The history of the development of school uniforms. A Brief History of School Uniforms in Russia

Gymnasium girls VII class, Troitsk, 1895...

Gymnasium girls. Kursk, 1908-1912.

A Brief History of School Uniforms in Russia
Institute of Noble Maidens

In 1764, Catherine II founded the Educational Society for Noble Maidens, which later became known as the Smolny Institute for Noble Maidens. The purpose of this educational institution, as stated in the decree, was "... to give the state educated women, good mothers, useful members of the family and society."

Education and upbringing went "by age". Girls of each age group wore dresses of a certain color: the youngest (5-7 years old) - coffee-colored, so they were called "coffee houses", 8-10 years old - blue or blue, 11-13 years old - gray, older girls went in white dresses . The dresses were closed ("deaf"), one-color, of the simplest cut. They wore a white apron, a white cape, and sometimes white sleeves. Girls received an advanced education for Europe: reading, languages, the basics of mathematics, physics, chemistry, dancing, knitting, manners, music.

Alexandra Levshina. (Apparently, the role of Zaira in Voltaire's tragedy of the same name).

Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum

School uniforms in the Russian Empire were considered a matter of national importance. In 1834, the general system of all civilian uniforms in the Russian Empire was approved, and the boys, like all employees in the military or civilian field, wore a semi-military uniform. Be sure to uniform uniform, uniform cap and shirt front. Outerwear was a semi-military overcoat.

The most famous is the form of the Imperial Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum - a privileged educational institution for the children of the nobility, which Pushkin graduated from. Children of 10-12 years old were admitted to the lyceum, high-ranking officials were trained from the pupils. The lyceum had a humanitarian and legal orientation. The level of education was equal to the university level, graduates received civil ranks from the 14th to the 9th grade.

Volkhovsky V.D.

Summer form of boarding houses

Boarding houses for girls - state and commercial - in the second half of the 19th century spread throughout Russia. Each educational institution adopted a uniform of its own color, but equally modest in appearance. Older girls were already taken out into the world, to balls and receptions, so that the young lady could find a “suitable match” and arrange her future life.

Since many girls lived in boarding houses all the time, for the summer they were allowed to change their everyday uniform to a lighter one - summer. Before us is one of the options for the summer form of boarding houses for walking. But even outside the educational institution, the girl had to look strict and touching - in a boater hat and a long dress.

Gymnasiums

The oldest Russian gymnasium is the Akademicheskaya, founded in 1726. But the real flowering of gymnasiums dates back to the beginning of the 19th century, when the Ministry of Public Education was formed. Gymnasiums began to spring up throughout the Russian Empire. The uniform of the gymnasium students consisted of a cap, overcoat, tunic, trousers and dress uniform. In winter, in the cold, they put on headphones and a hood. At each educational institution, they differed in color, piping, buttons and emblems. Teachers and guards strictly monitored the observance of all the rules for wearing a suit, which were detailed in the charter of educational institutions.
Gymnasiums were classical, real, commercial, military. And women's.

Portrait of a high school student Kaydalov

The gymnasium uniform for girls was approved only 63 years after the male one. In state gymnasiums, pupils wore brown dresses with high collars and aprons. Mandatory turn-down collar and straw hat. By the beginning of the 20th century, there were more than 160 women's gymnasiums. Upon graduation, the girls were given a certificate for the title of home teacher.

Soviet uniform

In 1918, the gymnasium uniform was recognized as a bourgeois relic and abolished. But in 1948 they actually returned to their pre-revolutionary form. The Soviet form of the new model appeared only in 62. She already looked more like civilian clothes - without tunics, without caps, belts. The uniform for girls repeated the form of gymnasiums, only it was much shorter. Mandatory were a black or white festive apron, lace collar, cuffs, white or black bows.

In the 70s, the boys got a jacket tailored to look like denim, and the older boys got a pantsuit. In the late 80s, school uniforms were in short supply, they were even sold on coupons. One of the reasons for the demand was its good quality and traditionally low price. Adults began to wear it as everyday and work clothes.

Compulsory school uniforms were officially abolished in Russia in 1992.

In addition:

The children of the Borovichi excise officer Shileiko are a gymnasium student and a student of a real school. (Photo from the archive of the Borovichi Museum of Local Lore).

Borovichi at the beginning of the last century could not boast of a large number of educational institutions. In the women's gymnasium (now the House of Education Workers), in the real school (secondary school No. 1), the number of students was small: they were filled mainly by children of wealthy parents who were able to pay for education. And primary education was carried out mainly by parochial schools. True, they were then almost at every church in the city and county.
In the morning the lessons began with a prayer. The gymnasium girls gathered in the hall at the bell and, having sung a prayer in chorus, dispersed to classes. In addition, it was obligatory for girls to visit the Trinity Cathedral (now the city's House of Culture). Every year it was necessary to submit a certificate that the students had passed the rite of confession and Holy Communion.
In the women's gymnasium, the main emphasis was on Latin. Why they filled children's heads with a dead language, only the highest officials knew ... However, French, German and Old Church Slavonic were also taught.
The schoolgirls had brown woolen dresses, sewn in a strict form, and black aprons. The teachers wore uniforms at that time: men - a jacket and a cap with a cockade, women - a blue woolen dress of any shape. The teaching profession was very respected, passers-by on the street pointed and whispered in admiration: “Look, here comes the teacher!”.
The men's gymnasium was located in Novgorod. Gymnasium students could then study at universities or institutes, while gymnasium girls sat at home in anticipation of marriage. Only in rare cases did they go to serve in different state and control chambers or treasuries, there were practically no other ways.
The real school gave knowledge in mathematics, physics, drawing, and graduates, as a rule, later became technicians, mechanics, engineers. There was also a craft school that trained turners, metalworkers, and carpenters.
There was a theological school in Borovichi (in the building of the current professional lyceum No. 8), where seminarians studied the Law of God.
And it is also worth remembering that the program of educational institutions has not changed for decades, like textbooks. Therefore, senior students, as a rule, sold Kraevich's “Physics” or Yevtushevsky's Arithmetic, which they no longer needed, to junior classes. Moreover, there were few bookstores then.
Mikhail VASILIEV.

Whether a school uniform is required or not is a moot point. Some believe that this is a relic that hinders the development of personality, while others are convinced that it focuses the attention of students precisely on the lessons, and not on appearance. And how have things been in the past—did schools always require children to wear special clothing?

The first school uniform in Russia

Initially, secondary education was compulsory only for boys, so the uniform for gymnasium students began to be sewn from 1834, and for gymnasium girls only from 1896, when general education was introduced for all children. In style, the costume of a student of Tsarist Russia resembled a military one: a cap, a tunic, trousers, a waist belt, an overcoat and a black cloth bib in winter. High school students wore jackets with a standing collar instead of tunics. Each high school student was required to always wear a clean and ironed uniform - this was monitored by the guards.

Everyday uniform was supposed to be worn on the street. Interestingly, each student was strictly forbidden to advertise the number of his gymnasium. So the leadership of the educational institution tried to protect its reputation, because their pupil could get into a fight or other unpleasant story.

Dresses for girls were made of coarse cotton or woolen fabric. A casual version is a brown dress, a black apron, and a festive one is the same dress, but a white apron and a lace collar. In the warm season, the image was complemented by a straw hat. In this form, the gymnasium went to the theater, church and gala evenings.

The students of the Smolny Institute for Noble Maidens, the first women's educational institution in Russia, had several uniforms. Girls from 5 to 7 years old wore brown dresses, from 8 to 10 years old blue or blue, from 11 to 13 years old - gray, from 14 to 18 years old - white.

School uniform after the revolution

In 1918, the gymnasium uniform was equated with a bourgeois relic and was abolished altogether, however, like the gymnasium. The Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR ordered the organization of educational institutions for peasants and workers. Children were allowed to go to lessons in what they had - they generally stopped paying attention to the appearance of schoolchildren, because poverty and devastation reigned in the country after the revolution.

USSR: from the past to the present

In 1948, the uniform returned again, it was very similar to the gymnasium - the same strict brown dresses, aprons, cuffs and collars for girls, tunics, caps and overcoats for boys. Of the accessories, black, brown and white bows were added to the girlish look.

The next modification of the uniform took place in 1962 - already on September 1, the boys went to school in new clothes: in gray wool blend trousers and a three-button jacket, a white shirt, a dark blue beret appeared instead of caps. For junior schoolchildren, a white collar was sewn over the jacket collar. The shape of the girls remained unchanged.

Thaw

During the Khrushchev thaw, the style of the school uniform was redone again, although again this only affected clothes for boys. In the 1970s, gray woolen suits were replaced with blue ones made of wool blend fabric. A special emblem depicting an open book and a rising sun was sewn onto the sleeves of junior and secondary schoolchildren - a symbol of enlightenment.

perestroika

In the 80s, a standard uniform for high school students was introduced, it was worn from the 8th grade. The girls' dresses remained the same in design, only slightly above the knees. Also for the students they began to produce a blue three-piece suit, it consisted of a skirt, a jacket and a vest. In Leningrad and some regions of Siberia and the Far North, it was even allowed to wear blue trousers in winter.

Modern Russia

The uniform was canceled in 1994 - students began to go to school in what they wanted. On the one hand, it became easier, but social stratification became more evident in the classes: some children wore the clothes of older brothers and sisters, and some parents dressed in the latest fashion.

Discussion

Some kind of amateur
The second article, which I am not too lazy to open, but why is everything so on its knees (((
Dates, photos, information - a person would spend at least a little time searching for information (((
I consider such amateur opuses to be disrespectful to the reader.

The "Edition", apparently, has an attitude towards the past of a teenage child. Before my birth - it means a long time ago, prehistoric times, a couple of decades back and forth - it doesn’t matter.
And they had the Khrushchev thaw - in 1975.
And some fantastic "In the 80s, they introduced a standard uniform for high school students, they wore it from the 8th grade. The girls' dresses remained the same in design, only slightly above the knees." - appeared.
I would like to know what they messed up in the part describing what I personally don't know for sure.

omitted the blue girlish uniform of the late 80s. The rest is interesting, thanks.

Wow, for the first time I read the editorial with interest and looked at the photos to the end.

Comment on the article "School uniform in Russia: when did it appear and how did it change"

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Discussion

But this is the main condition for participation ... All examinations remain behind the scenes. But the moment when you discuss your diagnosis with the doctors will, of course, be on the air. I understand that I don’t want to put my problems on display ... But really some of the best doctors who are ready to deal with difficult cases participate in the consultation.

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Serfdom in Russia will be returned routinely. Most likely on Friday. Exactly at midnight on the site of the newspaper "Izvestia" will appear exclusive with a link to a reliable source in the presidential administration.

Discussion

Guys ... this is what serfdom is, it’s simply ridiculous. Here is the fact that the state (and judging by the stories of the participants from the USA, their state has succeeded much more in this) can monitor and monitor everyone, that every passport officer will have a possible access to your own medical record (if access is hacked), that when applying for a job, the employer will be able to get so much information about you from only one electronic document (I suspect that it was created by a person, another person can always destroy it, so what is encoded by one, will be able to decode another) ... this is much more "interesting". The proposed mining in someone's areas will seem like paradise.

echo? Snob - not reading the firebox.

And in Russia it was done in 1993, when the Parliament was on fire. The main strategic economic, financial and political goal: to prevent the introduction of "Gaddafi's laws" in Russia and Ukraine and the introduction of an occupation regime 05/07/2014 11:30:32, Finance.

Discussion

For this, poor Berlusconi suffers, by the way :(

They don’t write to you what his social and political program is? What did you think they "hit" him for? Because he was for the people. He reassured and satisfied the "popular masses" - before him, Italy (and therefore Europe) was in a fever and the government changed five times a year ... But the Washington regional committee does not need this.

And if they wrote what Berlusconi is fighting for, then the Europeans would have thrown the IMF out of Europe and their "dermocratic" rulers at the same time in the trash...

Point number 6 + "decided to withdraw Libya from the global banking system and 12 more Arab countries wanted to follow his example." And whatever he does, that's enough.

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In the evening at 18 o'clock a rally for Russia, a referendum, and so on, gathered. Then the Maydanuts appeared from the buses hidden in the backyards. A fight began. We must pay tribute - ours did not allow themselves to be provoked.

Discussion

Here, from another forum, also not mostly political, a resident of Donetsk writes: “Only from there, in the sense of Lenin Square. "Then the maydanuts appeared from the buses hidden in the backyards. A scuffle began. To be fair, ours did not allow themselves to be provoked. There are victims. Sorry, the Internet is very bad, besides, from the phone."
What kind of lawlessness we have in our country now - you can’t tell in a fairy tale, or in a nightmare!!! Just creepy!"
Further, various forum participants said that the locals defeated the attackers and brought them to their knees.

I think you are wasting your time.

You also need to find out where several GRU units have gone, detained by the SBU and the external intelligence department of Ukraine - well, since you decided to look for the truth.

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We also had thoughts of doing something so that it would be possible to purchase it in Russia. My husband found on the Internet that they did not want to use Sabril in Russia because of its negative impact on vision. Well, what are you going to do here? 10/10/2007 19:08:18, Mishan.

Discussion

Sveta, hello!!! I will again give you what Ayvazyan told us. Sabril was allowed in Russia about 5 years ago. But then someone did not share something with someone and the drug was banned.
We also had thoughts of doing something so that it would be possible to purchase it in Russia. My husband found on the Internet that they did not want to use Sabril in Russia because of its negative impact on vision. Well, what are you going to do here?

it seems that the machine answered, not a person.

But when children appear, how do you explain the situation to them? receive replies by e-mail. show links to images as pictures. Russia. Polygamy. The wife's right to polo.

Discussion

If this is really a family, then against it. It's one thing when people just live in threes, fours, etc. One of my girlfriends lived with three at once. You should have seen the dimensions of her pans and the volume of washing. Although financially and physically - an ideal option. But when children appear, how do you explain the situation to them? Yes, and it is difficult to document this, our legislation does not provide for this. All the same, the wife will be alone, and the second is just a cohabitant. If a man already has so much money that he can provide for two families, then it is not easier to have a human wife and an au pair. If the wife is not zatyukana life, then intimately it will be more than enough.

Very interesting topic, I can not come by 8-). If it's not a secret, where do you live? Is polygamy officially allowed somewhere in the CIS???
I was born and raised in Kazakhstan, I do not accept this option for my family. Regarding the statements that "Muslim women are taught to think about polygamy from birth," I don’t know, I haven’t seen this. It is difficult to talk about the Muslim republics as a whole, after all, it is not a small region, and within one republic the variations are huge, in addition, the division is city / village, north / south of the country, how "Russified" the family is, how strictly traditions are adhered to in this family - lots of factors...
By polygamy, I can say that I know a family where the husband has 2 wives, these are distant relatives from the husband's side. But they are not people of our generation, the same age as the father-in-law. Everything seems to be fine with them, according to my wife’s mother-in-law, they didn’t divide the house, only the wife did the job (it’s called a tokal), and 1 wife looked after her children. They are already old, children call 1 wife "big / older" mother, blood mother "white" mother, she is a bright Kazakh, rather like a Tatra.
And yet, as far as I know, the Koran says that certain rules must be observed, there must be a good reason for 2 marriages, the consent of 1 wife, a man must provide (!!!) all his wives and children, none of the wives should be deprived . In addition, there are interpretations of the Koran where they teach how a true Muslim should treat his parents, wife / s, children ...

Once, from the Inyurkollegia (I sent them a question on this subject), they first wrote me the same thing (that Russia has no treaty with the United States, and that nothing can be done), and then (a year later, or even more - I and I forgot to think about it) suddenly they sent a letter that they seem to appear in the case ...

Discussion

I'm doing some research here on the website of the US Department of Foreign Affairs, which refers in particular to alimony from people who have gone abroad. So, it says that the United States does not have an agreement with any country regarding alimony defaulters. The reason is that many countries do not agree with the rigidity of American laws. (hmm, interesting...) In addition, non-payment of alimony is not a crime, therefore it cannot be investigated by Interpol and international law enforcement agencies. The only thing they advise you to do is to contact the local authorities, file a lawsuit, and write down how much child support is underpaid. And then collect them upon the return of the defaulter to the country. :(

In general, nothing good.

Alan, you need to look for him. Even if it's simple on the Internet. Typically, people living there are listed in phone books (or paid extra to not be included). Through friends. On what visa did he leave? If it is student (F, J) or work (H), which are the most common options for legal movement, then everything is not a problem. You need to find an employer or university and start sending letters. Having on hand, estessno, a court decision on the recovery of alimony. That is to beat on the complexity of the visa. Have you contacted the embassy/consulate? They should, I think, help with finding out exactly how he left. Have you been put on the wanted list? I think the consulate is obliged to answer the request of the police (police?) and find out where he is there.

If he left on a visitor visa (B), like visiting a friend and stayed to work as a gardener illegally, I think there is no mazy.

That is, the algorithm, it seems to me, is to get a decision on alimony, talk to the police or whatever it is called, and to the consulate. IMHO, in Estonia they will speak more tenderly than in the US consulate in Moscow.

(According to the instructions - they act equally terribly on the liver) 6 At what dosage of depakine does it become clear that it helps at least a little? Accordingly, about suxilep too. We have only myoclonic seizures with falls so far, but it seems that others may appear.

Discussion

And we have been drinking depakine for 2 years with a tail. It really hurts the liver, but it must be maintained. I know there are children for whom 30 mg / kg is enough, but there are also 70. We drink 60 mg / kg. Mukhin still loves Sabril, didn't he propose to you? taking depakine, it is necessary to watch its concentration in the blood (Invitro, does, for example). Again, concentration does not always give an accurate picture, so the reaction of the child is also important, you as a mother will be the most visible. For information: doctors of the Research Institute of Pediatrics on Taldomskaya consider the concentration of depakine to be nonsense.

Discussion

Tip 2
Contrasting

Try to pay close attention to every action that your missus performs while sitting in front of a flickering screen. Be sure to be there every time you connect. In advance, make a long list of stupid questions that should make you want to strangle you with your bare hands - so that you don’t suffer from them anymore. Constantly talk about your dream of becoming as smart and enlightened as some, but follow the measure: if you still get a faint glimpse of understanding something, it is recommended to immediately fall into childhood and start looking for Any Key on the keyboard. Do not be silent for a second, bring the situation to the point of absurdity - do it in a big way! As a contrast therapy, at the slightest sign of recovery, such as: an attempt to escape from you and the computer along with a chair, causeless screams and increased irritability - immediately change tactics. Become affectionate, smart, understanding, gentle - in short, be yourself. In the end, he will be forced to catapult onto the plush surface of his four-legged sofa friend. But you don’t need to be taught what to do so that he stays there?

Tip 3
Names of brute force

It is used in clinical cases, practically does not fail. Simple, like all ingenious. Quickly sell a computer with Internet access and regularly confiscate cash from pockets, wallets and accounting departments at work. Crush riots and revolutions in the bud, following the example of the leaders of the proletariat: a) first of all, seize communications; b) distribute vodka. Happened? And now start saving the funds that have appeared for that pump that you have been dreaming about for so long.

By school uniform we mean the dress code for students during their stay at school. Now, as before, there are many arguments for and against wearing a school uniform . Let's take a look at how school uniforms have developed in Russia.

You can even name the exact date of the introduction of school uniforms in Russia. This happened in 1834. It was in this year that a law was adopted that approved a separate type of civilian uniforms. These included gymnasium and student uniforms. The costumes that were intended for the boys of that time were a kind of combination of military and civilian men's dress. The boys wore these costumes not only during classes, but also after them. Throughout the time, the style of the gymnasium and student uniforms changed only slightly.

At the same time, women's education began to develop. Therefore, a student uniform was also required for girls. In 1986, the first outfit for students appeared. It was a very strict and modest outfit. It looked something like this: a brown woolen dress below the knee. This modest dress was adorned with white collars and cuffs. From accessories - a black apron. Almost an exact copy of the school dress of the Soviet era.
Before the revolution, only children from wealthy families could receive education. And the school uniform was a kind of indicator of wealth and belonging to a respected class.

With the coming to power in 1918 of the Communists, the school uniform was abolished. It was considered bourgeois excess.

School uniform becomes mandatory again only after the Great Patriotic War, a single school uniform is introduced in the USSR. From now on, boys were required to wear military tunics with a stand-up collar, and girls - brown woolen dresses with a black apron. It is worth noting that, in general, the school uniform for girls of the Stalin era was similar to the school uniform of Tsarist Russia.

It was then that white "holiday" aprons and sewn-on collars and cuffs appeared - over time, only the style changed somewhat, but not the general essence of the girls' uniform. On ordinary days, it was supposed to wear black or brown bows, with a white apron - white (even in such cases, white tights were welcome).

The boys were dressed in gray military tunics with a stand-up collar, five buttons, two welt pockets with flaps on the chest. An element of the school uniform was also a belt with a buckle and a cap with a leather visor, which the guys wore on the street. At the same time, symbolism became an attribute of young students: the pioneers had a red tie, the Komsomol members and the Octobrists had a badge on their chests.

1962 gymnasts were changed to gray wool suits with four buttons. Important accessories were a cap with a cockade and a belt with a badge. Hairstyles were strictly regulated - under the typewriter, as in the army. And the form of girls remained old.

In 1973 There was a new reform of the school uniform. There was a new uniform for boys: it was a blue wool blend suit, decorated with an emblem and five aluminum buttons, cuffs and the same two pockets with flaps on the chest.

For girls, nothing has changed again, and then mother needlewomen sewed black aprons from fine wool for their beauties, and white aprons from silk and cambric, decorating with lace.

Early 1980s uniform for high school students was introduced. (This uniform began to be worn from the eighth grade). Girls from first to seventh grade wore a brown dress, as in the previous period. Only it became slightly above the knees.
For boys, trousers and a jacket were replaced with a trouser suit. The fabric color was still blue. Also blue was the emblem on the sleeve. For girls, a blue three-piece suit was introduced in 1984, consisting of an A-line skirt with pleats at the front, a jacket with patch pockets and a vest. The skirt could be worn either with a jacket, or with a vest, or the whole suit at once. A mandatory addition to the school uniform, depending on the age of the student, was the October badge (in the elementary grades), pioneer (in the middle grades) or Komsomol (in the senior grades) badges. Pioneers were also required to wear a pioneer tie

And what about school uniforms abroad? School uniform in other countries differs from ours: somewhere it is more conservative, and somewhere it is very fashionable and unusual. For example, in Japan, schoolgirls flaunt in sailor suits, called "sailor fuku" there. Their form is the standard of teenage fashion for the whole world. Even outside the walls of the school, Japanese women wear what reminds them of their usual school uniform.

School uniforms are most common in England and its former colonies. This form is a reflection of the classic business style. Each reputable educational institution in England has its own logo. And this logo is applied to the school uniform. In its form, badges and emblems are made. It is applied to ties and hats.

In France, school uniforms were in use from 1927 to 1968.

In Poland, it was abolished in 1988.

But in Germany there was never a school uniform. Even during the reign of the Third Reich. Only members of the Hitler Youth wore special uniforms. Some German schools have introduced elements of a school uniform, but it is the children themselves who choose what uniform to wear.

IN THE USA each school decides for itself what kind of things students are allowed to wear. As a rule, tops that open the stomach, as well as low-sitting trousers, are prohibited in schools. Jeans, wide trousers with many pockets, t-shirts with graphics - this is what students of American schools prefer.

In most European countries also do not have a single form, everything is limited to a fairly strict style. In many countries of the world, the question of school uniform, like ours, remains open.

There is no consensus on the benefits or harms of compulsory uniform school clothes. The history of the creation of the school uniform and its development is contradictory, and does not answer the question: is it needed. But one thing is for sure, school clothes should remain only school clothes.

based on materials from the site http://www.svk-klassiki.ru

How Soviet schoolchildren were dressed to the taste of Nicholas II and why the Bolsheviks canceled equalization

Now in Russia there are no uniform rules regarding school uniforms. Specific styles and the very fact of wearing a uniform regulate individual schools based on their ideas of discipline and beauty. But it was not always so. For the first time, the compulsory school uniform in the Russian Empire was introduced by Nicholas I, and since then it has changed several times depending on the preferences of a particular ruler.

Any clothing - from restrictive pencil skirts and formal suits to Hawaiian shirts and evening dresses - affects a person's behavior. For the first time members of monastic orders used the uniform form of clothing to indicate belonging to a certain group. With the advent of standing armies in the 17th century, the military began to wear uniforms. The first experience of introducing a school uniform was undertaken in the 16th century in the English charity school for children from poor families "Christ's Shelter", but this practice became widespread only after 200 years.

First English school uniform, 16th century

The school uniform was supposed to have an additional disciplinary effect on students, accustoming children to the fact that they are in a special social space, where their own rules and procedures apply. In countries with different political systems, uniforms can have directly opposite functions: either to emphasize the elitism of students, or, conversely, to equalize children from families with different incomes. For two centuries of the existence of a school uniform in Russia, the same clothes performed all the functions.

The prerequisites for the introduction of school uniforms in the Russian Empire arose at the beginning of the 19th century. The Ministry of Public Education (MNP) established by Alexander I in 1804 adopted the "Charter of educational institutions subordinate to universities", which divided the country into six educational districts with the university at the head. Gymnasium dresses were not officially regulated, however, pupils of prestigious gymnasiums and boarding schools borrowed uniforms from students in their educational districts.

High school students in pre-revolutionary Russia, late 19th century

A mandatory uniform for all gymnasium students was introduced by Emperor Nicholas I. According to the “Regulations on Civil Uniforms” of February 27 (March 11), 1834, all students of educational institutions subordinate to the MNP were to “have a uniform of dark green cloth with a dark blue cloth collar with gold or silver galloon buttonholes by districts. Cut both the uniforms and the frock coats required for students and pupils to have the current one and wear dark green cloth caps with a band in the color of the collar. The boarders of the three St. Petersburg gymnasiums were supposed to wear blue single-breasted jackets with a red stand-up collar and gilded buttons instead of frock coats. Ceremonial uniforms, the details of which had the same color scheme, were decorated with gold galloon buttonholes. Each of these educational institutions had its own color of piping on the cap: the First St. Petersburg Gymnasium had red, the Second had white, and the Third had blue.

Pre-revolutionary gymnasium uniform

The emperor's son Alexander II, having barely ascended the throne, rushed to change the clothes of the military and officials. The standards of school uniforms have also changed, repeating the military style in everything. Since 1855, gymnasium frock coats and jackets have acquired beveled stand-up collars, which were a hallmark of the imperial guard. For ceremonial receptions, students wore single-breasted dark green semi-caftans, similar to those worn by officials.

For a long time, the reformer could not decide what clothes high school students should wear. The color of uniforms, fittings, details and piping changed several times. In 1868, a dark blue single-breasted uniform with nine silvered buttons and a slant collar with a narrow silver galloon became the standard. Together with the uniform, they wore wide dark blue trousers and a cap of the same color with a leather visor and white piping. Belonging to an educational institution was now indicated by a code consisting of letters and numbers above the visor: “S. P. B. 1G.” - St. Petersburg First Gymnasium, "R. G." - Richelieu gymnasium and so on. Because of the color of the school uniform, the schoolchildren were teased by their peers with "blue beef".

Under Nicholas II, the uniform became somewhat more comfortable, the wardrobe of schoolchildren was replenished with tunics and tunics. In winter, the high school students wore light gray double-breasted coats with blue flaps and a white piping at the collar, and if it got too cold, they put on black earmuffs. In the north-west of the Russian Empire, the color of student tunics was dark blue, in the south - gray. In the summer they dressed in Kolomyanka blouses like those worn by the cadets. Shirts and blouses were girdled with a black lacquered belt with a buckle engraved with the cipher of the gymnasium. Black cloth trousers remained an invariable attribute of the costume at any time of the year.

Pupils of prestigious schools - gymnasiums, real and commercial schools - under Nicholas II continued to wear a ceremonial blue uniform. Students of industrial, urban and religious schools, as well as agricultural and craft schools, dressed up in jackets and jackets for the holidays.

The school uniform for girls was enshrined at the state level 60 years later than the boys. Catherine II founded the first educational institution for women in the Russian Empire - the Smolny Institute for Noble Maidens - in 1764. The girls placed in the institute for many years turned out to be isolated from the negative, according to the empress, influence of the ignorant environment. One of the tools for “ennobling” the girls was uniforms, the color of which became the lighter the closer the institute girl was to the end of her studies: in the elementary grades, the dresses were brown, then blue, then gray, and the graduates went in white.

Graduates of the Smolny Institute

Over the next century, many educational institutions for women arose in the Russian Empire, including colleges, schools, and gymnasiums. Following the example of Smolny, they introduced a school uniform, but its appearance depended only on the wishes of the management of the institutions. The gymnasium uniform for girls was approved in 1896. Unlike the pupils of Smolny, the schoolgirls wore not colored silk, but brown woolen dresses, over which an apron was tied: black - on weekdays, and white - on holidays. Different gymnasia shades of brown varied, some students came to class in checkered dresses.

After the revolution of 1917, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee adopted a decree "On a unified labor school", which abolished the division of schools into different types of schools and gymnasiums. The old uniform was abolished as a symbol of belonging to the upper class and a relic of the bourgeois past. In addition, the state did not have the means to provide uniforms for all the children of the RSFSR. Schoolchildren went to school in what their parents could afford, some wore the clothes of older brothers and sisters.

Women's school uniform, 1917

Since 1949, the transition to a universal seven-year education began in the USSR, along with which the compulsory school uniform returned. For boys, these were gray-blue tunics with plain trousers and caps with yellow piping and a leather strap. The tunics were girded with a black patent leather belt with a buckle. The girls returned to the same brown dresses, only their length became noticeably shorter. The new rules also affected hair styling: they had to be braided and tied with bows to match the color of the apron, on weekdays - black, on holidays - white. In general, the "totalitarian" Soviet school uniform practically did not differ from the "elitist" pre-revolutionary one.

School uniform of a first grader, 1955

The demilitarization that began during the Khrushchev thaw was also reflected in the clothes of schoolchildren. In 1962, the tunic was replaced by a gray wool blend suit - trousers and a single-breasted jacket with plastic buttons, under which it was required to wear a white shirt. After 11 years, the suits became dark blue - the boys wore trousers with jackets that were similar in cut to the jeans that were gaining popularity.

First-graders of one of the schools in the Kievsky district of the capital, 1962

In the early 1980s, uniforms for high school students appeared. From the eighth grade, boys could wear a blue two-piece suit, girls a three-piece suit, consisting of a skirt, vest and jacket. From the first to the seventh grade, schoolgirls continued to wear brown dresses with an apron - in 90 years, almost nothing has changed in them.

Uniform of high school students, 1979

With the collapse of the Soviet Union, school uniforms were abolished. The Law “On Education” of 1992 did not regulate the procedure for introducing a school uniform in any way, leaving this issue to the discretion of the educational institutions themselves. If the school wanted to establish requirements for the clothes of students, this norm should have been fixed in the charter or the corresponding local act.

In the fall of 2012, the director of a school in the Stavropol Territory refused to allow several Muslim students in hijabs to attend classes. According to the charter, it was possible to attend classes only in secular clothes. A few months later, Russian President Vladimir Putin signed the Federal Law "On Education in the Russian Federation". From September 1, 2013, the administrations of educational institutions may establish requirements for schoolchildren's clothing "in accordance with the standard requirements approved by the authorized state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation."

School uniform is the compulsory daily dress code for students while they are at school and at official school events outside of school.

Now in Russia there is a lot of debate about whether students need a school uniform and what it gives: it increases discipline and academic performance, or, on the contrary, deprives individuality and interferes with the formation of a full-fledged personality. Parents and teachers, journalists and psychologists argue about this. Meanwhile, children go to school in whatever - in tracksuits and mini-skirts, sweaters and tops. In what they like and what their parents can afford.

The school uniform has existed in our country for quite a long time and you should not forget your history.

Even in the famous Smolny Institute for Noble Maidens, each age was assigned to wear its own color of dress: for pupils of 6-9 years old - brown, 9-12 years old - blue, 12-15 years old - gray and 15-18 years old - white. There is a legend that the costumes of the students were invented by Empress Catherine II herself.

1834. A law was passed that approved the general system of all civil uniforms in the empire. This system included gymnasium and student uniforms. The style of the school uniform for boys changed along with the style of the dress in 1855, 1868, 1896 and 1913.

1896. Regulations on gymnasium uniforms for girls were approved.

1. 1. School uniform in the USSR

Uniform (according to Ozhegov) is the essence of uniform. The form has the same meaning. UNIFORM CLOTHING is uniform in cut, uniform in color, clothing established for a certain category of persons. Uniforms primarily act primarily as a sign of distinction. The presence of other individual insignia only emphasizes its functionality. Uniforms have never kept pace with fashion. The school uniform of the Soviet period was the true uniform or uniform.

In 1918, after the revolution, the gymnasium uniform was abolished in Russia.

The old form was considered a symbol of belonging to the upper classes, and on the other hand, the form symbolized the absolute lack of freedom of the student, his humiliated and bonded position. But this rejection of the form had another side - the poverty of the people. Pupils went to school in whatever their parents could provide.

However, over time, they decided to return to their former image - to brown strict dresses with a black apron, aprons, student jackets and turn-down collars. It happened in 1949. Now "loose dress" has become associated with laxity.

In Soviet times, the school uniform was mandatory for every student, but it changed several times.

There were several models. Girls have a classic brown dress with a black (everyday) or white (for special occasions) apron, tied at the back with a bow. School dresses were modestly decorated with lace turn-down collars and cuffs. Wearing a collar and cuffs was mandatory.

In addition to this, girls could wear black or brown (casual) or white (ceremonial) bows. Bows of other colors were not allowed according to the rules. In general, the uniform for girls almost completely copied the uniform of the Russian pre-revolutionary women's gymnasium, with the exception that the girls wore straw hats.

The most insignificant experiments with the length or other parameters of the school uniform were severely punished by the administration of the educational institution.

Even the hairstyle had to meet the requirements of morality - "model haircuts" were strictly prohibited until the end of the 1950s, not to mention hair coloring. Girls always wore braids with bows. The school uniform of the era of I.V. Stalin can be seen in the films "First Grader", "Alyosha Ptitsyn develops character" and "Vasek Trubachev and his comrades."

1962. The boys were dressed in gray wool suits with four buttons. The uniform for girls remained the same.

1973. From the mid-1970s, gray wool trousers and jackets were replaced by boys in blue wool blend trousers and jackets. The cut of the jackets was reminiscent of classic denim jackets with epaulettes on the shoulders and breast pockets with brace flaps. The jacket was fastened with aluminum buttons. On the side of the sleeve was sewn an emblem made of soft plastic with a drawn open textbook and the rising sun - a symbol of enlightenment.

In the early 1980s (1976), a uniform for high school students was introduced: a skirt and jacket made of blue wool blend fabric. This uniform began to be worn from the eighth grade. Girls from first to seventh grade wore a brown dress, as in the previous period. Only it became slightly above the knees.

In the 80s, there was no longer any particular severity in the clothes of schoolchildren. Boys of the middle classes, not to mention high school students, could wear ordinary suits to school, including with a vest. For girls, clothing factories sewed dresses and aprons of various styles and cuts, but only one color, dark brown with different shades. In truth, from a distance, the difference in style was not very noticeable. Girls, especially those of the senior classes, always tried to somehow “decorate” their uniforms, used cuffs of various shapes, and shortened the length of the dress. The process of democratization of school clothes began from within, the teenagers needed a change.

For high school boys, trousers and a jacket were replaced with a trouser suit. The fabric color was still blue. Also blue was the emblem on the sleeve. Very often the emblem was cut off, as it did not look very aesthetically pleasing, especially after some time - the paint on the plastic began to wear off. The school uniform of the 1980s can be seen, for example, in the films "Guest from the Future" and "The Adventures of Electronics"

For girls, a blue three-piece suit was introduced in 1984, consisting of an A-line skirt with pleats at the front, a jacket with patch pockets (without a sleeve emblem) and a vest. The skirt could be worn either with a jacket, or with a vest, or the whole suit at once. It was this uniform for girls that contributed to the fact that they began to realize their attractiveness early. A pleated skirt, a vest and, most importantly, blouses with which one could experiment, turned almost any schoolgirl into a “young lady”. It was allowed to wear loose hair.

A mandatory addition to the school uniform, depending on the age of the student, was the October badge (in the elementary grades), pioneer (in the middle grades) or Komsomol (in the senior grades) badges. Pioneers were also required to wear a pioneer tie.

In addition to the regular pioneer badge, there was a special variant for pioneers active in community service. It was slightly larger than usual and had the inscription "For active work" on it.

In 1988, Leningrad, regions of Siberia and the Far North were allowed to wear blue trousers in winter. In the same year, some schools were allowed to waive the mandatory wearing of school uniforms as an experiment.

In September 1991, the wearing of pioneer ties and October badges was abolished due to the abolition of the Pioneer Organization of the USSR.

Compulsory wearing of school uniforms in Russia was abolished in the spring of 1992.

1. 2. Modern Russia

Perestroika has changed attitudes towards school uniforms. It began to be considered one of the means of suppressing individuality, which interferes with the harmonious development of the individual. The school uniform was abandoned, and for some time it was completely absent from Russian schools. However, then the school uniform began to return again - only now at the level of individual schools, as a kind of corporate clothing, which serves as a mark of distinction between the students of this school and all the others.

The ban has been lifted, you can walk in anything, as long as the clothes are clean. Teenagers spend most of their time within the walls of the school, and they do not care what to appear in front of classmates. The demands of children to buy a new outfit, in accordance with fashion trends, have increased. Going to school all week in the same outfit is indecent, just like going to work. Psychologists, reflecting on the topic of social inequality, believe that the lack of a single school uniform only emphasizes this inequality.

Now there are very different opinions about the need for school uniforms. A year ago

The Russian Ministry of Education conducted a survey of schoolchildren, parents and teachers. Among adolescents, only 38% showed interest in the form, the rest were strongly opposed. Most adults believe that a uniform is needed, it teaches children to discipline, develops a corporate spirit. A school uniform is not so much an outfit as everyday wear in which a child walks five days a week. The ideal option is a beautiful, comfortable and inexpensive form, consisting of several accessories for different seasons.

Many schools enter into a contract with garment factories. At the same time, teachers and parents (children also take part) determine the style, choose the style, color of the uniform.

Child psychologists advise:

Choose calm, muted colors and do not use the direct colors of the rainbow, they increase fatigue in children, can provoke hidden irritation;

The combination of colors such as black and white is best avoided, such a sharp contrast greatly tires the eyesight and can even cause a headache;

The most suitable are beige or diluted green;

For boys, a classic three-piece suit. It is better to choose a fabric without synthetic additives - they accumulate static electricity;

This is how the management of educational institutions and parents who want to see their children neat, well-mannered, educated and smart solve the problem of school uniforms. First-graders are happy to wear school uniforms. They consider themselves adults. Approximately from the 6th grade, teenagers are very reluctant to put on a uniform, and high school students often simply ignore it and do not want to walk around like “incubators”.

1. 3. Dress code

Over the past 100 years, the concept of a dress code has migrated from London to all major cities in the world. This concept is actively used.

Dress-code in translation from English means "clothing code", that is, work clothes or uniforms. If it is customary to wear a uniform at a school, gymnasium or college, then this clothing is a dress-code. Business style - clothes for work and important meetings. The main characteristics of the style: solid, self-confident, attractive, inspiring confidence, elegant. These are clothes that do not draw attention to themselves. The most business colors of the suit and dress are dark: dark blue, dark gray, brown, black, blue-green; light: beige, light gray.

II. Main part.

We conducted a survey among students in grades 2, 3 and one in grade 4, as well as parents.

Questionnaire questions:

1. Is there a problem for you: what to wear to school?

2. Do elementary school students need uniforms?

3. Do you face a problem: how to send your child to school? (for adults)

4. Do primary schools need uniforms? (for adults)

It can be seen from the diagrams that many children face the problem of choosing clothes for school - this is 43% of the respondents. Want to wear a uniform - 51% of respondents, 48% do not want to, 1% is neutral.

Adults in the majority - 77% are faced with the problem: what to send their child to school, 85% unequivocally said that their children need uniforms at school, and only 15% of respondents believe that a child can go to school in whatever he wants.

Based on the literature we read and the survey, we found out that the school uniform has its pros and cons.

Advantages of a school uniform:

The uniform helps to avoid visible signs of social difference among children and adolescents and less noticeable difference in the incomes of their families.

School uniform disciplines. The design of any form is strict and business-like, not allowing liberties and not distracting students from the main lesson - studying the school curriculum.

She, like any corporate clothing, contributes to team building.

Disadvantages of a school uniform:

No form can completely hide the social difference. There are also shoes, cosmetics and perfumes, jewelry, mobile phones, and so on and so forth. Children from wealthier families will always find a way to emphasize their social status. In addition, children and adolescents spend most of their lives outside of school, and here they wear their usual clothes anyway, and not a single uniform.

Form is the suppression of individuality. For children and adolescents, the inability to express themselves in clothes can be a rather sensitive stress that interferes with the full and harmonious development of the individual.

Another disadvantage concerns parents. Additional spending on clothes that the child will not wear anywhere other than school.

The next minus is the uniform style of the school uniform. No matter how good fashion design is, it will never be the same for everyone. And for a child, and especially for a teenager, wearing clothes that he does not like is a very serious stress.

III. Conclusion.

The idea of ​​returning school uniforms as corporate clothing to educational institutions is becoming increasingly relevant. Today, in many schools, gymnasiums and lyceums, school uniforms are becoming mandatory.

Based on the study, the following conclusions can be drawn:

1. The school uniform for girls and boys has the following advantages:

Smoothing out social inequality, which can adversely affect the child's psyche;

Education in the child of internal discipline and good taste for an elegant business style;

Formation of a sense of community and cohesion with the class, school.

2. A school uniform, like any other children's clothing, should be comfortable, practical, of high quality, fashionable, and most importantly, the schoolchildren themselves should like it.

3. Schools that do not have school uniforms may have dress code.