Kach adjectives. Qualitative and relative adjectives

QUALITY

QUALITY

a set of properties, features of products, goods, services, works, labor, which determine their ability to satisfy the needs and demands of people, to meet their purpose and requirements. Quality is determined by the measure of compliance of goods, works, services with the conditions and requirements of standards, agreements, contracts, consumer requests. It is customary to distinguish between the quality of products, work, labor, materials, goods, services.

Raizberg B.A., Lozovsky L.Sh., Starodubtseva E.B.. Modern economic dictionary. - 2nd ed., corrected. Moscow: INFRA-M. 479 p.. 1999 .

Economic dictionary. 2000 .

Synonyms:

See what "QUALITY" is in other dictionaries:

quality- A set of characteristics of an object related to its ability to satisfy stated and implied needs. Notes 1 When entering into a contract or in a regulated environment, for example, in the field of nuclear safety ... ... Technical Translator's Handbook

Philos. a category that reflects the essential certainty of things and phenomena of the real world. Philos. the concept of "K." does not coincide with the use of this term, when it means the high value and usefulness of a thing. Quality…… Philosophical Encyclopedia

QUALITY, quality, cf. 1. only units That which makes an object what it is; one of the main logical categories, which is the definition of an object according to the characteristics that characterize it, inherent in it (philosophical). Something stops... Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov

AND NUMBER philosophical categories, first analyzed in this status by Aristotle in ‘Categories’ and ‘Topeka’. Aristotle attributed four possible contexts to quality (a predicament that answers the question ‘what?’): the presence of either ... ... History of Philosophy: Encyclopedia

QUALITY. The word quality in folk dialects means dignity and vice. For example, in N. I. Naumov’s essays “In the Forgotten Land”: “And this headman, Miron Antonych, is an intelligent man, in full capacity ...” (Naumov, p. 40). L. Tolstoy in the title of the play ... The history of words

Quality- the degree that determines the totality of opportunities to satisfy their needs. [Kruglova N. Yu. “Economic law. Tutorial". 2nd ed. M .: Publishing house RDL, 2001] Quality is a set of characteristics of an object related to its ... ... Encyclopedia of terms, definitions and explanations of building materials

Property, character, temper, flight, cut, tailoring, genus, coinage; quality factor, sample, brand, grade, qualification; aroma, bouquet, printing, color, coloring; peculiarity. The man of the old school. Old style landowner. Average restaurant. High-flying lady... Synonym dictionary

Quality- Quality ♦ Qualité That which answers the question “what?”. For example: “he is big and strong; he is very nice and a little stupid, etc.” All this is the essence of quality, and from this it is clearly seen that in philosophy the concept of quality does not necessarily mean ... ... Philosophical Dictionary of Sponville

Wed property or belonging, all that constitutes the essence of a person or thing. Quantity means count, weight and measure, to the question how much: quality, to the question what, explains the kindness, color and other properties of the object. The people understand the quality of a person in ... ... Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary

A philosophical category that expresses the essential certainty of an object, due to which it is precisely this and not another. Quality is a characteristic of objects that is found in the totality of their properties. See Transition of quantitative changes in ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

Books

• Quality and Application of Aviation Fuels and Oils, Papok K.K. The quality and use of jet fuels and oils Reproduced in the original author's spelling of the 1938 edition (Publishing House `Aeroflot`). AT…
• The quality of life of Russian citizens and its impact on political and economic preferences, Averin Yu.N. The quality of life of Russian citizens and its impact on political and economic preferences. ISBN:978-5-19-010853-8…

What makes a person's speech (even written, even oral) the most understandable? Without what would she be poor and inexpressive? Of course, no adjectives. For example, if you read the word "forest" in the text without definitions, you will never understand which one is meant. After all, it can be coniferous, deciduous or mixed, winter, spring, summer or autumn. The Russian language is great. A qualitative adjective is a direct confirmation of this. In order to vividly and accurately represent any picture, we need this wonderful part of speech.

Meaning and main features

An adjective is a name that indicates a sign of an object, that is, its properties, which contain a characteristic of quality, quantity, belonging. For example, they give a definition by color, taste, smell; denote an assessment of the phenomenon, its nature, etc. Usually, questions are asked to it: what (th, -th)? what is (-a, -o)? whose (-s, -e)? This is a significant (independent) part of speech.

Grammar includes:

• variability by gender (for example, red is masculine, yellow is feminine, green is neuter);
• declension by cases (check: nominative - sandy, genitive - iron, dative - morning; instrumental - evening; prepositional - about night);
• the possibility of a short form and degree of comparison (qualitative adjectives);
• variability by numbers (for example, blue - singular, blue - plural).

Syntactic role

• The most common position for an adjective in a sentence is a definition. It most often depends on the noun and is fully consistent with it. Consider the sentence: There were deep footprints in the snow. Traces (what?) are deep. An adjective is a definition that depends on the subject expressed by the noun. Graphically indicated
• The ability allows the adjective to be the main member of the sentence - the subject. ( for example: The patient was admitted to the hospital in serious condition.)
• Quite often, what adjectives are found in the composition of the predicate in the form of a nominal part? Quality in a nutshell. ( Compare: He was weak from illness. - The boy was weak. In the first case, the main member is the verb, in the second - the adjective in the compound nominal predicate.)

Adjectives: qualitative, relative, possessive

This part of speech has three categories, differing both in form and in meaning. Consider all their features for comparison in the table.

quality	relative	Possessive
This feature of the subject has a different degree of manifestation in it. One may be redder or whiter, while the other may be smaller or larger. Only they can compose phrases with such adverbs as "not enough" and "extremely", "very" and "unusually", "too". Able to have a short form: strong, invincible, glorious. Only qualitative adjectives can form degrees of comparison. Examples: nicer, kindest, tallest. Compound words can be obtained from them by repetition: cute-cute, blue-blue.	The attribute they designate does not contain a greater or lesser degree, like qualitative adjectives. Examples: one nail cannot be ironer than another, and there is no single clay pot in the world. They indicate the material of which the object is made or consists: a wooden floor, a sandy shore, a golden decoration. Show location or proximity to something: seaside. Evidence of time: February blizzards, evening promenade, the year before last. The quantity is determined: a three-year-old child, a one and a half meter pointer. Reveal the purpose of the item: sewing machine, regular bus, cargo platform. They do not have a short form and degrees of comparison.	Indicate that someone or something belongs to this item. If a fox has a tail, then it is a fox, the hat can be grandmother's or father's. The main distinguishing feature is the question "whose"?

Quality varies

It is worth dwelling in more detail on the most flexible definitions in use and word formation, which are known as qualitative adjectives. The examples of their meanings are extraordinarily varied. They may indicate:

• on the shape of the object: multifaceted, round, angular;
• its size: tall, wide, huge;
• color: orange, dark green, purple;
• smell: stinking, fragrant, odorous;
• temperature: cold, warm, hot;
• the level and characteristics of the sound: quiet, loud, booming;
• overall assessment: necessary, useful, unimportant.

Additional exclusivity

There are other distinguishing features that you need to know in order not to confuse qualitative, relative and possessive adjectives. So, the first of them have features:

• the formation of new words using the prefix "not": a sad person, an expensive product; or diminutive suffixes: gray - gray - grayish;
• the possibility of selecting synonyms: cheerful - joyful; bright - brilliant; antonyms: cold - hot, evil - kind;
• adverbs in -o, -e originate from quality adjectives: white - white, tender - gently.

More about degrees of comparison

They also have only qualitative adjectives. Examples of the formation of a simple comparative degree: more visible, darker, longer. A compound comparative degree is a phrase: “less” or “more” is added to the adjective: less hard, softer.

The superlative degree is called so because it indicates the predominance of a feature in one object over other similar ones. It can be simple: it is a formation with the help of suffixes -eysh-, -aysh-. For example: the most faithful, the lowest. And compound: the adjective is used in combination with the word "most": the most wonderful, the deepest.

Can adjectives change their rank?

And again, it is worth remembering the broad abilities of the Russian language. Everything is possible in it. Therefore, there is nothing surprising in the fact that qualitative, relative and possessive adjectives in a certain context change their meaning by category.

For example, in the phrase "glass beads" everyone understands that we are talking about beads made of glass. But "glass arguments" - this is already a metaphor, these are completely fragile, fragile arguments. We can conclude: the relative adjective (the first example) turned into a qualitative one (the second).

If we compare the expressions “fox hole” and “fox character”, then we can see how the belonging of animal housing turns into the quality of human nature, which means that the possessive adjective has become qualitative.

Take for example two more phrases: “hare footprint” and “hare hat”. The prints of the little animal are not at all like the headdress from it. As you can see, a possessive adjective can turn into a relative one.

Non-sour, good, soulful, epochal, suitable, excellent, high-quality, benign, first-class, first-class, quality, brand, first-class, first-class, vintage, sensual, first-class, good-quality, legal, ... ... Synonym dictionary

QUALITY, quality, quality (book). adj. to quality in 1 and 3 values. Qualitative definition of the object. Production must rise not only in quantity but also in quality. qualitative differences. Qualitative… … Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov

qualitative- High-quality, the wide use of this adjective in the meaning of “having high quality” (quality sneakers or quality material) is not a literary norm, and if such pearls are possible in conversation, then in literary speech we ... Dictionary of Russian language errors

qualitative- valid valid - [English-Russian glossary of basic terms on vaccinology and immunization. World Health Organization, 2009] Topics vaccinology, immunization Synonyms valid valid EN valid … Technical Translator's Handbook

App., use. comp. often Morphology: high-quality and high-quality, high-quality, high-quality, high-quality; better; nar. Qualitatively 1. Qualitative is what is related to quality. Qualitative differences. | Tourism business for ... ... Dictionary of Dmitriev

qualitative- to achieve a qualitative increase in possession, began to make a qualitative leap action ... Verbal compatibility of non-objective names

qualitative- kokybiškas statusas T sritis automatika atitikmenys: engl. flawless vok. fehlerfrei; fehlerlos rus. defect-free; quality pranc. de qualité … Automatikos terminų žodynas

I adj. 1. ratio with noun. quality II associated with it 2. Inherent in quality [quality II], characteristic of it. 3. unfold High quality [quality II]. II adj. Denoting quality II or property of an object (in linguistics). ... ... Modern explanatory dictionary of the Russian language Efremova

Quality, quality, quality, quality, quality, quality, quality, quality, quality, quality, quality, quality, quality, quality, quality, quality, quality, quality, ... ... Word forms

Books

• , Yu. Ya. Kharitonov. The textbook has been prepared in accordance with the federal state educational standard of the third generation. The book outlines the general theoretical foundations of analytical chemistry and qualitative ...
• Analytical chemistry. Analytics 1. General theoretical foundations. Qualitative analysis. Textbook, Kharitonov Yuri Yakovlevich. The textbook has been prepared in accordance with the federal state educational standard of the third generation. The book outlines the general theoretical foundations of analytical chemistry and qualitative ...

Educational Establishment "Brest State University named after A.S. Pushkin

Department of General and

Russian linguistics

TRANSITION OF RELATIVE AND

POSSESSIVE ADJECTS

IN QUALITATIVE

Course work

student 3rd year

Specialties: Russian language and literature.

Foreign language (Polish).

Faculty of Philology

Supervisor:

Brest, 2010

Introduction

Chapter 1. Adjective. general characteristics

Chapter 2. Qualitative adjectives

2.1. Full and short adjectives

2.2. Formation of short forms of quality adjectives

Chapter 3

3.1 Possessive adjectives

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Conclusion

Bibliography

INTRODUCTION

The topic of my term paper is “The transition of relative and possessive adjectives into qualitative ones”. The Russian language is constantly changing and replenishing with more and more new words, the meanings of already known words are expanding, because. they begin to be used to refer to other objects, signs, actions. In this case, we can talk about the active way of replenishing the vocabulary, i.e. transition of words from other categories. The problem of the transition of words from one category to another is covered in detail in the works of V. V. Vinogradov, L. V. Shcherba, Valgina N. S.; A. I. Smirnitsky, B. A. Serebrennikov. The transition of relative and possessive adjectives into qualitative adjectives is still a complex, not completely resolved and rather debatable problem. Thus, the relevance of the undertaken study is due to the fact that, based on the rich experience in studying parts of speech accumulated in domestic and foreign linguistics, an attempt is made to organically complement traditional and new concepts, primarily from a cognitive point of view, on the ontological properties of parts of speech, their formation, as well as on the basis of their allocation. From the same positions, a new relation of concepts reflecting the essence of lexico-grammatical transitivity is substantiated.

The linguistic causes of transitivity phenomena include the following:

1) the absence in the language of the necessary words and structures to express thoughts;

2) the desire to save language resources; 3) multidimensionality of language units; 4) the need for differentiation of semantic connections and relationships;

5) semantic capacity of syncretic formations; 6) the need for the very structure of the language.

Object of study is the system of parts of speech as a special system of forms and categories of the Russian language.

Subject of study are the processes of lexical and grammatical transition of relative and possessive adjectives into qualitative ones.

aim research is the description of the conditions of lexico-grammatical transitivity and transposition, the identification of patterns of change in semantic-grammatical properties as a result of their transition from one part of speech to adverbs.

The main goal predetermined the formulation and solution of the following research objectives :

1) Study the literature that reveals the issue of transition.

2) To identify the features of the transition of adjectives existing in Russian.

3) generalize and comprehend the meaning of transitivity, describe systemic changes in the sphere of parts of speech of the Russian language.

Research methods , which were used by me when writing a term paper (theoretical and empirical):

Study, analysis;

Quantitative method (to clarify the number of motivators of various parts of speech and scope of use);

Classification of the studied material, induction and deduction;

The main method in working on the material is descriptive, which is realized in the methods of comparison, generalization, interpretation and classification of the units under study.

The scientific novelty of the study is determined by the fact that within the framework of established theories, for the first time, the essence of the phenomenon of lexico-grammatical transitivity and the relationship of parts of speech is clarified, and the relationship between the phenomena of lexico-grammatical transitivity and transposition is shown.

Research material - a card file obtained by the method of continuous sampling from various sources. In the course of the study, we turned to the grammars and dictionaries of the modern Russian literary language: "Grammar of the modern Russian literary language" (1970), "Russian Grammar" (1980), "Derivational Dictionary of the Russian Language" by A. N. Tikhonov, "Explanatory Dictionary of Word-Building Units of the Russian language” by T. F. Efremova (TSSERYA), “Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language” by M. Fasmer, “Dictionary of the Russian Language” edited by A. P. Evgenyeva (MAS), “Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language” by S. I. Ozhegov.

The theoretical value of the work is:

1) in identifying the patterns of formation of classes of words, their interaction with each other;

2) in substantiating part-of-speech relationships at the level of lexical (group) categorical-grammatical meanings and meanings of individual word forms.

The study shows the mechanisms of recategorization, i.e. neutralization of some categorical features and actualization of others, resulting in a rethinking of the already known categorical meaning of the word, bringing it under a new lexico-grammatical category.

CHAPTER 1. ADJECTIVE NAME. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS

Adjective- this is a part of speech that expresses the general categorical meaning of an attribute of an object in the form of a grammatical dependence on a noun (a good student, the thought is interesting, the run was fast). Adjectives denote the attribute of objects directly or through the relationship of these objects to other objects.

On this basis, all names are divided into two groups: quality adjectives (high house) and relative adjectives (stone house). The composition of relative adjectives includes a subgroup of possessive ones, denoting the belonging of an object to any person, from whose name this adjective is formed (grandfather's house - from grandfather, sisters' scarf from sister).

Qualitative and relative adjectives in modern Russian are not closed groups. The grammatical boundary between them is mobile, since the semantic features that make it possible to distinguish one category of adjectives from another undergo changes.

Almost all relative adjectives have a connotation of quality in their meaning, which, as a result of certain reasons, sometimes develops into an independent meaning. For example, relative adjectives golden, iron, stone, steel, wooden, fraternal, cool, theatrical, concert and many others can be used both in their main meaning of relative adjectives (golden bracelet, iron lattice, stone house, wooden fence) and in the meaning of quality adjectives (golden character, iron will, stony face, wooden voice). Relative adjectives, passing into the category of quality adjectives, sometimes (as a phenomenon of an individual author's style) acquire morphological features of the latter, for example, a short form: “We write that the day was golden »; degree of comparison: "His gait became more and more wooden."

Choosing the main principle for classification, linguists distinguish the adjective in different ways. There are different approaches to the study of adjective vocabulary in domestic and foreign linguistics. Domestic scientists dealing with the problems of the English language (E.M. Wolf, I.P. Ivanova, L.A. Komleva, L.A. Kulikovskaya) distinguish relative adjectives and qualitative adjectives. So, E.M. Wolf notes that the most traditional classification of adjectives as lexical units is their division into qualitative and relative ones. Between qualitative and relative, as between any syntactic subclasses, there is no impenetrable boundary. In Russian linguistics, adjectives are considered from the point of view of semantic and grammatical. But the semantic criterion comes to the fore. According to VV Vinogradov, the semantic basis of adjectives is quality. He divides the adjective of the Russian language into qualitative and relative ones, including possessive ones.

The relevance of the study is associated with the ever-increasing interest of modern linguistic science in the systematic study of vocabulary.

The organization of the lexico-semantic system is subject to the general principle of the organization of the system through relations and connections between their elements. A system is a set of interrelated elements, a structure is a connection between elements in a system. A systematic approach to the study of vocabulary involves the identification of links between the elements of the lexico-semantic system. The paper systematizes and comprehensively characterizes the means of the English language involved in the transfer of the category of quality by genetically relative adjectives.

The object of the study is the grammatical, word-building, functional, semantic means of the English language, which determine the qualitative status of genetically relative adjectives, leading to the formation of qualitatively relative adjectives.

The aim of the work is to clarify the main semantic, structural-morphological, functional and systemic characteristics of qualitative-relative adjectives and the formation of the lexical-semantic field of qualitative-relative adjectives.

In accordance with the goal, the scope of tasks includes:

1. Determination of the general semantic boundaries of the lexical-semantic field of qualitative-relative adjectives, as well as its content plan and expression plan.

2. Description of the structure of the lexical-semantic field of qualitative-relative adjectives, determination of its structural type, selection of its constituent microfields and their distribution in the structure of the macrofield.

3. Characteristics of the functioning of the lexico-semantic field of relative adjectives in speech (analysis of patterns and interaction with elements of the surrounding context in the transfer of semantic variants of quality underlying each microfield).

The solution of the tasks set is carried out using a complex research methodology, which is based on field structuring methods and elements of quantitative calculation, as well as component, definitional and contextual analysis. At separate stages of the study, elements of distributive and transformational methods of analysis are used. Throughout the work, the method of comparing dictionary definitions is used to ensure the reliability of the data obtained. The working material is subjected to generalization and classification and analyzed using the deduction method.

CHAPTER 2. QUALITATIVE ADJECTS

Qualitative adjectives include:

1. Denoting properties and qualities perceived by the senses (salty, fragrant, cold, warm, soft, hard );

3. Internal and external qualities and properties of a person and animals (pleasant, kind, evil, bad, smart);

4. Spatial relations, size, size (spacious, narrow, high, short);

The characteristics of quality adjectives are as follows:

1. The presence of not only full, but also short forms (beautiful-beautiful, beautiful, beautiful);

2. The presence of degrees of comparison (brave-brave, bravest);

3. The possibility of forming diminutive, caressing and magnifying forms expressing the degree of quality (red-reddish, red, blushing);

4. The possibility of forming abstract nouns with suffixes -ost, -is, -from, -izna (strictness, briskness, freshness, deafness, blueness);

5. The possibility of forming adverbs in -o, -e (pure-pure, white-white);

6. The possibility of forming antonymous pairs (young - old, white - black). The totality of these grammatical features distinguishes qualitative adjectives from relative and possessive ones, which are not characterized by any of these features. However, not all and high-quality adjectives have these features, and nevertheless, sometimes one of these features is enough to attribute the adjective to this category.

2.1 FULL AND SHORT ADJECTS

Qualitative adjectives can have 2 forms - full and short: high-high, high-high. Historically, short forms of adjectives are primary, since in ancient times adjectives had only a short form. In the Old Russian language, short adjectives were declined and freely used both in the role of a predicate and in the role of a definition. Their change in cases coincided with the declension of nouns. Over time, short adjectives have lost their nominal declension and their attributive function. The remains of indirect cases of short adjectives have been preserved in modern Russian in separate expressions: in broad daylight, in broad daylight, in the blue of the sea.

Truncated adjectives should be distinguished from short adjectives, formed by cutting off the final vowel of inflection of the full form and used due to certain requirements of rhyme and rhythm in the poetic language of the 18-19th century. For example, in V.A. Zhukovsky: “the scolding is terrible, the hymns are victorious”; in A.S. Pushkin: " black curls, bright groves, insidious eyes". Nowadays, truncated adjectives are formed extremely rarely. Truncated adjectives differ from short form adjectives in that they answer the question what? and in the sentence act as a definition.

2.2 FORMATION OF SHORT FORMS OF QUALITATIVE ADJECTS

Short forms of adjectives are formed by adding the following generic endings in the singular to the stem:

1.in m.r. −zero ending (high, good, old, new, expensive, beautiful).

2. in zh.r. − endings -а, -я (high, good, old, new, beautiful);

3.cf. - endings -o, e (high, good, beautiful).

Some adjectives have a short form na -nen (timely, fiery, valuable, inclined).

In short forms of m.r., formed by means of the suffixes -k- and -n-, a fluent vowel appears - o- or -e- (bell, sticky, low, sweet).

The formation of short forms of adjectives in NSL is limited. Many qualitative adjectives do not form short forms at all. The short form is peculiar only to adjectives that name qualities associated in their manifestation with a certain time moment. Adjectives denoting a constant feature of nouns usually do not form a short form.

CHAPTER 3. RELATIVE ADJECTS

Relative adjectives designate the features of objects according to their various relationships to other objects (Sunday rest, newspaper information, annual report). Relative adjectives, derived from adverbs of place and time, also express an attitude to place and time (local resident, yesterday's dinner, old acquaintance).

Adjectives in speech are closely related to the names of objects, i.e. nouns, and are used as their definitions, for example (fresh bread, dark night), and as nominal predicates, for example (fresh bread, dark night). , materials (nylon jacket - made of nylon), temporal or spatial reference points (yesterday's visitor, Siberian choir). A relative sign cannot change its intensity, therefore, combinations of relative adjectives with adverbs of measure and degree are impossible. (You can't say "quite a reading room".

3.1 Possessive adjectives

Possessive adjectives are characterized by a number of formal and semantic features that distinguish this group from other lexico-grammatical groups of adjectives. If qualitative and relative adjectives answer the question "what?", then for possessives there is a special interrogative word "whose?".

From a semantic-syntactic point of view, possessive adjectives are synonymous with constructions with the meaning of possession; cf. Petya's book = a book that belongs to Petya; fox hole = a hole owned by a fox. Possessive adjectives are characterized by special derivational suffixes -in-, -ov-, -ev-, (mother, fathers, Igorev)

The boundary between the lexico-grammatical groups of adjectives is mobile. One and the same adjective can be relative in its basic meaning, but qualitative in its figurative meaning, and vice versa. Thus, relative adjectives can acquire a qualitative meaning; cf. stone house - "made of stone" and stone heart - "ruthless". Many relative adjectives with the suffix -sk- can also be used in a possessive sense (at the same time, they do not turn into possessive ones).

Possessive adjectives are quite often examined in a relative sense; cf. "fox hole" (possessive meaning), "fox coat" (relative meaning). The manifestation of the qualitative meaning of possessive adjectives is possible; cf. "Fox hole" - belonging to a fox (possessive meaning); "Fox cunning" - sophisticated (qualitative value).

The boundary between qualitative and relative adjectives is largely conditional and inconsistent. Relative adjectives easily develop qualitative meanings. The meaning of subject relations in relative adjectives begins to be combined with the meaning of a qualitative assessment of these relations. That. the same adjective in different conditions of speech can be both relative and qualitative. So, the word "gold" as a relative adjective means "containing gold, made of gold (golden ring, gold currency, gold mines). This also has a number of purely qualitative meanings: “the color is similar to gold” (golden curls); “beautiful, remarkable in its inner virtues” (golden heart). The adjective “ideological” as a relative means “associated with ideas, related to ideas” (ideological struggle, ideological influence); passing into the class of qualitative adjectives, this word takes on the meaning “permeated with a positive idea, guided by firm positive principles” (ideological literature, ideological art ). The adjective "iron", "steel", being relative, means "pertaining to iron, steel"; "made of iron, steel". The same adjectives, acquiring a qualitative-evaluative meaning, mean “hard, like steel, like iron, unshakable, strong. Wed also relative and qualitative meanings of the same adjectives in combinations: wolf ice and wolf appetite, wooden fence and wooden voice, mental illness and a spiritual person, art gallery and art appearance, music school and musical child. Receiving the meaning of qualitative adjectives, relative adjectives can acquire the corresponding grammatical features. It becomes possible:

1. Formation from these adjective short forms:

"The Kremlin is sleepless, and its walls are calling to work and hurry."

2. Formation of degrees of comparison:

"A vain reflection of the life of the former, She was even deader."

3. The formation of adverbs in -o-, -e-, as well as forms of comparative degree from such adverbs, for example: superficially (get to know more superficially, speak theatrically.

4. A combination of an adjective with an adverb indicating a greater or lesser degree of quality.

“The secretary of the city committee ... will try to ensure that its leaders show a completely state and party attitude to the needs of construction.

However, in most cases, relative adjectives, passing into the category of qualitative ones, retain their grammatical features.

CHAPTER 4. QUALITATIVE-RELATIVE ADJECTIVES IN LINGUISTIC LIGHTING

Qualitatively-relative adjectives are characterized at the semantic level by the meaning of signification, at the syntactic level by the function of definition or predicate, at the morphological level by the possible presence of forms of agreement and degrees of comparison. In grammar, adjectives are distinguished on the basis of grammatical meaning, grammatical form, and syntactic function.

The purpose of this section is to consider the main types of adjectives: qualitative, relative and qualitative-relative, which are considered an intermediate class between relative and qualitative. The most common is the division of adjectives into qualitative relatives. This classification goes back to ancient tradition. This division is reflected in the definition of the adjective. An adjective denotes either a qualitative attribute of an object, outside of its relationship to other objects, or a relative attribute, denoting the property of an object through its relation to another object, attribute or event. In traditional grammar, adjectives are usually divided into qualitative and relative. Russian grammar traditionally distinguishes between qualitative, relative and possessive adjectives.

Qualitative adjectives denote signs of objects and events that are embedded in the things themselves; they can denote the properties and qualities of objects directly perceived by the senses, including the colors of objects, spatial qualities, physical qualities of people and animals.

Relative adjectives express the quality, property, attribute of something defined by indicating the relationship to another object. The Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary gives the following definition: “The meaning of a relative adjective is the relationship established between an object (or attribute) and another object, the attribute of which is indicated by the adjective.” Relative adjectives, if they denote a certain feature, it is only not one that could be graded, therefore they do not have degrees of comparison and are not combined with an intensifier.

It is believed that relative adjectives are derivative units, and qualitative ones are simple words that directly name the attribute, property, quality of the object, thus the main criterion is the method of nominating the attribute: direct or indirect (indirect).

CHAPTER 5

When using an adjective in a figurative sense, its belonging to the lexico-grammatical category often changes.

The most productive in modern Russian is the transition of relative adjectives into qualitative ones. The names of substances, objects, phenomena, abstract concepts often become a way of metaphorical reflection of the world. Accordingly, the relative adjectives formed from them, when metaphorized, pass into the category of quality ones, enter into synonymous series represented by quality adjectives: “golden words are beautiful words”; “golden leaves - bright yellow leaves.” In this case, adjectives denote a qualitative, evaluative characteristic of an object, call its color, smell, taste, reflect the subjective perception of the speaker or writer.

For example, “The heavy smell of machine tools, lead air to breathe, Alas, you could not last long, Tired and fell ill” (Polonsky). M.Yu. Lermontov, describing Princess Mary through the lips of his hero, uses the definition “velvet eyes” and explains its meaning in this way: “She has such velvet eyes - exactly “velvet”: I advise you to assign this expression, speaking of her eyes: lower and her upper eyelashes are so long that the rays of the sun are not reflected in her pupils. I love those eyes without glitter: they are so soft, they seem to be stroking you.

A typical case of the transition of relative adjectives into qualitative ones should also be considered when relative adjectives denoting an attitude to the material (especially materials, minerals) are the source of the creation of metaphorical epithets used to characterize the bright features of a person.

Possessive adjectives also pass into the category of qualitative ones. Used as metaphors, they become figurative characteristics of people, their appearance, features of their character and behavior. For example, the “mermaid look” is a mysterious, alluring look; "knightly act" selfless, noble, generous act; "wasp waist" - a very thin waist.

Many of these adjectives form stable phrases with nouns that are characteristics of typical human qualities: “dog devotion” - “dog life”; "donkey stubbornness"; "veal tenderness"; "wolfish appetite".

Possessive adjectives can become relative. As a rule, this happens when they are metonymically used, when they designate products that are made using fur, skin, animal bones, the belonging of which adjectives are called in the direct meaning: “fox collar”. “hare hat”, “bear sheepskin coat”, “seal coat”.

CHAPTER 6

Many relative adjectives, being used in a figurative sense and becoming qualitative, on the contrary, acquire the ability to change in degrees of comparison, and sometimes even a short form. Forms of degrees of comparison for former relative adjectives are formed mainly in an analytical way: “Meanwhile, Akaky Akakievich walked in the most festive mood” (Gogol); as well as modern newspaper phrases: “the goldenest television time”, “the highest grossing movie”, the most southern city of the country”, “the very last resort”, “the most stagnant times”.

However, the authors also use suffix forms, but mainly for the formation of a comparative degree: “It is remarkable that Russian words, as at the famous dinner of the generals, which Yermolov speaks of, sound more foreign than Latin ones. (V. Shklovsky).

In some cases, the former relative adjectives form a short form that emphasizes the qualitative, evaluative meaning that develops in the word: “Our golden-green chrysolites are the only ones in the world” (Fersman) (“only” i.e. unique, unrepeatable).

In a qualitative sense, relative adjectives can combine with adverbs of measure and degree: “very vague ideas”; "an eminently fantastic story"; “Unrolled white skirts, inflamed the eyes of a blizzard, unresilient, dashing, very March blizzard” (O. Suleimenov); “It won’t hide from me if we argue, rude, you leave on a train with someone very different.”

In modern speech, primarily newspaper speech, there is an interesting tendency to form forms characteristic of qualitative adjectives, and combinations for those adjectives that at first glance have not lost their relative meaning. For example: “The most Russian sail” is the name of an article about a sailing catamoran built by Moscow sailing enthusiasts. Or: “In January 1987, four musicians spun off from the Aria group and created their own “Master.” However, in these cases, grammatical forms lead to the fact that in adjectives, in addition to the main, i.e. shade of meaning: "Russian" - peculiar, characteristic of Russia; "hard rock" - very loud, very measured, with a pronounced rhythm. The following example is especially noteworthy: “Will we rebuild correctional labor institutions during the period of perestroika? Extend old ones? Build new ones? You can make strict mode even stricter. Deadlines are longer. Chamber-type rooms are even more intimate. Penalty insulators are more isolated.

Here, in a series of qualitative adjectives, standing in the synthetic form of the comparative degree “stricter, longer, more isolated”, the relative adjective “chamber” (from “camera”) used in the same degree is included. The grammatical form peculiar only to qualitative adjectives strongly influences the semantics of this adjective. And it is perceived in the circle of sign words associated with the idea of ​​a prison cell: “gloomy”, “cramped”, “gloomy”, “leaving no hope of release.” The example convincingly shows how significant a grammatical form can be in itself, demonstrates the ability of grammar to influence the semantics of a message.

LITERATURE

1. Vinogradov, V. V. Russian language (Grammatical doctrine of the word). / V. V. Vinogradov.- M .: 2nd ed., 1972.

2. Beloshapkova, V. A. Modern Russian language. /V.A. Beloshapkova.-M.: Higher School, 1981.

3. Ozhegov, S. I. Dictionary of the Russian language. / S. I. Ozhegov.- M.: 1984.- 16th edition.

4. Russian language. (under the editorship of M. G. Bulakhov, I. S. Kozyrev). M .: part I 1979.

5. Modern Russian; Part II, Morphology. Syntax (under the editorship of E. M. Galkin-Fedoruk). Moscow, 1964.

6. Modern Russian language. Word formation. Morphology. Morphonology (under the editorship of P. P. Shuba), Minsk, 1998, 2nd ed. (1 ed. Minsk, 1981).

7. Vinogradov, V.V. Selected works. Studies in Russian grammar. / V.V. Vinogradov.- M.: Nauka, 1975.- 155-165s.

8. Shansky N.M., Tikhon o v A.N. Word formation. Morphology // Modern Russian language: At 3 hours - M., 1987. - Part II.

9. Potebnya, A.A. From notes on Russian grammar./ A.A. Potebnya.- v.1-2. Kharkov, 1888.-119p.

10. Shcherba, L.V. On parts of speech in Russian./ L.V. Shcherba.-In the book: "Russian speech", issue 2,18s. [Favor. works on the Russian language, 74s. ]

11. Valgina N.S., Rosenthal D.E., Fomina M.I. Modern Russian: Textbook / Edited by N.S. Valgina. - 6th ed., revised. and additional - Moscow: Logos, 2002. - 205 p.

Derivational signs.

syntactic signs.

Agree with nouns in gender, number, case (an interesting film - R.p., singular, m.r.); and acting as the main member of the phrase, they control the noun (pale (main word) from excitement). In sentences, they act as a definition or a predicate, short forms perform only the function of a predicate (quiet night).

For the formation of adjectives, the most productive ways are:

Suffixal - morning arr. from morning o+ - enn.

Reinforced concrete - reinforced concrete

Forest-steppe, steamboat

Prefix-suffix - Moscow region - Moscow + -n

Addition method - bitter-salty - bitter + salty

Addition method with simultaneous suffixation - car repair - car + repair (interfect O and suffix - n)

Morphological-syntactic - adjectivation - closed (adj.) character, first (adj.) grade

2. By meaning and grammatical features, adjectives are traditionally divided into 3 categories:

quality

relative

Possessive

The core of the class of adjectives is formed by qualitative adjectives.

quality designate a directly perceived feature of the object: blue, long. They can name the mental, physical qualities of a person: kind, strong; animal colors: bay; colors: pink; item size: large, narrow.

Signs:

Qualitative adjectives are characterized by the ability / ability to have:

1. Full inclinable form and parallel non-inclining form: huge - huge.

2. Change in degrees of comparison: beautiful - more beautiful - most beautiful.

3. Form correlative adverbs in -O or -E: quiet - quiet.

4. Form abstract nouns: blue-blue, kind-kindness.

5. The ability to enter into antonymous relationships: quiet - loud, beautiful - ugly.

6. Form forms of subjective assessment (pretty, cute).

7. Combine with adverbs of measure and degree (very narrow).

8. Some quality adjectives are non-derivative words (brown, bay, narrow ii - -narrow-root, in the formation of single-root words, the generating stem is truncated).

These features have these features, but if the adjective has at least one of the listed features, then it is QUALITATIVE.

They designate the sign of an object indirectly - through an attitude to another object, action or circumstance (wooden house, adolescence, city beach).

Signs:

1. The presence of a full inflected form and the absence of a short one (brick, oatmeal).

2. Relative adjectives are derived words, formed from nouns, verbs, numerals, adverbs with the help of suffixes –an-, -yan-, -ov-, -ev- (skin en th, birches ov th), -sk- (Belgorod sk yy), -enn- (pumpkins enn th).

3. All relative adjectives denote constant, unchanging features.

4. Can be replaced by a synonymous case form of a noun (family budget - family budget).

Possessive adjectives (what? Whose?).

They denote the belonging of an object to a person or animal (in the broadest sense).

A) proper possessive adjectives denoting belonging to one person. These include adjectives with a zero ending in the nominative case, singular, m. and suffixes - ov- (-ev-), -yn- (-in-), -nin-: princes' court, nanny's tales, fathers' jacket;

B) possessive-relative adjectives, which are formed from the names of people and animals using the suffix -iy-: fisherman - fisherman uy, deer - deer ii (zero ending), fishing (j-suffix, a-ending): fisherman's (ach, j-suffix, and - suffix, because adverb), hare footprints, bear paw.

The scope of the use of possessive adjectives, such as fathers, mothers, is limited to colloquial speech, but in phraseological turns, in geographical names they are used without stylistic restrictions (Achilles' heel, Bering Strait).

The boundary between the lexico-grammatical categories of adjectives is mobile.

1. Qualitatively - relative adjectives are relative adjectives that can acquire a qualitative meaning (steel springs - relative, steel nerves - qualitative).

2. Relatively- quality adjectives are qualitative adjectives that develop additional relative meanings (a deaf person is qualitative, a deaf consonant is relative, a quick step is qualitative, a fast train is

relative).

3. Qualitatively - possessive adjectives are possessive adjectives in qualitative use (fox hole - possessive, fox cunning - quality, wolfish appetite).

4. Regarding - possessive adjectives are possessive adjectives in relative use (fox collar is relative, fox hole is possessive, wolf pack is relative).

In some cases, adjectives formed from the names of animals first turn into relative adjectives, and then into qualitative adjectives (calf's head - possessive, veal chop - relative value, veal tenderness - quality).