What were pirates called in ancient times. Antique Pirates

Piracy, despite the perceptions of most people, has not remained from its inception until our time in one system of organization. In this, it is similar to many countries that have gone from primitive to modern formations, but unlike them, its formations are repeated, or rather scattered piracy is repeated. For example, legal piracy follows first, then fragmented, then pirate countries, and after them again fragmented, then a period of subjugation to countries, and then fragmented again, and so on.

The first period in the history of piracy is legal piracy.

During this period, each country did not neglect piracy, and if people saw a ship that did not belong to their country, then they could be sure that the ship was a pirate one. To enter into a skirmish with a ship meant to enter into a skirmish with the country, and, perhaps for this reason, the states of antiquity fought with all their neighbors. That is why this period is called legal, that the pirates in those days were not robbers, but ordinary sailors. But gradually piracy was reborn into pirate countries, that is, huge or small states that existed almost exclusively due to piracy. The most famous of them are Cilicia and the state of the Vikings. Then, having passed the period of disunity, a period of subjugation began, namely, countries, in order to increase their power, as well as to weaken their opponents, used the services of pirates, who provided very substantial military assistance, or simply did not allow the trade of certain countries to develop. The main rival countries of this period were England and Spain. During the period of fragmented piracy, or free as it is also called, each ship acted at its own peril and risk, although it kept all the booty for itself (in other periods, various countries or organizations could provide protection to pirate ships with their influence, but took part of the pirate booty yourself). Sometimes, of course, pirate organizations also appeared, but they could not rise to the level of pirate countries. Therefore, in addition to increasing the danger of the operation, the pirates could not have a significant impact on the life of European states and pose any threat to them. Their occupation was only piracy, and not everything that they could afford in other periods of existence.

The beginning of all periods is legal piracy. It appeared back in those ancient times, when people were just beginning to explore the expanses of the sea. Then they, seeing another ship, probably weaker, simply captured it. As soon as the Greeks of the barbarian period began to travel around the Mediterranean, they indulged in sea robberies under the command of bold leaders, and this craft, historians say, was not only not considered shameful, but, on the contrary, honorable. "What is your trade?" - the wise Nestor asked the young Telemachus, who was looking for his father after the fall of Troy. “Are you traveling in the affairs of your land, or are you one of those pirates who spread terror on the most distant shores?” These words, cited by Homer, serve as a reflection of the character of that time - a character familiar to all militant societies that are still not subject to the law and consider such manifestations of power that the crowd applauds to be heroic. Homer sanctified in his poems the terrible type of these new conquerors, and this tradition, which became popular and preserved in the depths of ancient enlightenment, defended the glory of adventurers who were glorified by imitating the example of the Argonauts. Fairy tales and legends, in turn, deified other heroes who defended their homeland from pirate attacks or, far from their homeland, became defenders of the oppressed. Popular gratitude erected monuments to them, the traces of which have not been erased so far.

But times passed, and finally the Roman Empire reached its peak. It was then that the rulers realized that the fight against piracy was the work of the state, and not those who were most annoyed by it, that is, merchants who were not capable of fighting pirates.

The reason for one of the first campaigns against pirates was the capture of Julius Caesar, who, still young, fleeing from the proscription of Sulla, took refuge at the court of Nicomedes, King of Bithynia. On the way back, he was ambushed by Cilician pirates near the island of Farmacusa. These inhuman people, in order to get rid of superfluous food consumers, tied the unfortunate people they caught in pairs back to back and threw them into the sea, but assuming that Caesar, dressed in a purple toga and surrounded by many slaves, must have been a noble person, they allowed him to send messengers to Italy for ransom negotiations.

In the course of two weeks of staying with the pirates, Caesar showed so little fear that the astonished robbers instinctively bowed to his proud speeches; Sometimes, with a mocking smile, he took part in the amusements of the pirates, but suddenly, remembering his position, he left, threatening to hang them all if anyone dared to disturb him. And these barbarians, instead of being offended, reluctantly obeyed this iron will. Upon the arrival of the ransom, which he himself appointed in 5000 gold coins, Caesar went to Miletus and ordered to equip several ships to chase the pirates, soon found them in a group of islands where they anchored, cut off their retreat, took possession of their booty, which rewarded the cost of equipping the ships, and took to Pergamon a long line of captives, whom he ordered to hang on the nearest trees.

Not more than a century passed, and the pirates entered the second stage of their development, the stage of pirate states. The first of these was in Cilicia, with its capital in the fortress of Caracesium. The pirates reached such power that, according to Plutarch, they established arsenals filled with military shells and machines, placed garrisons and lighthouses on the entire Asian coast, and assembled a fleet of more than a thousand galleys. Their ships, shining with luxury, had gilded purple sails and oars upholstered in silver. Never afterwards was there an example of pirates so boldly displaying booty in front of the eyes of the robbed.

Soon it seemed insufficient for them to travel by sea, and when the fear of their name, a harbinger of terrible disasters, turned the sea into a desert, then they declared a merciless war on the ancient world, scattered armies along the shores, plundered 400 cities and towns in Greece and Italy and came to wash their bloody sails to the Tiber, in the face of Rome itself.

Becoming bolder every day as a result of impunity, they finally challenge the mistress of the world to battle, and while the wealth of the conquered provinces accumulates in the Capitol, the unattainable enemy plows the fields of the people - the king like thunder.

If in any city there was a shrine enriched with offerings, the pirates devastate it under the pretext that the gods do not need the sheen of gold.

If proud patricians leave Rome with all the splendor of wealth and nobility, then in order to stretch out their hands to the chains of slavery, the field is covered with ambushes, and cunning goes to the aid of violence.

If in summer palaces, whose foundations are washed by the blue waves of Italian bays, there is a woman of consular breed or a swarthy young girl, a pearl of love for Asian gynecees, even if she comes from those triumphs whose fame has thundered in the universe, predators know in advance the price of nobility and beauty of her . The noble matron is a pledge of future failures; a girl exposed naked in the markets of the East is sold for her weight in gold, her modesty is valued like charms, and the Bosporus satraps are ready to give up a province for her every tear.

If a galley adorned with a Roman she-wolf, having exhausted all means of protection, enters into negotiations, then the pirates divide the crew into two parts, those who ask for mercy are chained to the rowers' bench. Those who, proud of the title of Roman citizen, threaten the victor with the revenge of their fatherland, immediately become the target of bestial ridicule. The pirates, as if regretting their insolence, prostrate themselves before them. “Oh, of course,” they exclaim, “go, you are free, and we will be too happy if you will forgive our irreverence!” Then they are taken aboard the ship and pushed into the abyss.

Needless to say, that in humiliated Rome not a single magnanimous voice was raised against this scourge. Let it be added that the stinginess of some powerful men, the hideous prudence of the political parties, for a long time favored these daily disasters and lived secretly from popular mourning, until at last it became necessary to put an end to this.

The convoy of grain from Sicily, Corsica and from the coast of Africa, taken by the Cilicians, caused a terrible famine in Rome. The people, having revolted, turned the city into a fire-breathing volcano, and the patricians and the tribunes, standing between the two harbingers of imminent doom, stopped their intrigues for a while in order to help the general disaster. The people are given weapons, they point out the enemy who has caused famine among them, and one hundred thousand volunteers, stationed in fourteen flotillas, like predatory eagles, rushed to all sea routes.

Pompey, already famous, directed this vast expedition, and fourteen senators, noted for courage and experience, under his command commanded the individual fleets of this impromptu naval army, the speed of organization of which has few examples in history. Five hundred ships sailed towards Asia, blocking all communications between East and West and destroying everything that attempted to pass them. Cramped more and more by this murderous stronghold, the pirates return in despair and confusion to Cilicia and concentrate in the fortress of Caracesium to try the chances of a decisive battle. After a forty-day trip, marked by significant prizes and the destruction of many pirates, Pompey accepts the last decisive challenge, burning their ships and turning the walls of Caracesium to dust. Then, landing with the whole army, he pursues his victory, takes and destroys one by one all the fortifications built between the coast and the Taurus, in which countless treasures plundered in Greece, Italy, Spain are hidden. But, having finished this business, the Roman commander spared the remnants of the vanquished on the shore, witnessing his feat, built a once flourishing city (Pompeiopolis, six miles from Tarza on the coast of Karamania), which gave us the memory of this page of his life. Such was the end of sea robbery in antiquity - a great merit which Rome did not appreciate enough, because it denied Pompey a well-deserved triumph.

In addition, the Vikings can also be attributed to the pirate states, because of which many problems arose not only for the weak English kings at that time, but also for the powerful Charlemagne, the first emperor of France. The Viking ships were a rowing and sailing deckless forty-meter vessel with thirty-four pairs of oars. The seaworthiness of the ships was excellent. It was very convenient to land troops from these ships, all the more so, thanks to the wide deck, a large number of soldiers were placed on the ship. In the tenth century, the Vikings took possession of vast territories in England and Greenland, completely occupied the territories of present-day Denmark, Norway and Iceland. But, fortunately, the Vikings were finished, and soon piracy again entered an era of disunity.

It is not known when pirates appeared in antiquity. The earliest known cases of sea robbers attacking merchant ships date back to the 14th century BC. e. At that time, there were many states in the Mediterranean, and the threat to them in the sea came from the so-called peoples of the sea. Very little is known about these people, and even less is known about the dark ages that came in the 13th century BC. e. But already the VIII century BC. e. characterized by the heyday of the ancient era.

It was then that the ancient Greek word "peirates" came into use, which meant "robber". Homer wrote about them, singing about them as men who live by the sea. The ancient poet equated them with the Argonauts, as the pirates laid new sea routes, found unknown harbors and islands, invented fast ships and improved their weapons. But after a couple of centuries, piracy began to be viewed as a shameful activity.

Sea robbers began to cause a lot of trouble to coastal states and hinder the development of trade between countries. To protect themselves from sea robbers, the rulers of countries and cities began to acquire large fleets to accompany the caravans of merchant ships. Phoenicians, Illyrians and Tyrrhenians traded in piracy at that time, but it happened that some rulers did not disdain such activities.

So in the VI century BC. e. Polycrates, the tyrant of the island of Samos, created a whole fleet of small ships and began to hunt by robbing merchant ships. It was under Polycrates that ships with a blunt nose and a voluminous hull with smooth contours were invented. This design sailed well and developed good speed.

The Persians constantly suffered from a tyrant-pirate. They tried to conclude an agreement with the Phoenicians so that they would destroy the sea robbers. But in contrast to this, Polycrates concluded a maritime alliance with the Egyptian pharaoh Amasis. The Phoenicians did not want to quarrel with the Egyptians, and the Persians had to defend their merchant ships on their own. But since they were not skillful navigators, they did it very badly.

In the III century BC. e. The most famous pirates were the Illyrians. They haunted the ships in the Adriatic Sea and caused discontent of the Roman Republic. In 168 BC. e. The Romans conquered Illyria. Only after this was the end of Illyrian piracy.

In the 1st century BC e. a whole pirate state was created in Cilicia (Asia Minor). Their ships were equipped with both sails and oars. The Cilicians reached unprecedented power. Plutarch wrote that they posted garrisons and lighthouses along the Asiatic coast and had a fleet of more than 1,000 galleys.

These sea robbers even captured the young Julius Caesar during his voyage through the Aegean Sea in 75 BC. e. They released the future ruler of Rome only after 2 months, paying for him a huge ransom of 50 talents of gold.

The Cilicians also seized ships carrying grain from Sicily and Corsica, causing a famine in Rome. In 67 B.C. e. Rome sent a huge fleet against the sea robbers under the leadership of Pompey. The pirates were destroyed, and their main fortress Korakesiya was stormed and destroyed. Only after that a calm came in the Mediterranean, but it did not last long, since pirates in ancient times were indestructible.

Most clearly, the robbers of ships manifested themselves in 258-264 years already of our era. This time, Goths and Heruli acted as sea robbers. These eastern barbarians sacked the cities along the coasts of the Aegean, Marmara and Black Seas. Then they got to Cyprus and Crete. The robbers seized huge booty and drove thousands of people into captivity. All prisoners were sold into slavery.

In 286, the Romans began an active struggle against the Saxon and Frankish pirates. They made regular raids on Armorica and Belgian Gaul. But the Irish robbers captured and enslaved the Christian missionary and bishop of St. Patrick. It happened in Ireland in 450.

Thus, it is clear that in ancient times pirates caused a lot of trouble for the Greeks, Persians, and Romans. Powerful powers suffered from them and made a lot of effort to defeat the sea robbers. Sometimes they were completely destroyed, but after a short period of time they were reborn, like a Phoenix bird from the ashes. The situation with piracy did not improve in subsequent centuries, when the ancient states sunk into oblivion.

Piracy

from antique

up to our times.

Introduction.

The topic of piracy as a historical phenomenon was relevant both in ancient times and to this day. The origin, way of life, customs, and significance of piracy worried many historians and writers. What is the relevance of this problem? The fact that piracy as a way of easy money exists to this day, being a reflection of the negative traits of a person's character. Only the form of robbery has changed: instead of the galleys of English and Spanish robbers, the junks of Chinese and Japanese pirates, robbery and looting are now carried out on high-speed boats. But the essence of the problem does not change. Looting, theft, cruelty have always accompanied the Jolly Roger.

In my study of the history of the emergence of piracy, I used the following sources: Baker J. "History of geographical discoveries and research", Verne J. "Seafarers of the 18th century", Grebelsky P. "Pirates", Mozheiko I. "Pirates, corsairs, raiders", Semenova M. "Vikings", Neukirchen X. "Pirates. Sea robbery on all seas", etc. They vividly and accurately show the main milestones in the development of piracy, but these sources are based on eyewitness accounts, not historians. subjectivity, and therefore cannot serve as definitive historical documents for ongoing research.

The objectives of the work were the following: 1.Trace the history of the emergence and development of piracy in various regions of the world. 2. Show the common and distinctive features of the pirates of Ancient Greece, the North Seas, the Middle Ages and the present 3. Describe the regulated rules of behavior and life of pirates. 4. Give a general concept of modern piracy. 5. Identify the reasons for the existence of piracy as a historical phenomenon based on the thirst for easy money and the desire to conquer new territories.

Chapter 1. History of piracy

Pirates, corsairs, buccaneers… Cruel and ruthless criminals or desperate romantics? Who were they during the golden age of piracy? why did some of them receive noble titles, while others were mercilessly executed as the most notorious villains? How did the life of ordinary and famous pirates proceed? What laws did the pirates recognize, what ships did they sail on, what weapons did they fight with?

The history of piracy goes back over 3,000 years. People sought to master the sea routes, and in addition to storms and uncertainty, they were always lured by another danger - sea robbers. In ancient times, the term "pirate" itself first arose - from the Latin peirato. This word was used for those who attack ships and coastal cities without a specific political or military goal, but with the aim of robbery. In the 18th century, piracy received a legal definition and began to be ruthlessly exterminated by all states. Although often the most ordinary pirates fought on the side of the kings of England, Spain or France ...

It is believed that a pirate is one of the most ancient "professions", which appeared many millennia ago, almost simultaneously with the craft of a navigator. The ancient tribes living by the sea, at every opportunity, attacked the boats of their neighbors. With the development of trade, piracy also spread. Sea robbery was a very profitable occupation. The ancient Greeks traveled around the Mediterranean and engaged in maritime robbery under the leadership of brave and courageous people who considered themselves heroes. At that time, piracy was an honorable craft, they were proud of it, and not ashamed. Only courageous people could challenge the sea and fight bravely in its open spaces, winning for themselves and for their country untold riches.

Buccaneers and filibusters attacked merchant ships, it did not matter to them who they belonged to. French corsairs, German privateers and English privateers, as a rule, robbed merchant ships only of hostile countries. Piracy is a profitable business. The governments of many countries understood this and did not want to share a share of the profits with the owners of the ships. So the raiders appeared. Raiders were hired. All the loot was kept by the government. If pirates and corsairs rarely sank ships without first plundering them, then for the raiders the main thing was to inflict damage on the enemy. Their task is to destroy as many enemy ships as possible. Pirates often attacked not only ships, but coastal villages. The robbers did not see much difference, and women, old people and children were dealt with just as cruelly as soldiers and sailors.

Let's look at the history of piracy in various countries and regions, try to find common features and national differences in this cruel, crushing, but so bright, to some extent romantic, historical phenomenon.

§one. Piracy in ancient Greece

The origin of sea robbery dates back to the most ancient times. The description of pirate raids is found in Greek myths and Scandinavian sagas, in the folklore of many peoples. Long time occupation

this was not at all considered shameful, but even commendable. And it's quite

understandable, because it was fraught with great risk, required people

great courage and bravery. The epic poems are filled with tales of

maritime robberies, the attitude towards which is highly sympathetic.

For example, the campaign of the Argonauts is inherently a real

bandit expedition, but sung as a heroic feat: Odysseus

boasts of his corsair victories and lists the captured

property: "... we destroyed the city, we exterminated all the inhabitants. Zhen,

having saved and plundered a lot of treasures, we began to divide the booty so that everyone could take their own plot ... ". Menelaus speaks in unison with him, while extolling his own valor, etc. there are a lot of examples! Athenian laws approved the Society of Pirates and regulated its activities - assistance in times of war, protection of trade and coasts, etc. Periodically, entire states engaged in piracy arose.Polycrates of Samos in the 6th century BC conducted large-scale sea robbery and plundered the islands and coasts.He organized the first maritime racket known in history: the Greeks and Phoenicians paid him to protect their ships and cargoes from attacks and robbery, and sailors from death.The income from piracy was so great that Polycrates built a palace on the island of Samos, considered one of the wonders of the world of that era.

But piracy, as a social phenomenon, was born millennia before the emergence of Greece as a maritime power. In general, it is not necessary to identify the concept of "ancient piracy" with the history of Greece and Rome. Long before the Greek and Roman Eupatrides of Fortune, there were Egyptian and Phoenician pirates. Everyone understands that the history of piracy is closely connected with the history of navigation and it is impossible (and is it necessary?) to separate them. The types of the oldest ships, their technical characteristics and armament, their advantages and disadvantages are known little more than the names of the helmsmen who took these canoes into the open sea. Some data can only be established indirectly, relying on a few primitive images and mythological material, rather vague for all its beauty. Information about "pre-Greek" history was largely gleaned from the Greeks themselves: in ancient Egypt, sadly, there was no constant chronology, and therefore there were no historians.

With the development of civilization in Greece, piracy is beginning to be viewed as

evil and fight against it. The Romans in the first centuries of their history of sea robbery did not know at all, since they did not have navigation either, which, on the one hand, prevented Ancient Rome from successfully coping with sea robbery, and on the other hand, caused particular bitterness against pirates.

Execution on the cross is the only punishment that Rome recognized as suitable for pirates. In 228 BC. Rome had to fight the Illyrian pirates.

The ruler Scodri (Scutari) united the Illyrian tribes and organized

of which the real corsair kingdom. His squadrons terrorized everything

coastal cities and completely interrupted trade in the Aegean and

Adriatic seas. The Romans sent against King Argon, who was standing in

the head of the pirates, 200 ships that managed to defeat his fleet and stop the organized sea robbery for a while. In 102 B.C.

Rome again had to equip an expedition led by Praetor Mark Antony to fight against the Sicilian pirates, but it was not successful.

Once, on the way from Rome to the island of Rhodes, he fell into the hands of Cilician pirates

Gaius Julius Caesar (100-44 BC). Captured, he kept

complete calmness and was engaged in the preparation of his speeches, not paying attention to

attention pirates. Pirates, having learned from Caesar's retinue who he is, for a long time

argued about the amount of the ransom and decided to establish an unheard-of

the value of the price of 10 talents (1 talent - 26.2 kg of silver). However, Caesar

outraged by the low estimate that seemed to him, said that he was worth 50

talents. The pirates, of course, did not argue and graciously agreed.

Coming out after making a ransom to freedom, Julius Caesar on four galleys with

with five hundred soldiers attacked the pirates' camp, and not only captured almost

all the robbers, but also returned his money. He executed 30 leaders, however,

in gratitude for the good attitude towards him, gave instructions to

crucifixion on the cross to cut their throats.

Internal strife temporarily forced Rome to leave the pirates alone, but in 73 BC. again an expedition was sent against them under the command of Praetor Anthony of Crete. However, instead of fighting the sea robbers, Antony entered into an alliance with them and jointly plundered Sicily.

The Cilician sea robbers received the initial device when

Typhon (II century BC), who captured the Syrian kingdom with their help.

The castles of the corsairs stretched far into the depths of the Lycian, Cilician and

It is believed that piracy originated in ancient times. And quite rightly, because there is every reason to believe that as soon as the first sea merchant put his boat full of all sorts of goods for sale on the water, the first pirate was already waiting for him on the way. It should be noted that most often sea robbery was a side trade of coastal tribes, and later - residents of cities and states that arose on the sites of their settlements.

Pirates of Ancient Greece and Rome

Descriptions of pirate raids are found in the folklore of many ancient peoples of the world. The epic poems of ancient Greece are full of tales of maritime robberies and raids. For example, the legendary journey of the Argonauts is nothing more than a real pirate expedition, but note that it was sung as a great heroic feat. The well-known epic "Odyssey" mentions by no means the most decent adventures of the protagonist, who destroyed more than one city on his way, killing dozens, maybe even hundreds of people.

The historical fact is the approval of the ancient Athenian laws of the Society of Pirates. In the 4th century BC, Polycrates of Samos was engaged in maritime robbery and robbery - it was he who first organized a real racket. The Greeks and the inhabitants of Phoenicia paid tribute to him in order to protect their ships and cargo from piracy, and sailors from cruel violent death. Noteworthy are reports of Cilician pirates who rampaged off the Eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea. It was they who managed to capture the young Julius Caesar, who, breaking free, brutally took revenge on the robbers.

Deep roots of piracy

But it is by no means necessary to identify "ancient" piracy with the history of Ancient Greece and Rome. Long before these states appeared on the map, Egyptians and Phoenicians were engaged in sea raids. Unfortunately, little information about the pirates of the South Seas has been preserved in history. However, with all confidence we can assume that their activities took place with all the scope inherent in the Asian continent.

In total, the appearance of piracy can be attributed to the period when the first trade routes began to form. So, in the code of laws of Hammurabi, the tablets of Ashurbanippal and reports of other ancient rulers, a list of trade values ​​was listed, which included wood, honey, incense, ivory, precious metals and slaves. At the same time, the first mention of pirate raids and punishments applied to robbers appeared, and the age of this information is now about 4 thousand years.

Pirates of the Ancient World

Dionysius of Phocis

(Dionysius the Phocaean), 5th century BC e.

Dionysius, a Greek pirate who hunted in the Mediterranean, became a pirate by force. This was prompted by the war with Persia. When the Persians in 495 BC. e. defeated the Greek fleet of the port city of Phocaea, commanded by Dionysius, he was at a crossroads. As a professional military man, he knew enough about strategy to have no illusions about the fate of his hometown. Left without a fleet, Phocaea was defenseless, and therefore doomed. However, Dionysius himself did not even think of laying down his arms. There was only one way - to go to the pirates in order not to let the Persians relax in the territory of his native country. He, acting quickly and resourcefully, captured three Persian ships. The pirate squadron was ready! After that, Dionysius began to aggressively ply along the Phoenician coast, delivering considerable trouble to the merchants, from whom he managed to take away a lot of rich goods and other valuables.

Phocaea was the birthplace of many pirates. This development of events was dictated by life itself.

About forty years before the events described, the Phocaean pirates got a hard time off the coast of Corsica. Their offenders were the Carthaginians and Etruscans, whose ships, united, landed on the shore, knowing that there was a colony of pirates. The suddenness of the attack and a serious numerical superiority led to the triumph of the attackers. Not content with taking the pirates prisoner, the Carthaginians and Etruscans stoned them to death.

Dionysius, of course, could not help but remember the brutal reprisal that befell his comrades in arms. Now that he had his own squadron, Dionysius decided to get even. He headed for Sicily. It was there that he decided to make his base. From his base, Dionysius could control the movement of ships in this region of the Mediterranean Sea and attack them by surprise. According to Herodotus, he never attacked Greek ships, but the Carthaginian and Etruscan ships did not have to rely on his mercy. As a result, Dionysius took so many rich trophies that, one might say, he completely got even for the damage done to Phocaea and her free corsairs.

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