in Russian orthography, Russian words proper became exceptions.

4. Spelling: letters e - and in the personal endings of verbs.

In Old Russian, verbs were divided into 4 thematic classes. The verbs of the fourth class included verbs with a zero suffix in the stem of the present tense and with the suffix -i- in the infinitive, as well as with a stem on yat () in the infinitive, and after hissing and yot on -a. The fourth class of thematic verbs belonged to the second conjugation !

For example:

offend-ti - offend;

vid-ti - you see;

hear - hear.

Thus, the verbs hear, see, hate, depend, endure, persecute, hold, breathe, offend, look, twirl were originally verbs of the second conjugation. And the modern wording of the rule "made" them exceptions.

Lay. In modern Russian, there are two forms of this verb: lay (1st conjugation) and lay (2nd conjugation). But the present tense forms for both verbs in the literary language are usually used in common: stelesh, stelet, stele (that is, they change according to the first conjugation).

We did not find any other grounds for this group of exceptions.

5. Spelling: one and two letters n in adjectives.

In the Russian language, morphological, word-formation and accentological changes have consistently occurred. But only in three words -glass, pewter, wood - these patterns intertwined and gave an amazing result.

Initially, in the ancient period, all denominative adjectives were formed using suffixes-an- - -yan- , but at the same time received a different emphasis. And already from these suffixal adjectives, new forms could arise with an additional suffix-н- . According to this rule, the words were written like this:wood-yan-yn-ny, tin-yan-yn-ny. But due to the disappearance of the ultra-short soundb the stress moved to the previous syllable and fixed here, new words arosewooden, pewter.

And the adjectiveglass, retaining the old stress on the suffix, at the same time left the “reinforcedn ” – and fell into the category of exceptions. This word, even receiving a suffix-н-, never transferred the stress to the root, because his root also consisted of an ultra-shortъ: stkln - the whole word consisted of only super-short vowels. After the loss of weak super-brief wordstkln gave shape glass, which is so difficult to pronounce that it has not been preserved in Russian.

The origin of the word-exceptionwindy transparent. In the Old Russian language, it referred to verbal adjectives formed from an imperfective verb wind, and written with onen, and as soon as the prefix was added(windless),the word was written with two letters -nn .

today word windychanged to adjectives, but retained its old spelling.

6. Spelling: soft sign in imperative verbs.

In modern Russian, in the second person singular, the imperative mood can be of three types:

a) with a final soft consonant:be, touch, drop;

b) with a shock final-and: go, sing, cut;

c) with a final th after a vowel: think, know, read.

Thus, the forms of the imperative mood are formed from the pure stem of the present and future simple tenses, alternating between hard consonant and soft, and from the pure stem plus the suffix-and-.

A form lie down became an exception due to its hard consonant at the end. In this case, the sound matter resists the graphic form. The set soft sign causes, when reading this form, the perception of a combination of signsgh . Meanwhile, soft posterior linguals, as a rule, cannot stand at the end of words: normally they are not used that way. In other words, the pronunciation norm of the Russian language "intervenes" here - and the word is pronounced in accordance with this norm.

7. Spelling: o-e after hissing in adverbs.

More.Few people know what the wordmore was originally an unstressed particle, in which, according to the rule, it was writtene. And only then this word acquired the meaning of “greater” and became an adverb. The spelling has been preserved.

8. Spelling: soft sign after hissing in adverbs.

Explain exceptionsalready, married, unbearable can be as follows: these adverbs are derived from the nounpersevere, husband,which belong to the second declension and are written without a soft sign.

Another fact is interesting: the adverbwide open formed from a prepositionon theand a noun of the second declensionstitch(obsolete) - “hook, pole”, however, this word was no exception and is written with a soft sign.

9. Orthogram: suffix of passive participles of the present tense.

Movable.This participle is derived from the old verbmove,related to the second conjugation, which means that the participle is written with the suffix-them-.

10. Spelling: alternating roots.

Why there were exceptions in this spelling - there is only fragmentary information about this.

Plain.A plain is a horizontally flat place, that is, all its points are located on equal to distance from sea level.

Canopy.In terms of meaning, this word is no longer associated with the rootlag - lies .

Swim - swim.Linguistic flair intervened in writing. At one time, compound words appeared:floating crane, boats with two strokes. If they began to speak like that, then they began to write words with the rootmelt (swim, swimmer). So the new spelling was legalized.

Unfortunately, the search on this topic stopped there, as no additional information could be found. But the collected material seems to me very useful.

To work with spelling rules, we took the textbook by V.V. Babaitseva, L.D. Chesnokova Russian language. Theory”, textbooks for grades 5–9, authored by M.T. Baranov, T.A. Ladyzhenskaya, as well as the textbook "Russian language" by D.E. Rosenthal for grades 10–11.

Historical commentary on exceptions to spelling rules //
"First of September. Russian language" - 2006. - No. 9.

What is a suffix? What are the rules for adjective suffixes? When is the spelling of a suffix an exception to the rule? To answer these questions, you will have to remember the school curriculum well, and, perhaps, delve into linguistics.

Briefly about morphemes

To begin with, it is worth remembering which morphemes or parts of a word stand out in Russian.

The necessary and most meaningful morpheme is the root. While there are many words without prefixes, suffixes, endings (functional words, interjections, invariable nouns, for example: attache, chimpanzee), words without a root simply do not exist. Word-forming morphemes help form new words. A prefix precedes a root or another prefix, and a suffix always follows the root or another suffix.

Suffixes are formative - they do not create new words, but allow the word to change form. Most often this applies to verbs. For example, in the word "write": "-t-" is the suffix of the formation of the infinitive. In the form of "wrote": "-l-" - the suffix of the past tense. In the words "wrote", "wrote" this suffix is followed by feminine or plural endings.

The ending is always formative and usually follows after the rest of the morphemes, which together form the basis (with the exception of words with postfixes: "washed" - ending "-a-", postfix "-s"). The ending indicates gender, person, number, and case, or at least one of these values.

Classification of adjective suffixes by meaning

It is difficult to carry out a strict division of the suffixes of adjectives according to the meaning. The fact is that many of them have several meanings. Nevertheless, there are main groups of these suffixes:

Diminutive suffixes "-onk-", "-enk-": pretty, light.
Qualitative suffixes "-ast-" ("-at-"), "-ist-", "-liv-", "-chat-" and some others: toothy, hairy, fluffy, caring, patterned.
The suffixes "-ovat-", "-evat-" mean a weakening of the qualities of adjectives: bluish, sweetish.
Suffixes and to denote the names of the area, for example, "-sk-", "-ensk-", "-insk": Moscow, Penza, Cuban.
Suffixes for the formation of possessive adjectives, for example, "-in-": chicken, dad. There are a great many semantic groups of adjective suffixes.
Suffixes with the meaning of material are among the most numerous. "-Ov-", "-ev-", "-an-", "-yan-", "-enn-": oak, soy, leather, ice, pumpkin. And it is these suffixes that have a broader meaning, for example, "-an-", "-yan-" mean not only the material, but also the purpose of the room for something (wardrobe, woodshed) or the way to work on something ( peat, wind).

The spelling of suffixes is rich in school rules and exceptions to them. The letter "n-", which can go alone or doubled, often turns out to be a stumbling block not only for schoolchildren, but also for adults who have forgotten the rules. Therefore, it will be useful to remember them.

Spelling of the letter "n-" in adjective suffixes

Let's deal with the mysterious letter "-n-"! There are suffixes that are always written with two "n": "-onn-", "-enn-". How to define them? The suffix, as you know, comes after the root: morning-enn (th), revolutionary-onn (th).

Also, doubled "-n-" is always found in words with a root ending in "-n-" and the suffix "-n-". This is logical. The final consonant of the root and the suffix add up, and none of these letters is dropped. For example: lemon-n (th), spring-n (th).

Some adjectives with "-n-" at the root have no suffix at all. These are words such as: young, pig.

The suffixes "-an-", "-yan-" are written with one "n": sandy, clay. When is the spelling of suffixes an exception to the rule? In the case of this suffix - wooden, glass, tin.

Windy and oily

Interesting cases with the words "windy" and "oily". They are also an example of an exception to the spelling rules for suffixes. From the word "wind" two whole adjectives are formed - "windy" and "windy". "Windy" - the same as "with the wind", both literally and figuratively: a windy morning, a windy person.

"Wind" means "with the help of the wind", for example: a windmill. In the first case, the suffix "-en-" is distinguished, which, as an exception, is written with one "-n-".

From the word "oil" two adjectives are also formed: oily and oily. How not to get confused? "Oiled" - smeared, covered with oil. In its origin, this word is very close to the participle from the verb "butter" (compare: "fry" - "fried"): oiled pancake, oily eyes (as if poured with oil), oiled week (when pancakes are smeared with oil). "Oil" - made from oil or based on oil: oil stain, oil paint.

What other rules are there?

Are there any other rules for adjective suffixes? Of course. Suffixes "-iv-", "-ev-" under stress should be written "-iv-", without stress "-ev-": playful, lazy, flattering, but bean, field. An exception to the rule is the spelling of the suffix "-iv-" in an unstressed position in the words: merciful, holy fool.

The suffixes "-liv-", "-chiv-" must be written through "-i-", since the suffixes "-lev-" and "-chev-" simply do not exist in our language. That is why they are written the same way, regardless of stress: happy and lucky.

The suffixes "-ev-", "-evit-", "-evat-" should be written after soft consonants, hissing and "c": bluish, plush, dashing.

The suffixes "-ov-", "-ovit-", "-ovat-" are written after solid consonants, except for "c": garden, poisonous, grayish.

The suffix "-sk-" is written after most consonants. Only the letters "k", "c", "h" cause it to be simplified to "k", and at the base there is an alternation of the original consonant with "c": sailor - sailor, German - German.

The richness of the Russian language

Different textbooks and different sites highlight a different number of rules. Therefore, there are many answers to the question when the spelling of a suffix is an exception to the rule. And this is not surprising - the Russian language is complex and subtle, much in it no longer obeys modern logic, but has been preserved historically. These cases are usually the exception.

The spelling of personal endings of verbs is a rule that is checked during the state final certification in the ninth and eleventh grades. Despite the large number of hours devoted to the study of this topic by the school curriculum, many students continue to make annoying spelling mistakes. It is difficult to explain this phenomenon, since the topic can hardly be considered complex.

Some theory about verbs

The words of this part of speech are usually divided into two large groups: conjugated and non-conjugated. The first group is formed by verbs that change in tense, person and mood. They have another name - personal. The second group includes the infinitive, participle, gerund, since they do not have the grammatical category of person, mood.

The personal endings of the verbs included in the first group can be unstressed and stressed. The choice of vowels in endings that are under stress is not difficult. The rule says that you should write the letter that is heard. For example, they shout, weave, they say, they burn. Unstressed personal endings of verbs should be written on the basis of the infinitive.

In order not to make mistakes in spelling, you need to know what verb conjugation is. The personal endings of verbs depend precisely on this constant morphological feature.

Correct spelling algorithm

To avoid mistakes, you should act according to the following plan:

Put the word in the initial form. It is imperative to ensure that the word and its dictionary form belong to the same form: perfect or imperfect.
Determine the conjugation at the end of the infinitive.
Choose an ending depending on the person and number.

Reasoning pattern

1. In the sentence “A man is hiding behind a curtain at the far window”, a vowel is missing at the end of the predicate. The second syllable -va- is stressed, so the choice of the missing letter must be done on the basis of conjugation.

2. A person (what is he doing?) is hiding .. hiding. This is an imperfective verb, which in an indefinite form will answer the question "what to do?". The initial form is hiding.

3. The word ends in -at and is not among the exceptions, therefore "to hide" is a verb of the first conjugation.

4. Personal endings of the verbs of this group are written with a vowel e. In the form of the 3rd person singular, this word will have the ending -et: A person is hiding behind a curtain at a far window.

Conjugation

There are two conjugations in Russian.

The first conjugation includes words ending in -at, -et, -yat, -ot, -ut. For example, sinking, bargaining, getting dark, stabbing, wrestling, picking, tickling, hanging, rushing, shooting, weeding, blackening.

The second conjugation includes all verbs in -it. For example, to stain, demolish, injure, paint, argue, spoil, cut.

However, as is often the case in Russian, there are exceptions to the rule. There are thirteen such words, and they need to be memorized.

On a note

It is important to remember that words that are prefixed from exceptions will have the same permanent morphological feature as their non-prefixed forms. For example, shave, shave, lay, lay will belong to the first conjugation, and endure, examine, hold, drive - to the second.

Very often, students incorrectly determine the conjugation of verbs with the prefix you-, which leads to an erroneous spelling of the ending. The reason for this phenomenon may be the dragging of the stressed prefix on itself, which automatically makes the ending unstressed. In order to correctly write the personal endings of verbs, it is necessary to determine the conjugation by their non-prefixed form.

Verbs with the postfix -sya have the same constant morphological feature as their generators. For example, shave-shave, cut-cut, dig-dig, drive-chase, look-look, throw-throw away.

Some words may have forms of both conjugations. The word "honor", for example, has 2 forms in the 3rd person plural: honor and honor.

Comparative table of conjugation of verbs with the prefix you- and without it

face	I		II
face	pick	pick out	raise	grow
1	poking, poking	dig out, rip out	grow, grow	grow, grow
2	poking, poking	dig out, dig out	grow, grow	grow up, grow up
3	poking, poking	dig out, rip out	grows, grows	grow up, grow up

Vowel spelling

Vowels in the personal endings of verbs that are in an unstressed position depend on the conjugation. Words of the first conjugation end with a vowel e, words of the second conjugation - with a vowel and.

Difficulties can arise with different conjugated verbs. Unstressed personal endings of verbs of this category can have endings of both conjugations. This group is formed by the words want, run, honor. Verbs to give, there is and their derivatives do not belong to this group, but also have distinct endings when modified in persons and numbers.

The spelling of personal endings of verbs does not require students to memorize large amounts of theoretical information. You should correctly place the accents, remembering a few nuances (conjugation, the phenomenon of conjugation, the algorithm for choosing a vowel), and be guided by them when writing.

With lova-exceptions in Russian orthography.

1. Spelling: and, a, y after hissing.

A striking example of historical spelling in Russian is the letterand after consonants w, w. We are speaking zhy, shy, but we write zhi, shi, because this is how these combinations were pronounced at the dawn of our writing, when consonantsw, w were soft. And just three words:jury, brochure, parachute, following the transliteration principle, they are written throughYu.
The spelling of these words reflects both French pronunciation and spelling:jury - jury, brochure - brochure, parachute - parachute. If these words were still in the Old Russian language, then their spelling would fully and completely reflect the traditional principle of Russian spelling, sincew, w were soft. But these words came to us in the 19th century, whenw, w already hardened, and became exceptions to the rule.

2. Spelling: letters oh - yo after hissing words at the root.

But what to do with such words as driver, highway, chocolate, juggler, etc., which for some reason are also considered by compilers of school textbooks in this rule?

They are all foreign-language and are written in accordance with the transliteration principle, falling into the category of dictionary words.

And yet, I would like to separately talk about three more words, since their etymology is of particular interest: gooseberry, thicket, slum.

The word thicket, formed from the well-known word thicket, obeys the same principle. It has a thicket root and a suffix -ob-.

3. Spelling: letters and - s after c.

Paradox! But in Russian orthography, Russian words proper became exceptions.

4. Spelling: letters e - and in the personal endings of verbs.

For example:

offend-ti - offend;

vid-ti - you see;

hear - hear.

We did not find any other grounds for this group of exceptions.

5. Spelling: one and two letters n in adjectives.

today word windychanged to adjectives, but retained its old spelling.

6. Spelling: soft sign in imperative verbs.

In modern Russian, in the second person singular, the imperative mood can be of three types:

a) with a final soft consonant:be, touch, drop;

b) with a shock final-and: go, sing, cut;

c) with a final th after a vowel: think, know, read.

Thus, the forms of the imperative mood are formed from the pure stem of the present and future simple tenses, alternating between hard consonant and soft, and from the pure stem plus the suffix-and-.

7. Spelling: o-e after hissing in adverbs.

8. Spelling: soft sign after hissing in adverbs.

Explain exceptionsalready, married, unbearable can be as follows: these adverbs are derived from the nounpersevere, husband,which belong to the second declension and are written without a soft sign.

9. Orthogram: suffix of passive participles of the present tense.

Movable.This participle is derived from the old verbmove,related to the second conjugation, which means that the participle is written with the suffix-them-.

10. Spelling: alternating roots.

Why there were exceptions in this spelling - there is only fragmentary information about this.

Plain.A plain is a horizontally flat place, that is, all its points are located on equal to distance from sea level.

Canopy.In terms of meaning, this word is no longer associated with the rootlag - lies .

Unfortunately, the search on this topic stopped there, as no additional information could be found. But the collected material seems to me very useful.

Historical commentary on exceptions to spelling rules //
"First of September. Russian language" - 2006. - No. 9.