How to define a sentence with a standalone application. In what cases it is necessary to isolate applications

Application isolation, as well as definitions, depends on the following factors:

a) from the part of speech of the defined, that is, the main word;
b) from the position of the application in relation to the word being defined - before the main word, after the main word;
c) from the presence of additional shades of meaning in the application For example: adverbial or explanatory;
d) on the degree of distribution and the way the application is expressed.
Conditions for separating applications

A) The word being defined is a pronoun

Any application with a personal pronoun is isolated:

For example: Should she, Pug, compete with an elephant?

B) The word being defined is a noun

1. An application related to a proper name is isolated if it is after the word being defined:

For example: Ivan Petrovich, the barman, poured two glasses of tea.

Before a proper name, an application is isolated only if it has an additional adverbial value. Such an application can be replaced by a subordinate clause with conjunctions "so", "like", "although", etc.

For example:

1. Craftsman in everything, Ivan Makarovich remained skilled in teaching. - Since Ivan Makarovich was a craftsman in everything, he remained a craftsman in teaching.

2. An illustrious programmer, Shishkin remained the same humble guy he was when they first met. - Although Shishkin was a famous programmer, he remained the same modest guy that he was when they first met.

2. Application - a proper name (it can be the name or nickname of an animal) with a defined word - a common noun is isolated if such an application is after the word being defined and has an explanatory meaning (you can put the words "namely", "that is", before it, "and his name is"):

For example: The car mother, Ivanova Lidia Mikhailovna, occasionally looks into the store. - Car mother occasionally looks into the store, and her name is Ivanova Lidia Mikhailovna.

Note. In many cases, double punctuation is possible, depending on the presence or absence of an explanatory shade of meaning and the corresponding intonation when reading.

For example: One of my friends, Sasha, decided to go to work at school (it is explained which of the friends decided to go to work at school). - my friend, Sasha, decided to go to work at school (there is no such explanation in this context, and the proper name will be the defined word in this case, and the common noun will be the application).

3. A common application expressed by a common noun with dependent words, or several homogeneous applications with a defined word - a common noun is usually isolated regardless of the position - before or after the word being defined. However, most often such an application comes after the noun.

For example:

1. The old man, Mishkin's father, fell ill, but the statues, mother and mother-in-law, were healthy.

2. Unfortunately, a faithful friend, hope in a gloomy dungeon will awaken cheerfulness and fun

4. A single application - a common noun with a defined word - a common noun is isolated only when:

The application comes after the word being defined;
the noun being defined has explanatory words with it.

For example:

1. One nurse, Polish, looked after her. - The Polish nurse looked after her.

2. Then on the river bank I met Petrov's neighbor, an old man. - Then on the river bank I met a neighbor - an old man.

Separation of a single application - a common noun with a single defined word - a common noun is possible only if the author wants to strengthen the semantic role of the application, to prevent it from merge intonation with the word being defined:

She fed the child, a cripple, from an early age, and herself.

5. An application with a union, as usual, has an additional meaning of causality (it can be replaced by a subordinate clause of reasons with conjunctions since, because, because, or a turnover with the word being) and stands apart:

For example: As an old warrior, I despise edged weapons. - Being an old warrior, I despise edged weapons; I despise edged weapons because I am an old warrior.

If the turnover with the union as has the meaning "as", then the attached turnover is not isolated:

The received answer is considered as consent. – The response received is considered as consent.

6. Applications with words by name, surname, nickname, family, etc. are isolated if they are pronounced with an intonation of isolation.

For example: Bori was a smart dog, nicknamed Boote. - No one liked a biologist, nicknamed a pear.
Instead of a comma, a dash can be used when separating applications in the following cases:

1) if before the application it is possible to insert "namely" without changing the meaning.

There was a yellow spot in the far corner, the reflection of the moon through the window;

2) if a single or widespread application is at the end of the sentence and at the same time its independence is emphasized or an explanation of such an application is given.

Stepan does not like this porridge - semolina;
3) if the application is in the middle of the sentence and has an explanatory character (in this case, the dash is placed on both sides).

Some kind of gray curtain - the creation of industrial factories - covered the city.

Note. The second dash is omitted:

A) if a comma is placed after a separate application, for example: Using a special device - a barometer, I calculated the average air pressure;

B) if the application expresses a more specific meaning, and the preceding defined word has a more general meaning, for example: At the meeting of the Ministers of Foreign Affairs - members of the G8, the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Poland spoke;

C) if the application precedes the word being defined, for example: One of the outsiders of the Russian Football Championship - the Saratov team unexpectedly won two games in a row.

Appendix- this is a definition expressed by a noun, which gives another name that characterizes the subject.

The application is in the same case as the word being defined.

The application has grammatical meanings: various qualities of the subject, an emotionally expressive assessment ( villainess-trap, nightingale-singer); nationality ( french teacher); age, relationship (old watchman, aunt Dasha); profession, social class (women navigators, orphan soldiers); denominations denoting the names of newspapers, magazines, businesses, works of art, etc. . (newspaper "Komsomolskaya Pravda"); proper name (Neva River).

Of the two words - common noun and own - the application is:

1. common noun, if a person names a proper name (doctor Aibolit)

2. own, if it names an object (city Moscow)

Applications are consistent and inconsistent. In consistent applications, the case form changes when the main word changes (seagulls-fishermen-gull-fishermen)

In inconsistent applications, the case form does not change when the main word changes (the story "Snowstorm" - in the story "Snowstorm").

1.A common application is isolated, expressed by a common noun with dependent words and related to a common noun (most often such an application comes after the word being defined): The old woman, Grishka's mother, had died, but the old men, father and father-in-law, were still alive.

2. Single Application, standing after a common noun, is isolated if the noun being defined has explanatory words with it: One girl, a polka, took care of me.

Less commonly, an uncommon application is isolated with a single defined noun in order to strengthen the semantic role of the application, to prevent it from merge intonation with the word being defined: And the enemies, fools, think that we are afraid of death.

Note! Application is written with a hyphen.

1.Single Application usually joins to a definable common noun by means of a hyphen: hero city, winter sorceress.

If there is an explanatory word in the application, two punctuation is possible:

The lecture will be read by a well-known professor-chemist. The lecture will be read by a famous professor, chemist.

2. Hyphen spelled after own name(most often - a geographical name that acts as an application for a generic name): Moscow river. But without the hyphen, the appendix is written in reverse word order: Moskva river.(Expressions like Mother Russia, Mother Earth are stable expressions).

3. The hyphen is not written:

a) if the preceding one-word application can be equated in meaning to an adjectival definition : handsome man (handsome man), old father (old father), giant factory (but giant factory), poor shoemaker, predatory wolf, skilled cook.

b) if in a combination of two common nouns the first of them denotes a generic concept, and the second is specific: chrysanthemum flower, boletus mushroom. But if such a combination forms a scientific term, the hyphen is written: hare, stag beetle, field mouse, general practitioner, landscape painter.

C) if the first element of the combination are words comrade, citizen, sir, our brother, your brother: comrade teacher.

2. The application is isolated referring to a proper name, if it comes after the noun it defines : The suitcase was brought in by the coachman Selifan, a short man in a sheepskin coat, and the footman Petrushka, a young man of thirteen. Sergei Nikanorovich, the barman, poured out five glasses of tea.

Before a proper name, an application is isolated only if it has an additional adverbial meaning: Stubborn in everything, Ilya remained stubborn in teaching(cause). A renowned scout, Travkin remained the same quiet and modest young man that he was at the first meeting.(concessionary meaning). BUT!lieutenant royal army Vasily Dibich made his way from German captivity to his homeland(without additional adverbial value).

3. The proper name of a person or the name of an animal acts as a stand-alone application, if it explains or clarifies a common noun (before such an application, you can insert the words "namely", "that is" without changing the meaning): The daughter of Darya Mikhailovna, Natalya, might not like it at first sight. And the brothers Anya, Petya and Andryusha, schoolboys, tugged at his tailcoat from behind.

4.Separate application can join union as(with additional cause value), as well as the words by name, by surname, by nickname, by birth and etc.: Ilyusha sometimes, like a frisky boy, just wants to rush and redo everything himself. As an old gunner, I despise this kind of cold decoration. This student, named Mikhail, an enthusiast and a poet, sincerely fell in love with Lavretsky. Yermolai had a cop dog, nicknamed Valet.

BUT! If union as has the meaning as, then the turnover attached to it is not isolated: The received answer is considered as consent.

Not isolated also an application with union as, describing an object from one side : The reading public managed to get used to Chekhov as a comedian.

5. The application is always isolated with a personal pronoun: Should he, a dwarf, compete with a giant?

6. A separate application may refer to a word missing in this sentence, if the latter is suggested by the context: You hold him, hold him, otherwise he will leave, anathema! (meaning burbot)

7. Instead of a comma, when separating applications, use dash in the following cases:

a) if before the application it is possible to insert words without changing the meaning namely: She drew ancient lamps with the coat of arms of the city of Olbia - an eagle soaring over dolphins.

b) before a widespread or single application at the end of a sentence, if independence is emphasized or an explanation of such an application is given: My path went past the settlement - the refuge of Pugachevsky.

c) to highlight applications on both sides that are explanatory in nature: The overseer of the rooming house, a retired soldier, followed the owner. Light spasms - a sign of strong feelings - ran across his wide lips.

d) if the application refers to one of the homogeneous members of the proposal: At the table sat the mistress of the house, her sister - a friend of my wife, two faces unfamiliar to me, my wife and I.

e) to separate homogeneous applications from the word being defined before the word being defined: Our greatest poet, the founder of the Russian literary language, the largest representative of national literature - Pushkin rightfully occupies one of the first places in the history of Russia's development.

e) if the application explains another application: All of us, educators - teachers and counselors - must take into account age characteristics in working with children.

Separate circumstances

Participle constructions

1. The adverbial turnover or single adverb is isolated, which preserves the meaning of verbality, regardless of the place it occupies in relation to the verb-predicate: A match struck, for a second illuminating the hanging nets, hay, and the old man.

The shepherd walked, singing, behind a flock of greedy sheep. After taking a breath, he prepared to leave. Mother, puzzled, smiled. He. smiling, squinting from the light. Out of breath, I jumped over the ditches.

2. Participial turnover, standing after the union, separates From him comma: Our father was from the cantonists, but, having served the rank of officer, he left us a hereditary nobility and estate. It became audible how, counting the seconds with the accuracy of a metronome, water dripped from the tap.

Exception are those cases where a gerund or a single gerund is worth after an adversative union a: An urgent decision must be made, and once it is made, it must be implemented.. However when contrasting homogeneous members connected by a union a, a comma is placed after it: Do not stand still, but, overcoming one difficulty after another, always strive forward.

3. Two adverbial turnovers, connected by a non-repeating union and, are not separated by a comma, like other homogeneous members in such cases: I sat on the wood, swaying slightly and continuing my song.

Adverbial phrases are not isolated:

a) if the turnover (with the meaning of the circumstance of the mode of action) is closely related in content to the predicate and forms the semantic center of the statement: She sat with her head tilted back a little.. (it is not important that she "sat", it is important " sat with her head thrown back»). We lived without meeting anyone(it is important that we lived "Without dating»). This exercise is done standing on outstretched toes.

b) if the turnover is phraseological unit: And day and night through the snowy desert I rush to you headlong.

c) if the adverbial phrase is preceded by amplifying particle and: You can live without bragging about the mind. You can leave without waiting for an answer.

d) if the gerund has an allied word as a dependent word which as part of a subordinate attributive clause: To the right was a door, through which you can get into the corridor.

e) if the gerund has lost its verbal meaning: The post office is less than a hundred meters from here. I'll be home beginning with seven o'clock in the evening.

But the turnover with words beginning with is isolated if it is in the nature of a clarification, a passing explanation or is not related to the concept of time: This is confirmed by the history of many countries, starting with India and Egypt. Prizes for the best athletes have been awarded since the 19th century in Los Angeles.

Turnover with words based(in meaning "based") not included in the adverbial construction and does not separate: The table is compiled based on the information received.

But the turnover with words based on separates, if semantically refers to the producer of the action, which can "come from something"»: The calculator made a calculation based on the established tariff rates.

Turnover with words according to(in meaning "depending on something", "in accordance with something"), acting as a complex preposition and not having the meaning of a gerund, does not separate: We will act according to the circumstances. But if the turnover is refinement value or accession, then he separates: I had to act carefully, depending on the circumstances (clarification).

4. Two single gerunds are separated, acting as homogeneous circumstances: The mists, swirling and wriggling, crawled along the wrinkles of the rocks.

BUT ! At that very moment the old woman came in singing and dancing.(close connection with the predicate) My coachman tears silently and slowly (the gerund has turned into an adverb, similar to words such as lying, sitting, standing, slowly).

Examples of non-isolated single circumstances:

Cranes usually sleep standing up. The girl ran into the room crying. He lived with his grief without hiding. He hid the money in his wallet without counting. The trolley passed without stopping. Sergei sat leaning over. The mountain road was winding. They left without saying goodbye. I took the book without looking. Shot without aiming.

5. Separation and non-isolation of a single gerund may depend on the place it occupies in relation to the verb-predicate: the same word at the beginning or in the middle of a sentence can be isolated, but not at the end: He stammered. He added, stammering, a few words of his own. She walked slowly - On the way, slowly, they picked berries.

6. The isolation of a single gerund may be influenced by its type: more often, gerunds of an imperfect form (on -a, -z) are not isolated, because usually they express the circumstance of the course of action. Whereas the perfective participles (on -v, -shi) have other shades of meaning (time, reasons, conditions, concessions), which often leads to their isolation: Listened without interrupting. By refusing, he will miss his chance.

7. A single gerund with the meaning of the mode of action, standing at the end of the sentence, is isolated if it has the meaning of clarification: He walked without looking back (without looking back) - He walked hurriedly without looking back. The machine gun chirped non-stop (non-stop) - The machine gun chirped continuously, non-stop.

A21, B5. Standalone Applications

APPENDIX is the definition expressed noun. The application characterizes the subject in a new way, gives it other name or points to degree of relationship, nationality, rank, profession, age etc. Application is always used in the same case, which is the noun to which it refers. The application may be uncommon(consisting of one noun) and widespread(consisting of a noun with a dependent word or words).

For example:
Following Deev, Sapozhkov (I.p.) went to the sledge, railroad worker(I.p.).(Appendix railroad worker uncommon, refers to a noun Sapozhkov)
Owner (I. p.), harsh man(I. p.), was not happy with either the guests or the profit.
(Appendix harsh man common, refers to a noun master)

Some applications may be used with union HOW.

For example: Like any literary innovator, Nekrasov was firmly connected with the traditions of his great predecessors.

Isolation cases.
The application can be isolated not only comma, but also dash:

a) if worth it at the end of a sentence and is clarification to what has been said (you can insert a union before such an application namely)
For example: Only a watchman lived at the lighthouse- old deaf swede.

b) if the application refers to one of the homogeneous members to avoid mixing application with homogeneous member:
For example: At the table sat the hostess of the house, her sister - my wife's friend, two faces I don't know, my wife and me.

c) to highlight with two sides applications having explanatory meaning
For example: Some unnatural greenery- the creation of boring incessant rains - covered the fields and fields with a liquid net.

d) in order to separate homogeneous applications from the word being defined: For example: The fiercest scourge of heaven, nature horror- Pestilence rages in the forests.

Attention! Applications written hyphenated and prisoners in quotation marks, are NOT separate!

For example: Girls- teenagers on the other corner of the square, round dances were already taking place. We watched ballet "Swan Lake".

A21, B5. Separate agreed definitions

Separate definition is a definition that stands out with intonation and commas.
The definitions answer questions WHICH? WHICH? WHICH? WHICH? and etc.
Definitions there are AGREED and NOT AGREED.

AGREED definitions can be expressed:
1. participle turnover (Path, overgrown with grass led to the river.)
2. adjective with dependent words (Satisfied with your success he told me about them.)
3. single adjective or participle (Happy he told me about his successes. Tired, the tourists decided to abandon the re-ascent.)
4. homogeneous single adjectives (Night, cloudy and foggy, enveloped the earth.)

SEPARATION OF DEFINITIONS AND APPLICATIONS

Separated by commas	Examples
1. Any definitions and applications (regardless of their prevalence and location), if they refer to a personal pronoun	friends with childhood, they never parted. They, agronomists, went to work in the village.
2. Agreed common definitions and applications, if they come after the noun they define	The berries picked by the children were delicious. Grandfather, a participant in the war, knew everything about that distant time.
3. Two or more homogeneous agreed non-common definitions after the noun being defined	The wind, warm and gentle, woke the flowers in the meadow.
4. Agreed definitions and applications (standing before the noun being defined), if they have an additional adverbial meaning (causal, conditional, concessive).	Exhausted by the hard road, the guys could not continue the journey.(cause).
5. Agreed applications (including single ones), if they are after the word being defined - a proper noun. Exception: single applications that merge with a noun in meaning are not distinguished.	The detachment was headed by Sergei Smirnov, an experienced intelligence officer. In adolescence, I read the books of Dumas père.

APPS WITH UNION AS

Often schoolchildren have difficulty with the topic of what a separate application is. Some sentences may include definitions expressed not only by an adjective, but also by a noun. What are such constructions in Russian.

An application is a definition expressed by a noun. It almost always agrees with the word being defined in gender, number and case.

Let's look at an example:

Marina took the cat Sima for a walk.

Vladislav decided to feed the hamster Vasya.

In the above example, we clearly see this connection. However, the application may not always be used in the same case or gender as the word being defined. This means that it is inconsistent.

Today we will go to Lake Baikal.

In the morning there was fog on Oskol Lake.

Sometimes, it is quite difficult to determine which one it is, often there are difficulties in finding the most isolated application.

Recognition algorithm

By remembering this algorithm, you can easily find applications:

It is necessary to determine whether special words are indicated in the sentence. For example, by name (nickname), that is, especially, namely, others. If there are such words, then it is necessary to isolate them.
If there are no such words in the sentence, it is necessary to try to understand what the sentence itself refers to. If to a personal pronoun, then it will always be isolated.
A sentence related to a common noun should also be isolated.
It is much more difficult to determine whether it is worth isolating those sentences that refer to their own noun. In this case, it is necessary to determine where this word is located.
Words that come after their own noun must be separated. If they come before their own noun, you should see if they have a causal meaning. If yes, a comma is included.

In order not to be mistaken, it is necessary to carefully consider the structure of the sentence, clearly adhering to the algorithm. Jumping from one point to another is not allowed.

Separation conditions

We list the cases when it is necessary to isolate applications:

common and expressed by a noun, which is a common noun;
expressed by a common noun and also refers to a common noun;
refers directly to a personal pronoun;
carries with him words indicating the presence of causality;
common or related to a proper name;
has circumstantial significance.

Punctuation marks

There are single and common applications. Single, unlike common ones, do not have any explanatory words with them, therefore, they can be located both before and after the word being defined. To avoid confusion, remember that such an application will always specify the subject. In this case, it will be a proper name.

Consider examples where the matched application is after the common noun:

The Borovaya River has almost dried up.

A new cinema "Sovremennik" has opened in a small town.

The Sea of Azov is a popular resort.

In all the cases listed above, the defining word must be written separately with the common noun. These words should be separated by a hyphen if the word being defined is after a proper name.

In addition, a hyphen can also separate the word being defined, if it gives any qualitative characteristic or indicates an occupation, nationality, and so on.

To make it clearer, consider a few simple examples:

Albanian seller;
female conductor;
pencil skirt;
portrait painter.

It is important! It is very simple to determine this type, so there are no problems with setting a hyphen. It is much more difficult to understand when it is necessary to use another punctuation mark - a comma.

When to Use a Comma to Separate

The application is single and has a clarifying character if it is located in the sentence after the word being defined, which is a common noun and has its own definition.

Examples: My friend, a model, is constantly on the road. My mother, a doctor, often stays on night duty.

Separate applications that come after the word being defined and at the same time perform the function of a separate definition.

My neighbor's son, a boy of about eight, went for a walk with me.

A separate form of the circumstantial meaning of the reason (concession) is introduced into the sentence with the help of the union “as”.

As an educated person, our teacher was sincerely shocked by the ignorance of the children.

Important! An application that refers to a personal pronoun must be isolated, regardless of the location in the sentence.

Stubborn, he did not want to listen to the advice of friends.

If a separate sentence is located after a proper name and at the same time has an explanatory meaning. In this case, you can insert "namely" before it.

Any artist, that is, a master of his craft, is able to create a masterpiece.

Applications with the words "by name", "by birth", "by nickname" should be isolated only if they are pronounced with a clarifying intonation.

Her husband, a Georgian by origin, was always very kind to guests.

When to use a dash

You can use such a punctuation mark only in three cases:

the appendix is at the end of the sentence and gives a clarifying definition;
when you can insert “namely” in front and the meaning will not change from this;
the location of the structure in the middle of the sentence. It is important that the appendix has the character of an explanation.

Useful video

Summing up

To figure out which punctuation marks to use, you need to learn the rule of what a stand-alone application is and use it in practice.

The term "application" is commonly understood as a definition that is expressed by a noun. It is consistent with the main word, that is, it is always put in the form of the same case.

By their nature, the structures have a number of specific features. They can convey various qualities of a person, characterize a profession or occupation, convey, clarify information about the age, nationality and other qualities of a person or any object, and also help to spread the offer. In a sentence, it is necessary to learn to distinguish an application from an inconsistent definition, which can also be expressed by a noun.

Application isolation

The role of a separate application is played by common constructions expressed by common nouns with dependent words. An important condition is the fact, which separates applications related to proper nouns.

The isolation of examples depends on a number of specific factors:

The application is isolated if the main word is a pronoun. Example: "Here it is, explanation"(L.N. Tolstoy).

If the word being defined is a noun, then one of two conditions must be met. The constructions that refer to a proper noun and stand after it are separated. Example: "Ignat Petrovich, barman poured five glasses of tea for the guest.

In some cases, the combinations standing before the proper noun are isolated. In this situation, the application can be replaced subordinate clause with subordinating conjunctions although or as. Example: " Stubborn in everything, Ivan Sergeevich remained stubborn in teaching too ”-“ Since Ivan Sergeyevich was stubborn in everything, he remained stubborn in teaching.

A proper name, that is, the name of a person or the nickname of a pet, can act as an application. It stands at the main common noun. The design is isolated if the application is located immediately after the word being defined and carries some explanatory meaning, clarifies the thought, that is, words can be placed before it and his name is, namely, i.e. Example: “Aunt Machine is participating in the conversation, Xenia Ivanovna Sidorova"-" Machine aunt participates in the conversation, and her name is Ksenia Ivanovna Sidorova.

In some individual cases, double punctuation is possible. Punctuation depends on the presence or absence of an explanation, as well as the appropriate intonation when reading.

Regardless of the position in relation to the word being defined, common combinations are isolated, which are expressed by nouns with dependent words. Usually such constructions are placed after the main noun. Example: "The old woman, Vaska's mother, died, but the old people, father and father-in-law are still alive."

Separation of a non-spread application is allowed only in the situation when the author seeks to significantly strengthen the semantic role of the construction. The word itself is expressed by a common noun. It is located at a single defined word, which is expressed by a common noun. Example: "Father, drunkard, fed from an early age and herself. ” (M. Gorky)

In the texts you can find a combination with the union as, which, as a rule, carries an additional meaning of causality. In this situation, the construction can be transformed by the subordinate clause of the reason with subordinating conjunctions because, as, insofar as or a turnover with the word being. The design is usually isolated.

Example: " Like an old gunner, I do not recognize this type of weapon" - "Being an old artilleryman, I do not recognize this type of weapon" - "I despise this type of weapon, since I am an old artilleryman." If the union as can be replaced with a combination as, then separation of the connecting turnover is not required. Example: "His gesture was accepted like approval"“His gesture was taken as an endorsement.”

Combinations that include turnovers by the name, by last name, nicknamed, are isolated in the event that they are pronounced with the intonation of isolation. Example: “Peter had a little dog, nicknamed "Sharik"- "The teacher nicknamed Trumpet almost no one liked it."

Using a dash instead of a comma

In some situations, a dash is used instead of a comma when separating:

In some cases, it becomes possible to omit the second dash:

Non-Standalone Applications

This role is often played by proper names, which are combined with nouns. Common nouns, which immediately follow proper names, can also act as non-isolated constructions. Many applications with the union are not isolated as, which convey the characteristics of the object from any one side. Example: "The reading public is accustomed to Chekhov like a comedian».