The history of the Kuban street what is the Kuban. The history of the Kuban land The beginning of the history of the Kuban The Kuban began its development at the moment when people first learned about bronze, and over time became one of the centers that was of particular importance for world history.

And the Caucasus. Despite favorable natural conditions, the Krasnodar Territory was practically not developed before joining Russia. And this is due primarily to the systematic raids of warlike mountaineers on the villages of local farmers. The first settlements on the Kuban land appeared no later than 10 thousand years ago. Numerous dolmens found on the territory of the Krasnodar Territory testify to life here in the Stone Age.

Krasnodar region in ancient times

In ancient times, the ancient Greeks founded colonies here. Adyghe tribes settled here in the middle of the second millennium BC. In the Middle Ages, colonies of Genoese merchants were founded, who maintained ties with the Adyghe tribes. Later, the Turks were able to extend their influence to the Kuban.
Slavs first appeared here in the 10th century. The Russian city of Tmutarakan in the North Caucasus existed until the Mongol-Tatar invasion. At the beginning of the 18th century, Nekrasov Old Believers settled in the Kuban - supporters of the Cossack leader Ignat Nekrasov. The systematic settlement of the Kuban by Russian subjects began after the victories of Russia in the wars with Turkey in the second half of the 18th century. Catherine II moved the Zaparozhian Cossack army to the Kuban. In the 19th century, an exchange of population was carried out between Turkey and Russia - the Orthodox (Greeks and Bulgarians) were evicted from Turkey, and the Circassians professing Islam from the North Caucasus.
The territory of the region was formed from part of the territories occupied before the revolution by the Kuban region and the Black Sea province. Two administrative units were merged into the Kuban-Black Sea region, which in 1920 occupied an area of 105 thousand square meters. km. In 1924, the North Caucasian Territory was formed with a center in Rostov-on-Don, and in 1934 it was divided into the Azov-Chernomorsky (center - Rostov-on-Don) and the North Caucasian (center - Stavropol) regions. On September 13, 1937, the Azov-Chernomorsky Territory was divided into the Rostov Region and the Krasnodar Territory. In 1991, the Adygea Autonomous Region was separated from the territory and was transformed into the Republic of Adygea within the Russian Federation.

Primitive Kuban

The first inhabitants in ancient times on the territory of modern Kuban appeared one and a half million years ago! And they were the Neanderthals of the Paleolithic era, whose sites scientists, including Russian ones, discovered at different times as a result of consistent and painstaking excavations. The primitive people were already close to modern people. And it happened, as it is also called, in the Stone Age. Remember - sharp arrowheads made of flint, bone, shells, horns, hardwood?! And what about rock carvings of scenes of hunting, individual animals, made with ocher or carved right on the stone, and which have come down to our days?!
The Stone Age was replaced by the Bronze Age (Neolithic), associated with the so-called Maikop culture. In 1897, near Maykop and Taman, a burial was found, believed to be of a noble leader with jewelry on clothes made of gold and silver, bronze, turquoise, and carnelian beads. The burial shows that the inhabitants of Taman were well acquainted with many crafts. And previous studies have shown that cattle breeding, hunting were developed on the territory, ceramics and pottery were produced.
The era of iron refers to the first millennium of the new era. Scientists believe that our ancestors came from Asia Minor and Transcaucasia. It is likely that they reached the Kuban by sea. These are Greeks, Malaysians, Cimmerians, Scythians, and other tribes. But the fact remains that in that era agriculture, cattle breeding, fishing were already developed in the Kuban, artisans from iron forged armor, tools, processed metal. Well, after the Iron Age came the times already preceding us. When man became a highly developed civilized being.

Kingdoms and Empires in the Kuban

Yes, indeed, powerful kingdoms once existed on the territory of the Krasnodar Territory. In particular, in the fifth century - Bosporus. It stretched from the present Feodosia (Crimea) to Rostov-on-Don and Novorossiysk. It also included Gorgippia, today's Anapa, which, according to various primary sources, is two and a half millennia old! In the resort town there is an excavation - the open-air museum Gorgippia with cellars, fragments and streets, the crypt of Hercules with well-preserved frescoes in honor of his exploits, with household utensils and other, other artifacts. There was a slave trade in Gorgippia, coins were minted, which can be seen in the local museum of local lore. And whoever did not inhabit Gorgippia - Scythians, Meots, Psesses, Dandaria, well, of course, its founders were Greeks. And it should be especially noted that in that distant time, Taman was the richest granary.
And in 632 and 665 there was a great Bulgaria on the territory of the Kuban. Khan Kubrat made Phanagoria its capital, which was also founded by the Greeks before him. The migration routes of migrants from Eastern Europe ran through the North Caucasus. In the eighth - ninth centuries, the Kuban was in the possession of the Khazar Khanate. These interesting people are the Khazars: they appeared from nowhere and disappeared into nowhere. And the Khazar Khaganate was defeated by none other than the Kyiv prince Svyatoslav the Clever (965), who founded the Tmutarakan principality. There were other upheavals and redistribution of land, but it is known for sure that from 1243 to 1438 the Kuban was part of the Golden Horde.

Then there were the times of the Crimean Khanate, the Circassian and Ottoman empires, fierce Russian-Turkish wars. Finally, by the will of Catherine the Great, in 1783 the Right-Bank Kuban and Taman became part of Russia. And in 1829-1830, our state finally and irrevocably entrenched itself on the Black Sea coast.

Until 1917, most of the region was occupied by the Kuban region. It should be noted that already in 1900 more than two million people lived here. And what is interesting - in 1913, the production of grain Kuban took an honorable second place in Russia.

In January 1918, the Kuban People's Republic was created, a month later it began to be called almost the same, but with the prefix "independent". In 1920 and 1930 there was an attempt to Ukrainize the region. Actively implemented training only on Move. In 1937, by a decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, the Azov-Cherkassky Territory was divided into Krasnodar Region with the center in Krasnodar, and the Rostov Region with the center Rostov-on-Don. Then years of respite, the Great Patriotic War, the Battle for the Caucasus, in which the Kuban lost more than half a million killed. 356 valiant warriors of the region were awarded the high title of Heroes of the Soviet Union. At least such an episode of the war speaks of the fierceness of the battles - in the spring of 1943, more than 2 thousand aircraft participated in the air battle over the Kuban. The Germans lost 1100 of them. Our A.I. Pokryshkin distinguished himself by shooting down 52 enemy aircraft, and directly in the sky of the Kuban - two dozen. Only Ivan Kozhedub, later an air marshal, who shot down a dozen more German aircraft and was also awarded three times the Hero of the Soviet Union, turned out to be more effective than him.

After the Great Patriotic War, the Kuban quickly healed its wounds. During the time of the USSR and today it remains one of the most developed of the 85 subjects of the Russian Federation. For example, the volume of its gross product in agriculture is firmly ranked first in the country. There are good results in other sectors of the national economy. Its population has increased to almost five million people and continues to grow steadily due to a reasonable demographic policy.

Modern Kuban will give odds to many countries

And this is really an irrefutable fact: the territory of the Kuban lands is no less than 75.6 thousand square kilometers. It can freely accommodate each individual European countries such as Denmark, Belgium, Switzerland, Israel and others. It is washed by two warm seas - Black and Azov. The Krasnodar Territory is part of the Southern Federal District of the Russian Federation, being one of its subjects, and was formed in 1937 with the capital city of Krasnodar. The borders of the region stretch for 1540 kilometers, 740 of which run along the Black and Azov Seas. From north to south it is 327, from west to east - 360 kilometers. The Kuban is an economically well-developed territory: it produces a tenth of all grains grown in the country, half of the sunflower and 90 percent of rice, not to mention the northernmost tea on the planet, grapes, from which the excellent Russian champagne Abrau-Durso is made. and other effervescent sparkling drinks.

There are 9 ice-free seaports on the territory of the Krasnodar Territory, which provide transshipment of more than 200 million tons of cargo per year. The region is the largest transport hub and has direct access to international trade routes to Europe, the Mediterranean, the Middle East and Central Asia. Two of them, in Novorossiysk and Tuapse, are in the top three in terms of cargo turnover in Russia.

Six dozen types of minerals are concentrated here, including gold and silver. The metallurgical, light and food industries are well developed. Only in 2017, 4 million 668 square meters of housing were built here, which is equal to 55.8 thousand comfortable modern apartments in 387 multi-apartment residential buildings. There are nine airports in the Kuban, of which three are international (in Krasnodar, Sochi and Anapa), reliable and highly efficient rail, road and sea transport. Every year more than 14 million tourists from all over Russia, as well as foreign countries, come here for rest and treatment. At their disposal there are more than five thousand sanatoriums alone, 140 children's health camps, not counting the many boarding houses, recreation centers, auto camping sites, tent camps, and so on and so forth in order.

Until the 1930s, Ukrainian was the official language in the Kuban along with Russian, and many Kuban Cossacks considered themselves ethnic Ukrainians. This gave modern Ukraine a reason to consider this territory historically its own, unfairly given to Russia.

Kuban Cossack army

How did the Kuban Cossack army appear? Its history begins in 1696, when the Don Cossack Khoper regiment took part in the capture of Azov by Peter I. Later, in 1708, during the Bulavin uprising, the Khoper people moved to the Kuban, giving rise to a new Cossack community.

A new stage in the history of the Kuban Cossacks began at the end of the 18th century, when, after the Russian-Turkish wars of 1768-1774 and 1787-1791, the Russian border moved closer to the North Caucasus, and the Northern Black Sea region became entirely Russian. The need for the Zaporizhzhya Cossack army disappeared, but the Cossacks were required to strengthen the Caucasian borders.

In 1792, the Cossacks were resettled in the Kuban, having received land in military ownership.

This is how the Black Sea Cossacks were formed. In the southeast of it was located the Caucasian linear Cossack army, formed from the Don Cossacks. In 1864 they were merged into the Kuban Cossack Army.

Thus, the Kuban Cossacks turned out to be ethnically two-part - Russian-Ukrainian. Truth,

Until the beginning of the 20th century, class consciousness rather than ethnicity prevailed among the Cossacks.

Changes made themselves felt already at the end of the 19th century, when two completely new “trends” emerged. On the one hand, the military ministry of the Russian Empire began to think about the elimination of the Cossack class - in the conditions of the beginning of the 20th century, the cavalry faded into the background. On the other hand, among the Cossacks, the number of people not connected with military service, but engaged in intellectual work, grew. It was in their midst that the idea of the “Cossack nation” was born. Its development was accelerated by the connection of the Black Sea with the Ukrainian national movement.

Fragile neutrality was destroyed by the October Revolution, which the Kuban government did not recognize. Soviet Decree on Land, the Kuban Rada announced the formation of an independent Kuban People's Republic. It was stipulated that the republic was part of Russia on federal rights, but what kind of Russia was it? It wasn't clear.

Neither white nor red

The new Republic was constitutional. Its main legislative body was the Regional Rada, but the Legislative Rada, elected from among its members, was constantly in operation, implementing the current legislation. The Regional Rada elected the Head Ataman (the head of the executive branch), and the Ataman appointed the government responsible to the Legislative Rada. Kuban intellectuals - teachers, lawyers, employees of transport services, doctors - joined the work of the new institutions.

In March 1918, the Kuban Rada and the government had to leave Ekaterinodar. The government convoy united with the Dobrovolsky army of Lavr Georgevich Kornilov, who soon died and General Anton Ivanovich Denikin took his place. Since the Kuban government did not have its own army, an agreement was concluded according to which the Volunteer Army recognized the powers of the Kuban authorities, and the Kuban agreed to the military leadership of the volunteers. The agreement was made when both forces had no actual power and nothing to share.

The situation changed in the autumn of 1918, when the Volunteer Army was able to occupy most of the Kuban region and some territories in Stavropol. The question arose about the organization of power. First of all, he concerned the relationship between the Volunteer Army and the Kuban, since the region was the most important rear for Denikin's troops. In the army itself, the Kuban made up to 70% of the personnel.

And here a conflict began between the volunteers and the Kuban Rada on the balance of powers. The conflict went along two lines. First, it was political and legal in nature.

Kuban politicians associated Denikin's army with old, tsarist Russia and its inherent centralism.

The traditional mutual hostility between the military and the intellectuals had an effect. Secondly, representatives of the Black Sea Cossacks saw the Volunteer Army as a source of national oppression. In Denikin's army, indeed, the attitude towards Ukraine was negative.

Failed Denikin project

As a result, any attempt by A.I. Denikin to extend his power to the territory of the Kuban was perceived as reactionary. This had to be taken into account by the lawyers responsible for the agreement between the "unwilling allies." As one of them, Konstantin Nikolaevich Sokolov, wrote:

"It was difficult to get the Kuban to delegate part of the powers to Denikin."

During 1918-1919, several meetings of commissions were organized to regulate the structure of the white South.

But the debate each time came to a standstill. If Denikin's lawyers stood for dictatorial power, unity of command in the army and common citizenship, then the Kubans demanded to preserve parliamentarism, form a separate Kuban army and protect the privileges of Kuban citizens.

The fears of the Kuban politicians were justified: in the volunteer environment, they were irritated with parliamentary democracy and the Ukrainian language, which was used in the Rada along with Russian. In addition, the conditions of the civil war required Denikin and his entourage to concentrate power and resources in their own hands. The coexistence of several, albeit united by the struggle with Moscow, state entities complicated the adoption and implementation of any decision.

As a result, an agreement was reached when it was already too late. In January 1920, the "South Russian Government" was created, headed by Denikin, the Council of Ministers, the Legislative Chamber and the autonomy of the Cossack troops. But the front at that moment was already collapsed, the white armies were retreating to the Black Sea. In the spring of the same year, Yekaterinodar fell, and the Kuban statehood was virtually eliminated.

As part of the RSFSR

The Soviet government transferred the Kuban to the RSFSR, forming the Kuban-Black Sea region.

The Soviet authorities went to meet the Cossacks: for the first 12 years, the Soviet authorities in the Kuban used the Ukrainian language on a par with Russian.

It taught, conducted research, office work, issued the press. True, it did not end with anything good - a real confusion began, since the locals spoke it, and few owned literary. As a result, there was a shortage of staff. In 1924, the Kuban became part of the North Caucasus Territory, which also included the Don and Stavropol, which contributed to further Russification. Already in 1932, the Ukrainian language in these places lost its official status.

Thus, the Kuban for the first quarter of the twentieth century. passed a difficult evolution from the region of the Russian Empire with the special status of the Cossack estate to the subject of the RSFSR, bypassing the specific periods of Cossack statehood and the experiment of Ukrainian national and cultural self-determination within the framework of Soviet society.

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The history of the settlement of the Kuban

HISTORY OF SETTLEMENT and founding of Cuba goes far into hoary antiquity. Tens of thousands of years ago, a brave primitive hunter in the forest-steppe part of the foothills of the Caucasus collected wild fruits and hunted bison, mammoths and deer. Changed social relations, the area of human settlement, their ethnic composition. Whoever did not trample on the feather-grass carpet of the Kuban, who only did not give shelter to the shady crowns of its forests.

Wars and epidemics, inter-tribal feuds and raids of nomads drove more and more waves of multilingual tribes and peoples to the Kuban. Cimmerians and Scythians, Goths and Huns, Alans and Pechenegs, Khazars, Cumans... Numerous tribes of Meotians, the indigenous inhabitants of the North-Western Caucasus, lived along the eastern shore of the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov (the Greeks called it Meotida) long before our era. They were engaged in agriculture and cattle breeding, fishing and handicrafts.

In the 6th century BC, the Greeks appeared on Taman, who founded a number of trading posts and settlements here. The largest of them, Phanagoria, according to the famous ancient Greek historian and geographer Strabo, was in fact the capital of the Asian part of the powerful Bosporus kingdom, which existed about the 4th century BC. ad.

But not only the sons of ancient Hellas, they saw the Kuban steppes. Already in the tenth century AD, Slavs-Russians appeared here. Obviously, this was connected with the campaign of Prince Igor of Kyiv against Byzantium in 944. In the 60s of the 10th century, under the rays of the sultry Ku6an sun, the armor of the militant squad of Prince Svyatoslav shone. The Tmutarakan Principality appears on Taman, which became for decades the outlying patrimony of Russian princes.

In the first half of the thirteenth century The Kuban, and first of all the local Adyghe tribes, was devastated by the numerous hordes of Batu Khan. Somewhat later, in the northeastern part of the Black Sea region, the Genoese colonies Matrega (Taman), Kopa (Slavyansk-on-Kuban) appeared. Mapa (Anapa) and others. Enterprising Italians for two years are engaged in a lively trade with the Circassians, penetrating far into their territory.

In 1395, the hordes of the Central Asian conqueror Timur swept across the Kuban like a black whirlwind, smashing the Gold Horde and its subordinate peoples.

At the end of the XV century. Turks appeared on the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus, gradually subordinating the Crimean Khanate to their policy. The fortresses Temryuk, Taman, Anapa are being built. Greedy Turkish merchants in the coastal fortresses of Sujuk-Kale (near Novorossiysk), Gelendzhik, Sukhum-Kale open the slave trade. There was a special demand for young people and mountain women. The busiest trade in slaves took place in the area of present-day Gelendzhik.

Fighting the Turkish-Crimean aggression, the highlanders turn their eyes to the Moscow kingdom, which in 1557 took them under its protection. At this time, the bulk of the highlanders live in the foothills, in the Trans-Kuban region. First of all, these are heterogeneous tribes of the Adyghe ethnic group: Shapsugs, Abadzekhs, Natukhaevs, Temirgoevs, Besleneevs and others. A separate group was made up of the Abazins and Karachais, who lived in the foothills of the northern slope of the Caucasus Range. And in the steppes of the Kuban, on its right bank, the steppe silence is broken by numerous wagons of nomadic Nogais - descendants of the Turkic-Mongolian tribes, who were once part of the ulus of the Golden Horde temnik Nogai. For almost two and a half centuries, starting from the 16th century, they have been in the Kuban, subject to the all-powerful power of the Turkish Caliph, being subjects of the Crimean Khan.

At the end of the 17th century, Russian settlers appeared in the Kuban. They were schismatics. fled from feudal oppression under the religious banner of the old faith. The Kuban attracts not only Old Believers, but also disadvantaged people, including the Don Cossacks. They settled at the mouth of the Laba River. At the beginning of the XVIII century. apparently, there were already quite a lot of them, if K. Bulavin himself turned to them for help during the siege of Azov by the rebels. In 1708, several thousand rebels, led by Bulavin colonel Ignat Nekrasov, made their way to the Kuban field to suppress the Bulavin uprising. Soon, two more rebellious chieftains Ivan Drany and Gavrila Chernets arrived in the lower reaches of the Kuban River. Those who fled from tsarist reprisals and serfdom go to the Kuban in secret ways. Here, in the Kuban floodplains - between Kopyl (Slavyansk-on-Kuban) and Temryuk, they tried to find a free life by building three fortified years.

In the last quarter of the eighteenth century the final stage in the long struggle between Russia and the Ottoman Porte for the possession of the Crimea and Kuban is coming. Russian fortifications are being built in the Kuban: Vsesvyatskoye (in the area of present-day Armavir), Tsaritsynskoye (on the site of the current village of Kavkazskaya) and others. The Nekrasovites, whose villages were destroyed by the troops of the tsarist General Brink, left the Kuban and left Turkey. In January 1778, A.V. Suvorov began to command the Russian troops in the Kuban, who began the construction of the Kuban defensive line along the right bank of the river. Kuban.

At the end of the XVIII-beginning of the XIX centuries. the military-Cossack development of the deserted region begins. July 30, 1792 was followed by a royal decree on the resettlement of the Black Sea army to the Kuban, the backbone of which was the former Cossacks of the Zaporizhzhya Sich, defeated by the troops of Catherine II in 1775. The Black Sea army was charged with the duty to develop and protect the annexed lands of Taman and the right bank of the Kuban from behind the Bug, the first batch of Cossacks, led by Colonel Savva Belm, arrived by sea, and in October the second group, led by ataman Zakhary Chepiga, approached the Yeysk fortification.

The Black Sea Cossack army was located in forty settlements, called in Zaporozhye kurens, on the right bank of the Kuban from Taman to the mouth of the Laba River. To the east of them, the Caucasian linear Cossacks settled. Unlike the Black Sea people, who came mainly from the southeastern lands of Ukraine, among the linear Cossacks, the majority were Russians from the Don and the central black earth provinces.

According to the Adrianople peace treaty with Turkey in 1829, the lands of the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus were transferred to Russia. On the coast from Anapa to Sukhumi, seventeen Russian military fortifications are being built under the general name "Black Sea coastline"

The military-Cossack development of the region ended with the creation in 1860 of the Kuban Cossack army. It included the Black Sea and six brigades of the right flank of the Caucasian line. With the accession to them of the territory of Zakubanya, the Kuban region was formed.

Primitive eras in the Kuban

Conventionally, three periods are distinguished in the history of mankind: the Stone Age, the Bronze Age and the Iron Age (according to the material that was mainly used in the manufacture of grud tools).

The specificity of the Stone Age is reflected in the name - various types of stone were the main material for the manufacture of tools. With the help of a stone, a person could influence other objects, changing their shape, and could get food for himself. An important feature that characterizes the process of improving the labor skills of a person and the level of his thinking was that for almost the entire Stone Age, a person could not change the properties of the raw materials used, he took what nature gave him.

The Stone Age is the longest period in human history. The oldest stone tools were made more than two million years ago, and metal has been used for only 8-9 thousand years. The stone was used even in the Bronze Age. Only iron completely ousted it from the sphere of production of tools.

The Stone Age is the time of the formation of the physical type of a person. The beginning of the separation of man from the animal world, modern science dates back to five million years ago. In order to come up with the idea of making tools, the emerging man needed about three million. The modern physical appearance of a person (homo sapiens - a reasonable person) was formed 40 - 35 thousand years ago.

The Stone Age is an important period in the formation of human society, the path from the primitive herd of relatives through the maternal and paternal tribal system to the first civilizations and states. During this era, human settlement occurs throughout the Earth.

A number of discoveries and achievements in the field of material culture belong to the Stone Age: the “development” of fire and the construction of dwellings, the invention of the spear, and then the bow and arrows, the transition to a productive economy - agriculture and cattle breeding, the development of weaving and pottery production. And all this against the background of continuous improvement of stone processing technology.

By the same time, the formation of the main types of art, many elements of future world religions - everything that we call the spiritual culture of man.

The Stone Age is divided into three major periods: the Paleolithic (Old Stone Age), the Mesolithic (Middle Stone Age), and the Neolithic (New Stone Age). In turn, the Paleolithic is divided into two parts: the early (lower) Paleolithic and the late (upper) Paleolithic. Sometimes scientists also distinguish the Middle Paleolithic. Finally, the early Paleolithic includes epochs (sequence - from ancient to late): pre-Shellian (or Olduvai), ancient Acheulean, middle and late Acheulean, Mousterian era (the so-called middle paleolith). Olduvai era - 2700 thousand years ago, Acheulian (in general) - 700-120 thousand years, Mousterian (Middle Paleolithic) - 150-35 thousand years. The Late Paleolithic is a time period of 40-10 thousand years ago. The chronological framework of the Mesolithic and Neolithic fluctuates even more: the law of uneven historical development comes into play. These two periods in relation to the territory of the Kuban region are the least studied. If we proceed from the general characteristics of the Caucasian antiquities, then the Mesolithic fits into the framework of 10-8 thousand years ago, and the Neolithic - 8-6 thousand years ago.

The problem of human settlement and the development of various regions by him is complex and far from being fully resolved. The ancestral home of mankind is considered to be Northeast Africa, where Australopithecus lived and where the most ancient tools attributed to the Olduvai culture were discovered. Some scholars do not rule out that South Asia was also part of the "humanization" area.

The most difficult question is about the time of the appearance of an ancient person within the Krasnodar Territory. There is no doubt that he moved from the south, from Transcaucasia, along the coast of the Black Sea and through passes not blocked by ice. Most experts agree that Transcaucasia was mastered by man already in the early Acheulean. At the same time, long-term studies of the Azikh cave in Azerbaijan, which is very interesting for scientists, led to the emergence of a new version: a person lived in the cave already in the Olduvai era - more than 700 thousand years ago. It is important that a fragment of a human jaw was found in the early Acheulean layer of Azykh. True, an attempt to attribute it to the remains of an archanthropus (Pithecanthropus) is doubtful. According to anthropologists, this jaw belonged to an early paleoanthrope (Neanderthal), which makes it possible to include Transcaucasia in the area of so-called sapientation, i.e., the formation of a modern human.

As indirect evidence, this fact can also be considered in connection with the problem of human settlement of the current territory of the Kuban. Here, in the river sediments of the Tsimbal quarry on Taman (near the village of Sennoy), two stone tools and artificially split animal bones were found. Presumably (taking into account the technique of working tools and the species composition of animals), scientists attributed these finds to the Pre-Schel (Olduvian) era. Unfortunately, the circumstances under which they were discovered (found on the surface) do not allow us to reliably determine the age. The dating of the new Lower Paleolithic Bogatyri site recently discovered on the Taman Peninsula (in the area of Sinya Balka) is also controversial - 1.1 - 0.8 million years.

And at present, reliable evidence of human habitation in the North Caucasus in the early Acheulean was found only at one site - in the Triangular Cave (Karachay-Cherkessia). Its age is about 600 thousand years.

The Acheulian era is represented by several dozen monuments, most of them are the so-called localities. Stone tools were found not in the cultural layer, but in a redeposited state, often far from the places where they were made and used. Quite often, for example, they are found in riverbeds. They are cut off from paleontological material, which would allow one to determine the habitat, and hence (approximately) chronology, from the composition of animals. Therefore, archaeologists are forced to limit their analysis to the types of tools and their sets, stone processing techniques.

In the Acheulian era, the most characteristic tool was a hand ax, or biface. A rough ancient Acheulean hand ax was made by hammering with 10-30 blows. The Middle Acheulean bifaces - of a more regular, sometimes even elegant form - required three operations: chipping off the workpiece, upholstering it and retouching (this was achieved with 50-80 strokes).

A feature of the Acheulean sites of the Kuban is the small number of faces among other finds. They also find cores - cores left after obtaining flakes from large pieces of stone. Flakes, after additional processing or without it, served as certain tools, such as scrapers. Flakes are the most numerous finds among Paleolithic sites.

Researchers identify several territorial groups of Early Paleolithic sites: Sochi, Kuban, Labinsk, Belorechensk (Maikop), Psekup, Pshekh-Pshish, Ilsk-Abinsk.

One of the areas where Acheulian tools were found is the valley of the Psekups River near the villages of Baku and Saratov. In particular, the location of Ignatenkov Kutok, which some researchers consider the most ancient of the Acheulean sites in the Kuban region. A group of localities is known on the Belaya River, among them such as Fortepyanka. The collection includes more than 500 tools, including a hand axe, cores, scrapers, flakes, etc. The estimated time is Middle Acheulean.

Description of work

...... The first Armenian settlers appeared on the territory of the North-Western Caucasus long before the accession of the Russian Empire here. But questions arise related to the dating and starting point of the migration of Armenians to this region. An analysis of all studies in this area allows us to distinguish two main versions. According to the first, the Armenians moved to the mountains of the North-Western Caucasus from Armenia in the X-XIII centuries, this point of view is shared by the authors of a number of local history works - F.A. Shcherbina, G. Mironovich, E.D. Aksaev. The second group of researchers - I. Ivanov, L.A. Pogosyan, E.I. Narozhny - they believe that the migration of Armenians took place in the 15th century, mainly from the Crimea.

Some archaeological finds can serve as confirmation of the first version. For example, in the Temryuk Museum there are two marble fragments of one slab - a khachkar, dating from the 13th - the first half of the 14th centuries. At the same time, there is no information about the place and time of the find. Khachkar could well have been discovered on the Taman Peninsula, as there is written evidence of the presence of Armenians here in the 16th-18th centuries. So, for example, Arbi de la Morte describes Taman as ‘a colony of Armenians, Georgians, Mingrelians and Circassians, which is also observed in Temryuk, the villages of Adda’. Similar information is given in their writings by Martin Broniewski and Ferran. Apparently, such an ethnic composition has been preserved since the time of the Golden Horde, since subsequently the population on the Taman Peninsula gradually decreased and a significant influx of Armenians is unlikely. One way or another, the dating of the khachkar cannot be considered an absolute determination of the time when the Armenians appeared here. It is possible that the cross-stone, if it was found on Taman, was brought here much later than the time of its manufacture.

In 1869, Ivan Sereda, a tradesman, discovered the ruins of a church dating back to 1171 between the villages of Belorechenskaya and Khanskaya. In addition to other items found during excavations of the temple, slabs with inscriptions in Armenian and Greek were also removed. When translating, similar points were revealed. On the one hand, the dating coincided, on the other hand, an architect was mentioned - a stonemason from Kafa Krymbeye (from Greek) or Khrytbey (from Armenian), an Armenian by origin. So, we have a specific date - 1171 and territory. At that time, there were two eparchies here - Alan and Matrah (Zikh), subordinate to the Patriarchate of Constantinople. Thus, we can assume that the ‘Belorechensky Temple’ belonged to the Greek Orthodox Church, which is also confirmed by the Greek inscriptions on the discovered slabs, and the Armenian master, most likely, was hired to build a religious object.

The above fact is far from the only evidence of ties between the Armenians and the peoples of the Northwestern Caucasus. It is known that the relations between Armenia and Alania (in the past, the Alans inhabited a significant part of the North-Western Caucasus) had a multi-level aspect, which is confirmed by the dynastic marriage between the Armenian king and an Alan woman from a noble family, the pilgrimage of a group of Alans to the ‘land of Noah’ and other examples.

Regarding the route of Armenian migrants to the territory of the North-Western Caucasus, in our opinion, the most accessible, taking into account the landscape and geographical characteristics, could be the ‘traffic’ Crimea-Taman and further to the foothill regions of Circassia. The impetus for the resettlement of Armenians was, first of all, economic reasons. As a result, already from the XIII-XV centuries. a small Armenian colony was formed in the Northwestern Caucasus, maintaining close trade and cultural ties with the Crimean diaspora. Subsequently, on the basis of this small group of the region, the subethnos Circassogai (Circassian or Mountain Armenians) was formed. In the XVII-XVIII centuries. in Circassia, the consolidation of mountain Armenians began to take place, forming a number of independent settlements in which judicial and administrative bodies of self-government by the community arose - ‘thamada’.

The change in the geopolitical situation in the Northwestern Caucasus, the intensification of the intra-Circassian contradiction, which aggravated after the borders of the Russian Empire approached the geographical borders of Circassia, influenced the further fate of the Armenian colony in the region. A new stage in the history of ADSZK has begun.

During the period of activation of Russian policy in the Caucasus, the Circassians showed a pro-Russian orientation. Contacts have become more frequent, mainly in the economic sphere - trade. At the same time, the Circassians began to move from the Trans-Kuban region to the territories controlled by the Russian administration. It should be noted that in the middle of the XVIII century. Mountain Armenians lived almost everywhere in Circassia, both in Circassian auls and in independent settlements. Among the latter, Gyaurkhabl stood out, located on the 'Maushek' River (according to N.G. Volkova, on the left bank of the Belaya River. In addition to Gyaurkhabl, there were other Armenian villages - Adepsukhay, Egerukhay, Khakubkhabl, Khatukai, etc. Armenians also lived among Shapsugs - between the rivers Afips and Abin, Natukhaevs in the villages of Khadzhikhabl, Shokon, Enim, in Anapa and in the district and in other areas.

The first information about the desire of the Circassians to move to Russian territory dates back to the 80s. 18th century During the indicated period of time, a certain Armenian priest turned to Catherine II with a request to allow the mountain Armenians, ‘of which there will be about 500 families’, to move to the possessions of the Russian Empire. In 1787, from three Armenian auls - Adepsukhay, Gyaurkhabl and Khatukai - Circassogai ‘including 390 souls of both sexes’ moved to the city of Nor-Nakhichevan.

In 1791, the Armenian Archbishop Joseph Argutinsky-Dolgorukov (Hovsep Argutyan-Yerkaynabazuk) developed a plan according to which it was supposed to populate the southern part of the Sambek steppe with Nakhichevans (meaning the Armenians resettled in 1779 by decree of Catherine II from the Crimea to the lower reaches of the Don) , and to the north - to resettle the Circassian Armenians. But the second part of the project could not be implemented due to the intervention of the influential Circassian prince Dzhembulat Bolotokov, who forbade the Armenians to move to Russia. The reason for the prohibition was the close atalyk ties between the princely family and the Circassians of the village of Gyaurkhabl.

Nevertheless, the resettlement flow of Armenians from beyond the Kuban increased every year. In 1796, the ataman of the Black Sea Cossack army received a report that ‘many of the Armenians living among the Trans-Kuban Circassians wish to move to live with us not only with their surnames, but also with entire villages’.

In 1799, the village of Grivensky arose on Angelinsky Erik near the Novodzherelievsky kuren. Initially, ‘138 souls of both sexes’, who took Russian citizenship, settled in it. This aul was a multinational settlement in which the Circassians and Nogais lived, and then the Trans-Kuban Armenians and Greeks. The Armenian population in it gradually grew. In 1840, the family of Hovhannes Aivazov moved here, and in 1842, 5 more Armenians moved here. The above information is far from unique. In 1842, the Grivensky village was renamed the Grivensko-Cherkessskaya village, and in 1846 its inhabitants were enrolled in the military estate of the Black Sea Cossack army. But a year later, the commander of the troops on the Caucasian line and the Black Sea coast, cavalry general N.S. Zavodovsky developed a plan to disband the Griven-Cherkess settlement. According to the project, it was supposed to resettle the Circassians in the Novodzhereliyevskaya village, and the Greeks and Armenians - in different settlements ‘a hundred miles from the Kuban’. The abolition of the village began in 1848. At that time, 54 families of Circassians lived in Grivensko-Cherkessky, 26 (135 people) - Armenians and 7 - Greeks. The latter expressed a desire to settle “together in the village of Pereyaslovskaya, or, whoever wishes, Derevyankovskaya ...” The request was granted: the Greeks and Armenians moved to Pereyaslovskaya.

A significant part of the mountain Armenians, who lived among the Shapsugs and Natukhaevs, from the beginning of the 19th century. began to move to safer places on the Taman Peninsula. At the same time, there were crossings of the Circassians inside the territory of Circassia. According to F.A. The Shcherbins, Armenians living on the lands of the ‘democratic’ tribes - Abadzekhs, Natukhaevs and Shapsugs, moved to the ‘aristocratic’ Circassian peoples.

In the 30s. 19th century there was a transition of the Natukhaev, Temirgoev and Khatukaev Armenians, as well as the Shapsug Armenians who lived among them. In 1830, opposite the village of Kazanskaya, a small village of Khatukaev Circassians was formed. In 1835, another group of Armenians from the aul of the Khatukaev prince Pedisov moved to this settlement. In 1839, all the inhabitants of the Armenian village near Kazanskaya moved to the Armenian village (Armavir), where they founded the Khatukaevsky quarter.

In 1836, the Armenians of the Gyaurkhabl village, together with Prince Dzhembulat Bolotokov, moved to the mouth of the Laba River. In 1838, after the death of the prince, the Gyaurkhablians were forced to move to the area of the tract ‘Dombay-tuk’ (‘Bison Place’), located not far from the village of Temizhbekskaya. Here the Armenians from Yegerukhaev joined them. The following year, both of these groups, led by General G.Kh. The Zass moved to the Armenian village (Armavir), where they founded two quarters - Gyaurkhablsky and Yegerukhaevsky.

In 1839, a small Armenian settlement arose near the Pashkovsky kuren. In January 1842, 4 Armenians moved here, and in August 13 more people. In 1845, 95 Armenians (only men) already lived in this settlement, but in 1848 the Circassians of the Pashkovsky Armenian village moved to the village of Pereyaslovskaya.

In the 50s. 19th century Armavir became the center of concentration of Circassian Armenians (the Armenian village near the Prochnookopskaya fortress, at the request of the priest Petros Patkanyan, was renamed Armavir in 1848) and the village of Pereyaslovskaya. At the same time, there were also smaller Circassogaev communities, for example, the village of Karabet Taldustyn, located on the left bank of the Laba and included 47 households with 325 inhabitants. Since 1859, when the Circassians moved from Pereyaslovskaya to Armavir, the latter turned into a large Armenian settlement. During the first decades since the founding of the Armenian aul (Armavir), the population grew mainly due to new settlers - Circassian Armenians. So, for example, in 1840 about ‘1900 souls of both sexes’ lived in the village, and in 1876 - 3715 people, among whom 80.7% were mountain Armenians. In addition to the above Armenians, during the Crimean War, with the assistance of Admiral Lazar Markovich Serebryakov (Kazar Markosovich Artsatagortsyan), mountain Armenians from the surrounding villages of Anapa and Novorossiysk were resettled in Armavir.

With the growth of the economic potential of Armavir, ethno-demographic changes took place. At the end of the 80s. 19th century ‘out-of-towners’ outnumbered the ‘indigenous’ inhabitants - the Circassians. In 1912, in Armavir, where 43,946 people lived, Armenians accounted for 17.6% or 7,800 people, including mountain people - 5,200 (11.8%).

The resettlement of Circassian Armenians in the territories controlled by Russia would have been impossible without the consent of the Russian administration. By letting the Circassians down from the mountains, settling them on the plains of the Kuban, granting them some privileges, the government pursued a purely definite goal - a positive impact on the peoples living in Circassia. At the same time, the resettlement of the Mountain Armenians, or rather the displacement, took place within the framework of one region, in other words, an internal migration process took place.

At the beginning of the XIX century. there was also an influx of Armenians to the North-Western Caucasus and from other regions. Initially, the Kuban diaspora was replenished by people from the Russian cities - Astrakhan, Kizlyar, Mozdok, Nor-Nakhichevan and Stavropol, as well as, to a lesser extent, Persian-subject Armenians. Mostly, these were merchants who had their own trading enterprises in the region, and the clergy, who were transferred here to establish a religious life among the mountain Armenians. This migration was not massive. So, for example, in 1827 there were only 76 of the above-mentioned Armenians in Chernomorie, 41 of them lived in Yekaterinodar. Up until the 50s. 19th century mechanical growth remained insignificant, and the main massifs of the compact residence of Armenians were Armavir and Ekaterinodar, where from several hundred to more than a thousand people were concentrated. At the same time, in other areas and cities, the number of Armenians, as a rule, did not exceed 100 people. So, for example, in 1852 in Anapa and Novorossiysk there were 67 and 21 Armenian Gregorians, respectively.

At the same time, the outflow of the Armenian population also took place. The largest was the resettlement from Armavir to the Mozdok Armenian society in 1858 (16 families of Circassogai), but in 1863 all of them (146 people) returned to their former place of residence.

Since the 60s. XIX century, there is a migration to the North-Western Caucasus of Turkish and Persian subjects of Armenians. Not only the nature of the resettlement has changed: an increase in the proportion of foreign nationals, but also the social composition - mainly peasants. Areas of foothills and the Black Sea coast become areas of migration attraction, depopulated after the mass exodus of Circassians to the Ottoman Empire. Thus, the Armenians settled in the territories in which there were free land suitable for agriculture.

One of the first was a colony of Turkish subjects of Armenians in the area of the Shapsuho River. Regarding the dating of the founding of Armenian settlements here, the opinions of researchers differ: some believe that this happened during the Crimean War of 1853-1856, others point to a later time - the 60s.

In our opinion, Armenian migrants appeared in the area of the Shapsuho River in the 60s. XIX century, and with the end of the Caucasian War and the departure of the Circassians to the Ottoman Empire, their flow increased. In 1864-1866. at the mouth of the Shapsuho, not far from the Tenginsky fortification, the village of Armenian arises, where already in 1868 276 Hamshen Armenians lived, in 1897 - 458, and in 1913 - 434. In the 70s. 19th century - the beginning of the twentieth century. within the modern Tuapse region, a number of Armenian settlements were founded - Yayli, Polkovnichye, etc.

After the formation of the Black Sea District on March 10, 1866 and the order of the Russian government, according to which foreign citizens of the Christian faith were allowed to settle in the new administrative-territorial formation, the influx of Turkish subjects of Armenians increased. At that time, ‘it was recognized as useful to populate it (from the author - the Black Sea District) with Greeks and Armenians more accustomed to such conditions, who came in masses from Asia Minor and received significant benefits when they were settled. For this purpose, envoys were sent to Turkey, who attracted Armenians and Greeks to live in the Black Sea region. From time to time, the agronomist Khatisov was sent to Porto, ‘to acquire Armenian immigrants from there for the initial settlement of the region’.

With the formation of the ‘Vardane’ estate, owned by the Grand Duke Mikhail Romanov, the manager A. Stark, 18 Armenian families were ‘discharged’ from Turkey. Subsequently, the number of Turkish subjects of Armenians in ‘Vardan’ grew and in 1896 amounted to 200 families. Not far from the estate was the Armenian village of Uch-Dere, where more than 100 families lived in the same year.

During and after the Russian-Turkish war of 1877-1878. the influx of Armenian migrants to the North-Western Caucasus increased; attraction zones remained the same. In 1878, only in the Kuban region there were 6044 Armenians, while most of them were still concentrated in Armavir and Yekaterinodar (from 70 to 80%). A somewhat different picture was observed in the Black Sea region. Here the Armenians lived throughout the territory. The Armenian population of the district grew rapidly. So, for example, in the area of the Velyaminovskaya fortification in 1872, 222 Armenians were registered, in 1886 - 969 (only Russian subjects), and already in 1895 - 3,748 (in 24 settlements).

For the 90s. The 19th century saw the peak of the migration wave. This was caused by another surge of repression in Turkey, where in 1894-1896. By order of Sultan Abdul-Hamid Khan II, mass pogroms took place in the Armenian-populated vilayets. According to some information, up to 40 thousand Armenians fled to Russia, mainly to the Caucasus.

A significant number of Armenian refugees found shelter in the Kuban region and the Black Sea province (from the author - formed on May 25, 1896). This is evidenced by statistics. For example, in 1896, about 23 thousand Armenians were recorded in the Black Sea province, while in 1889 less than 10 thousand lived throughout the entire territory of the North-Western Caucasus. In the province, Turkish subjects of Armenians were accommodated in all three districts. In the Kuban region, such are recorded in the cities of Anapa, Yekaterinodar, Maikop, in the departments - Yekaterinodar (in 1896-1897 - in 9 settlements), Maikop (in 1897-1898 - in 5), Temryuk (in 1898 - in 4), as well as in the village of Armavir (Labinsky department) and the Romanovsky farm (Caucasian department). In the cities of Anapa, Yekaterinodar and Maikop, respectively, 36, 120 and 19 (November-December 1896), 62, 120 and 11 (February 1897) and 41, 26 and 27 (June 1898) Turkish subjects of Armenians were registered. The largest number of the above-mentioned Armenians is recorded in the Yekaterinodar department (in 1896 - n. 1897 - 819 people).

In total, in 1896-1897. from 10 to 15 thousand Armenian refugees concentrated in the territory of the North-Western Caucasus. At the end of 1897, all the governors and heads of the regions of the Caucasus region were instructed to clarify the lists of Turkish subjects of Armenians as soon as possible and organize their expulsion back to Turkey. However, as the reports of police chiefs of cities and atamans of departments of the Kuban region and the Black Sea province show, many families refused to return to their former place of residence, since they were not guaranteed security. As a result, local authorities were given the authority to forcibly evict Turkish Armenians. But this measure did not bring positive results. The number of Armenians in the region continued to grow at the end of the 19th century. reached 38 thousand people: in the Kuban region - 13 thousand and the Black Sea province - 25 thousand.

At the beginning of the twentieth century. the trend towards an increase in the number of ADSZK continued. In 1904, in addition to the Russian subjects of the Armenians, 2214 Turkish subjects and, judging by the documents, about 100 Persian subjects lived in the Kuban region. At the same time, there were movements of Armenians both within the region and beyond its borders. As a result, the general picture of the distribution of the Armenian population changed. Between 1900 and 1908 in the Black Sea province, the number of Armenians decreased by 10 thousand people and amounted to 15 thousand, and in the Kuban region the reverse process took place: it increased from 13 thousand to 21.3 thousand people. Thus, in total, 36.3 thousand Armenians lived in the region in 1908, compared with 1900, there is a general decrease by 1.7 thousand people.

Another influx of Armenian migrants was observed in 1915-1916. - during the period of the genocide committed by the Young Turks against the Armenian population of Turkey. In 1916, only in two cities of the Kuban region, Armavir and Yekaterinodar, over 1000 Armenian refugees were registered (in March 1916 in Yekaterinodar - 641; on October 1, 1916 in Armavir - 498 people). In view of the chaotic concentration of forced migrants from Turkey throughout the North-Western Caucasus, it was difficult to accurately count them. But, judging by indirect evidence, there were at least 20,000 Armenian refugees here. For example, it is known that in 1915-1916. forced migrants from Turkey founded 13 settlements within the Kuban region, in which in 1917 834 Armenians lived. A similar situation was observed in the Black Sea province. Some statistical data also confirm our version. It is known that in 1916 40,366 Armenians lived in the Kuban region and the Black Sea province, and by 1920 (actually within the framework of two subjects) 73 thousand people were registered. It is quite obvious that such a large-scale increase in a short period of time could not have occurred as a result of natural growth, but was caused by external migration.

The migration attractiveness of the North-Western Caucasus for the Armenians was the result of the interest of the Russian administration in this, which is clearly seen in the period from the end of the 18th century to the 50s. XIX century, when the resettlement of the Circassians from the Trans-Kuban region to the territories controlled by Russia was encouraged, and in the 1860-1880s. - attracting Armenians from Asia Minor for the development of the Black Sea region. As a result of ‘allowed’ migration, Armenian colonies were formed in the region - in Armavir, ‘Vardan’, Yekaterinodar, Uch-Der and in other cities and localities.

But the most massive was the ‘spontaneous’ migration, the cause of which was the policy of genocide pursued by the Ottoman-Turkish authorities in relation to the Armenian population. A significant part of the Armenian refugees of the 2nd half of the 19th - early 20th centuries. concentrated in the Kuban region and the Black Sea province. This was due to the fact that: firstly, this region was in close proximity to Turkey, from where the source of the migratory activity of Armenians came from; secondly, in the North-Western Caucasus, as a result of the resettlement of the Circassian peoples in the Ottoman Empire, significant areas were depopulated, thus potentially free land appeared; thirdly, in the Kuban-Black Sea region by the 70s. Armenian communities were formed that possessed material resources and were able to provide initial assistance to compatriot refugees.

As a result of spontaneous migration, there was an increase in the number of ADSZK: for the period from 1889 to 1916. more than 4 times. At the same time, areas of compact residence of the Armenian rural population were formed - in the Black Sea province (everywhere) and in Yekaterinodar (mainly in the Trans-Kuban region), Maikop (within the modern regions - Apsheron (Krasnodar Territory) and Maikop (Adygea)) and Temryuk (within the modern districts of the Krasnodar Territory - Abinsk, Anapa, Crimean and Temryuk) departments of the Kuban region. At the same time, the number of previously existing communities also increased (for example, in 1871-1912 - in Yekaterinodar by 7.4 times, and in Maykop in 1904-1908 - by 4 times).

HISTORY OF KUBAN

4.1. The main events of the history of the Kuban

About 500 thousand years ago.

The settlement of the Kuban by ancient people

About 100 thousand years ago.

Ilskaya camp.

About 3-2 thousand years BC. e.

Bronze Age in the Kuban.

EndIX- VIIIin. BC e.

The beginning of the use of iron in the Kuban.

Vin. BC e. -IVin. n. e.

Bosporus kingdom.

VII-X centuries.

Khazar Khaganate.

X-XIcenturies

Tmutarakan principality.

1552

Adyghe embassy to Ivan IV.

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Cossacks - Nekrasovites in the Kuban.

1778.

Construction by Suvorov of the Kuban fortified line.

1783

Accession of the Right Bank of the Kuban to Russia.

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The resettlement of the Black Sea Cossacks to the Kuban.

1793.

Foundation of the city of Ekaterinodar (renamed Krasnodar in 1920)

1794

Base of the first pages.

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Participation of the Black Sea Cossacks in the war with France.

Home XI10th century – 1864

Caucasian war.

1860

Formation of the Kuban region and the creation of the Kuban Cossack army.

1875

The first railway in the Kuban.

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Civil War.

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Creation of collective farms.

Education of the Krasnodar Territory.

The beginning of the battle for the Caucasus.

Fights on Malaya Zemlya.

Liberation of Krasnodar from fascist invaders.

Complete liberation of the Kuban from the German invaders.

Novorossiysk was awarded the title of Hero City.

A law on the symbols of the Krasnodar Territory was adopted.

4.2. The first settlements in the Kuban

The ordinary population buried their dead in simple shallow pits in common cemeteries. According to the Meotian rite, vessels with food and drink and personal belongings of the deceased were placed in the grave: for warriors - weapons, for women - jewelry.

Questions and tasks

1. What tribes lived in the Northern Black Sea region?

2. What areas were inhabited by the Meots?

3. Compare the occupations of the population at that time with modern types of economic activity. What common features can be identified?

4.4. Bosporan kingdom

On the northern coast of the Black Sea V-IV in. BC e. a large slave-owning state was formed - Bosporus. The city became the capital of the state panticapaeum, present-day Kerch. The second major city was Phanagoria (on the southeastern shore of the Taman Bay.) The city was surrounded by a powerful stone wall and properly planned. Its streets were located perpendicular to each other. The whole territory was divided into the upper and lower city. At present, due to the partial lowering of the coast and the advance of the sea, part of the city is under water. The center is located on the lower plateau. There were large public buildings, temples, statues of the ancient Greek gods Apollo, Aphrodite. The streets of the city were paved, under the pavement drains were arranged to drain rainwater. There were numerous wells with stone lining. In the western part there was a large public building intended for physical education. In the houses of wealthy slave owners, the rooms were plastered and covered with paintings. On the southeastern outskirts of Phanagoria, there was a quarter of potters. The inhabitants of Phanagoria and nearby villages were engaged in agriculture. They plowed with a heavy wooden plow in a team of bulls. There were iron hoes and sickles. They sown mainly wheat, but also barley and millet. Gardens were cultivated around the city, in which pears, apples, plums were grown. Cherry plum. There were vineyards on the hills surrounding Phanagoria. A large number of fish were caught in the strait and the seas, sturgeons were especially famous, which were exported to Greece, where they were highly valued.

Phanagoria had two harbors - one sea harbor, where ships arrived from Greece moored, and the second - a river one on one of the branches of the Kuban. From here, ships loaded with goods sailed up the Kuban to the Meotian lands. AT IV century AD, Phanagoria survived a catastrophe - a significant part of the city was destroyed and burned. The city was destroyed during the invasion of nomads - the Huns.

Questions and tasks

1. Where was the Bosporan kingdom located?

2. Name the capital and second largest city.

3. What was Phanagoria?

It is interesting

Phanagoria

The Bosporus state was at one time the largest Greek state formation in the Northern Black Sea region. It was located on both sides of the Cimmerian Bosporus, now the Kerch Strait and occupied its European part (Eastern Crimea, including Feodosia, and the entire Kerch Peninsula) and the Asian part (Taman Peninsula and adjacent territories up to the foothills of the North Caucasus, as well as the area of the mouth of the Tanais River - Don). Phanagoria was one of the largest cities of the Bosporus kingdom. She at that time had her own acropolis or fortress, burned down during the uprising of the Phanagorians against Mithridates. After the victory of the townspeople and the death of Mithridates VI Phanagoria received autonomously under the pressure of Rome, as it contributed to the death of the enemy of the Romans and the establishment of the influence of the latter in the Bosporus, but the son of Mithridates VI Farnak near the middle I in. BC e. besieged and destroyed the city. During the struggle of Queen Dina with Roman influence in the Bosporus, Phanagoria took the side of the queen. Rome was forced to recognize the new Bosporan dynasty, and Dynamia, in turn, as a sign of loyalty to Rome, renamed about 17-12 years. BC e. Phanagoria to Agrippia. At the beginning of our era, three wineries were built among residential areas - cemented or stone platforms for squeezing grape juice. The grapes were crushed with their feet, and the remaining pulp was additionally squeezed out in bags or baskets.

The cultivation of grapes and the sale of wine were important types of Phanagoria's economy, as well as Panticapaeum and other cities of the Bosporus. It is about this period that Strabo writes that the vine is carefully guarded in the Bosporus, closing it for the winter with a large amount of land, which suggests the cultivation of special creeping grape varieties here.

III in. n. e. on the site of public buildings in the city center there is a winery, from which the remains of two cisterns (reservoirs) for draining the squeezed juice have been preserved. It is interesting that initially local varieties of grapes were cultivated in the Northern Black Sea region, and at the beginning of AD. e. as a result of selection and importation from Greece, grapes with larger seeds and berries appear here. It must be assumed that the cultivation of grapes was carried out mainly on lands located near the Greek cities.

IV in. AD Phanagoria still remains a large city, while many cities of the Bosporus were ravaged by the Goths. At the end IV in. The Huns invaded the Bosporus. The first wave went west, and the second, rounding the Sea of Azov from the east, attacked Phanagoria. Since that time, the Bosporan state ceased to exist, but the ruined city was restored. Excavations have hidden the remains of structures 5th - 10th centuries

In the Middle Ages, the ancient Russian principality of Tmutarakan was located on the Taman Peninsula. In 965, the Kyiv prince Svyatoslav attacked the Khazars, who lived along the Donets and Don, after which the former lands of the Bosporus kingdom became a colony of Kyiv. The son of Svyatoslav Vladimir, baptized in the Crimean Chersonese, divided his lands between 12 sons, accustomed in paganism, so that together with them they would get away from themselves and their former wives. One of the younger sons - Mstislav - got a distant Tomatorkan

(Greek "Tamatarkha" on the site of the current village of Taman, 23 km from Sennoy). After the death of Vladimir in 1015, the inheritance of Mstislav became a separate principality, which broke ties with its metropolis. She maintained this position for about 100 years, and then she was conquered by the Adygs. The Byzantines and Venetians traded here, but in 1395 the city was thoroughly defeated by the troops of the Mongol Khan Tamerlane (Timur), and in 1486. - Muslim troops. Thus passed the earthly glory of Phanagoria.

4.5. Tmutarakan Principality

In the 10th century, according to chroniclers, Prince Vladimir of Kyiv founded on the Taman Peninsula Tmutarakan principality. The city was the center Tmutarakan. In the city there was a princely house, many beautiful buildings, some of them were decorated with marble, a church built of stone towered. Most of the Tmutarakans lived in mud-brick houses covered with sea grass. Some streets were paved with stone. The city was protected by defensive walls. Behind them were craftsmen's quarters. The inhabitants of Tmutarakan were engaged in crafts, trade, agriculture and fishing. The city itself was located on the shores of a good sea harbor, connecting water and land routes from the east and west. Kievan Rus used them for lively trade with the peoples of the North Caucasus. Merchant boats brought furs, leather and bread here, and returned back along the Black Sea and the Dnieper, loaded with fabrics, jewelry, glassware and weapons prepared in the workshops of oriental artisans.

As the feudal fragmentation and weakening of the ancient Russian state, the position of the principality in the Kuban also changed. It became the subject of a struggle between pretenders to the throne of Kyiv. So, the envoy of the Byzantine emperor, taking advantage of the gullibility of the Tmutarakan prince, entered his house and poisoned him. Another prince was captured by the Byzantines, he was kept for two years on the island of Rhodes in the Mediterranean Sea. However, the insidious neighbor of Russia managed to capture Tmutarakan only in the middle of the 10th century. II century, when Kievan Rus was fragmented into warring principalities. Subsequently, the Polovtsians took over the principality.

Questions and tasks

1. Visit the local history museum. Get acquainted with the material on the history of our region, related to 10th-12th centuries

2. Where was the Tmutarakan principality located? What is the relationship between the history of Tmutarakan and the history of the Kievan state?

Legends and were the Black Sea

Pearl of Gorgippia

Gorgippia in ancient times was called Anapa. The greatest of the commanders of antiquity, Iskander (Iskander was called on), had a military leader who combined courage, high military leadership and nobility. Iskander sent him on the most difficult campaigns, and they always ended in victory. So it was in the last battle. But here Iskander's favorite was seriously wounded and soon died, leaving his wife and son. Iskander did everything so that the wife of the deceased did not need anything, and he adopted the young Konstantin and personally took care of his upbringing.

Young Konstantin could not be reproached for his lack of courage. But to a greater extent, he inherited nobility from his own father, intelligence from his adoptive father, and tenderness from his mother. Iskander saw in his adopted son not a warrior, but a politician and picked up the appropriate case for him. He sent him to the northern shores of the Black Sea in Gorgippia in order to get in touch with the northern peoples, establish trade with them and ensure a wide flow of necessary goods from there. Constantine arrived in Gorgippia surrounded by a retinue of magnificent servants, accompanied by a detachment of brilliant warriors. This made a strong impression in Gorgippia. The leaders of both the nearest and the most distant tribes sought to see the messenger of the great Iskander. Constantine generously showered everyone with gifts and won universal respect. From the northern shores of the Black Sea, bread, honey, timber, furs, wool, and leather went to Iskander's empire.

Konstantin received a lot of reciprocal signs of attention from the local nobility. One of the leaders of the Dzih tribe presented him with five young slaves as a gift. They were more beautiful than one another. According to Konstantin himself, the young Russian princess Elena was distinguished by divine beauty.

Having accepted the gift, Konstantin secretly granted freedom to the four captives and helped them return to their homes. He left Elena with him, creating for her conditions worthy not of a slave, but of a mistress. The girl reacted to this more than indifferently. Yearning for her home, she did not notice the favorable attitude of the new owner towards her. The beauty of Konstantin himself, who was admired by others, did not touch her either.

- You, as before, are dissatisfied, Konstantin once told her.

- Tell me, Elena, what do you miss? Everything will be for you!

Frowning, not raising her eyes, Elena remained silent.

- I'm not a slave trader. I do not and will not have a harem. Four of your girlfriends are already at large,” Konstantin continued. “You are here with me because I don’t want, I can’t lose you.

Elena's face expressed despair, tears rolled from her eyes.

- Forgive me, Elena. It's not my fault that we met like this. But I love you and I'm ready to prove ...

- Love? - interrupted Elena. Are you ready to prove? Then do with me the same as with your friends. Let go home. Come visit and talk about love there. And now I am a slave, and you are a master who can do anything. I do not believe…

“I love you,” Konstantin repeated. - I do not think of love without reciprocity. I can't imagine life without you. What can I do to make you believe my love? Order...

For the first time, Elena glanced furtively at Konstantin. Yes, he is handsome. However, she responded:

- I already said...

Sighing, Konstantin bowed and left.

Then a messenger arrived from Alexandria brought him Iskander's challenge. Konstantin left. The father greeted him with a smile.

- I am pleased with your success and intend to encourage you, - he said to his son, - Ask for whatever you want, Konstantin.

- Thank you, father, - replied Konstantin. - Such a high assessment of what I have done, your truly divine generosity is the highest reward for me. I don't need another.

But I wouldn't mind your advice...

And Konstantin told Iskander about his feelings for the Russian slave Elena and his desire to achieve reciprocity from her. After listening to a frank story, Iskander thought about it, then said:

- Build for her at the place of the first meeting a palace of such beauty that, upon entering it, your Elena will answer "I love you."

Constantine returned to Gorgippia with a caravan of ships loaded with precious building materials for the palace of love.

Arriving in Gorgippia, Constantine found Elena even more beautiful. The construction of the palace began without delay.

When Constantine brought the one in whose honor it was erected into the pentagonal palace, built of marble and trimmed with yahont, emerald and turquoise, a miracle happened. As soon as she crossed the threshold, Elena was transformed. Sadness and detachment disappeared, the face lit up with a smile, eyes flashed with delight. She mechanically held out her hand to Konstantin and said, as if the mutual love between them was not a beginning, but a continuation:

_ You love... Oh, how you love me!...

Konstantin and Elena did not live long where they met. They ended their journey in Alexandria. The pentagonal palace became the pearl of Gorgoppia, later renamed Anapa. They say that when, many centuries later, Timur the Iron Leg, having destroyed seven hundred cities of the Caucasus to the ground, went to the sea and captured Anapa, the beauty of the palace struck him. For the first time, Timur's hand that did not know pity did not rise to the building, overshadowed by high love and nobility. He bowed to him and left him untouched. The palace disappeared later, in the year of the fiercest battles for Anapa. But the legend of the palace, which is a hymn to the beauty of the Russian girl Elena, is still alive today.

4.6. Who are the Cossacks

Most of the modern cities and villages of the region were founded by Cossack settlers. Places for the first 40 villages were determined by lot, and the names of most of them were brought by the Cossacks from Ukraine, where they were made from the names of famous Cossacks (Titarovskaya, Vasyurinskaya, Myshastovskaya) or from the names of cities: Poltava (Poltava), Korsunskaya (city . Korsun).

One of the first villages was named Ekaterininsky. He was destined to become the capital of the Cossack region. According to legend, the military ataman Zakhary Chepega, pointing with his hand at the thorny thickets near the Karasun Kut, exclaimed: “To be here hail!”

Among some peoples, the armed protection of borders is entrusted to special groups of the population. In Russia they are called Cossacks. Scientists believe that the very word "Cossack" is borrowed from the Turkic languages, where "Cossack" means "free man". In the Middle Ages, this was the name given to free people who served as scouts or guarded the borders in Russia. The earliest group of Russian Cossacks formed in XVI century on the Don from runaway Russian and Ukrainian peasants. In the future, the Cossack communities developed in different ways. On the one hand, they fled to the outskirts of the state from serfdom, on the other hand, they arose by royal decree to protect the borders of the empire. By 1917, there were 11 Cossack troops in Russia: Amur, Astrakhan, Don, Transbaikal, Kuban, Orenburg, Semirechensk, Siberian, Tersk, Ural and Ussuri.

Groups of Cossacks, as a result of contacts with the local non-Russian population, differed from each other in the peculiarities of the language, way of life, and form of housekeeping. At the same time, all the Cossacks had something in common that set them apart from other Russians. This allows us to speak of the Cossacks as one of the Russian sub-ethnic groups ("sub-peoples").