History of medical discoveries. Genetic engineering has reached a new level

Incredible Facts

Human health is directly related to each of us.

The media is rife with stories about our health and bodies, from the discovery of new drugs to the discovery of unique surgical techniques that bring hope to the disabled.

Below are the latest achievements. modern medicine.

Recent advances in medicine

10 Scientists Have Identified A New Body Part

As early as 1879, a French surgeon named Paul Segond described in one of his studies a "pearl, resistant fibrous tissue" running along the ligaments in a person's knee.

This study was safely forgotten until 2013, when scientists discovered the anterolateral ligament, knee ligament, which is often damaged by injuries and other problems.

Considering how often the human knee is scanned, the discovery was made very late. It is described in the journal "Anatomy" and published online in August 2013.

9. Brain-computer interface

Scientists working at Korea University and the German University of Technology have developed a new interface that allows the user to control the exoskeleton of the lower extremities.

It works by decoding specific brain signals. The results of the study were published in August 2015 in the journal Neural Engineering.

The participants in the experiment wore an electroencephalogram headgear and controlled the exoskeleton simply by looking at one of the five LEDs installed on the interface. This made the exoskeleton move forward, turn right or left, and sit or stand.

So far, the system has only been tested on healthy volunteers, but it is hoped that it could eventually be used to help the disabled.

Study co-author Klaus Muller explained that "People with ALS or spinal cord injuries often have difficulty communicating and controlling their limbs; deciphering their brain signals with such a system offers a solution to both problems."

Achievements of science in medicine

Source 8A device that can move a paralyzed limb with the mind

In 2010, Ian Burkhart became paralyzed when he broke his neck in a pool accident. In 2013, thanks to a collaborative effort between Ohio State University and Battelle, a man became the first person in the world to bypass his spinal cord and move a limb using only the power of his mind.

The breakthrough came with the use of a new kind of electronic nerve bypass, a pea-sized device that implanted in the human motor cortex.

The chip interprets brain signals and transmits them to a computer. The computer reads the signals and sends them to a special sleeve worn by the patient. Thus, the right muscles are activated.

The whole process takes a fraction of a second. However, to achieve such a result, the team had to work hard. The engineering team first figured out the exact sequence of electrodes that allowed Burkhart to move his arm.

Then the man had to undergo several months of therapy to restore atrophied muscles. The end result is that he is now can rotate his hand, clench it into a fist, and also determine by touch what is in front of him.

7The Bacteria That Feeds On Nicotine And Helps Smokers Quit The Habit

Quitting smoking is an extremely difficult task. Anyone who has tried to do this will attest to what has been said. Almost 80 percent of those who tried to do this with the help of pharmaceutical preparations failed.

In 2015, scientists from the Scripps Research Institute are giving new hope to those who want to quit. They were able to identify a bacterial enzyme that eats nicotine before it even reaches the brain.

The enzyme belongs to the bacterium Pseudomonas putida. This enzyme is not the latest discovery, however, it was only recently managed to be removed in the laboratory.

Researchers plan to use this enzyme to create new ways to quit smoking. By blocking nicotine before it reaches the brain and triggers the production of dopamine, they hope they can discourage the smoker from putting a cigarette in their mouth.

To be effective, any therapy must be sufficiently stable without causing additional problems during activity. The currently laboratory-produced enzyme Behaving stable for more than 3 weeks while in a buffer solution.

Tests involving laboratory mice showed no side effects. The scientists published their findings online in the August issue of the American Chemical Society.

6. Universal Flu Vaccine

Peptides are short chains of amino acids that exist in the cellular structure. They act as the main building block for proteins. In 2012, scientists working at the University of Southampton, the University of Oxford and the Retroskin Virology Laboratory, succeeded in identifying a new set of peptides found in the influenza virus.

This could lead to a universal vaccine against all strains of the virus. The results were published in the journal Nature Medicine.

In the case of the flu, the peptides on the outer surface of the virus mutate very quickly, making them almost inaccessible to vaccines and drugs. The newly discovered peptides live in the internal structure of the cell and mutate rather slowly.

What's more, these internal structures can be found in every strain of influenza, from classical to avian. A modern flu vaccine takes about six months to develop, but does not provide long-term immunity.

Nevertheless, it is possible, focusing efforts on the work of internal peptides, to create a universal vaccine that will provide long-term protection.

Influenza is a viral disease of the upper respiratory tract that affects the nose, throat and lungs. It can be deadly, especially if a child or an elderly person is infected.

Influenza strains have been responsible for several pandemics throughout history, the worst being the 1918 pandemic. No one knows for sure how many people have died from this disease, but some estimates put it at 30-50 million worldwide.

Latest medical advances

5. Possible treatment for Parkinson's disease

In 2014, scientists took artificial but fully functioning human neurons and successfully implanted them into the brains of mice. Neurons have the potential to treating and even curing diseases such as Parkinson's disease.

The neurons were created by a team of specialists from the Max Planck Institute, the University Hospital Münster and the University of Bielefeld. Scientists have created stable neural tissue from neurons reprogrammed from skin cells.

In other words, they induced neural stem cells. This is a method that increases the compatibility of new neurons. After six months, the mice developed no side effects, and the implanted neurons integrated perfectly with their brains.

The rodents showed normal brain activity that resulted in the formation of new synapses.

The new technique has the potential to give neuroscientists the ability to replace diseased, damaged neurons with healthy cells that could one day fight Parkinson's disease. Because of it, the neurons that supply dopamine die.

To date, there is no cure for this disease, but the symptoms are treatable. The disease usually develops in people aged 50-60 years. At the same time, the muscles become rigid, changes in speech occur, the gait changes and tremors appear.

4. The world's first bionic eye

Retinitis pigmentosa is the most common hereditary eye disease. It leads to partial loss of vision, and often to complete blindness. Early symptoms include loss of night vision and difficulty with peripheral vision.

In 2013, the Argus II retinal prosthesis system was created, the world's first bionic eye designed to treat advanced retinitis pigmentosa.

The Argus II system is a pair of outer panes equipped with a camera. The images are converted into electrical impulses that are transmitted to electrodes implanted in the patient's retina.

These images are perceived by the brain as light patterns. A person learns to interpret these patterns, gradually restoring visual perception.

The Argus II system is currently only available in the US and Canada, but there are plans to roll it out worldwide.

New advances in medicine

3. A painkiller that only works with light

Severe pain is traditionally treated with opioids. The main disadvantage is that many of these drugs can be addictive, so the potential for abuse is enormous.

What if scientists could stop pain using nothing but light?

In April 2015, neuroscientists at the Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis announced that they had succeeded.

By connecting a light-sensitive protein to opioid receptors in a test tube, they were able to activate opioid receptors in the same way that opiates do, but only with the help of light.

It is hoped that experts can develop ways to use light to relieve pain while using drugs with fewer side effects. According to research by Edward R. Siuda, it is likely that with more experimentation, light could completely replace drugs.

To test the new receptor, an LED chip roughly the size of a human hair was implanted in a mouse brain, which was then linked to the receptor. Mice were placed in a chamber where their receptors were stimulated to release dopamine.

If the mice left the designated area, the light was turned off and the stimulation stopped. The rodents quickly returned to their place.

2. Artificial ribosomes

The ribosome is a molecular machine made up of two subunits that use amino acids from cells to make proteins.

Each of the ribosome subunits is synthesized in the cell nucleus and then exported to the cytoplasm.

In 2015, researchers Alexander Mankin and Michael Jewett created the world's first artificial ribosome. Thanks to this, humanity has a chance to learn new details about the operation of this molecular machine.

The most important discoveries in the history of medicine

1. Human Anatomy (1538)

Andreas Vesalius analyzes human bodies based on autopsies, lays out detailed information about human anatomy and refutes various interpretations on this topic. Vesalius believes that an understanding of anatomy is critical to performing operations, so he analyzes human cadavers (which is unusual for the time).

His anatomical diagrams of the circulatory and nervous systems, written as a reference to help his students, are copied so often that he is forced to publish them to protect their authenticity. In 1543 he published De Humani Corporis Fabrica, which marked the birth of the science of anatomy.

2. Circulation (1628)

William Harvey discovers that blood circulates throughout the body and names the heart as the organ responsible for blood circulation. His pioneering work, an anatomical sketch of the workings of the heart and blood circulation in animals, published in 1628, formed the basis for modern physiology.

3. Blood types (1902)

Kaprl Landsteiner

Austrian biologist Karl Landsteiner and his group discover four human blood groups and develop a classification system. Knowledge of the different types of blood is critical to performing safe blood transfusion, which is now common practice.

4. Anesthesia (1842-1846)

Some scientists have found that certain chemicals can be used as an anesthetic, allowing surgery to be performed without pain. The first experiments with anesthetics - nitrous oxide (laughing gas) and sulfuric ether - began to be used in the 19th century, mainly by dentists.

5. X-rays (1895)

Wilhelm Roentgen accidentally discovers X-rays while experimenting with cathode ray emission (ejection of electrons). He notices that the rays are able to pass through the opaque black paper wrapped around the cathode ray tube. This leads to the glow of the flowers located on the adjacent table. His discovery was a revolution in physics and medicine, earning him the first ever Nobel Prize in Physics in 1901.

6. Theory of germs (1800)

The French chemist Louis Pasteur believes that some microbes are disease-causing agents. At the same time, the origin of diseases such as cholera, anthrax and rabies remains a mystery. Pasteur formulates the germ theory, suggesting that these diseases, and many others, are caused by the corresponding bacteria. Pasteur is called the "father of bacteriology" because his work was the forerunner of new scientific research.

7. Vitamins (early 1900s)

Frederick Hopkins and others discovered that certain diseases were caused by a lack of certain nutrients, which were later called vitamins. In experiments with nutrition on laboratory animals, Hopkins proves that these "nutrition accessory factors" are essential to health.

Education is one of the foundations of human development. Only thanks to the fact that from generation to generation humanity passed on its empirical knowledge, at the moment we can enjoy the benefits of civilization, live in a certain prosperity and without destroying racial and tribal wars for access to the resources of existence.
Education has also penetrated the sphere of the Internet. One of the educational projects was named Otrok.

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8. Penicillin (1920s-1930s)

Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin. Howard Flory and Ernst Boris isolated it in its pure form, creating an antibiotic.

Fleming's discovery happened quite by accident, he noticed that the mold killed a certain type of bacteria in a petri dish that was just lying in the sink of the laboratory. Fleming singles out the specimen and names it Penicillium notatum. In the following experiments, Howard Flory and Ernst Boris confirmed penicillin treatment of mice with bacterial infections.

9. Sulfur preparations (1930)

Gerhard Domagk discovers that prontosil, an orange-red dye, is effective in treating infections caused by the common streptococcus bacteria. This discovery paves the way for the synthesis of chemotherapeutic drugs (or "miracle drugs") and the production of sulfanilamide drugs in particular.

10. Vaccination (1796)

Edward Jenner, an English physician, administers the first smallpox vaccination after determining that cowpox inoculation provides immunity. Jenner formulated his theory after noticing that patients who worked with cattle and came into contact with cows did not contract smallpox during an epidemic in 1788.

11. Insulin (1920)

Frederick Banting and his colleagues discovered the hormone insulin, which helps balance blood sugar levels in diabetic patients and allows them to live normal lives. Before the discovery of insulin, it was impossible to save diabetics.

12. Discovery of oncogenes (1975)

13. Discovery of the human retrovirus HIV (1980)

Scientists Robert Gallo and Luc Montagnier separately discovered a new retrovirus, later named HIV (human immunodeficiency virus), and classified it as the causative agent of AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome).

Physics is one of the most important sciences studied by man. Its presence is noticeable in all spheres of life, sometimes discoveries even change the course of history. That is why great physicists are so interesting and significant for people: their work is relevant even after many centuries after their death. Which scientists should be known first of all?

André-Marie Ampère

The French physicist was born into the family of a businessman from Lyon. The parents' library was full of the works of leading scientists, writers and philosophers. Since childhood, Andre was fond of reading, which helped him gain in-depth knowledge. By the age of twelve, the boy had already learned the basics of higher mathematics, and the following year he submitted his work to the Lyon Academy. Soon he began to give private lessons, and from 1802 he worked as a teacher of physics and chemistry, first in Lyon, and then at the Polytechnic School of Paris. Ten years later he was elected a member of the Academy of Sciences. The names of great physicists are often associated with the concepts they have devoted their lives to studying, and Ampère is no exception. He dealt with the problems of electrodynamics. The unit of electric current is measured in amperes. In addition, it was the scientist who introduced many of the terms used today. For example, these are the definitions of "galvanometer", "voltage", "electric current" and many others.

Robert Boyle

Many great physicists conducted their work at a time when technology and science were practically in their infancy, and, despite this, they succeeded. For example, a native of Ireland. He was engaged in various physical and chemical experiments, developing the atomistic theory. In 1660, he managed to discover the law of change in the volume of gases depending on pressure. Many of the greats of his time had no idea of atoms, and Boyle was not only convinced of their existence, but also formed several concepts related to them, such as "elements" or "primary corpuscles." In 1663, he managed to invent litmus, and in 1680 he was the first to propose a method for obtaining phosphorus from bones. Boyle was a member of the Royal Society of London and left behind many scientific works.

Niels Bohr

Not infrequently, great physicists turned out to be significant scientists in other fields as well. For example, Niels Bohr was also a chemist. A member of the Royal Danish Society of Sciences and a leading scientist of the twentieth century, Niels Bohr was born in Copenhagen, where he received his higher education. For some time he collaborated with the English physicists Thomson and Rutherford. Bohr's scientific work became the basis for the creation of quantum theory. Many great physicists subsequently worked in the directions originally created by Niels, for example, in some areas of theoretical physics and chemistry. Few people know, but he was also the first scientist who laid the foundations of the periodic system of elements. In the 1930s made many important discoveries in atomic theory. For his achievements he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics.

Max Born

Many great physicists came from Germany. For example, Max Born was born in Breslau, the son of a professor and a pianist. From childhood he was fond of physics and mathematics and entered the University of Göttingen to study them. In 1907, Max Born defended his dissertation on the stability of elastic bodies. Like other great physicists of the time, such as Niels Bohr, Max collaborated with Cambridge specialists, namely with Thomson. Born was also inspired by Einstein's ideas. Max was engaged in the study of crystals and developed several analytical theories. In addition, Born created the mathematical basis of quantum theory. Like other physicists, the anti-militarist Born categorically did not want the Great Patriotic War, and during the years of battles he had to emigrate. Subsequently, he will denounce the development of nuclear weapons. For all his achievements, Max Born received the Nobel Prize, and was also accepted into many scientific academies.

Galileo Galilei

Some great physicists and their discoveries are connected with the field of astronomy and natural science. For example, Galileo, an Italian scientist. While studying medicine at the University of Pisa, he became familiar with the physics of Aristotle and began to read the ancient mathematicians. Fascinated by these sciences, he dropped out and began composing "Little Scales" - a work that helped determine the mass of metal alloys and described the centers of gravity of the figures. Galileo became famous among Italian mathematicians and received a chair in Pisa. After some time, he became the court philosopher of the Duke of Medici. In his works, he studied the principles of balance, dynamics, falling and motion of bodies, as well as the strength of materials. In 1609 he built the first telescope, giving a threefold magnification, and then - with a thirty-twofold one. His observations provided information about the surface of the Moon and the sizes of the stars. Galileo discovered the moons of Jupiter. His discoveries made a splash in the scientific field. The great physicist Galileo was not too approved by the church, and this determined the attitude towards him in society. However, he continued to work, which was the reason for the denunciation of the Inquisition. He had to give up his teachings. But nevertheless, a few years later, treatises on the rotation of the Earth around the Sun, created on the basis of the ideas of Copernicus, were published: with the explanation that this is only a hypothesis. Thus, the most important contribution of the scientist was preserved for society.

Isaac Newton

The inventions and sayings of great physicists often become a kind of metaphor, but the legend of the apple and the law of gravity is the most famous. Everyone knows the hero of this story, according to which he discovered the law of gravity. In addition, the scientist developed integral and differential calculus, became the inventor of the mirror telescope and wrote many fundamental works on optics. Modern physicists consider him the creator of classical science. Newton was born into a poor family, studied at a simple school, and then at Cambridge, while working as a servant in parallel to pay for his studies. Already in the early years, he came up with ideas that in the future will become the basis for the invention of systems of calculus and the discovery of the law of gravity. In 1669 he became a lecturer in the department, and in 1672 a member of the Royal Society of London. In 1687, the most important work entitled "Beginnings" was published. For invaluable achievements in 1705, Newton was granted the nobility.

Christian Huygens

Like many other great people, physicists were often talented in various fields. For example, Christian Huygens, a native of The Hague. His father was a diplomat, scientist and writer, his son received an excellent education in the legal field, but became interested in mathematics. In addition, Christian spoke excellent Latin, knew how to dance and ride a horse, played music on the lute and harpsichord. As a child, he managed to independently build himself and worked on it. During his university years, Huygens corresponded with the Parisian mathematician Mersenne, which greatly influenced the young man. Already in 1651 he published a work on the quadrature of the circle, ellipse and hyperbola. His work allowed him to gain a reputation as an excellent mathematician. Then he became interested in physics, wrote several works on colliding bodies, which seriously influenced the ideas of his contemporaries. In addition, he made contributions to optics, designed a telescope, and even wrote a paper on gambling calculations related to probability theory. All this makes him an outstanding figure in the history of science.

James Maxwell

Great physicists and their discoveries deserve every interest. Thus, James-Clerk Maxwell achieved impressive results, which everyone should familiarize themselves with. He became the founder of the theories of electrodynamics. The scientist was born into a noble family and was educated at the universities of Edinburgh and Cambridge. For his achievements he was admitted to the Royal Society of London. Maxwell opened the Cavendish Laboratory, which was equipped with the latest technology for conducting physical experiments. In the course of his work, Maxwell studied electromagnetism, the kinetic theory of gases, issues of color vision and optics. He also showed himself as an astronomer: it was he who established that they are stable and consist of unrelated particles. He also studied dynamics and electricity, having a serious influence on Faraday. Comprehensive treatises on many physical phenomena are still considered relevant and in demand in the scientific community, making Maxwell one of the greatest specialists in this field.

Albert Einstein

The future scientist was born in Germany. Since childhood, Einstein loved mathematics, philosophy, was fond of reading popular science books. For education, Albert went to the Institute of Technology, where he studied his favorite science. In 1902 he became an employee of the patent office. During the years of work there, he will publish several successful scientific papers. His first works are connected with thermodynamics and the interaction between molecules. In 1905, one of the papers was accepted as a dissertation, and Einstein became a doctor of science. Albert owned many revolutionary ideas about the energy of electrons, the nature of light and the photoelectric effect. The most important was the theory of relativity. Einstein's conclusions have transformed mankind's ideas about time and space. Absolutely deservedly, he was awarded the Nobel Prize and recognized throughout the scientific world.

04/05/2017

Modern clinics and hospitals are equipped with the most sophisticated diagnostic equipment, with the help of which it is possible to establish an accurate diagnosis of the disease, without which, as you know, any pharmacotherapy becomes not only meaningless, but also harmful. Significant progress is also observed in physiotherapy procedures, where the corresponding devices show high efficiency. Such achievements became possible thanks to the efforts of design physicists, who, as scientists joke, “repay the debt” to medicine, because at the dawn of the formation of physics as a science, many doctors made a very significant contribution to it.

William Gilbert: at the origins of the science of electricity and magnetism

William Gilbert (1544–1603), a graduate of St. John's College, Cambridge, is essentially the founder of the science of electricity and magnetism. This man, thanks to his extraordinary abilities, made a dizzying career: two years after graduating from college, he becomes a bachelor, four - a master, five - a doctor of medicine and, finally, receives the post of Queen Elizabeth's medical officer.

Despite being busy, Gilbert began to study magnetism. Apparently, the impetus for this was the fact that a crushed magnet in the Middle Ages was considered a medicine. As a result, he created the first theory of magnetic phenomena, establishing that any magnets have two poles, while opposite poles attract, and like poles repel. Conducting an experiment with an iron ball that interacted with a magnetic needle, the scientist for the first time suggested that the Earth is a giant magnet, and both magnetic poles of the Earth can coincide with the geographic poles of the planet.

Gilbert discovered that when a magnet is heated above a certain temperature, its magnetic properties disappear. Subsequently, this phenomenon was investigated by Pierre Curie and named the "Curie point".

Gilbert also studied electrical phenomena. Since some minerals, when rubbed against wool, acquired the property of attracting light bodies, and the greatest effect was observed in amber, the scientist introduced a new term into science, calling such phenomena electrical (from lat. electricus- "amber"). He also invented an instrument for detecting charge, the electroscope.

In honor of William Gilbert, the unit of measurement of the magnetomotive force in the CGS, the gilbert, is named.

Jean Louis Poiseuille: one of the pioneers of rheology

Jean Louis Poiseuille (1799–1869), a member of the French Medical Academy, is listed in modern encyclopedias and reference books not only as a doctor, but also as a physicist. And this is true, because, dealing with the issues of blood circulation and respiration of animals and people, he formulated the laws of blood movement in the vessels in the form of important physical formulas. In 1828, the scientist first used a mercury manometer to measure blood pressure in animals. In the process of studying the problems of blood circulation, Poiseuille had to engage in hydraulic experiments, in which he experimentally established the law of fluid flow through a thin cylindrical tube. This type of laminar flow is called the Poiseuille flow, and in the modern science of the flow of fluids - rheology - the unit of dynamic viscosity, poise, is also named after him.

Jean-Bernard Léon Foucault: A Visual Experience

Jean-Bernard Léon Foucault (1819–1868), a doctor by education, immortalized his name by no means by achievements in medicine, but, above all, by constructing the very pendulum, named after him and now known to every schoolchild, with the help of which it was clear The rotation of the earth on its axis has been proven. In 1851, when Foucault first demonstrated his experience, it was talked about everywhere. Everyone wanted to see the rotation of the Earth with their own eyes. Things got to the point that the President of France, Prince Louis-Napoleon, personally allowed this experiment to be staged on a truly gigantic scale in order to demonstrate it publicly. Foucault was given the building of the Paris Pantheon, whose dome height is 83 m, since under these conditions the deviation of the swing plane of the pendulum was much more noticeable.

In addition, Foucault was able to determine the speed of light in air and water, invented the gyroscope, was the first to pay attention to the heating of metal masses during their rapid rotation in a magnetic field (Foucault currents), and also made many other discoveries, inventions and improvements in the field of physics. In modern encyclopedias, Foucault is listed not as a doctor, but as a French physicist, mechanic and astronomer, a member of the Paris Academy of Sciences and other prestigious academies.

Julius Robert von Mayer: ahead of his time

The German scientist Julius Robert von Mayer, the son of a pharmacist, who graduated from the medical faculty of the University of Tübingen and subsequently received a doctorate in medicine, left his mark on science both as a doctor and as a physicist. In 1840–1841 he took part in the voyage to the island of Java as a ship's doctor. During the voyage, Mayer noticed that the color of the sailors' venous blood in the tropics is much lighter than in the northern latitudes. This led him to the idea that in hot countries, in order to maintain a normal body temperature, less food should be oxidized (“burned”) than in cold ones, that is, there is a connection between food consumption and the formation of heat.

He also found that the amount of oxidizable products in the human body increases as the volume of work performed by him increases. All this gave Mayer reason to admit that heat and mechanical work are capable of mutual transformation. He presented the results of his research in several scientific papers, where he for the first time clearly formulated the law of conservation of energy and theoretically calculated the numerical value of the mechanical equivalent of heat.

“Nature” in Greek is “physis”, and in English the doctor is still “physician”, so the joke about the “duty” of physicists to doctors can be answered with another joke: “There is no debt, just the name of the profession obliged”

According to Mayer, motion, heat, electricity, etc. - qualitatively different forms of "forces" (as Meyer called energy), turning into each other in equal quantitative ratios. He also considered this law in relation to the processes occurring in living organisms, arguing that plants are the accumulator of solar energy on Earth, while in other organisms only transformations of substances and “forces” occur, but not their creation. Mayer's ideas were not understood by his contemporaries. This circumstance, as well as harassment in connection with the contestation of the priority in the discovery of the law of conservation of energy, led him to a severe nervous breakdown.

Thomas Jung: an amazing variety of interests

Among the prominent representatives of science of the XIX century. a special place belongs to the Englishman Thomas Young (1773-1829), who was distinguished by a variety of interests, among which were not only medicine, but also physics, art, music, and even Egyptology.

From an early age, he showed extraordinary abilities and a phenomenal memory. Already at the age of two he read fluently, at four he knew by heart many works of English poets, by the age of 14 he became acquainted with differential calculus (according to Newton), spoke 10 languages, including Persian and Arabic. Later he learned to play almost all musical instruments of that time. He also performed in the circus as a gymnast and a rider!

From 1792 to 1803, Thomas Jung studied medicine in London, Edinburgh, Göttingen, Cambridge, but then became interested in physics, in particular optics and acoustics. At 21 he became a member of the Royal Society, and from 1802 to 1829 he was its secretary. Received a doctorate in medicine.

Jung's research in the field of optics made it possible to explain the nature of accommodation, astigmatism and color vision. He is also one of the creators of the wave theory of light, he was the first to point out the amplification and attenuation of sound when sound waves are superimposed, and he proposed the principle of superposition of waves. In the theory of elasticity, Young belongs to the study of shear deformation. He also introduced the characteristic of elasticity - the tensile modulus (Young's modulus).

And yet, Jung's main occupation remained medicine: from 1811 until the end of his life, he worked as a doctor at St. George in London. He was interested in the problems of treating tuberculosis, he studied the functioning of the heart, worked on the creation of a classification system for diseases.

Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz: in "medicine-free time"

Among the most famous physicists of the XIX century. Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz (1821–1894) is considered a national treasure in Germany. Initially, he received a medical education and defended his thesis on the structure of the nervous system. In 1849, Helmholtz became a professor at the Department of Physiology at the University of Königsberg. He was fond of physics in his spare time from medicine, but very quickly his work on the law of conservation of energy became known to physicists around the world.

The book of the scientist "Physiological Optics" became the basis of all modern physiology of vision. With the name of a doctor, mathematician, psychologist, professor of physiology and physics Helmholtz, inventor of the eye mirror, in the 19th century. fundamental reconstruction of physiological ideas is inextricably linked. A brilliant connoisseur of higher mathematics and theoretical physics, he put these sciences at the service of physiology and achieved outstanding results.

Great scientific discoveries in medicine that changed the world In the 21st century, it is difficult to keep up with scientific progress. In recent years, we have learned how to grow organs in laboratories, artificially control the activity of nerves, and invented surgical robots that can perform complex operations.

body anatomy

In 1538, the Italian naturalist, the "father" of modern anatomy, Vesalius presented the world with a scientific description of the structure of the body and the definition of all human organs. He had to dig up corpses for anatomical studies in the cemetery, since the Church forbade such medical experiments. Vesalius was the first to describe the structure of the human body. Now the great scientist is considered the founder of scientific anatomy, craters on the moon are named after him, stamps are printed with his image in ...

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In the twentieth century, medicine began to take big steps forward. For example, diabetes ceased to be a fatal disease only in 1922, when insulin was discovered by two Canadian scientists. They managed to get this hormone from the pancreas of animals.

And in 1928, the lives of millions of patients were saved thanks to the carelessness of the British scientist Alexander Fleming. He simply did not wash the test tubes with pathogenic microbes. Upon returning home, he found mold (penicillin) in a test tube. But another 12 years passed before pure penicillin was obtained. Thanks to this discovery, such dangerous diseases as gangrene and pneumonia have ceased to be fatal, and now we have a great variety of antibiotics.

Now every student knows what DNA is. But the structure of DNA was only discovered a little over 50 years ago, in 1953. Since then, such a science as genetics has been intensively developing. The structure of DNA was discovered by two scientists: James Watson and Francis Crick. From cardboard and...

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For 15 years since the beginning of the new millennium, people did not even notice that they were in a different world: we live in a different solar system, we know how to repair genes and control prostheses with the power of thought. None of this happened in the 20th century. Source

GENETICS

In recent years, a revolutionary method has been developed to manipulate DNA using the so-called CRISP mechanism. This...

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Incredible Facts

Human health is directly related to each of us.

The media is rife with stories about our health and bodies, from the discovery of new drugs to the discovery of unique surgical techniques that bring hope to the disabled.

Below we will talk about the latest achievements of modern medicine.

Recent advances in medicine

10 Scientists Have Identified A New Body Part

As early as 1879, a French surgeon named Paul Segond described in one of his studies a "pearl, resistant fibrous tissue" running along the ligaments in a person's knee.

This study was safely forgotten until 2013, when scientists discovered the anterolateral ligament, a knee ligament that is often damaged by injuries and other problems.

Considering how often the human knee is scanned, the discovery was made very late. It is described in the journal "Anatomy" and...

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The twentieth century has transformed people's lives. Of course, the development of mankind has never stopped, and in every century there have been important scientific inventions, but truly revolutionary changes, and even on a serious scale, occurred not so long ago. What were the most significant discoveries of the twentieth century?

Aviation

Brothers Orville and Wilbur Wright entered the history of mankind as the first pilots. Last but not least, the great discoveries of the 20th century are new modes of transport. Orville Wright managed to make a controlled flight in 1903. The plane, developed by him together with his brother, lasted only 12 seconds in the air, but it was a real breakthrough for the aviation of those times. The date of the flight is considered the birthday of this type of transport. The Wright brothers were the first to design a system that would twist the wing panels with cables, allowing you to control the machine. In 1901, a wind tunnel was also created. They also invented the propeller. Already by 1904, a new model of the aircraft saw the light, more ...

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The most significant discoveries in the history of medicine

The most important discoveries in the history of medicine

1. Human Anatomy (1538)

Andreas Vesalius

2. Circulation (1628)

William Harvey

William Harvey discovers that blood circulates throughout the body and names the heart as the organ responsible for circulation...

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The role of medicine in the life of every person is not easy to overestimate. There is even a joke that people do not fall from the round Earth because they are attached to clinics.

Undoubtedly, only thanks to the development of medicine, the average life expectancy of a person exceeds eighty years, and youth can continue beyond the age of forty. For comparison, just a few centuries ago, the flu often led to death, and people who turned fifty years old were considered very old.

Medicine, like other sciences, never stands still and is constantly evolving. Let's remember what discoveries in medicine have become the most significant and what modern medical science can boast of.

Great discoveries in medicine

If we turn to the generally accepted top 10 brilliant discoveries in medicine, then in the first place we will see the work of the Belgian scientist Andreas Vesalius De Humani Corporis Fabrica, in which he described the anatomical structure ...

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Thanks to the human discoveries of the last centuries, we have the ability to instantly access any information from all over the world. Advances in medicine have helped humanity overcome dangerous diseases. Technical, scientific, inventions in shipbuilding and mechanical engineering give us the opportunity to reach any point on the globe in a few hours and even fly into space.

Inventions of the 19th and 20th centuries have changed humanity, turned its world upside down. Of course, development took place incessantly and every century gave us some of the greatest discoveries, but the global revolutionary inventions occurred precisely in this period. Let's talk about those very significant ones that changed the usual outlook on life and made a breakthrough in civilization.

X-rays

In 1885, the German physicist Wilhelm Roentgen, in the course of his scientific experiments, discovered that the cathode tube emits certain rays, which he called x-rays. The scientist continued to investigate them and found out that this radiation penetrates ...

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The 19th century laid the foundations for the development of 20th century science and set the stage for many of the future inventions and technological innovations that we enjoy today. Scientific discoveries of the 19th century were made in many areas and had a great influence on further development. Technological progress progressed uncontrollably. To whom are we grateful for the comfortable conditions in which modern humanity now lives?

Scientific discoveries of the 19th century: Physics and electrical engineering

A key feature in the development of science of this period of time is the widespread use of electricity in all branches of production. And people could no longer refuse to use electricity, feeling its significant benefits. Many scientific discoveries of the 19th century were made in this area of physics. At that time, scientists began to closely study electromagnetic waves and their effect on various materials. The introduction of electricity into medicine began.

In the 19th century, electrical engineering...

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Over the past few centuries, we have made countless discoveries that have greatly improved the quality of our daily lives and understanding how the world around us works. Assessing the full importance of these discoveries is very difficult, if not almost impossible. But one thing is certain, some of them have literally changed our lives once and for all. From penicillin and the screw pump to X-rays and electricity, here is a list of the 25 greatest discoveries and inventions of mankind.

25. Penicillin

If the Scottish scientist Alexander Fleming had not discovered penicillin, the first antibiotic, in 1928, we would still be dying from diseases such as stomach ulcers, abscesses, streptococcal infections, scarlet fever, leptospirosis, Lyme disease and many others.

24. Mechanical watch

There are conflicting theories about what the first mechanical watch actually looked like, but more often than not...

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Almost everyone who is interested in the history of the development of science, engineering and technology at least once in his life thought about which way the development of mankind could go without knowledge of mathematics or, for example, if we didn’t have such a necessary item as a wheel, which became almost basis for human development. However, only key discoveries are often considered and paid attention to, while less known and widespread discoveries are sometimes simply not mentioned, which, however, does not make them insignificant, because each new knowledge gives humanity the opportunity to climb a step higher in its development.

The 20th century and its scientific discoveries have turned into a real Rubicon, crossing which progress has accelerated its pace several times, identifying itself with a sports car that is impossible to keep up with. In order to stay on the crest of the scientific and technological wave now, not hefty skills are needed. Of course, you can read scientific journals, various ...

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The 20th century was rich in all kinds of discoveries and inventions, which in some ways improved, and in some ways complicated our life. However, if you think about it, there were not so many inventions that truly changed this world. We have collected some of the most-very inventions, after which life will never be the same again.

20th century inventions that changed the world

Aircraft

The first flights on devices lighter than air (aeronautics) were made by people back in the 18th century, it was then that the first balloons filled with hot air appeared, with the help of which it was possible to fulfill the old dream of mankind - to rise into the air and soar in it. However, due to the impossibility of controlling the direction of flight, dependence on the weather and low speed, the balloon did not suit mankind in many ways as a transport.

The first controlled flights on vehicles heavier than air occurred at the very beginning of the 20th century, when, independently of each other, the Wright brothers and Alberto Santos-Dumont experimented with ...

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Medicine in the 20th century

Decisive steps to transform art into science were taken by medicine at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. influenced by the achievements of the natural sciences and technological progress.

The discovery of x-rays (V.K. Roentgen, 1895-1897) marked the beginning of x-ray diagnostics, without which it is now impossible to imagine an in-depth examination of the patient. The discovery of natural radioactivity and subsequent research in the field of nuclear physics led to the development of radiobiology, which studies the effect of ionizing radiation on living organisms, led to the emergence of radiation hygiene, the use of radioactive isotopes, which, in turn, made it possible to develop a research method using the so-called labeled atoms; radium and radioactive preparations began to be successfully used not only for diagnostic, but also for therapeutic purposes.

Another research method that fundamentally enriched the possibilities of recognizing heart arrhythmias, myocardial infarction and a number of others ...

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GENETICS

The human genome has been completely sequenced

Robot sorts human DNA in Petri dishes for The Human Genome project

The Human Genome Project began in 1990, a working draft of the genome structure was released in 2000, and the complete genome in 2003. However, even today additional analysis of some areas has not yet been completed. It was mainly performed at universities and research centers in the US, Canada and the UK. Genome sequencing is critical to drug development and understanding how the human body works.

Genetic engineering has reached a new level

In recent years, a revolutionary method has been developed to manipulate DNA using so...

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The beginning of the 21st century was marked by many discoveries in the field of medicine, which were written about in science fiction novels 10-20 years ago, and patients themselves could only dream of. And although many of these discoveries are waiting for a long road of introduction into clinical practice, they no longer belong to the category of conceptual developments, but are actually working devices, albeit not yet widely used in medical practice.

1. Artificial heart AbioCor

In July 2001, a group of surgeons from Louisville, Kentucky managed to implant a new generation artificial heart into a patient. The device, dubbed the AbioCor, was implanted in a man who was suffering from heart failure. The artificial heart was developed by Abiomed, Inc. Although similar devices have been used before, the AbioCor is the most advanced of its kind.

In previous versions, the patient had to be connected to a huge console through tubes and wires that...

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In the 21st century, it is difficult to keep up with scientific progress. In recent years, we have learned how to grow organs in laboratories, artificially control the activity of nerves, and invented surgical robots that can perform complex operations.

As you know, in order to see into the future, it is necessary to remember the past. We present seven great scientific discoveries in medicine, thanks to which it was possible to save millions of human lives.

body anatomy

In 1538, the Italian naturalist, the "father" of modern anatomy, Vesalius presented the world with a scientific description of the structure of the body and the definition of all human organs. He had to dig up corpses for anatomical studies in the cemetery, since the Church forbade such medical experiments.
Vesalius was the first to describe the structure of the human body. Now the great scientist is considered the founder of scientific anatomy, craters on the moon are named after him, stamps are printed with his image in Hungary, Belgium, and during his lifetime for the results ...

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The most important discoveries in medicine of the 20th century

In the 20th century medicine has undergone significant changes. First, the focus of physicians was no longer infectious, but chronic and degenerative diseases. Secondly, scientific research has become much more important, especially fundamental research, which allows a deeper understanding of how the body functions and what leads to disease.

The large scale of laboratory and clinical research has also influenced the nature of the activities of doctors. Thanks to long-term grants, many of them devoted themselves entirely to scientific work. The curricula of medical education have also changed: the study of chemistry, physics, electronics, nuclear physics and genetics has been introduced, and this is not surprising, since, for example, radioactive substances have become widely used in physiological research.

The development of communications has accelerated the exchange of the latest scientific data. This progress was greatly facilitated by pharmaceutical companies, many of which have grown into large ...

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The achievements of medicine as a science have always been in the first place in development. In recent years, a huge number of different pharmaceutical preparations have been developed. The use of antibiotics to treat infectious diseases has been known since World War II.

After the war, many new antibacterial substances were discovered and systematically improved.

Oral contraceptives for women began to be widely distributed in 1960, contributing to a sharp decline in fertility rates in industrialized countries.

In the early 1950s, the first systematic trials were made of adding fluoride to drinking water in order to prevent tooth decay. Many countries around the world have begun adding fluoride to their drinking water, which has led to huge improvements in dental health.

Surgical operations have been regularly performed since the middle of the last century. For example, in 1960, an arm completely separated from the shoulder was successfully sewn to the body. Operations like this...

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It’s worth a little distraction, and nanorobots are already treating cancer, and cyborg insects are no longer science fiction. Let's marvel together at the latest scientific discoveries before they turn into a banal thing like TV.

Cancer treatment

The main anti-hero of our time - cancer - seems to have nevertheless fallen into the network of scientists. Israeli specialists from Bar-Ilan University spoke about their scientific discovery: they have created nanorobots capable of killing cancer cells. Killers are made up of DNA, a natural biocompatible and biodegradable material, and can carry bioactive molecules and drugs. Robots are able to move with the blood stream and recognize malignant cells, immediately destroying them. This mechanism is similar to the work of our immunity, but more accurate.

Scientists have already carried out 2 stages of the experiment.

First, they planted nanorobots in a test tube with healthy and cancerous cells. Already after 3 days, half of the malignant ones were destroyed, and not a single healthy one ...

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scientific publication of Moscow State Technical University. N.E. Bauman

Science and education

Publisher of FGBOU VPO "MSTU named after N.E. Bauman". El No. FS 77 - 48211. ISSN 1994-0408

BREAKTHROUGH IN MEDICINE OF THE XX CENTURY

Pichugina Olesya Yurievna

school number 651, grade 10

Scientific advisers: Chudinova Elena Yuryevna, teacher of biology, Morgacheva Olga Alexandrovna, teacher of biology

Historical situation at the beginning of the 20th century

Until the 20th century, medicine was at a very low level. A person could die from any even a minor scratch. But already at the beginning of the 20th century, the medical level began to grow very rapidly. The discovery of conditioned and unconditioned reflexes made by Pavlov and the discoveries in the field of the psyche made by Z. Freud and K. Jung expanded our understanding of human capabilities. These and many other discoveries have won Nobel Prizes. But in my work I will tell you in more detail about two global medical discoveries: the discovery of blood groups, the beginning of blood transfusion, and the discovery ...

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Last quarter of the 19th - first half of the 20th century. marked by the rapid development of the natural sciences. Fundamental discoveries were made in all areas of natural science that radically changed the previously established ideas about the essence of processes occurring in living and inanimate nature. On the basis of new categories and concepts, the use of fundamentally new approaches and methods, important studies have been carried out that reveal the essence of individual physical, chemical and biological processes and the mechanisms for their implementation. The results of these studies, which played a decisive role for M., are reflected and will be reflected in the relevant articles of the BME. This essay includes only the largest discoveries and achievements in the field of natural sciences, as well as theoretical, clinical and preventive M. Moreover, the main attention is paid to the development of science abroad, since special essays on the development and state of M. in Russia and the USSR are published below. .

The development of physics...

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The past year has been very fruitful for science. Special progress scientists have achieved in the field of medicine. Mankind has made amazing discoveries, scientific breakthroughs and created many useful medicines that will certainly soon be freely available. We invite you to familiarize yourself with the ten most amazing medical breakthroughs of 2015, which are sure to make a serious contribution to the development of medical services in the very near future.

Discovery of teixobactin

In 2014, the World Health Organization warned everyone that humanity was entering the so-called post-antibiotic era. And she turned out to be right. Since 1987, science and medicine have not produced really new types of antibiotics. However, diseases do not stand still. Every year, new infections appear that are more resistant to existing drugs. It has become a real world problem. Nevertheless, in 2015, scientists made a discovery that, in their opinion, ...

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