How to determine the non-permanent morphological features of the verb. Permanent and non-permanent signs of the verb

Service and significant parts of speech contains the Russian language. The verb belongs to independent parts of speech. “Glagolit” in the Old Russian language meant “to speak”. Thus, even the ancestors proved that literate speech is impossible without the dynamics of narration, which is achieved by using verbs.

What is a verb: morphological and syntactic features

The verb talks about the action of the subject. Determine the verb on the questions "what to do?", "what to do?". Characterizing the verb, pay attention to its grammatical meaning, morphological features and function in the sentence. The grammatical features of the verb are divided into permanent and non-permanent.

The points of view of scientists about the allocation of verb forms diverge. Until now, there are disputes whether to single out the participle and the participle as significant parts of speech, or whether they are just forms of the verb. We will consider them as independent.

The grammatical meaning of the verb

Grammatically, the verb talks about the action of the subject. There are several groups of actions that are expressed by verbs:

Work, labor of the subject of speech: “to sharpen”, “to drive”, “to build”, “to dig”.
Speech or mental activity: “speak”, “assume”, “think”, “find out”.
The movement of an object in space, its position: “ride”, “stay”, “sit”, “situate”.
The emotional state of the subject of speech: "sad", "hate", "cherish", "love".
The state of the environment: "evening", "freezes", "drizzles".

In addition to the general grammatical meaning of the verb, it is worth mentioning its syntactic function. In a sentence, he is one of the main members, a predicate. The verb-predicate agrees with the subject and forms with it the predicative basis of the sentence. From the verb, questions are posed to the secondary members of the predicate group. As a rule, these are additions and circumstances expressed by nouns, adverbs or participles.

How the verb changes: permanent and non-permanent features

Morphological features of the verb are divided into permanent and non-permanent. This gradation occurs in terms of changing the word itself or only its form. For example, "read" and "read" are two different words. The difference is that “read” is an imperfective verb, while “read” is a perfective one. They will change in different ways: the perfective verb “read” is not supposed to have the present tense. And “I read” - we read only indicate the number of the verb to read.

Permanent signs of the verb:

view (imperfect, perfect);
conjugation (I, II, heterogeneous);
recurrence (non-returnable, returnable).

gender (female, neuter, male);
mood (subjunctive, indicative, imperative);
number (plural, singular)
time (present, past, future);

These signs are formative. Therefore, when parsing a verb, they say that it stands in the form of a certain tense, mood, gender and number.

Verb moods

The grammatical features of the verb contain mood. One verb can be used in the form of indicative, subjunctive (conditional) and imperative moods. Thus, this category is included in the non-permanent features of the verb.

Indicative. It is characterized by the fact that the verb in this form can be used in the present, future and past tenses: “the child is playing” (present tense); "the child played" (past tense); "the child will play" (future tense). The indicative mood allows you to change the verb for persons and numbers.
Conditional (subjunctive) mood. Represents an action that can happen only under certain conditions. It is formed by adding to the main verb of the particle would (b): "With your help, I could cope with the difficulties." It is possible to change conditional verbs by number and gender, in these forms they are consistent in the sentence with the subject: “She would have solved this problem herself”; “They would solve this problem themselves”; “He would solve this problem himself”; “Most would have solved this problem on their own.” It is important to note that the conditional mood does not imply a change in tenses of the verb.
Imperative mood. Denotes the motivation of the interlocutor to action. Depending on the emotional coloring, the motivation is expressed both in the form of a wish: “Please answer the question”, and in the form of an order: “Stop screaming!”. To get the verb of the imperative mood in the singular, it is necessary to add the suffix -i to the stem in the present tense: “sleep - sleep”, it is possible to form it in a non-suffixal way: “eat - eat”. The plural is formed with the suffix -te: "draw - draw!". Imperative verbs change by numbers: "eat soup - eat soup." If it is necessary to convey a sharp order, the infinitive is used: "I said, everyone stand up!".

verb tense

Morphological features of the verb contain the category of tense. Indeed, any action can be allocated a time at which it occurs. Since the verb changes with tenses, this category will be inconsistent.

Verb conjugations

The grammatical features of the verb cannot be fully characterized without the category of conjugation - their changes in persons and numbers.

For clarity, here is a table:

Other signs of the verb: aspect, transitivity, reflexivity

In addition to conjugation, the constant grammatical features of the verb contain the categories of aspect, transitivity and reflexivity.

Type of verb. Distinguish between perfect and imperfect. The perfect view involves the questions “what to do?”, “what will he do?”. Indicates an action that has achieved a result ("learn"), begun ("sing") or completed ("sing"). The imperfect is characterized by the questions “what to do?”, “what does it do?”. Assumes an action that continues and is repeated many times ("jump").
Recurrence of the verb. It is characterized by the presence of the suffix -sya (-s).
Transitivity of the verb. It is determined by the ability to control a noun in the accusative case without a preposition (“imagine the future”), if the verb has the meaning of negation - with transitivity, the noun will be in the genitive case: “I do not observe it.”

So, the signs of the verb as a part of speech are diverse. To determine its permanent features, it is necessary to put the part of speech in the initial form. To determine non-permanent signs, it is necessary to work with the verb taken in the context of the narrative.

1. verb mood

1. 1 Indicative denotes an action that happened in the past, is happening in the present, and will happen in the future. Verbs in the form of exclusions. n. change:

At times;

In the present tense - by persons and numbers;

In the past tense - by gender (only in singular) and numbers;

In the future tense - by persons and numbers.

Example: In the meadows glitter dew peas that it happens only in the early morning.

1. 2 Subjunctive (conditional) mood denotes a desired action that can occur under certain conditions. Verbs do not change in tenses, but they have gender forms (only singular) and numbers.

Formed: Ch. past temp. rev. n. + particle BY (B).

Examples: I would play now something. Anyone it it would seem possible.

1. 3 Imperative mood expresses an impulse to action, an order, a request, advice. The action may or may not occur. Examples: live (live), learn (learn), believe (believe), read (read), let him come.

The imperative mood is formed with the help of:

Sometimes, to soften the form of the order to verbs, he led. n. particle KA is added: bring it, give it.

Attention! I led the form. n. may coincide in sound with the form of the 2nd l., pl. h., present. or bud. temp. will express. n: you speak that saw him?

2. Verb tenses

At times, verbs change only in the indicative mood.

3. Number of verbs

It is determined by the question to the verb.

4. Face of verbs

The person of the verb indicates who is participating in the speech. The face can only be identified in Ch. in the form of present and bud. temp. in will express. n. and at ch. led. n.

Face	1st	2nd	3rd
Unit h.	I am glad Yu camping	You are glad eat Xia	He (she, it) is glad no Xia
Mn. h.	We are happy eat Xia	You are glad ee camping	They are glad ut Xia

Impersonal verbs- these are verbs denoting an action that proceeds on its own, they call the phenomena of nature, the state of a person. They do not change in person and number, do not combine with Im.p. Impersonal verbs include verbs.

1. Verb type

Most ch. have species pairs: build - build.

Some ch. do not have species pairs:

Ch. owls. in.: to speak, to rush, to burst, to rush.

Ch. nesov. in.: dominate, strut, depend, participate.

Methods for the formation of species pairs:

A) by replacing suffixes: a t - resh and th, scream a t - scream at t;

B) adding a prefix: grow old - on grow old, bake - is bake;

B) shifting the accent: cut - cut, pour out - pour out;

D) changing the stem of the word: speak - say, take - take.

Attention! Some verbs can take on the meaning of the perfect, then the imperfect form: marry, execute, telegraph, order, injure, investigate. Compare offers:

2. Transitivity / intransitivity

3. Return / non-return

Reflexive verbs denote an action directed at the object itself. They have postfixes (also denoted as a suffix):

SA: hide Xia, Cook Xia, to return Xia,

SI: dress up camping, proud camping.

Irreversible verbs- other.

4. Type of conjugation

Conjugation- this is a change of verbs in persons and numbers, it is indicated by Roman numerals.

I conjugation	II conjugation
Indefinite endings
-at, -yat, -et, -yt, -ot, -ut	-it
Personal endings + examples
- U (Yu) (I) tell mumble - EAT (you) tell mumble - ET (he) tell mumble - EAT (we) tell mumble - ETE (you) tell mumble -UT (- UT) (they) tell mumble	- U (Yu) (I) build glue - ISH (you) build glue - IT (he) build glue - IM (we) build glue - IT (you) build glue - AT (- YAT) (they) build glue
They belong to the II conjugation: - 7 verbs in - to et: see, twirl, depend, hate, offend, watch, twirl. - 4 verbs on - at: drive, hold, breathe, hear.	Shave, lay belong to the I conjugation.

Remember! Norms of pronunciation and spelling of some verbs:

1) At Ch. there is and to give when changing the form, prefixes appear: with eat, on there is, pen to give, cos to give.

2) Speak correctly put down, put down; put, put; go, go.

Verb signs are grammatical categories of verb forms that are inherent in the verb as a part of speech. In Russian, permanent and non-permanent signs of the verb are distinguished.

Permanent signs of the verb

Permanent signs of a verb are grammatical categories inherent in all verb forms. These signs do not change depending on the context in which the verb is used.

Perfective verbs answer the question “what to do?” ; Imperfective verbs answer the question “what to do?” .

reflexive verbs; Irreversible verbs.

Transitivity is a sign that determines the process or action that passes to the object.

transitive verbs; Intransitive verbs.

Features of conjugation of verbs by numbers and persons.

I conjugation; II conjugation; Heterogeneous.

Inconstant signs of the verb

Inconstant signs of a verb are grammatical categories characteristic of conjugated verbs and participles. These categories change depending on the context in which the word is used.

indicative; imperative; Conditional.

Plural; The only thing.

Future; The present; Past.

1st person; 2nd person; 3rd person.

Male; Female; Average.

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The verb, like any, has signs by which it is characterized. They are grammatical categories that are inherent in verb forms. Consider the permanent and non-permanent features of the verb, studied in the framework of the school curriculum.

A verb is understood as a linguistic verbal category with its inherent syntactic and morphological properties, which denotes the state or actions of the subject under consideration. Part of speech answers the questions “what to do”, “what to do”.

When studying, the forms are necessarily considered:

Initial. Occurs under the name indefinite. Another name is the infinitive. They end in -ch, -th, -ty. The listed endings are formative suffixes. As part of the school curriculum, they are often treated as graduations. Examples: protect, carry, roll. The indefinite verb form is characterized by the naming of an action or state. There is no indication of a specific person, time or date. Such features allow us to classify it as immutable. The main feature that distinguishes the infinitive from other categories is the presence of constant properties.
Personal. This category includes all existing categories other than the infinitive. They have personal endings.
Participle. Some scholars classify adverbs as a separate part of speech.
Communion. In some programs, it, like the gerund, is distinguished as a separate part of speech.

Knowledge about what morphological features a verb has is obtained by the student in the lessons of the Russian language. It is the 5th grade in a general secondary school that is considered to be the optimal period for mastering the basics of morphology.

As part of the 5th grade curriculum, the student receives basic knowledge about the permanent and non-permanent signs of the verb. They also acquire practical skills in parsing a word as a part of speech.

A thorough knowledge of the basics of spelling in the Russian language is impossible without knowledge of the morphological properties that characterize the verb as a part of speech.

There is the following classification:

Permanent morphological features. A distinctive feature is that they cannot be modified, regardless of the presence of other parts of speech or other influence factors.
Non-permanent morphological features of the verb. In some literary sources they are found under the name of variable. They are marked by the ability to change depending on the general meaning of the sentence or a separate phrase.

Permanent

Grammatical categories that accompany the characteristics of verb forms are called permanent morphological features. Regardless of the semantic meaning that the phrase is endowed with, they are not amenable to change.

Among the constant morphological features inherent in the verb, the following categories are found:

View. There are perfective and imperfective verbs. The first group is characterized by a completed action and the question "what to do". For example: run away, read. The second group names the unfinished action and answers the question “what to do”: see, multiply.
Recurrence. Serves to describe a potential state (swears) or an ongoing action performed by a subject in relation to itself (washes itself), as well as an action occurring in relation to two or more objects that are in close relationship (put up). Feature - the presence of a postfix -sya / s. There is a division into reflexive (wash, undress) and irrevocable (plant, drink) verbs.
Transitivity. It is a category that characterizes the possibility of directed action. Feature - the ability to attach an add-on. It is customary to distinguish between transitional (wash fruit, eat cake) and intransitive (go, stay).
Conjugation type. Represents a category according to which the conjugation mechanism for persons and numbers is determined. It stands out 2 (ending in -it) and 1 conjugation (all the rest). There are also different conjugated verb forms.

Consideration of the permanent morphological features of the verb is impossible without characterizing the non-permanent ones.

Fickle

The grammatical categories inherent in conjugated verbs and participles are non-permanent features. This group is characterized by the ability to change under the influence of the semantic load, which is contained in the phrase.

What non-permanent signs are usually distinguished:

Mood. Expresses the relation of action to reality. It is customary to single out the conditional (a feature is the particle “would”: I would see, read, go), imperative (do, look, hear) and indicative (I rest, you understand) moods.
Number. It is a category that determines the number of described subjects involved in the action. Inherent in verbs and participles. There is a division into singular (runs, walks, read) and plural (worn, walk, painted) number.
Time. Contains an indication of the time period when the action took place relative to the moment of speech. characteristic of the indicative mood. It is customary to single out the present (I look, I eat), the past (I watched, I ate) and the future (I will watch, I will eat) times.
Face. Gives an idea of who is doing the action. It is characteristic of the imperative and indicative mood of the future and present. It is classified into 1 (draw, read, let's go), 2 (eat, think, swim) and 3 (stroke, look) faces.
Genus. Characterized by the gender of the person performing the action. Inherent in participles, conditional and indicative verbs in the past tense. Allocate female (decorated, cleaned, would have screamed), male (soiled, swept, would have eaten), middle (cleaned, galloped, it would be needed) gender.

Parsing order

Among the practical skills provided by the curriculum, students are required to know how to parse a word.

For a verb, there is the following procedure for morphological parsing:

Part of speech, infinitive.
The verb form is highlighted.
The conjugation is defined.
Time is revealed.
The number is specified.

Depending on whether it belongs to the future or the present time, face definition becomes available. For past tense verb forms, the gender is chosen. The last step in parsing is the definition as a member of the sentence, that is, the syntactic role in a particular sentence.

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Summing up

Knowledge within the Russian language of such concepts as permanent and non-permanent morphological is necessary in order to successfully pass the final exam at school and subsequently enter a university where the Russian language is included in the list of entrance tests.

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