USA in World War II participated in the war since December 1941 (in the Pacific Ocean). Since November 1942 in the Mediterranean theater of operations. In June 1944, the Western Front was opened in Europe. American troops operated in France (mainly in Normandy), Italy, Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg.

US losses in World War II were 418,000 people. The most bloody battle for the American army was the Ardennes operation. After her in terms of the number of losses are the Normandy operation, the Battle of Monte Cassino, the Battle of Iwo Jima and the Battle of Okinawa.

military production

During the Second World War in the United States, the beginning of the military-economic conjuncture was laid. Before the start of the war, the United States had not yet fully recovered from the crisis of 1937-1938. From the autumn of 1939 to the autumn of 1943, the industrial production of the United States increased almost 2.5 times. This growth was caused by the war and orders for military equipment, food, etc.

The development of US military production was due to the fact that the American continent was far from military operations. But despite this, the development of US military production was significantly inferior to the development of Soviet military production. There production developed during the hostilities and took place during the war and yet, it was developed more than the production in the USA.

Pacific Theater of Operations

On the morning of December 7, 1941, 441 Japanese aircraft, taking off from six aircraft carriers (Akagi, Hiryu, Kaga, Shokaku, Soryu and Zuikaku), attacked the American military base Pearl Harbor. 4 battleships, 2 cruisers and 1 mine layer were sunk. Among the battleships was the battleship Arizona. The Americans lost 2,403 men.

Six hours after the attack, American warships and submarines were ordered to begin combat operations in the ocean against Japan. President Franklin Roosevelt delivered a speech to Congress and declared war on Japan. December 11 Germany and Italy, and December 13 - Romania, Hungary and Bulgaria - declare war on the United States. On December 10, 1941, the Japanese launched an invasion of the Philippines and captured it by April 1942, most of the American and Filipino troops were captured.

From the beginning of 1942, Japanese aircraft attacked the port of Darwin on the northern coast of Australia. There were major naval battles involving aircraft carriers in the Coral Sea on May 8 and off Midway Atoll on June 4, where the Americans scored their first victories over the Japanese. The Battle of Midway Atoll was a turning point in the Pacific War.

On the island of New Guinea, the Japanese advanced in the direction of Port Moresby, but the American-Australian troops under the command of General Douglas MacArthur stopped them. On August 7, 1942, US Marines landed on Guadalcanal and captured the Japanese airfield. In October-November 1942, the Japanese launched several counterattacks, but to no avail. On February 9, 1943, the Americans completely captured Guadalcanal, in July-August 1943 they captured the southern and central part of the Solomon Islands, in November-December, partly the islands of Bougainville and New Britain. On November 20-23, US Marines captured the Gilbert Islands (Tarawa Atoll), and in January and February 1944 landed on the Marshall Islands (Roy, Kwajelein and Majuro Islands).

During the spring of 1944, the Americans conducted a series of landing operations on the northern coast of New Guinea, which accelerated the advance of Allied forces from the southern part of the island. During the summer and autumn, the Allies liberated most of New Guinea, and the Japanese units were surrounded in the central and southwestern parts of the island and surrendered only at the end of the war. Japanese units in the Caroline Islands were also blocked and cut off from the outside world.

On June 15, 1944, the Americans landed on the heavily fortified island of Saipan (Marian Islands). The Japanese put up fierce resistance, but by July 9 they were routed. The capture of the island of Saipan by the Americans led to the fall of the government of General Tojo in Japan. During the summer of 1944, the Mariana Islands were completely captured and bombing of Japan itself began from their airfields, since the distance was already sufficient for the operation of the American B-29 Superfortress bombers.

In October 1944, the largest naval battle in history took place in Leyte Gulf. The Japanese fleet suffered catastrophic losses, after which the American Navy gained absolute dominance at sea. Japanese aviation also suffered catastrophic losses from the superior US Air Force. On October 20, the Americans, under the command of General Douglas MacArthur, began landing on the island of Leyte (southern Philippines) and cleared it of Japanese troops by December 31. On January 9, 1945, the Americans landed on the main island of the Philippine archipelago - Luzon. During January-February, they defeated most of the Japanese troops in Luzon, and on March 3 they liberated Manila. By May, most of the Philippines was liberated, only the remnants of Japanese troops in the mountains and jungle continued to resist until August.

On February 19, 1945, the US Marines landed on the island of Iwo Jima, where the Japanese put up very strong resistance. The island was captured by March 26, 1945. On April 1, American troops landed on the island of Okinawa with the support of the US Navy and the British Navy, and captured it by June 22, 1945. On both Iwo Jima and Okinawa, the Japanese put up the fiercest resistance of the entire war, since these islands were already directly Japanese territory. Allied ships were frequently attacked by Japanese kamikazes. The battles on both islands ended with the almost complete annihilation of the Japanese troops.

In July 1945, the Allies issued an ultimatum to Japan, but she refused to capitulate. On August 6, 1945, the American B-29 Superfortress bomber dropped an atomic bomb (atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki) on Hiroshima, and on August 9 on Nagasaki, which led to huge destruction - and on August 15, Emperor Hirohito announced the unconditional surrender of Japan. Japan's surrender was signed on September 2, 1945 aboard the USS Missouri.

Mediterranean theater of operations

On November 8, 1942, American troops under the command of General Dwight Eisenhower - three corps (western, central and eastern), supported by one British division, landed on the Atlantic coast of Morocco and on the Mediterranean coast - in Algeria, in territories controlled by the Vichy puppet government, and by November 11 captured Casablanca, Oran and Algiers, and the Vichy French surrendered and went over to the Allied side. Meanwhile, the 8th British Army under the command of General Bernard Montgomery, having defeated the Germans in Egypt near El Alamein (the US Air Force also participated in this battle and the British Army was armed with a significant amount of American armored vehicles, which played a decisive role in the Allied victory in this battle ), advanced west, pursuing the remnants of the German-Italian troops. Because of these events, the Germans began to capture Tunisia, where on November 17, 1942, fighting had already begun between them and the troops of the United States, Great Britain and Free France. In a matter of weeks, the Germans formed the 5th Panzer Army in Tunisia to cover the rear of their retreating Afrika Army. December 1942 and January 1943. due to heavy rains that washed out all the roads in Tunisia, the Allies did not succeed. On February 14, the Germans launched a counteroffensive at the Kasserine Pass in Western Tunisia, but by February 18, the Allies stopped them and the Germans retreated. On March 6, the Germans tried to counterattack the 8th British Army advancing from Libya to the Maret line, but were defeated. The American 2nd Corps and the 8th British Army, advancing on the Germans from the west and east, unite in South Tunisia on April 7, 1943 on the road between the cities of El Guettar and Gabes, forming a united front. All Allied ground forces were combined into the 15th Army Group, which was led by the British General Harold Alexander. The 2nd US Corps began to act independently as a separate army, directly reporting to General Alexander. The 2nd Corps was transferred to Northern Tunisia, opposite the cities of Tunis and Bizerte. On April 23-24, the last Allied offensive in North Africa began. The Germans offered strong resistance. The Italians, on the contrary, often surrendered to the Allies. On May 7, Bizerte and Tunisia were liberated, and the German-Italian troops, including most of Erwin Rommel's Afrika Korps, were pressed to the sea at Cape Bon, where they capitulated on May 13, 1943.

On July 10, 1943, the American 7th Army and the British 8th Army successfully landed on the southern coast of Sicily, liberated the city of Palermo on July 22, and by August 17 entered Messina, and completely liberated Sicily. The Italians had long understood that the war into which the Duce dragged them was not in the interests of Italy. King Victor Emmanuel III decides to arrest Mussolini and on July 25, 1943 Mussolini was arrested. The new government of Italy, headed by Marshal Badoglio, began to conduct secret negotiations with the American command for a truce through the mediation of neutral Portugal. Badoglio held secret negotiations with General Eisenhower, first in Lisbon and then in Sicily. The Italian troops mostly surrendered, the Germans suffered losses, and some of the troops were evacuated to the continent.

On September 3, 1943, the 8th British Army crossed the Strait of Messina and landed on the "toe" of the Apennine Peninsula, and an additional contingent of British troops landed in the port of Taranto. On September 8, Badoglio officially announced the unconditional surrender of Italy, and the Italian fleet surrendered to the Allies on the island of Malta. After that, the Wehrmacht began the occupation of northern Italy. On September 9, 1943, the American 5th Army landed in the Salerno region south of Naples (300 km north of the Strait of Messina), the Germans constantly attacked them, but by mid-September, the 5th Army secured a bridgehead and connected with the advancing 8th Army from the south of the peninsula. On October 1, Naples was liberated. In October-November, the 5th Army met strong German resistance along the Volturno River and crossed it by November 15th. By the end of December, the allied offensive stopped due to the weather and the mountainous terrain of Italy - the offensive could only be carried out west or east of the Appenine mountains, along the coast.

On January 4, 1944, the American 5th Army resumed its offensive and by January 17 had reached the Monte Cassino area and the German Winter Line fortifications. On January 22, 1944, an Anglo-American amphibious assault was landed in the Anzio area to help the Allies break through the Winter Line. The landing was successful, but soon the Anzio bridgehead was blocked by the Germans, who attacked it twice on February 17 and 29, 1944 - the Allies repelled these attacks and positional battles continued there until the end of May. In late January and early February, the Americans tried to capture positions in the Monte Cassino area, but to no avail. Both sides suffered heavy casualties and the American II Corps was withdrawn to the southern flank of the Italian Front, replaced at Monte Cassino by New Zealand, Indian and British units. The Allies continued their unsuccessful attacks on Monte Cassino in February and March. By May the weather had improved and on May 11 the Allies launched Operation Diadem. The main offensive took place on the western flank towards Rome, and later began on the Adriatic coast of Italy. On May 18, they took Monte Cassino and broke through the Winter Line, while the Germans began to retreat. On 23 May the Allies broke through from the Anzio bridgehead and on 25 May they linked up with II US Corps advancing from the southeast along the Tyrrhenian coast. On June 4, 1944, the Allies liberated Rome, and by the beginning of August they reached the Arno River, near the cities of Pisa and Florence.

During the summer of 1944, part of the American troops were withdrawn from the Italian front and loaded onto landing ships in Naples. On August 15, 1944, they successfully landed in southern France and, having liberated most of its territory, began to advance along the Rhone valley along with the troops of the Free French, and in September connected with the 3rd army of General Patton, advancing from Normandy and Brittany, and from that moment these hostilities became part of the Western European theater of operations. Meanwhile in Italy, the advance had halted at the "Gothic Line". In the autumn and winter of 1944, positional battles took place there. Only by April 1945 did the 5th and 8th armies launch an offensive and managed to break through the enemy defenses near the Po River. On April 28, the partisans executed Mussolini, and on May 2, all German troops in Italy surrendered to the Allies. On May 4, the 5th Army linked up with the 7th Army, which was advancing from South Germany.

Western European theater of operations

According to the decision of the Tehran Conference, where Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin met, the second front of the war was opened on June 6, 1944. Allied forces from the United States, Great Britain and Canada landed in Normandy. The operation was called Overlod, also called D-Day. The operation ended on August 31 with the liberation of the entire northwestern part of France. Allied forces liberated Paris on August 25, which had already been almost liberated by the French partisans. On August 15, American-French troops landed in the South of France, where they liberated the cities of Toulon and Marseille.

In September, the allied forces advancing from Normandy joined forces advancing from southern France. Also in September, the Allies advance into Belgium, where they cross the German border on September 13 and capture the city of Aachen on October 21. The Allies had to temporarily halt their advance due to lack of resources and deteriorating weather. During November and the first half of December, American troops liberate the northeastern part of France, reach the Siegfried Line and the French-German border. By mid-December, the Allied supplies had improved and they began to plan a new offensive.

On December 16, German forces launched an offensive and advanced 90 km into the Ardennes deep into Belgium. On December 22, General Patton's 3rd Army launched a counteroffensive on the southern flank and attacked the advancing Germans from the south. By December 25, the German offensive bogged down near the Belgian city of Selle, not reaching only 6 km of the Meuse River, and the Allies launched a large-scale counteroffensive and began the invasion of West Germany on January 29, 1945. During February, the Allies captured almost all of Germany west of the Rhine. On March 7, the Americans captured the railway bridge across the Rhine in the city of Remagen, at the end of March the 6th, 12th and 21st Allied Army Groups crossed the Rhine, and in April they surrounded and defeated the Ruhr grouping of German troops. On April 25, the 1st American Army met with Soviet troops on the Elbe River. The 3rd Army broke through the furthest of all American troops - to the city of Pilsen in Czechoslovakia, where it met with Soviet troops in May. French units on the French-Italian border launched an offensive and connected with the western flank of the 5th American Army in the Western Alps. The 7th American Army, advancing to the south and southeast, captured most of southern Germany, the western part of Austria, crossed the Brenner Pass in the Alps and entered the territory of Northern Italy, where on May 4 it met with units of the 5th Army advancing from valley of the Po River.

Articles from Wikipedia- free encyclopedia.

The United States was forced into the war on December 7, 1941, as a result of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. And although the scope of the battles was not the same as on the Eastern Front, this does not negate their fierceness. Getting bogged down in battles with the Japanese, the United States was able to secure the rear of the USSR, and subsequently opening a second front, brought Germany's defeat closer and made its collapse inevitable. In total, the main losses in World War II are due to the following factors:

The contribution of the Allies to victory cannot be underestimated. In fact, while fierce battles were going on in the east and the blitzkrieg thundered, Great Britain and the United States also did not sit idly by, stretching the forces of the Germans and their allies in several directions, thereby reducing the pressure on the USSR.

During the entire war in the United States, a huge number of recruits were mobilized - more than 16 million people. Such reserves were enough to fight long wars of attrition, in addition, the American soldiers did not have the worst level of training, which allowed them to withstand even superior enemy forces.

After the unexpected attack on Pearl Harbor and the destruction of one of the most powerful military bases, the United States entered the war. Just hours after the attack, the Americans declared war on Japan and began planning their response.

Starting from 1942, the Japanese army lost its advantage and ceased to win significant victories, which led to the defeat in the Battle of Midway, and dealt a crushing blow to the imperial troops.

After that, the Americans continued their systematic offensive, freeing all the islands that came across on the way. The Japanese refused to capitulate, even when they found themselves in a completely stalemate in 1945. Anticipating heavy losses at the beginning of the assault on the main island of Japan, the US command decided to drop two atomic bombs, which finally broke the spirit of the Japanese and led to the subsequent complete surrender.

In total, during the war with the Japanese, the Americans lost about 300 thousand soldiers and sailors killed, captured and subsequently died from wounds. In addition, it is known about the injured civilians. So the Japanese managed to intern more than 12 thousand civilians.

One of the main "meat grinders" - the place where the Allies suffered the greatest losses - was the beaches during Operation Overlord. The infantry had to storm the enemy bunkers, advancing across open terrain, under furious artillery and machine gun fire. However, due to the disagreements of the German commanders, who as a result could not provide organized assistance to each other, the defense was broken through. The battle for Normandy went on for about two months. The main task of the allies was to capture, expand and strengthen the coastal bridgeheads in order to create favorable conditions for subsequent attacks on the enemy. This operation went down in history as the largest landing, as it involved more than 3 million soldiers who crossed the English Channel.

Great losses were inflicted on the allies by powerful German armored vehicles - the outdated military doctrine affected. The main tank of the US Army at that time was the M4 Sherman, equipped with a short-barreled 75-mm gun, which was not able to adequately deal with enemy tanks that destroyed Shermans at distances of more than a kilometer. The use of specialized self-propelled guns did not give significant results, which is why the Americans lost heavily to the mechanized divisions of the Wehrmacht. As a result, due to the heavy casualties, the Americans had to quickly develop new types of tanks, as well as figure out how to modernize the current ones that remained in service.

Even despite the complete dominance of the Americans in the air, the German forces continued to offer serious resistance. Especially here the Hitler Youth managed to distinguish itself. Teenagers, under the guidance of experienced officers, managed to inflict enormous damage on American forces, turning French vineyards into a real hell. However, they didn't stand a chance, as the Americans were better trained and already had combat skills by the time the operation began. Some units had real combat experience gained during the battles with the Japanese. This played a cruel joke on the American Marines, since the Germans used completely different battle tactics, which also led to heavy losses at first.

In total, during the bloody battles in Europe, the United States lost almost 186,000 servicemen killed, which, of course, is quite small when compared with the losses of the USSR.

Conclusion

Undoubtedly, he made the biggest contribution to the victory over the Third Reich. The Allies could only indirectly help the Soviet troops, diverting the attention of the Wehrmacht command and forcing them to disperse their forces. They also additionally supplied weapons for the Soviet army under the Lend-Lease program. In total, US losses in World War II amounted to 405,000 killed and 671,000 wounded.

Before talking about the losses of the US Army during the hostilities, it is necessary to talk about the US participation in the war and what impact they had on the course of hostilities.

War against Japan

The United States entered the war after a daring attack by the Japanese Navy on December 7, 1941 on one of the most powerful US naval bases in the Pacific called Pearl Harbor.

The United States officially declared war on Japan a few hours later, and on December 11, Germany and its allies declared war on the States.
Already in 1942, the successes of the Japanese army in the Pacific ended - in the Battle of Midway in June 1942, the United States dealt a crushing blow to Japan, after which the imperial army did not win a single major victory.

The US continued to advance for three years, liberating one island after another. The Japanese army retreated, but even when it was in a desperate situation in 1945, it refused to capitulate. In order not to increase losses during the storming of Japan, the United States decided to drop two atomic bombs on the enemy, after which the war ended with the complete surrender of Japan.

War against Germany and the Allies in Europe and Africa

Already at the end of 1942, the American army came to the aid of the British in North Africa. During the year, by joint efforts, the Americans and the British oust Rommel's armies from Africa, after which they take up the liberation of Italy from the Nazis.

However, the most large-scale US operation in the war is considered to be the landing in Normandy and the subsequent liberation of France and the capture of Germany. It was the resistance of the German army that brought the greatest losses.

US Army casualties

For all the time of hostilities, the US government mobilized a huge number of soldiers - 16 million people. In comparison, Germany mobilized only 1 million more people during the entire war.

Losses during the course of hostilities, according to analysts, reach a little more than 400 thousand people. In terms of the ratio of figures, the total number of dead and participants in the war is relatively small. During the fighting, 1/40 died. By comparison, the USSR army was losing 1/3.

A little more than 600 thousand people were also recognized as wounded in the war, and another 70 thousand remained missing.

In addition to military losses, the United States also suffered civilian losses. They are quite small when compared with other participating countries - only 3,000 people. In the USSR, this figure reaches 16 million people.

When did the US enter World War II?

Any 20th-century history textbook says that the United States entered World War II on December 7, 1941, after a surprise attack by a Japanese aircraft carrier on Pearl Harbor, the American military base in the Hawaiian Islands. One can agree with this point of view, but only if we consider the start of the Second World War as the date when armed conflicts in different parts of the world with different participants finally merged into a single world war, and the most important countries of both opposing coalitions took part in it. In this case, the period from December 7, Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor, to December 11, 1941, the date Germany and Italy declared war on the United States, can be considered the beginning of World War II. But for some reason, the beginning of the war is considered to be September 1, 1939, the date of the start of the German-Polish war. December 7, 1941 for America was just the date of the obvious start of hostilities, and in a covert form, the United States had long acted against the Axis countries. The Japanese strike was in fact only a harsh response to American provocations. Let's try to figure out how the United States turned from a neutral country into a belligerent state and when they started an undeclared war against Hitler and his allies.

After the start of the war in Europe, the United States declared itself a neutral country and acted according to the law of neutrality, adopted on May 1, 1937. According to this law, the export of weapons and military materials to countries at war was prohibited. American ships were not to be used to transport weapons and war materials to warring nations. States participating in the war could purchase civilian goods in the United States, provided they were paid in advance and exported on their own ships. US President Roosevelt pushed through changes to the law and from November 1939, warring countries could buy weapons in the United States and take them out on their ships. The English fleet dominated the seas and the naval blockade completely destroyed the German ocean shipping. Formally, the amended neutrality law gave equal opportunities to both sides of the conflict, but not all participants in the war could actually buy weapons and military materials in the United States. It was only for the benefit of Great Britain and its allies.

Great Britain was very dependent on the import of raw materials, food and many other goods. For her, a great danger was the naval blockade carried out by German submarines. The British fleet in 1940 lacked anti-submarine ships to guard convoys. Many of these ships were built in English shipyards, but their entry into service was a matter of the future, and escort ships were needed immediately. A few days after taking office as prime minister, Churchill turned to US President Roosevelt with a request to provide Great Britain with 50 old American destroyers. According to the 1907 Hague Convention, a neutral country does not have the right to transfer its warships to a belligerent state. But the United States violated the convention and provided the UK with destroyers in September 1940 in exchange for renting military bases on the territory of the British Empire.

On March 11, 1941, the United States Congress passed the Defense of the United States Act, better known as the Lend-Lease Act. According to this law, by decision of the president, any country whose defense was recognized as important to the United States could be supplied with everything necessary for combat operations, including weapons and military equipment. Supply for free! There was no need to pay for American deliveries. Only if, at the end of the war, the property delivered under Lend-Lease survived, it had to either be returned or paid for. The United Kingdom was the first country to be affected by the law. In fact, the industrial power of the United States was put at the service of the war against the Axis countries. The American Atlantic Fleet began to openly assist the British Navy, conducting reconnaissance in the Atlantic and informing the British about the location of German ships and submarines. Even despite these provocative actions, Hitler did not want to declare war on America. Then the US moved on. In July 1941, American troops occupied Iceland, replacing the British garrison there. The US Navy began to guard British convoys from the US coast to Iceland. On August 11, 1941, British Prime Minister Churchill and US President Roosevelt signed the Atlantic Charter. At this point, the British were at war with Germany, so Britain's signing of a charter with provisions targeting Germany's legitimate democratically elected leadership was not surprising. But the United States was considered a neutral country! The words about the "final destruction of Nazi tyranny" in a document signed by the president of a neutral state were an open challenge and provocation against Germany. And the words that “states that threaten or may threaten aggression beyond their borders ... must be disarmed” and about “restoring the sovereign rights and self-government of those peoples who were deprived of this by force” were a direct threat to Germany, Italy and Japan .

After the signing of the "Atlantic Charter" from September 1941, the US Navy took responsibility for guarding convoys throughout the western Atlantic Ocean. Incidents were not long in coming. On September 4, 1941, an English aircraft discovered the German submarine U-652 and aimed the American destroyer Greer at it. The Americans spotted the submarine, began to pursue it and transmit its coordinates to nearby British ships and aircraft. The Greer did not attack the Germans, but the British aircraft it aimed dropped depth charges on the submarine, and the American destroyer continued its pursuit. The commander of the German submarine thought that he was attacked by a destroyer (he did not know that the destroyer belonged to the US Navy) and fired two torpedoes at it in response, but missed. And on September 11, Roosevelt, in his speech on the radio, called the attack of a German submarine an act of deliberate aggression. It was a shameless lie. The intentional aggression was the actions of the American destroyer, and the German submarine was only defending itself! Americans habitually gave out black for white. As a result of this dirty propaganda action, the US Navy was ordered to destroy any ships waging war against merchant shipping. A strange order for the Navy of a neutral country! In fact, the US armed forces started a war against Germany.

Collisions with German submarines and combat losses were not long in coming. Convoy SC-48 en route to the UK from Canada was attacked by a wolf pack. Several anti-submarine ships were sent to help him from Iceland. Among them were American destroyers. On October 16, 1941 (let me remind you that there were still almost two months left before the US officially entered the war!) American destroyers approached the British convoy and took up positions in guarding the transports. At night, German submarines dealt another blow to the convoy. During one of the attacks at about 2 am on October 17, the American destroyer Kearney maneuvered in close proximity to the convoy ships and dropped depth charges. At that moment, he was hit by a torpedo from a German submarine. The newest American destroyer was severely damaged, but managed to get to Iceland. Its crew lost 11 dead and 24 wounded. Fulfilling the order of President Roosevelt, the destroyer "Kearney" ended up where in no case could a ship of a neutral country be located - in the military guard of a convoy of the warring Great Britain. Moreover, he took part in the attacks of submarines of Germany, with which the United States at that moment was not at war!

The destroyer Kearny was not the last American loss before the official entry into the war. At the end of October 1941, American destroyers in the Atlantic escorted the HX-156 convoy carrying weapons from Great Britain at war with Germany. On the morning of October 31, a submarine torpedoed the American destroyer Reuben James, which was guarding the convoy. He stayed on the water for only 5 minutes after being hit by a torpedo, after which he sank. Only 45 crew members were rescued, while 115 American sailors died. Just like the Kearney, the Reuben James, if the US had actually remained neutral, could not have been in the place where it received a torpedo hit. Roosevelt used the death of American sailors for even more large-scale provocations against Germany. He pushed through Congress amendments to the Neutrality Act, the first of which allowed the arming of American merchant ships, which was directly contrary to international law, and the second amendment allowed American ships to navigate in waters that were declared a war zone by Germany.

Sometimes the hostile actions of the American fleet against Germany looked anecdotal. After the British declaration of war, some German merchant ships took refuge in neutral ports. Some of them subsequently tried to break the blockade of Germany and deliver the necessary goods to it. One of the blockade breakers was the Odenwald, which was coming from Japan and was supposed to deliver various cargoes to Germany, including 3,800 tons of natural rubber, much needed by the military industry of the Third Reich. November 6, 1941 in the South Atlantic, he was captured by a group of American warships. Since the US was not yet officially at war with Germany, even the US military had doubts about the legality of the seizure of the German ship. Then a completely anecdotal rationale was used - "Odenwald" was detained on the basis of the law of the beginning of the 19th century, as a suspect ... in the slave trade!

Roosevelt really wanted to drag the United States into the war, but according to the American Constitution, he did not have the right to do so. Only Congress could declare war, and the positions of opponents of America's participation in European showdowns were strong in it. Despite violations of international law, hostile actions, provocations, and even the direct participation of American warships in hostilities against Germany, Hitler did not give Roosevelt a gift and did not declare war on the United States, although there were plenty of reasons for this. But the American president had a fallback option for this case. Independent, but much more vulnerable than Germany, Hitler's partner. Roosevelt provoked Japan into war.

Since 1937, Japan has been waging a heavy war in China. The US did not limit itself to diplomatic protests. They pursued an anti-Japanese policy, supporting China's ability to resist the Japanese army. So on February 8, 1939, the United States signed an agreement with the Chinese government to provide the latter with $25 million for the purchase of weapons and military equipment. I especially want to note that the signing of this agreement took place even before the official start of the Second World War! Even then, Roosevelt outlined one of the future opponents in the world war. It is not surprising that Japan, a US competitor in the Pacific and East Asia, has become such an adversary. Militarily, the Land of the Rising Sun was not as dangerous an adversary as another US rival, Great Britain, which was assigned the role of an ally, pulling chestnuts out of the fire. The Japanese were inferior to the Americans in the fleet in a ratio of 5:3 and many times in economic power. They simply had no chance of winning a long war against the US.

Roosevelt did not limit himself to selling weapons to China. In January 1941, he sent his assistant L. Carrie there to study the political, economic and military situation. As a result, on May 6, 1941, the lend-lease law was extended to China. It was a serious blow to Japan, whose army had been bleeding on the fronts of the Sino-Japanese War since 1937. And in September 1941, a retired American soldier K. Chennault organized a group of mercenaries, which included about 100 American pilots, as well as ground personnel. You ask, what does President Roosevelt have to do with mercenaries who went to fight in China for money? The most immediate! The President of the United States allowed American soldiers to volunteer to fight in China. In their units, they were on vacation, while remaining members of the American army! The group, which became known as the Flying Tigers, was armed with P-40 fighters supplied to China under Lend-Lease. So, with the undisclosed consent of their government, American pilots managed to make war with the Japanese even before the attack on Pearl Harbor.

Arms deliveries to China and a hundred American pilots were just annoying little things. Roosevelt was able to find Japan's weak spot and strike at it. After France was defeated in Europe, Japan decided to use this to isolate China, with whom she was at war. In July 1940, the supply of military supplies to China through Haiphong was stopped, and on September 23, in French Indochina, under an agreement between Japan and the legal government of France, the landing of Japanese troops began. On July 23, 1941, an agreement was signed between the French and the Japanese on the use of military bases in South Indochina. The next day, Japanese troops entered South Indochina, and on July 25, the United States, followed by Great Britain and the Netherlands, imposed an embargo on oil supplies to Japan and froze Japanese assets in their countries. This was not just an unfriendly step on the part of the United States, whose interests were not threatened by Japanese troops in South Indochina. It was a death sentence for the Japanese economy, which received oil from the US and the Dutch colonies. Japanese diplomacy made superhuman efforts for a peaceful settlement of the conflict, and in response received the Hull Note on November 26, 1941, which gave Japan a choice between capitulation and war!

Roosevelt got his way. After the attack on Pearl Harbor, Congress declared war on Japan. Following this, following the allied duty, Hitler and Mussolini declared war on the United States. The formal declaration of war was only a belated recognition of the real situation. In fact, the US armed forces have been involved in hostilities against Germany and Japan since September 1941. Actions incompatible with the status of a neutral state were carried out against Germany from September 1940, and against Japan from February 1939, even before the generally recognized start of World War II!

Read more about how Roosevelt provoked Japan

USA in World War II

Watching the events in Europe, the United States did not delude itself about the possibility of maintaining a lasting peace in it, but at the same time, America, having returned to the old policy of isolationism, did not want to interfere in the development of European affairs. As early as August 1935, Congress approved the American Neutrality Clause, banning the export of US-made weapons to any belligerent countries. Already in October, the neutral position of the United States manifested itself in practice during the seizure of Ethiopia by fascist Italy. After the expiration of the first resolution on neutrality in February 1936, the Congress adopted a second similar document, thanks to which the United States stood aside from the dramatic events unfolding in Spain, did not interfere with the shameful Munich Agreement of 1938, and did not even participate in the conference in Munich, at which the separation of the Sudetenland from Czechoslovakia and its transfer to Germany was a foregone conclusion, although it was President Roosevelt who initiated the meeting of representatives of England, France, Italy, Germany and the United States. At the same time, US Ambassador to Germany G. Wilson traveled to Prague in August 1938 to persuade the government of Czechoslovakia to make concessions to Germany.

However, ordinary people did not remain indifferent to the suffering of others. Moreover, sympathy poured out not only in crowded solidarity rallies. About three thousand American volunteers who made up the Lincoln Brigade went to fight for Republican Spain. The great writer Ernest Hemingway (1899-1961) also went to the Spanish war as a war correspondent. His military impressions were reflected in the novel For Whom the Bell Tolls (1940). More than half of American internationalists died in combat. This did not prevent the United States from officially recognizing the dictatorial fascist regime of Franco, which came to power in March 1939 - and just three months before that, F. D. Roosevelt warned the nation about the danger that threatens democracy in connection with the strengthening of the positions of the fascists.

The United States substantiated its position by the law on neutrality that came into force in 1937. It was of a compromise nature, taking into account the interests of the national military-industrial complex. By prohibiting the direct supply of weapons and the provision of credits and loans to warring countries, including those engulfed in civil wars, the new law allowed the trade in weapons and ammunition with neutral partners, who, in turn, were free to dispose of goods purchased in America.

The annexation of the Sudetenland and the occupation of the whole of Czechoslovakia by Germany only spurred on the imperial ambitions of the Nazis. Italy invaded Albania, Germany put forward claims to the northern part of Poland. However, even during this dramatic period, the United States continued to abide by the Neutrality Act. Only after the outbreak of World War II, in November 1939, was an amendment made to it, allowing the sale of weapons to the warring countries, which meant Great Britain and France.

The rapid development of events in Europe, the defeat of France, which capitulated in June 1940, which was regarded on the other side of the Atlantic as a power capable of putting a powerful barrier on the path of fascist expansion, forced America to begin preparations for war: in September, a law on universal military service was adopted. Under the new conditions, the United States decided to increase the supply of American weapons to the UK. So, in the summer of 1940 alone, Great Britain received a million rifles, 84,000 machine guns and 2,500 cannons. In turn, the US military industry was noticeably revived at the expense of British money, and in 1940 America finally managed to reach the level of industrial production at the level of 1929. At the same time, the United States used the situation to strengthen its own positions. Thus, for the transfer of fifty old naval ships to Great Britain, the United States received the right to lease for a period of 99 years the territory for eight military bases on British islands in the Atlantic Ocean. In addition, military supplies further increased Britain's dependence on the United States. In a short time, America managed to create a powerful army, numbering 16.5 million people.

In such circumstances, in 1940, another presidential election was held, which was again won by Roosevelt, who had put forward his candidacy. It was against all the rules (the president can only be in power for two terms), but common sense told the Americans not to change the government in such a difficult situation. In addition, Roosevelt acted as an opponent of fascism and as a politician who did not want to plunge America into war. The beginning of Roosevelt's third presidential term was marked by the adoption of the Lend-Lease Act (from the English words to lend - "to lend" and to lease - "to lease"), which allowed for the lease or loan of weapons to states defending themselves against aggressors. Although there was a constant struggle with German spies in the country, American ships that supplied weapons to Great Britain became the object of attacks by German submarines.

The United States suffered its first military losses on October 17, 1941, when, 400 miles from the coast of Iceland, the Nazis practically shot down the American convoy SC-48. President Roosevelt said on this occasion: “We wanted to avoid the shots, but the shots were fired. And history will remember whose shot was the first. As German submarines continued to hunt American ships, on November 13, 1941, Congress passed a law allowing weapons to be installed on defenseless American merchant ships. With each passing day, the entry of the United States into the war became more and more inevitable.

Along with the aggravation of relations with Germany, US relations with Japan continued to deteriorate. In July 1937, the Japanese army invaded China. Since the war was not formally declared and China was not considered a belligerent country, the United States began to supply it with weapons, wanting to prevent the Japanese from gaining strength and entering Indo-China and Indonesia, which were considered an area of ​​​​American strategic interests. However, some American firms were engaged in the supply of strategic goods to Japan, and ceased this activity only after such transactions were legally prohibited by Congress in January 1938 until Japan withdrew its troops from China. The refusal of the American government to recognize Japan's conquests in China led to a breakdown in trade and financial relations between the two countries.

Further actions by the Japanese provoked the entry of the United States into World War II. At dawn on December 7, 1941, the US naval base of Pearl Harbor, located in the Hawaiian Islands, was subjected to a massive bombardment by Japanese aircraft from six aircraft carriers about 300 miles from the target. The air raid on Sunday morning came as a complete surprise to the Americans at the base. The base's radars detected the approach of a large number of aircraft, but the attendants mistook them for American bombers, which were supposed to be transferred to the base from Wake Island. The alarm was announced only at 7:58 am, when enemy aircraft entered the line of sight. Already at 8 o'clock, two large US warships were destroyed. The ship "Arizona" suffered the most, out of 1400 crew members of which 1103 people died. Japanese bombers flattened the American base for two hours, effectively destroying the main US naval forces in the Pacific. They were assisted by a squadron of small submarines. In two hours, 2,377 servicemen and 70 civilians were killed, 1,143 people were injured. The Japanese disabled 15 US ships and 347 aircraft. At 9:45 a.m., the Japanese planes set off on their return journey. 29 cars and 6 submarines did not return back, but the Japanese had every reason to believe that they had won a victory that would not allow the United States to interfere with Japan's actions in the Pacific.

On December 8, the indignant Senate unanimously approved the president's decision to declare war on the aggressor. The House of Representatives also voted in favor of the decision, only MP from Montana, pacifist Janet Rankin, opposed. Ordinary Americans were also indignant. In addition to mass anti-Japanese demonstrations, there were cases of leavened American patriotism in the country: someone expressed his anger by cutting down four Japanese cherries and was arrested for disturbing the peace. So the United States entered World War II. War with Japan also meant war with its ally Germany: on December 11, Germany and Italy declared war on the United States. The Congress, which gathered for a meeting on the same day, confirmed the country's intention to fight the Nazis. In June 1942, the United States declared war on the Nazi satellites - Bulgaria, Hungary, Romania.

After the bombing of Pearl Harbor, the American government feared the possibility of a Japanese landing on the Pacific coast of the United States. Therefore, unprecedented precautions were taken. In particular, the American Japanese living on the coast, who could potentially become accomplices of the aggressor, were forcibly relocated to guarded camps set up in the interior regions of the country, for example, in the states of Idaho, Utah, and Wyoming. In 1942, 110 thousand people turned out to be in the camps, and those who were born in America in the families of Japanese emigrants, and even those who had at least one great-grandfather or great-grandmother, were recognized as "Japanese". However, the Japanese Americans were eager to prove their loyalty to the United States and achieved the formation of special military units that showed their best side during the fighting. The most famous Japanese-American unit was the 442nd Regimental Task Force, which distinguished itself in Europe.

Fortunately for the United States, Japan never made any attempt to land troops on the American Pacific coast. Only on February 23, 1942, the Californian city of Santa Barbara was fired upon by a Japanese submarine under the command of Kaizo Nishino. However, the Americans found a way to ridicule the "feat" of the samurai. The former captain of a Japanese tanker allegedly carried out an act of personal vengeance in California: a few years before the war, he visited Saita-Barbara, where he inadvertently managed to fall on a prickly cactus. So the daring bombing was attributed to the desire of the unfortunate Japanese to take revenge on the local thorns.

The Japanese hoped that the attack on Pearl Harbor would bleed the American navy, but the United States managed to restore its naval forces in the shortest possible time. In June 1942, the American and Japanese fleets clashed at the Battle of Midway Island in the Pacific. Aircraft carriers also participated in it, so it became the first battle in history, the outcome of which was decided simultaneously at sea and in the air. As a result, US bombers destroyed four Japanese aircraft carriers involved in the attack on Pearl Harbor. During the battle, a plane was also shot down, on which was Admiral Yamamoto, who commanded the Japanese fleet.

The Americans managed to seriously beat up the enemy forces and forever put an end to the threat of a Japanese landing on the US Pacific coast, but victory over Japan was still far away, and such operations as the bombing of Tokyo on April 18, 1942, were rather intimidating.

At the beginning of the war, Japan invaded the Philippine Islands and defeated the 75,000th US military contingent, the remnants of which were transferred to Australia, where they joined the international corps of allied forces, under the command of General MacArthur, who had evacuated from the Philippines. The task of this formation was to land troops to the Pacific islands captured by the Japanese in order to gradually force the aggressor to leave them. This took three years of fierce battles. On October 25, 1944, the Americans recaptured the Philippines. In fact, this meant a decisive turning point in the course of hostilities in favor of the Americans. By the beginning of 1945, of all the occupied territories, only Manchuria remained with the Japanese.

For Americans, World War II began primarily as a war in the Pacific. The nation was once again lucky, as not a single battle took place on the soil of America. At the same time, participation in the war required the introduction of a rationed distribution of certain strategic materials and food. In May 1942, coupons were introduced for the first time in the country. Thus, a US citizen was entitled to one pound of sugar for two weeks, and a car owner could buy 25-30 gallons of gasoline per month. At the same time, everything that was sold with coupons could be bought in unlimited quantities at commercial prices.

The entry into the war against the fascist bloc forced the US government to reconsider relations with the USSR. After the failure of the Barbarossa plan, the German armies were firmly bogged down in Russia. The Western world was given a respite, as the fascists did not have the strength to launch a simultaneous conquest of Great Britain. The Americans reacted differently to the events in our country. Of course, there were many who, having cast aside ideological prejudices, sincerely sympathized with the misfortune that befell our people, but many considered the Nazi invasion of the USSR as the beginning of the end of the communist regime and happily rubbed their hands, believing that after the fall of the Soviet Union it would be possible to calmly negotiate with Germany about the division of the world. There were pragmatists who saw the war between Germany and the USSR as a means to weaken both opponents, from which America would benefit. This point of view, in particular, was shared by Senator Harry Truman (1884–1972), the post-war president of the United States, F. D. Roosevelt judged differently. The defeat of the USSR did not meet the interests of the United States, as it would incredibly strengthen the position of Germany and Japan. Therefore, already on June 24, 1941, on the third day after the Nazi attack on the USSR, Roosevelt announced the readiness of the United States to provide assistance to a country that had become a victim of aggression. Indeed, in November 1941, the lend-lease law was extended to the USSR.

Our country will always remember the military-technical support provided to it by the United States, the 19,000 aircraft that flew to the USSR via an air bridge across the Pacific Ocean, the sea convoys that delivered 11,000 tanks and many other types of weapons, as well as vehicles. The Soviet Union also received 2,000 tons of grain from America. Our army ate American canned meat - these cans of stew were jokingly called the "second front". Part of the cargo destined for the USSR was delivered across the Atlantic Ocean to Great Britain, and from there sea transport convoys were sent to Murmansk. Their courageous members were constantly attacked by German submarines and bombers. Deliveries to the USSR accounted for only 22 percent of the total Lend-Lease deliveries made by the United States. In turn, the belligerent Soviet Union supplied raw materials to the United States and Great Britain.

The combat cooperation of the USA, Great Britain and the USSR took shape in the anti-Hitler coalition. In June 1942, a Soviet-American agreement was signed on the principles of mutual assistance in waging war against aggressors. During the negotiations, an agreement was reached on opening a second front in Europe. However, the Americans were in no hurry to fulfill their promises. Not only because they sought to further weaken Germany and the USSR, but also because their interests required efforts in other theaters of military operations. For them, the main thing remained the fighting in the Pacific Ocean and the support of Great Britain. In the midst of the battle of Stalingrad, they announced that they were not ready to start hostilities in Europe, and in November 1942, together with British troops, the Americans landed in North Africa.

The Joint Chiefs of Staff of the United States and Britain, set up in Washington, adopted a pro-British plan of military action, which consisted in clearing North Africa of the occupying German and Italian troops. Italy occupied British Somalia in August 1940 and attempted an invasion of Egypt, however by May 1941 the British under General Archibald Whewell (1883–1950) had regained Somalia. Meanwhile, the need to deploy troops in the Middle East (in Iran, Iraq, Lebanon, Syria), especially urgent after the loss of positions in Greece, weakened the British African group of troops. The situation in North Africa became more complicated after the fascist group in Libya was reinforced by the Germans in February 1941 and headed by General Erwin Rommel. In January 1942, the Nazis began to actively move towards the Suez Canal. During the bloody battles, the British lost half of the tanks at their disposal and were able to stop Rommel's troops only by the end of June, when the fascist group was surrounded near El Alamein.

When, in November 1942, an Anglo-American landing force landed in Algiers, joining the British army in East Africa, Rommel's grouping lost the battle for Tunisia, which was decisive for the course of the African campaign, and on May 13, 1943, recognized itself defeated. Having entrenched themselves in northern Africa, the British and Americans gained a springboard for the invasion of Italy. Already on July 10, they landed troops on the islands of Sicily and Sardinia, which became a prologue to their successful military operations on the Apennine Peninsula. The danger of war on their own territory prompted the Italians to take decisive action. Mussolini was removed from power, and the new Italian government, led by Marshal Badoglio, negotiated a surrender. However, despite the surrender announced in September 1943, the fighting in Italy continued until June 1944, since the Nazis, who sought to support Mussolini, managed to occupy a significant part of Italy. Since the spring of 1944, Allied aviation began to carry out massive air raids on German territory.

During World War II, the allies - members of the Anglo-Soviet-American anti-Hitler coalition - maintained constant contacts. The leaders of the three countries met at the Tehran (1943) and Crimean (Yalta) (1945) conferences. However, the second front, promised at the beginning of 1942, actually opened only when the territory of the USSR was almost completely liberated from the invaders. During this period, the final victory of the USSR in the war was no longer in doubt, but the opening of a second front, of course, brought the end of the war closer.

For two years, the United States and Great Britain developed a plan for the invasion of France - Operation Overlord. Its development was led by the Chief of Staff of the US Army, General George Marshall (1880-1959). In the spring of 1944, American General D. Eisenhower, appointed commander of the American army in Europe, was given the task of preparing the landing of the most powerful amphibious assault in the history of all wars in Northern France. The beginning of the Normandy operation marked the opening of the long-awaited second front. However, this did not happen in May, as planned, but only on June 6, which went down in history as "Day D", which in military jargon means the day on which the military operation is scheduled. 1,200 warships, 10,000 aircraft, 804 transport ships and 4,126 landing craft took part in the Normandy operation, transporting a total of 156,000 people across the English Channel. 132,500 paratroopers were delivered by sea, the rest by aircraft. Most of the invasion force - 83 thousand people - were British and Canadians, 73 thousand were Americans. The Allies enjoyed undivided air supremacy. Their aircraft constantly bombed the crossings across the Seine and the Loire, preventing the approach of reinforcements to the defending Nazis.

Ground battles were fierce and bloody. Assuming the possibility of landing in Western Europe, the Nazis kept 59 divisions along the coast, that is, each division was assigned the defense of a 50-kilometer stretch of coast. Approximately half of the German divisions were mobile, and the landing troops had a hard time. Nevertheless, in the first day of the fighting, they captured five coastal bridgeheads. At the same time, Caen, which was planned to be taken on the first day of the Normandy operation, was released only by July 9th.

In July, the allies quickly crossed Northern France, entered Belgium on the move, but in the autumn the pace of the offensive came to naught - as they approached the borders of Germany, the resistance of the Nazis increased. At the beginning of winter, they launched a desperate counter-offensive on the Western Front (December 16, 1944 - January 16, 1945). The position of the Anglo-American troops stabilized when, at the request of British Prime Minister W. Churchill, in January, ahead of schedule, the Soviet Army went on the offensive along the entire length of the 1,200-kilometer Eastern Front. This operation allowed the Allies not only to level the situation on the Western Front, but also to go on the offensive in March, overcoming the so-called "Siegfried Line" - a defensive line on the western border of Germany, created back in the 1930s. Moving towards Berlin, the Americans reached the banks of the Elbe, where on April 25, 1945, near the city of Torgau, the 1st Army of General Hodges met with the troops of the First Ukrainian Front under the command of Marshal Konev, who had come to the river from the east.

May 7, 1945 turned out to be “V-E Day” for the Americans and the British - victory day in Europe (V - abbreviated victory - “victory”, E - Europe - Europe) - Eisenhower accepted the surrender of German troops in Western Europe, but this document is about The complete and unconditional surrender of Nazi Germany was signed on the night of May 8-9 in the town of Karlshorst near Berlin.

US losses in the war amounted to 400 thousand people.

President Roosevelt, who won the election for the fourth time in 1944 and thus remained the permanent head of state all these difficult years, did not live to see the victory: he died on April 12, 1945. Harry Truman, vice president of the Roosevelt government, became the 32nd president of the United States.

At the Potsdam Conference, which met on August 2, 1945, the leaders of the countries of the anti-Hitler coalition set themselves the task of forcing Japan to surrender. In the adopted appeal to the Japanese government, it was proposed to agree to unconditional surrender. Since the Japanese ignored this demand, the epicenter of the Second World War moved to the Far East, where the Allies had to destroy the last enemy.

Having transferred part of the divisions to the east, the USSR continued the war in Manchuria, victoriously fighting side by side with the People's Liberation Army of China. The United States and other allied countries launched a massive bombardment of Japan, forcing its leadership to admit their military defeat. Nevertheless, when the outcome of the war was already finally decided, the United States decided to test the newly created atomic bomb in Japan. This was infinitely cruel to the population of Japan, but, from the point of view of American politicians, it was necessary to establish the exclusive position of the United States in the post-war world.

The first act of the atomic tragedy took place on August 6, 1945. The bomber, named "Enola Gay" in honor of the mother of the crew commander, dropped an atomic bomb on Hiroshima. 80 percent of the city's buildings were swept off the face of the earth, not a single building remained intact (the so-called "Atomic House" was the least damaged, which still stands in ruins as the main part of the memorial to the victims of the atomic bombing). 70 thousand people were burned in the flames of an atomic fire. However, this figure is controversial, some sources claim that instant death overtook up to 240 thousand people. Hundreds of thousands more were injured and the strongest doses of radiation. On August 9, the second American atomic bomb devastated Nagasaki, where 35,000 people were killed, 60,000 were injured and had radiation sickness, and another 5,000 were missing. On September 2, 1945, Japan signed the Instrument of Surrender, marking the end of World War II.

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