Historical bibliography is an auxiliary historical discipline that deals with accounting, systematization, selection, description and heuristics of historical literature, publications of historical sources. For these purposes, indexes, lists, literature reviews, etc. are published. The current historical bibliography fixes the range of knowledge of the present; retrospective - summarizes the development of science over a certain period of time; recommendation - helps in self-education. Bibliographic manuals provide information about books, reviews, establish factual information about publications, and are a special kind of source of reliable knowledge about the development of historical science.

Bibliography (as a description of books) arises in Russia with the appearance of handwritten books and the creation of large collections of them. In the 11th century as part of Svyatoslav's Izbornik, one of the oldest indexes of renounced and forbidden books, The Theologian from Words, was placed. Later, in the monastic libraries, book inventories, paintings of liturgical collections appeared. But only in the 18th century, when history became a science, with the publication of books of various subjects, did the first bibliographic manuals of a historical nature appear. In 1736, the catalog of Adam Burcharad Sellia was published, in 1772 - "An attempt at a historical dictionary about Russian writers" by the educator N. I. Novikov. First half of the 19th century was marked by the emergence of new forms of bibliographic aids. In 1838, the historian, archaeologist, numismatist, and bibliophile A. D. Chertkov published The General Library of Russia, or the Catalog of Books for Studying the History of Our Fatherland in All Respects and Details. The Chertkov catalog (whose library is now kept in the State Public Historical Library of Russia) describes literature on numismatics, archeology, etc.

The desire to create “as complete indexes of historical books and journal articles as possible” was realized by the Lambins, employees of the Russian branch of the library of the Academy of Sciences, who published 10 volumes of the Russian Historical Bibliography, which opened a series of historical bibliographic manuals, including the works of the largest bibliographer V. I. Mezhov. Bibliographic aids of the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries. reflected the study of the problems of not only world history, but also the history of Russia, its individual parts, peoples, topics. Further specialization of historical knowledge led to the emergence of a new discipline - historiography, closely related to bibliography. Historiographical works, such as V. S. Ikonnikov's "Experience in Russian Historiography", provided extensive factual material on the publication of historical sources and literature.

Many ideas of domestic bibliographers - the creation of a current historical bibliography, a system for accounting for bibliographic manuals on history - were realized in the second half of the 20th century. Bibliography became a "state matter", and control by the Soviet authorities over the production and content of published literature led to the emergence of special institutions preparing bibliographic information on history. An important role in the development of historical bibliography was played by the State Public Historical Library of Russia, the Fundamental Library of Social Sciences - the Institute of Scientific Information on Social Sciences. The preparation of bibliographic information on history is also carried out by the Russian State Library, the Russian National Library, regional and regional libraries, scientific institutions of the Russian Academy of Sciences, etc. scientific circulation.

The history of the emergence and development of bibliography

1. History of the emergence and development of bibliography

1 Definition of "bibliography"

2 The problem of the evolution of bibliography

3 Main functions of the bibliography

4 Patterns of development of bibliography

1. History of the emergence and development of bibliography

1 Definition of "bibliography"

The development of bibliographic science is primarily a process of understanding concepts, including its basic concept - bibliography.

There are hundreds of definitions of bibliography in the specialized literature, their number is increasing, but none of them has received general recognition from the scientific community.

In the course of its evolution, bibliography has become such a complex and multifaceted phenomenon that it cannot be characterized by one universal definition, even in standards that are designed to promote an unambiguous understanding of terms.

Currently, the term "bibliography" is used in different meanings:

) as the most general concept that unites the entire set of bibliographic phenomena;

) as an area of ​​practical (or scientific-practical) activity in the preparation of various sources of bibliographic information (bibliographic manuals) and bibliographic services to consumers of information, as opposed to the concept of "bibliographic science", which means science;

) as a separate bibliographic publication, for example, "Bibliography of Afghanistan", "Bibliography of Japan", etc., or a list of references in expressions such as "bibliography at the end of the book", "bibliography at the end of the article"; It is absolutely unacceptable to use the term in this sense. Today it is used only in a single case: as an element of a bibliographic description: "Bibliogr.: p."

) as a collection of bibliographic works identified by some feature, for example, the bibliography of Asian countries. Also not allowed.

In general, in the culture of the bibliographic environment, there is a tradition of non-strict use of the term, but in the cognitive sphere (i.e., scientific and educational), the conceptual contours of the bibliography should be outlined quite clearly, for their unambiguous understanding in the process of scientific discourses (dialogues) and the study of bibliographical literature in various courses. disciplines.

Let's try to give a definition.

With all the diversity of views on bibliography, experts are unanimous in one thing: at the origins of bibliography is the need for knowledge, the lack of knowledge about something, the desire of a person to obtain information about this knowledge. The bibliography has evolved as a structure that has been able to help meet this need. It has developed specific means that organize the knowledge accumulated by a person and allow a person to navigate in it. Therefore, in the most general form, bibliography can be defined as a system that organizes the space of information and knowledge for the purpose of orientation in it.

Information and knowledge act in unity, but are not identical to each other. Information is accumulated with the help of the sense organs, analytically processed, logically comprehended, fixed in judgments and turned into knowledge. The means of consolidating and preserving knowledge are language and sign. That. knowledge is a phenomenon of human cognitive activity, the result of processing the information received. Information is transmitted knowledge and acts as a means of transferring knowledge. Therefore, knowledge can be represented as the content of information transmitted in the process of communication.

Recently, we often appeal to the concepts of "information society", "knowledge society". Knowledge should act as a starting point in the construction of all information and communication systems. (Where is our wisdom lost for the sake of knowledge, where is our knowledge lost for the sake of information. That is, information is the most simplified form of expressing knowledge, and knowledge is sometimes redundant and not always used for good deeds. Wisdom is the initial state of human consciousness. The baby is wise, but we lose wisdom in the process of developed teaching and upbringing methods. By old age, a person becomes wise, but not always, only when love remains in his heart. An evil person will never be wise).

In the definition, we talked about bibliography as a system of orientation in the world of knowledge and information. Orientation should be understood as the ability of a bibliography to structure, organize, organize information and knowledge in order to ensure free search and discovery of what is necessary.

Unfortunately, one of the main problems of the 21st century is an overabundance of unstructured information that has not been turned into knowledge. According to scientists, even the most effective organizations use only a third of the useful information on the profile of their activities. Hence the importance of creating knowledge management systems, developing intelligent methods that ensure the extraction, integration and processing of knowledge from various information sources. The bibliography has such methods of structuring.

The specifics of this method will be traced in the further consideration of the essence of the bibliography.

1.2 The problem of bibliographic evolution

To understand the essence of bibliography, the reasons for its emergence and the prospects for future development, it is important to return to its origins.

The word "bibliography" is of ancient Greek origin. Literally, it means "book writing" ("biblion" - a book, "grapho" - I write).

Approximately in the 5th century. BC in Greece, "bibliographers" began to refer to people who copied books. It was a very respected profession, because. the art of "writing" books required a high level of literacy and artistic and calligraphic abilities.

After the collapse of the ancient world, the word "bibliography" disappeared from use for a long time. It was remembered shortly after the invention of printing in the middle of the 15th century. and typographers were sometimes called bibliographers. And only in the first half of the XVII century. French scientists Gabriel Naudet and Louis Jacob first used the word "bibliography" in the titles of their works in the sense of "list of references". Soon it also acquired a broader meaning: "book description" (by analogy with the word "geography", "biography", etc.). As for the actual bibliographic works, they were called "catalogues", "lexicons", "inventories", "registries", "inventories", etc. for a long time.

Bibliography arose at a certain stage in the development of society and means of communication. Initially, in the pre-literate period, the exchange of information between people was carried out through oral communication, in the process of direct communication. As the amount of knowledge accumulated, it became necessary to fix it, since only fixed knowledge made it possible to collect, store, and transmit it.

According to the research of historians, the bibliography originated in the 3rd millennium BC, in Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt. Its history begins with a handwritten book that exists on various media. In ancient Egypt, information was transmitted through letters on papyrus, in Mesopotamia on clay tablets. The text on them was standardized. Plates were created in series, they placed output information about the text. Thus, we note that the original form of existence of bibliography is affine (i.e., bibliographic information about the content of the text was placed directly with the text and was closely connected with it, on the same medium).

ATHENIC BIBLIOGRAPHIC INFORMATION

Information about a document in the document itself, on the basis of which a bibliographic record about it is formed, intended for use in bibliographic activities and inclusion in independent (diagenetic) bibliographic manuals. The API includes information about the author, title, imprint, publisher's annotation, table of contents, auxiliary indexes, notes and comments, fragments of prefaces and afterwords, allowing more accurate identification of the document, etc.

Libraries appeared early in Mesopotamia, and catalogs (that is, the catalog form of the existence of bibliography - the essence - connection with the repository) were greatly developed in them. At the same time, independent forms of the existence of bibliography, the so-called. diagenetic form. These are lists of new entries, hymns, letters, and so on.

There is also a latent form, the essence of which is that bibliographic information is interspersed in the text of the narrative.

The emergence of bibliography in Russia and Belarus is associated with the 9th century, and its evolution is associated with the emergence of writing and the development of book culture.

The essence of the bibliography, despite changes in social conditions, revolutionary changes in the field of technology, remains unchanged. The development of printing, audio and video recording, television, computer technology could not change the nature of bibliography, since the main need of society and man, which caused the emergence of bibliography - the need for knowledge and information - remains and remains to this day.

The only important thing to note is that in the course of changes in socio-economic and cultural conditions, the ways of fixing and disseminating knowledge and information have changed.

Bibliography is closely related to the object of fixing information. At the beginning, such an object was a handwritten text (manuscript book), with the beginning of printing - a printed book, then more widely - printed works, because. included other types of printed publications (magazines, newspapers, etc.) in the second half of the twentieth century. non-printed sources of information (audio and video recordings) became widespread, and there was a need for a term denoting a broader source of information. As such a term with Ser. In the 1970s, the "document" was established. It was understood as any material carrier on which social information is recorded (fixed) by a person.

It is necessary to keep in mind two main aspects of the document - its ideal content and material form. Within the framework of library-bibliographic terminology, both sides are important, therefore, they should be reflected in the library-bibliographic definition of the document. In other words, it becomes necessary to have two wordings of the document definition, expressing the same meaning, but from different angles: firstly, from the side of the content of the document, secondly from the side of its form:

On the content side: a document is some social information recorded (fixed) by a person on some material carrier for the purpose of its storage, distribution and use.

From the side of the form: a document is some kind of material carrier on which a person has recorded (fixed) some social information in order to store, distribute and use it.

Different points of view on terminological derivatives of "document".

Yu.N. Stolyarov proposes to agree on the use of two main terminological derivatives - documentary (consisting of documents) and - documentary (based on documents, confirmed by documents, for example, an article citing c.-l. documents confirming c.-l. empirical fact, etc.). Accepted by Belarusian scientists.

O.P. Korshunov: documentary (in the sense of Yu.N. Stolyarov), documented, instead of documentary (a well-documented article), and the term documentary is proposed to be used as the broadest, generalizing in relation to all the proposed terms, including documentary, t .e. existing, functioning, fixed in the form of a document.

However, in modern conditions of introduction of new information technologies in the electronic environment, the value of the material side of the document becomes secondary. The introduction of such a term as "media" becomes topical, which is defined, in relation to bibliographic practice, as a source of information functioning in an electronic environment. The derivative of the word "media" is the word "media document", i.e. a document that serves as the object of a bibliographic fixation, but which exists only in virtual space. The concept of "electronic document" is also used - this is a document on a machine-readable medium, the use of which requires computer technology. Its variety is an electronic publication, considered as a document that has undergone editorial and publishing processing, intended for distribution in an unchanged form, with output information. "E.d" should not be confused with an electronic resource, although transformations are possible. Electronic resources are materials coded for processing and management by computers.

Thus, a chain is built that testifies to the transformation of the bibliographic object: manuscript - book - document - electronic document - media.

In modern bibliography, one of the initial and fundamental concepts is still a document. And we will use this term.

The document is the central link in the system of documentary communications. Consider the concepts of communication, system of documentary communications, bibliographic communication.

Communication is the controlled transfer of information between two or more persons and/or systems. The concept of "communication" always emphasizes the existence of communication, interaction for the purpose of exchanging information.

The system of document communications is a system designed to manage the processes of functioning of documents in society. It includes documentary resources, processes and methods that ensure their storage, processing, distribution and use. The most important element of this system is a person: the author of the document, the publisher, the distributor, the consumer. The system of documentary communications also includes a number of specially created public institutions: publishing houses, bookstores, archives, libraries, scientific information centers, and the media. All of them in a special way perform intermediary functions on the way of the document from the moment of its creation to the moment of use. Among them is bibliography, within the framework of which bibliographic communication is carried out - a system for transferring bibliographic information from one subject to another.

Bibliography as a social institution was formed under the influence of factors that require mediation in the "document - information consumer" system. Here we are faced with another concept - "consumer of information" - this is the one who receives information and uses it for various purposes. One person, a group of people, a team of employees, an institution, etc. can act as a consumer.

However, in the process of interaction between a document and a consumer of information, information barriers may arise, which are associated with the following main points. Documents as material objects in the process of distribution end up in a variety of places (libraries, bookstores, information agencies, personal collections, etc.), i.e. they are constantly "scattered" in space. Naturally, along with the material form of documents, their content also "disperses". This breaks the internal connection, the continuity of the knowledge contained in them. As a result, the search for each individual document, and even more so for a document of related content, turns out to be very difficult.

All this is aggravated by the fact that the content of documents is heterogeneous and is intended for certain categories of consumers. The consumer, for his part, does not know where the documents he needs are located, he does not know which documents contain the information of interest to him. He is unable to follow the emergence of the whole mass of new documentary sources of information, a person may not even suspect the existence of documents that correspond to his interests, etc.

As the number and variety of documents, on the one hand, and consumers of information, on the other, grows, as the social significance of documentary information steadily increases, and information needs become more complex and differentiated, barriers, obstacles, difficulties in the system of documentary communications are becoming more and more escalate. All the real variety of information barriers in the system of documentary communications, due to the reasons for their occurrence, can be reduced to three main groups:

Objective information barriers (not dependent on the documents themselves and consumers):

spatial, associated with the uncertainty of the location of the document, the need to search for it in large document arrays;

geographic, related to the distances between the document - the consumer of information;

quantitative, reflecting the physical impossibility of mastering all the sources of information relevant to the consumer;

qualitative, associated with the need for a comparative assessment and selection of the best from a variety of available sources of information.

Subjective information barriers depending on consumers:

linguistic, as a result of ignorance of consumers of the language in which the document is written. This barrier in modern conditions is one of the most powerful obstacles that impede the use of documents (especially scientific ones). In the field of scientific and technical information, the share of literature in English, German, Russian and French. together is 88%. In the humanities literature in English. lang. is 30%, French - 13%, Spanish - 12%, Russian - 6%, etc.

psychological, caused by consumers' prejudice towards certain genres, authors, new forms of information sources, as well as undeveloped artistic taste, lack of systematic self-educational reading skills, mood, influence of the surrounding reading environment, etc.;

barriers of the imagination associated, for example, with the fact that a scientist is sure that it is impossible to find the necessary information and refuses to search;

strategic search barriers associated with the inability of consumers to choose the right documentary search strategy;

time barriers due to the fact that a scientist cannot spend more than 20-25% of his working time searching for information;

economic barriers associated with a lack of funds from the consumer to purchase sources of information or pay for relevant services.

departmental barriers associated with the administrative structure of departments that impede the movement of documents;

security barriers introduced to prevent the leakage of classified information within state or departmental structures;

editorial and publishing barriers associated with the delay in the publication of publications, their low quality, the presence of sloppy wording, redundant information, etc.

barriers associated with the absence and (or) non-compliance with publication standards, which makes bibliographic searches in large document arrays difficult;

library and bibliographic barriers caused by delays and other shortcomings in library and bibliographic services to consumers.

Thus, the bibliography has been formed as a social institution, within which special tools and methods have been developed to eliminate the indicated information barriers. Its main task is to carry out intermediary functions between fixed information and the consumer, to orient a person and society in the space of information and knowledge.

1.3 Main functions of the bibliography

bibliography information knowledge communication

Public functions of the bibliography, the variety of their names. We noted that the bibliography is a social institution, therefore, from the whole variety of definitions of the concept of function, we chose the following: a function is a role performed by a certain social institution in relation to society. In the specialized literature there are more than 50 names of the public functions of the bibliography. They are different in meaning and breadth of content, often intersect with each other. We will consider the existing concepts of various authors later, where the functions they offer will also be disclosed. Now we have taken as a basis one of the concepts, namely, M.G. Vokhrysheva, as the most attractive to us and not contradictory to the rest. Functions of the bibliography according to M.G. Vokhrysheva. Margarita Georgievna divides the whole variety of functions into two categories: general and particular. The former are characteristic of the whole variety of bibliographic phenomena, the latter are associated with specific areas of bibliographic activity. The main function of the bibliography is the ordering of document arrays for the purpose of orientation in them, i.e. document sorting function. Depending on the technological procedures by which the ordering of documents is implemented, the following functions are distinguished:

reflective-transforming - the essence is that the document is transformed, transformed into a bibliographic form that allows you to identify, identify, identify the document - the source;

structuring, i.e. all documents must be structured in a certain way, i.e. organized relative to each other, systematized, classified;

value-oriented, i.e. The bibliography should guide consumers in the world of documents, taking into account the interest of the consumer, as well as the value of the document, for which the analysis, evaluation of the document and its presentation in the appropriate form are carried out.

Depending on the goals that are set for the bibliography, the following functions are distinguished:

cognitive, the essence is that as a result of the above procedures, new (bibliographic) knowledge is created, which, in turn, is aimed at the search, acquisition and creation of new knowledge by the consumer, which allows us to talk about the cognitive function of bibliography;

informational - bibliography forms an original type of information, specific in form and content - bibliographic information, thereby it performs an informational function in society. Bibliographic information makes it possible to generate new knowledge, contributing to the solution of topical scientific, social and other problems;

social and communication. Bibliography acts as one of the means of social communication, performing a communication function - the function of communicating, connecting and communicating people with its specific means - a special bibliographic language, a system of coding information, its own rules for communicating in various processes of bibliographic activity.

Private functions, as we said, are associated with specific areas of activity (state bibliography - functions: documentary, depositary, archival, fund-creating, registering, modeling, international).

4 Patterns of development of bibliography

Correspondence of the bibliography to the economic and socio-cultural conditions of society.

The bibliography does not lose anything of value achieved over the years of its development.

Correspondence of the bibliography to the level of modern information technologies and the possibilities of their optimal use.

Changing the functions of bibliography of a particular order and redistributing the "weight" and meaning of individual links and directions of development in different historical periods.

The main function of the bibliography is concretized in solving two main tasks and, accordingly, is implemented in two directions: - the most complete reflection of all documentary resources; - differentiated reflection of documents, taking into account the needs of different categories of users.

The presence of deep systemic connections that have historically developed in the system of documentary communications.

The functioning of bibliography is connected with the formation of a system of bibliographic knowledge based on the transformation of any knowledge by methods specific to bibliography.

List of sources used

Grechikhin, A.A. General bibliography: a textbook for universities. M.: MGUP, 2000.

Kogotkov, D.Ya. Bibliographic activity of the library: organization, management, technology: textbook / D.Ya.Kogotkov. - St. Petersburg: Profession, 2003. - 304 p.

Diomidova G.N. Bibliography: a textbook for secondary vocational studies. institutions / G. N. Diomidova. - St. Petersburg. : Profession. - 2002. - 288 p.

Morgenstern, I. G. General bibliography: textbook. allowance for students / I.G. Morgenstern; - St. Petersburg: Profession, 2005. - 208 p.

Vokhrysheva, M. M. Theory of bibliography: textbook. allowance / M. G. Vokhrysheva. - Samara: Publishing House of SGAKI, 2004. - 368 p.

S.V. Andryushin

On the question of the history of bibliography

So, in the first quarter of the 19th century, those types and genres of bibliographic products that appeared earlier (critical bibliographic information, bibliographic periodicals, manuals of branch bibliography) are further developed. The first retrospective index of Russian books is published, catalogs of paid libraries are published, the current bibliography begins to develop, and experiments in the preparation of biobibliographic materials continue.

In 1810–11 published in St. Petersburg "Systematic review of literature in Russia during the five years, from 1801 to 1806". The compilers of the "Review" were well-known scientists at that time - A.K. Storch and F.P. Adelung. In addition to the fact that the material in the "Review" was arranged in a systematic manner, it was also provided with auxiliary indexes, calculations and tables relating to the composition of printed matter and authors of books. All this helped to make all sorts of references. This work marked the beginning of Russian book statistics. It was conceived as an ongoing publication, registering and analyzing the literature for every five years. However, there was no continuation.

A significant phenomenon in the Russian bibliography of the nineteenth century. was the compilation of a printed catalog of the library of the famous bookseller V.A. Plavilshchikov. By 1820, the funds of his library included more than 7,000 titles of Russian books of the 18th and the first half of the 19th century, translations of world classics and, of course, as a tribute to their time, French enlighteners. To compile such a catalog, Plavilshchikov invited the famous bibliographer V.G. Anastasevich. The main advantage "Paintings for Russian books for reading from the library of V. Plavilshchikov..." there was a systematic arrangement of the material, making it a convenient reference publication. The material was arranged in three large sections with subsequent more fractional divisions - "Mathematical and Physical Sciences", "Theological, Moral and Political Sciences", "Literature". In 1821–1826 annual additions to Plavilshchikov's "Painting" were issued.

After the death of Plavilshchikov, the book trade and the library passed to his clerk A.F. Smirdin, who managed to expand and improve the enterprise of his patron. His bookstore became a kind of salon for intellectuals, which was visited by the most prominent writers and scientists of Russia. The library fund has been significantly enlarged. And not only new editions, but also valuable acquisitions over the past years. By 1828, the library's holdings reached 20,000 titles. It was at this time that it was published "Painting Russian books for reading from the library of Alexander Smirdin", a catalog that has not lost its reference value even today. Many anonyms and pseudonyms were revealed in the "Passion", it is equipped with auxiliary indexes of names and titles, the descriptions of the sources in it are more accurate than in Plavilshchikov's "Paris". This "Painting" of Smirdin's library was highly appreciated by its contemporaries. To her in 1829, 1832, 1847. additional supplements were issued.

Many bibliographers of the 19th century again set the task of creating a repertoire of Russian books. The dominant position here is occupied by biobibliography. The Metropolitan of Kyiv and Galicia Eugene (Bolkhovitinov) creatively develops this problem. While still a teacher and librarian of the Voronezh Theological Seminary, the future metropolitan conceived and partially carried out the compilation of the “General Chronology of Famous Men, Famous for the Arts, Sciences, Inventions and Writings throughout the World from the Beginning of the World to Our Times” . In 1802, the first part of the first volume was prepared for printing and allowed by the censors, but remained unpublished. However, work continued. And in 1805-06. in the journal of Count D.I. Khvostov's "Friend of Enlightenment" Metropolitan Eugene begins to print "A new experience of the historical dictionary about Russian writers, natural and foreign, dead and living". The dictionary included about 300 names and ended at the letter "K". For several years he corrected and supplemented his dictionary, but an attempt to publish it through the "Society of Russian History and Antiquities" was unsuccessful. Then Bishop Eugene singled out only spiritual writers from the dictionary and, at the expense of Count N.P. Rumyantsev, under the supervision of V.G. Anastasevich published in two parts the "Historical Dictionary of the writers of the clergy of the Greek-Russian Church who were in Russia" (1818). But here, too, he failed. The dictionary was so disfigured by numerous typographical errors that both the author and the publisher removed their names from the title. The second edition, corrected and enlarged, was issued in 1827. It was accompanied by auxiliary alphabetical and chronological indexes. According to N.V. Zdobnov, "this time the dictionary met the most stringent scientific requirements of that time."

The fate of the second part of the dictionary, concerning secular writers, turned out to be ill-fated. At first, this material was published in the journal N.I. Grech's "Son of the Fatherland" (1821-22), then in "The Experience of a Brief History of Russian Literature" (1822) by the same Grech, but soon the publication was cut short. In 1826, Count Khvostov tried to resume the publication of a dictionary of secular writers, but his plans did not come to fruition. Bishop Eugene himself, a year before his death, handed over the manuscript to the archaeologist I.M. Snegirev, who published the 1st volume of the work in a revised form. However, not having met with sympathy for his concerns from the public, he handed over the manuscript to the famous historian and publisher of the Moskvityanin magazine M.P. Pogodin, who in 1845, eight years after the death of the Metropolitan, finally published a 2-volume "Dictionary of secular writers".

The Experience of Russian Literature is considered a classic work in bibliography, and its author is considered the founder of Russian bibliography.

In the second quarter of the nineteenth century. achieves significant success and is enriched with new genres of bibliographic information on the pages of periodicals. Along with critical bibliographic information, journals publish current registration lists of literature, reviews of newspapers and magazines, and works on industry bibliography. A significant part of the current printed matter was reflected in the "Moscow Telegraph" N.A. Field. The editors strove to give "a complete understanding of the course, spirit, direction of Russian literature."

According to modern bibliographers, the pinnacle of journal bibliography in the first half of the nineteenth century. became a department "Modern Bibliographic Chronicle" in "Domestic Notes". It annually registered up to 500 titles of new books, almost all that entered the Russian book market. A.A. Kraevsky, the editor of the magazine, considered it necessary to publish reviews of books "immediately upon their release" and to provide reviews for absolutely everything, regardless of the merit of the work. He managed to give the bibliographic department of the journal a scope that was not equal to any other Russian journal.

Bibliographic information also penetrates the pages of official publications. It was especially widely represented in the Journal of the Ministry of National Education. In 1834–55 it regularly publishes "Reviews of Russian newspapers and magazines", reflecting the most significant articles from periodicals, thus laying the foundation for the bibliography of article materials in Russia. Book production was reflected in the department "New books published in Russia". For quite a long time, the journal published annual reviews of the literature, accompanied by statistical calculations, as well as information about foreign publications. In the appendix to the magazine in 1837-55. went out "Index of Newly Published Books", censored by the Ministry of Public Education and some other censorship authorities. Thus, the "Index ..." became the first experience of the official state bibliography. The middle of the 19th century gave a new impetus to the development of science, culture, the growth of literacy of the population, which clearly stimulated book printing. From 1850 to 1867 The number of books published in Russia has almost doubled. The number of books on the natural sciences and socio-economic issues is growing, the range of publications for the people is expanding, and popular science books are being published. It was this period that became exceptionally productive for the development of recommendatory bibliography.

In May 1860, the journal "Russian Pedagogical Bulletin" (ed. A.I. Grigorovich) opens "a special department for reviewing books suitable for public education", in the form "Bibliographic Index". This index contains information about 62 books with annotations.

Under the Free Economic Society in 1861, the St. Petersburg Literacy Committee was created, under which a commission was organized to approve books. This commission regularly publishes recommended lists of literature for public reading. Realizing the great importance of literature "as one of the strongest springs of education", teacher and writer F.G. Toll prepared an advisory index "Our Children's Literature"(1861–62), where books were arranged in accordance with the age characteristics of the child. Since 1863, the Ministry of Public Education has regularly published bibliographic lists of books recommended for school and public libraries. The Scientific Committee of the Ministry instructs A.D. Galakhov and A.N. Beketov to compose "Register of books that could be usefully used in elementary public schools". The first publication of the "Register" contained information about 37 books. In 1865, a second list of 21 book titles was published in the Journal of the Ministry of National Education. Its compilers were A.D. Galakhov, P.L. Chebyshev and N.Kh. Wessel.

An outstanding phenomenon for its time was a capital index in 3 volumes "What should people read?"(1884–1906), created by a circle of Kharkov teachers under the leadership of Kh.D. Alchevskaya.

In the 80s and 90s recommendatory indexes have become widespread to help self-education and the education of people who either did not have the opportunity to enter higher educational institutions, or who wanted to expand their knowledge. These were "Home Reading Programs" published by various committees and departments of various societies for the dissemination of knowledge. The most thorough and best was the index, published under the editorship of Professor of Moscow University I.I. Yanzhula, "The Book of Books" (1892).

Spiritual departments also issued recommendatory lists of literature for church parishes. In 1861, the work of E.M. was published in the journal of the Kyiv Theological Academy. Kryzhanovsky "A book for the people", subsequently continued in 1865 by I.T. Ekzemplyarsky [the future Archbishop Jerome]. This work was a critical and recommendatory review of folk and educational secular and religious literature. "Tula Diocesan Gazette" since 1864 in their "Appendices" began to publish "Index of books for the people" priest A. Ivanov.

Unfortunately, textbooks and monographs of modern bibliographers pay very little attention to bibliographic activities carried out by spiritual departments and various religious societies. I think that young specialists will not disregard this direction and will take up the study of the "white spots" of the bibliography.

Of the thematic indexes related to the history of the Russian Church, one can name the work of G.N. Gennady (better known as the creator of the bibliography of bibliography, i.e. bibliography of the 2nd degree) "List of books about Russian monasteries and churches"(1854). It describes and analyzes 162 books from the collections of the Imperial Public Library, the Geographical Society and the private collection of P.S. Shishkin. The books reflect information about 116 Russian monasteries and churches. The material is arranged in the alphabet of the names of the cities in whose counties they are located. The "List..." is provided with an alphabetical auxiliary index (authors and publishers, names of monasteries, cloisters, deserts, churches).

As noted earlier, the interest in bibliography on the part of the reading public and its comprehensive development led to the appearance of works on the bibliography of bibliography. The world's first national retrospective index of bibliographic aids was "Literature of Russian Bibliography" G.N. Gennady (1858). The purpose of the work, as the compiler wrote in the preface, "is to inform and indicate in a systematic manner, if possible, everything that has been published in Russia on the subject of bibliography." Gennadi, in addition to directly bibliographic works, included in the index articles on librarianship, the history of books, printing production, etc. Thus, Literature of Russian Bibliography provided the most extensive material on the history of bibliography and summed up its development in Russia until 1855.

Based on the available sources, it can be concluded that the second half of the 19th century was very productive for the development of thematic bibliographic manuals, making available the content of articles published in church and other Orthodox periodicals. The collections of libraries of major spiritual centers of Russia are also disclosed, their catalogs are published.

So, in 1879-89. I.S. Znamensky publishes "A systematic index of articles found in various spiritual journals and diocesan journals on the subject of the Holy Scriptures of the Old and New Testaments" in two parts. 51 editions for 1822–87 are presented here, more than 8 thousand articles published in them are taken into account. The material is arranged in a systematic order. [There are copies in the RSL and RNL].

In the same years, another consolidated index of articles from periodicals appeared. Its compiler was P. Karpov. We know only the 2nd edition of the Systematic Index of Articles on Basic, Dogmatic, Moral and Comparative Theology, published in the journals Christian Reading, Orthodox Review, Readings in the Society of Spiritual Enlightenment Lovers, Orthodox Interlocutor, Supplements to the Creations of the Holy Fathers”, “Proceedings of the Kyiv Theological Academy”, “Wanderer”, “Faith and Reason” and “Emotional Reading”. This "Index" was published by I.L. Tuzov in St. Petersburg in 1888. It contains over 2000 articles, the material is arranged in alphabetical order of journal titles. [There is a copy in the RSL].

HISTORICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY - (1) an auxiliary historical discipline that forms and studies a set of reference and information aids in the social and human sciences, which has developed in the process of identifying, recording, describing and systematizing publications of sources, research literature, as well as various bibliographic aids; (2) a kind of branch bibliography, which, being a type of bibliography, performs the functions of information service for certain branches of knowledge or practice; I. b. as a kind of branch bibliography, it performs the function of information service for the social sciences and humanities; (3) a teaching discipline in higher education, which, as a rule, is included in a complex of auxiliary historical disciplines or acts as an independent course. The object of historical bibliography is a system of bibliographic aids (indexes, lists, reviews, catalogs, etc.), encyclopedic and reference publications on social and human sciences on various media in its evolution. The subject of historical bibliography is the development of techniques and methods for identifying, selecting and systematizing publications of various types and types in the social and human sciences. I. b. develops special techniques and methods for presenting bibliographic information on the social and human sciences in bibliographic manuals. Identification, selection and systematization of publications of various types and types for further study is a necessary stage in the research activity of any science, thus, I. b. provides the ability to search for the necessary information in the course of research in the social and human sciences. I. b. is closely connected with other auxiliary historical disciplines, the history of historical science, and source study. The formation and development of historical bibliography in Russia took place along with the formation of historical and related sciences. Over more than 300 years of the development of historical bibliography, a corpus of bibliographic aids has been formed (which, however, has significant gaps), the main institutions involved in historical bibliography (State Public Historical Library) and bibliography in the social and human sciences (Institute for Scientific Information in Social Sciences) have been formed. RAS). A system of accounting in bibliographic manuals of bibliographic publications in the social and human sciences (bibliography of bibliography) has developed. Annual analytical reviews of bibliographic manuals in the social and human sciences are published in the publication of the Russian Book Chamber "Bibliography of Russian Bibliography".

R. B. Kazakov

The definition of the concept is cited from the ed.: Theory and Methodology of Historical Science. Terminological dictionary. Rep. ed. A.O. Chubaryan. [M.], 2014, p. 30-31.

Literature:

Bakun D.N. Development of the bibliography of historical sources in Russia (XVIII - early XX century). M., 2006;

Parfenov I.D. Fundamentals of historical bibliography. M., 1990;

Prostvolosova LN, Cheremisina NM Historical bibliography: history and current state. M., 1990;

Shapiro A. L. Bibliography of the history of the USSR. M., 1968.

Name of the discipline: Historical bibliography

Field of study: 030600 History

Qualification (degree) of the graduate: bachelor

Full-time form of education

1. The course is intended for students of the direction "History" of the Faculty of History

The discipline "Historical Bibliography" provides the acquisition of knowledge and skills in accordance with the state educational standard, promotes the fundamentalization and humanization of education, the formation of students' ideas about the methods and forms of research work.

2. The discipline "Historical Bibliography" refers to the variable part of the B3 cycle. (Professional cycle) and is studied in the 1st semester of the 1st year.

The discipline "Historical Bibliography" is based on the basic level of knowledge of students. It is important for a better understanding of many disciplines within the framework of the "History" training area. The knowledge and skills gained while studying the basics of historical bibliography are used by students when writing term papers and theses.

3. As a result of mastering the discipline, the student must:

Have an idea

About the existing system of state bibliography;

On the methods of compiling a scientific reference apparatus;

Know

Basic methodological principles of historical bibliography;

Basic principles of modern Russian legislation in this area;

The history of Russian bibliographic institutions (both before 1917 and the Soviet and post-Soviet period);

The history of the formation of bibliography as a scientific discipline;

Be able to

Work with scientific reference apparatus;

Determining the ways and possibilities of searching for documents on the history of Russia;

Search for information, organize it.

4. The total labor intensity of the discipline is 2 credits, 72 hours.

No. p / p	Section of discipline
	The subject and tasks of historical bibliography. The place of the bibliography in the work of the researcher. The subject of historical bibliography and its functions in science. Basic bibliographic concepts; bibliographic manual, bibliographic list, bibliographic index, bibliographic review. Classification of bibliographic benefits: by purpose, by subject, by degree of curtailment, by form publications, chronologically. Bibliography and informatics. Organization of historical bibliography.
	Current bibliography on history. All-Russian Book Chamber, as the bibliographic center of the country. Time of creation. Main directions of activity. Editions book chamber. Institute of Scientific Information on Social Sciences of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Basic editions of INION. List of series in the social sciences. Russian State Library (Moscow) and its current bibliographic publications. All-Russian State Library for Foreign Literature (Moscow) and its current bibliographic publications.
	Reference literature on history. The history of the development of the encyclopedic business in Russia. Universal encyclopedias. Industry encyclopedias. universal dictionaries. Explanatory and terminological dictionaries. Biographical dictionaries. historical dictionaries and encyclopedias. Reference books on the history of pre-revolutionary Russia. Reference books on the history of Soviet society. Reference books on the history of foreign countries. Guides and catalogues.
	Bibliography of national history. Historical bibliography of the XVIII-XIX centuries. in Russia. Bibliographic work of Sopikov. and his "General Library Russia". P. P. and their work on the Russian Historical Bibliography. and his contribution to the development of Russian historical bibliography. Subject bibliographies. Bibliographic work in Russia at the end Х1Х-beginning of XX centuries. bibliographic publications. development features Historical bibliography in the years. development of historical bibliography in the 1990s. Retrospective indexes on the history of pre-revolutionary Russia published after 1917. Bibliography of the history of Soviet society. Source and literature.
	Bibliography of General History. Bibliographic aids for certain periods of world history, their specifics Indexes on modern and recent history. Bibliographic indexes for individual regions: Europe, America, East. Bibliographic indexes for individual foreign countries. Bibliography on the history of historical science.
	Bibliography of literature on sciences related to history. Complex researches and their specificity from the point of view of bibliographic search. Methodology history and philosophy. Sociology and social psychology. Pedagogical Sciences. Literary criticism. Art history. Museum science and protection of monuments. Story state and law. Economic sciences. Current bibliography in related sciences.
	Foreign historical bibliography. The origin of historical bibliography and the ways of its development in the 17th-19th centuries. historical bibliography in the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries. Historical bibliography in the countries of Western Europe and the USA in modern times. Current universal bibliography abroad. Indexes of foreign periodicals.
	Historical periodicals. Bibliographic indexes for periodicals. Indexes of Russian newspapers. Pointers Russian magazines and ongoing publications. Modern historical journals for individual historical periods, for individual regions, for individual foreign countries. Historical journals on national history. Magazines by culture and museum work. Socio-political magazines.
	Regional bibliography. pre-revolutionary history of the Yaroslavl region. Bibliographic publications of a universal nature. Publications on the history of the Soviet period: individual events and topics. Bibliographic indexes of literature for the years. Current local history bibliography. Index "Yaroslavl book".
	Design of the bibliographic apparatus in scientific work. Making an abstract in a scientific work. List of abbreviations. Types of bibliographic references: in-text, out-of-text, subscript. Compilation of a list of used sources and literature: main sections, their structure.

6. Educational, methodological and information support of the discipline:

a) Main literature:

1. GOST. Bibliographic description of the document. General requirements and rules for compilation.

2. Parfenov, historical bibliography / . - M., 1990.

b) additional literature:

4. Vinogradov, scientific information in the development of research of Soviet historians / // New and recent history. - 1989. - No. 4. - P. 3-13.

6. Zdobnov, Russian bibliography until the beginning of the 20th century / . - M., 1955.

7. Ilyichev, socio-political literature / . - M., 1988.

8. Jenish, search in scientific work / . - M., 1982.

11. Mikhailova, G. M. On some problems of historical bibliography / // Proceedings of the LIK im. . T. 18. - L., 1967. - S. 303-313.

12. Mashkov, Russian bibliography of the early XX century / . - M., 1969.

13. Markovskaya, historical bibliography / // Soviet bibliography. - M., 1960. - S. 195-229.

14.Parfenov, and the content of the course of historical

Bibliography/ //Questions of history. - 1983. - No. 11. - S. 108-112.

15.Cheremisina, bibliography as a scientific auxiliary discipline/ //History of the USSR. - 1987. - No. 4. - S. 140-152.

16.Cheremisina, scientific auxiliary bibliography

general history/ //Questions of history. - 1975. - No. 6. - S. 138-147.

17.Cheremissky, Soviet society in bibliographic

Allowances/ //Soviet bibliography. - 1977. - S. 12-26.

18. Simon, K. History of foreign bibliography / K. Simon. - M., 1963.

19. Eymontov, and bibliography/ // Soviet bibliography. - 1971. - No. 3. – pp. 52-61