How related words are formed. Which words are not related

Words can be taken apart. Knowing these parts will help you better understand the meaning of many words, use them correctly in speech and write correctly.

Words that have a common part and are close in meaning are called related .

Genus natural - genus stvenniks - genus residents - genus nye - with genus ichi - genus

All these words have a common meaning "to be native" and a common part - genus.

Related words are close in meaning and have a common (identical) part, which contains the common lexical meaning of all related words.

The common part of related words is the root. Therefore, related words are also called single-root.

The root contains the common lexical meaning of all cognate words.

The root is the main part of the word. It contains the main meaning of the word. You need to be able to find roots in words in order to better understand the meanings of words and write them correctly. The root is usually denoted by an arc from above.

Word roots in (related) cognate words are spelled the same way. Among the words with the same root, there may be a word that helps to write all other words correctly.

Examples of root words

Here is an example of chains of single-root words:

- leaf - leaf - leaflet - flipping
- hangs - hangs - hangs - sag
- With the root -cat-: cat, cat yonok.
- With the root -oak-: oak, oak OK.
- With the root -forest-: forest, forest noah, re forest OK, forest Nick, forest points.
- With the root -light-: light, light it, light ly, by light itch, race light, light ilnik, light fawn.
- With the root -dar-: gift, gift it, by gift full-time, by gift OK.
- With the root -screw-: screw, screw, screw.
- With the root -side-: side, side, sidewall.
- With the root -ringing-: ringing, ringing, ringing, ringing, ringing, ringing.
- With the root -cold-: cold, cold, refrigerator.
- With the root -more-: pestilence e, pestilence sky, seaside, pestilence yak, sailor.
- With the root -ros-: grew up a, grew up true, grew up s.
- Elephant, elephant, elephant
- Salt shaker, salty, salt, salt, salting, straws.
- Feed, feeder, feed.
- Fly - pilot, flight.
- City, urban.
- Home is home.
- -var-: boiled, tea leaves, cook, decoction
- -skaz-: narrator, express, suggest, story
- -white-: whiten, white, white, whitewash
- -weight-: weighted, weighed, scales, weighted
- -pis-: written, inscription, written, census
- mushroom - mushroom nickname - mushroom OK - mushroom noah - mushroom nitsa - mushroom points (all these words have a common meaning and the same part - mushroom).
- fox testicle - fox a - fox onka - fox ka - fox - fox yata - fox ii (the words have a common meaning for all these words - a small forest animal with a red skin and a fluffy tail, and the common part is fox).
- pear a - pears ka - pears left - pears looking for - pears echka - pears enka (all words have a common meaning - fruit, and a common part - pears).
- Fetus- demon fetus ie - demon fetus ny -you fetus- about fetus revelation - oh fetus open - oh fetus open - fetus ik - fetus it -
  fetus to go - fetus ny - fetus winded - fetus new - fetus bearing - fetus Orodie - at fetus races fetus it - races fetus to go.

It turns out that related words seem to grow from one root.

The root is the main common part of related words, which contains their main meaning. The root in related words is spelled the same way.

How to find the root in a word?

Match the word with as many related words as possible.
Find the common part of related words that are similar in spelling and meaning. This is the root of the word.

Paired consonants in the root need to be checked if they are at the end of a word or before another consonant.

To check, you need to change the word so that after the consonant there is a vowel sound. You can choose a single-root word for words with a paired consonant.

snow - snow - snowman
frost - frost - freeze
spoon - spoon
cuff - sleeves
mushroom - mushroom
fish - fish
bush - bushes
cold - cold
rain - rain
coat - coat
birch - birch
weed is grass.

What are similar-sounding words for branch?

Find similar-sounding words for the word branch. First of all, let's take a root. The root of the word branch: -vet-
Rhyming Words for "branch":

twig, ramification, branch, ramification, ramification, offshoot;
branchy, branched, branched;
branched;
branch off, branch off, branch off, branch off, branch off, branch off, branch off, branch off, branch off, branch off, branch off.

P.S. The words branch and branch are single-root, having the same meaning. In these words, there is an alternation of consonants tv, etc.

Test on the topic "Single-root words"

driver, water, water, water, water

Correctly!

Not right!

Determine which word in the chain is superfluous:
whistle, whistle, whistle, light

Correctly!

Not right!

Find a common root in a chain of single-root words:
woods, forestry, forester, forester

Related words are words that have the same root, but not always related to the same part of speech. An example is the words white, whiten, whiteness All three words have the same root. When determining related words, a number of features should be taken into account. This will be discussed further.

How are related words formed?

Related words are formed due to a certain set of prefixes and suffixes (or so-called postfixes). If words with one common root differ from each other only in endings (inflections), then it is wrong to classify them as related. For example, "river" and "river" are not related words, but a form of the same word.

In Russian, the most common methods of word formation are suffixal, prefixal, prefix-suffixal. With the first method, the word is formed by adding a suffix, the second - with a prefix. The prefix-suffix method, respectively, implies the use of these two methods together. It is not practical to create related words in a prefix way. After all, for example, the words "run away", "run away" and "run" not very different from each other in terms of meaning.

unrelated words

It is worth paying attention to homonymous roots. For example, words "to drive" and "water" cannot be considered related, because their root values are different.

In addition to all of the above, it is worth mentioning historically related words. For example, words "victory" and "trouble" were previously related, but in modern Russian they ceased to be such. Therefore, they should be attributed specifically to historically related words.

How to choose related words?

The correct selection of related (single-root) words is taught from elementary school. Thanks to this skill, students check the spelling of words. How to learn to choose the right related words?

Basic rules for choosing related words:

1) Words with the same root always have the same root. The root is the main significant part of the word, which contains its main lexical meaning, the same part is common for related (single-root) words.

2) Root words can be confused with the form of the same word. In order not to be mistaken in the future, try to practice now, making chains of single-root words and in parallel with grammatical forms. For example:

gardener - gardener - gardener(a chain consisting of single-root words);

gardener - gardeners - gardeners(forms of one word).

3) Single-root words do not in all cases belong to the same part of speech. For example:

drive(verb) - driver(noun) - driving(adjective).

Together with the article "What are related words?" read:

Subject: related words.

Target: to form the concept of related words, to introduce the concept of root, the development of the ability to recognize single-root words by two signs, to find the root in the word.

Tasks:

observation of a single spelling of the roots when comparing the sound and spelling of the roots in related words;
a combination of spelling and speech training;
enrichment of children's vocabulary;
activation of cognitive activity of students experiencing learning difficulties.

Equipment: a computer, a multimedia program, a tape recorder with a cassette for physical education, posters with a tree, a basket, a Christmas tree, figurines of mushrooms and leaves, Christmas decorations, a textbook by M. Soloveichik "To the secrets of our language"

DURING THE CLASSES

I. Organizational moment

The teacher greets the children. Checks their readiness for the lesson. Children make an entry in a notebook (number, class work).

II. A minute of calligraphy

What letter will we write? ( letter bb)Appendix 1 slide 1.(This application exceeds the allowed size. The link can be obtained from the author of the article - approx. ed.)
- Try to write beautifully and correctly.

III. vocabulary work

- Write down vocabulary words. Slides 2-10

IV. Introduction to the topic of the lesson

Scene.

W: Look who came to visit us. Met once the root of the bush and the root of the word.

- Hello, I'm a root, and who are you?
I am also root.
- I live in the earth. And where did you live?
And I live in words.
- Well, what kind of root can live in words? Here I am the root as the root! Look: sprouts originate from me in the ground and grow a whole bush of currant or hazel, or even a whole tree. What grows from you?
- Do not brag. From me and from other roots like me, whole bushes also grow, only not plants, but new words. Look at how many different words have grown from only one root:

mountain, hill, mountain, mountain, miner

- Think! But on the bushes and trees that grow from me, delicious fruits and berries ripen that you can eat. Don't eat your words!
- And without the words that grow from me, not one of your plants, berries, or fruits can even be named!

W: Do not argue, friends! We need both of you. We also need such roots from which plants grow and those from which new words can be grown.

V. Announcement of the topic of the lesson

slide 11

- Today we will find out what words are called related and what is the root. If people come from the same ancestor, then they are similar to each other and they are called relatives. The words are also similar. How are the words on the bush similar? (MOUNTAIN, HILL, MOUNTAIN, MOUNTAIN, MINER)
– They have the same part, they are also called related. And I know another word with such an e part - to burn. Will it be related? (It has no other meaning). So let's formulate the definition of related words. What words are related? (children's answers)
Let's check if we said the definition of related words correctly. slide 12

VI. Fizkultminutka. Breathing exercises

During the exercise, quiet pleasant music sounds.

- I ask you to fulfill my request: to do it quietly and with the desire that only your breathing be heard.
- Take a full and deep breath. Holding your breath, imagine a circle (draw with eyes) and slowly exhale air into it. 2 times.
- Inhale. Imagine (draw with eyes) a triangle and exhale into it. 2 times.

VII. Primary fastening

- Opened the textbook on page 7, exercise 283. Gather all relatives in a column. We check.

Fish
Rybka
To fish
fish

What part of these words do they have in common? ( fish- ) Here is the common part of all related words, it is customary to highlight the arc. Why is this part called the main one? (New words depend on this part) Those. new words grow from this part, so this part is called the root. slide 13
What words are written in the second column? (Catch, catch.)
- In the third column? (Perch, perch.)
What words are left? (Dipped, dexterous)

VIII. Physical education minute

IX. Anchoring

- Let's read it again in the textbook on page 8. What is called the root? How to find the root?
- You need to choose related words.
- Highlight the common part in related words.

Work on options. One option collects leaves on a tree, and the other option collects mushrooms in a basket.

- Find leaves from your tree, for this, select related words with the root Leaf - leaf, leaf, leaf, foliage, leafless, leaf fall. Mushroom - fungus, fungus, mushroom picker, mycelium, mushroom.

As they call, the children attach the words-leaves to the tree, put the mushrooms in a basket.

X. Repetition

The game "Finish the sentence" using the same root word

In the dining room there is a large round … (table).
They brought a new one to the dovecote ... (pigeon).
The gardener looks after... (garden).
The forester keeps... (forest).
They poured into the salt shaker ... (salt).
In the feeder was... (feed).
Came out of the stable... (horse).

XI. Lesson summary

- What did we meet today?
What are the related words? What is called a root?
- Now you will choose a toy that matches your impression of the lesson and attach it to the Christmas tree, the better the mood, the higher the toy is attached.

XII. Homework: learn the rule, ex. 285.

(lexemes) having the same root, but referring to different parts of speech (white - whiteness - turn white).

To find a single-root word, it is not necessary to know word formation well, especially since elementary information on this section of the Russian language is taught even in elementary school. However, it will not be superfluous to remember that related words consist in a certain set of postfixes (prefixes) and postfixes (only suffixes). Words that have the same root, but differ only in inflections (endings), are not related words, this is a form of the same word: river-a, river-u.

Explain the words with the same root to the children. To do this, they need to remember such parts the words, like the prefix and . Ask the guys with these morphemes one-root the words with any root. For example, with the root "run". They should get a similar word: - running - running - running - defector, etc.

The work of students in the formation of single-root words is important. This skill allows you to easily cope with the selection of test words and avoid mistakes in writing.

word formation, knows, in fact, everyone. At least, native speakers of a particular language are engaged in this process automatically, without thinking that the spoken lexical units are the result of word formation. What word formation?

Instruction

To understand, one should first understand the morphological subtleties inherent in each word. It's no secret that it is a set, each of which performs its own function. Root, suffix, ending, base, prefix. All of them are morphemes and, one way or another, participate in word formation. However, prefixes are also the main means providing the word-formation process. It is them

The concept of related words is identical to the concept of cognate words. Such words are derived from one initial form and have a single root. This circumstance determines that all related words have a similar meaning. At the same time, their forms can vary greatly and be supplemented by prepositions, suffixes, endings.

Examples of related words

To understand the concept of related words and learn how to distinguish them among other words, you need to give a few examples:

the words "lace, swirl, circle" are related to each other. They all contain the basic "circle, circle" shape. In this case, the letters "g, g" change, but the meaning and meaning of the words remain unchanged. In this case, the word "circle" is the initial word that denotes a shape. This is actually a circle. Therefore, the word "mug" will also be related, since it is formed from the word "circle" because of the round shape;
the words "wall, wall, dungeon, wall" are also related. Their main part is the shape of the "walls". That is, the initial word will be the word "wall", which denotes the main concept, the object itself. All other words are already formed from it. Prefixes and endings were added to them, due to which new forms of words were created;
"movement, latch, move, move." In this case, we are talking about the performance of actions, that is, about “movement”. This is the main word that denotes the basic concept. Then, derived forms are formed. For example, the word "valve" means a locking device that can move. Due to this, it locks the door. Therefore, all the listed words are related to each other.

Thus, all related words have a single root. That is what makes them related. Therefore, it is important to isolate such a root and understand its semantic meaning.

Related words and synonyms

Related words have the same root and are derived forms from the initial word. Synonyms are words that have a similar meaning. But the root of the synonyms will be different. So, the words "bright" and "brilliant" are synonymous. But they are not related to each other.