How to identify the perfect and imperfect species. How to determine the imperfective form of a verb

The verb is the part of speech that we encounter almost more often than all the others. It has a number of constant and changing features, which include the species. Each of us came across this category in school days. Often she baffled and raised questions.

This article will help you remember what it is and learn how to identify it. Examples of tasks that you will encounter will help you practice the acquired knowledge.

View is one of the constant features belonging to the verb. It reflects how the speaker sees the course of action in time: finished, lasting, repetitive, one-time.

View can be regarded both as a category that modifies words and as one that classifies them. In modern Russian, this group includes only two options.

Let's answer the question: "What are the types of verbs?" The answer of modern linguists to this question consists of two positions: perfect and imperfect.

Imperfect species

We found the answer to the question: “What is the form of the verb?” Now let's get to know each of them.

Imperfective verbs convey the meaning of an action without indicating its completion. Three types of words fall under this category:

Denoting long-term action. For example: "He looked into her eyes for a long time", "She walked down the street for an infinitely long time."
Conveying the meaning of a repetitive action. Example: "Every morning she gets on the bus", "He goes to school every day."
Describing permanent action. Consider the example: "The city is on a hill."

Imperfect verbs in many cases are accompanied by adverbs "long", "often", "usually", conveying the frequency with which the action is performed.

Words of this type can be expressed in three tenses: present, past, future.

Now you know what the next paragraph will talk about the words belonging to the second type.

Perfect view

Perfective verbs convey the meaning of the completion of an action. Limit it to a time frame. Words of this type can express:

An action that ended with the achievement of some result. For example: "Marina painted a beautiful picture", "Dad hammered a nail into the wall."
An action whose boundary is determined by its beginning. For example: “Wonderful music began to play in the hall”, “The girl sang a wonderful romance”.
A single action, provided that the word is formed using the suffix "nu": "He accidentally pushed me in the corridor", "Out of anger, he kicked the briefcase with his foot."

Perfective words appear only in past and future simple tenses. We remembered what a perfective verb is. Let's move on to more complex material.

species pairs

Verbs of both types sometimes form aspectual pairs. This category includes homonymous words that have the same meaning, but with different semantic shades. Consider examples:

Justify and justify. In the first case, we see a completed action, in the second - a long one.
Double and double. The first word conveys the meaning of the action that ended when the result was reached. The second shows the duration.

Most often, such verbs are formed from one stem. But there are exceptions, such as "take and take" or "catch and catch."

What other types of verbs are there?

In modern Russian, there are one- and two-part verbs. The first type includes words that have the form of only one of the species. This category includes imperfective verbs according to the following criteria:

Action does not seek to achieve any result. Most often it expresses emotions. For example: hate, regret, expect.
The verb expresses the state of a person: cry, dream, be silent, chat.
The word means movement. Examples: run, jump, dance.
The verb conveys an action with the meaning "slightly": to shout, to keep up.
The word has the meaning of an action that accompanies another, as in the case of "smack" or "dance".
The verb has a meaning associated with professional activity. For example: carpentry, teaching.
The action is mutual. Example: whispering, looking at each other.

Perfective verbs belong to the same type:

Containing several prefixes in their composition: to forget, to dial.
Denoting an action that happened immediately. For example: gushed, gushed.
Which show that the action has reached its logical conclusion. For example: call back, make a noise.
Denoting the beginning of the process: jump, cry.
expressing redundancy. Example: see enough, indulge.

Two aspect verbs

Verbs are of a form devoid of a formal expression. Depending on the context, they can be classified as perfect or imperfect.

Such words can be divided into three groups:

Words with a long history. Some of them: promise, wound, marry, execute.
Part of verbs ending in "ovate". For example, let's take: promote, investigate, investigate.
Verbs, mostly of foreign origin, having in their composition the suffixes "ova", "irova". Examples: warehouse, codify, telegraph.

Exercises

To determine which types of verbs are found in tasks, you must follow the following algorithm:

See if the word fits the criteria for a single or two aspect verb.
If there is a prefix, in most cases it will be a perfect look.
In order to accurately determine what kind of verb, you need to ask him a question. "What to do?" - imperfect species. "What to do?" - perfect view.

Let's move on to a little exercise. Determine what type the words belong to:

to say (double verb);
cook;
start (non-native view);
consider (non-common view);
find (owl view);
walk (single-species verb of a non-native species);
to command (single-species verb of a non-native species);
writes (non-Sov. view).

Specify what type of verb occurs in the sentence:

He deeply regretted what had happened (single aspect imperfective verb).
I used to sleep until lunch (the first verb is perfective, the second is single-specific imperfective).
He asked me a tricky question (perfect look).
Every day he looks out the window waiting for something (imperfect view).
He liked to teach in the company (single-spectrum imperfective verbs).
The first spring thunderstorm has died down (one-species perfective verb).
He got a job as a salesman in a clothing store in order to earn some extra money (the first verb is a perfect aspect, the second one is of the same type, but at the same time it is single aspect).

In this article, you learned what a verb aspect is. Get acquainted with the words of one-species and two-species type. Considered examples of exercises with explanations. And we received recommendations that will help you easily determine the type of the verb.

When you stumble upon a task related to defining a species, you can easily indicate what type a word belongs to, even if the words will initially seem complicated.

Before you learn how to determine the perfect and imperfect form of a verb, you need to get to know this part of speech in more detail. To begin with, let's figure out what it is.

In Russian, the term verbs is usually understood as an independent part of speech, which denotes the action of an object. In order to determine that a word is a verb, it is necessary to ask a question to it. The verb is characterized by the following questions: what to do, what to do, what to do, what to do, what to do, what to do, what to do, what to do. It is worth noting that the infinitive is characteristic of all verbs. Simply put, this is the indefinite form of the verb. In order to put any word in an indefinite form, it is necessary to ask the question what to do or what to do? Here are examples of such verbs: read, run, jump, cook, stock up, and so on. This part of speech has its own specific morphological features.

Morphological features of verbs

Time. The verb has only three tenses. These include the present tense, the past tense and the future.
View. It is customary to include perfective and imperfective verbs here.
Transitivity is also one of the important characteristics. That is, it is necessary to determine the verb is transitive or intransitive.
Recurrence. Returnable or non-refundable.
Conjugation. Everyone knows that in Russian there are two conjugations - the first and second, which are quite easy to determine, for this you need to put the verb in an indefinite form and looking at the ending, determine the conjugation. However, do not forget that there are also exclusion verbs.
Number. We determine whether the given verb is in the singular or plural.
Face. The person can be first, second and third.

In order to determine the verb of the perfect or imperfect form is a certain word, it is enough just to ask a question. Imperfective verbs answer the questions what to do, what he did, what he does, for example: runs, plays, draws. Perfective verbs answer questions about what he will do, what to do, what he did, for example: smiled, washed himself, wrote, and so on.

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Slides captions:

Verb types

Dear Guys! Today in the lesson we will get acquainted with a new grammatical category - the form of the verb. You will learn that verbs can be perfective and imperfective, and learn how to identify the aspect of a verb.

How to sign pictures? Grandma knitted a scarf. Grandma knitted a scarf. B

From the proposal Grandma knitted a scarf, we learn that the scarf is ready. The sentence Grandma was knitting a scarf does not tell us whether grandma finished her work or not. Perfective verbs indicate that the action has been completed, has reached (will reach) its limit: tied. Imperfective verbs denote an action in its course: knitted.

Linguists use a special term - the limit of action. The limit of an action is any moment, any point at which the action must stop. For example: fly in - “finish the flight”, wake up - “stop sleeping”.

How to determine the type of the verb? The first one is a question. Imperfective verbs answer the questions what to do? what is he doing? what they were doing? etc. Fly, draw, choose Perfective verbs answer the questions what to do? what will he do? what did they do? etc. Return, write, come

How to determine the type of the verb? The second way is the word "I will". The word I will be substituted for imperfective verbs, for example: sing - I will sing (imperfect). The word I will not be substituted for the verbs of the perfect form, for example: to sing - I cannot say I will sing (perfect form).

We learn by playing. Attachment question. Easy to remember: perfective verbs only answer those questions that have the prefix s-.

Club of connoisseurs. Random shot. Compare the two sentences and determine which of them was shot by chance. The boy drew a slingshot and fired. The boy pulled his slingshot and fired.

Time and type Guys, look at the table very carefully to understand in what tense perfect and imperfective verbs can be used. What kind of verbs have only two tenses - past and future? Why?

Verb types Question Time Attended classes Attended classes Past Attend classes - Present Will attend classes Attend classes Future

So, perfective verbs can only be used in the past and future tense, they do not have a present tense form. This is due to the fact that perfective verbs denote an action that has already happened, achieved a result (drawn, came), or will definitely happen, i.e. will have a result in the future (draw, come). It is impossible to put such verbs in the present tense, because in the present tense verbs denote an action that is taking place at the moment, which has not yet reached a result (I draw, I go - a non-native view).

The tense of the verb does not matter for determining its aspect. For example, in the phrase taught yesterday, the action ended, and the verb taught (what did you do?) of the imperfective form. We do not know if he has finished teaching or is still teaching. In the phrase I will learn tomorrow there is no action yet, but I will learn the verb (what will I do?) of the perfect form. We know that tomorrow the action will definitely end.

A fun change. Have you ever tried playing with words? Recently, my friend and I were walking in the park. It was the last days of summer, but it was cool in autumn. A friend says: “But autumn has already come!” “I don’t know about autumn, but you definitely stepped on my foot,” I answer.

Club of connoisseurs. Is it possible to fall but not fall? The verb to fall is imperfective, meaning "to fly from top to bottom under the influence of its own gravity." It will be paired with the verb to fall, that is, "to be below." The verb to fall denotes an action that must cease in time: what falls must fall in time. It turns out that this is not always the case. There is in Italy, in the city of Pisa, a structure that has been “falling” for more than seven hundred years. Many of you know its name - the Leaning Tower of Pisa. The fact is that back in 1173, when construction began, the foundation of the tower was laid unevenly. And since then the tower has been "falling", leaning towards the south

Training apparatus. Types of the verb What type of action do the pictures represent? imperfect perfect

imperfect perfect

A fun change. Pancakes. Pavlik is honored everywhere: Pavlik bakes pancakes. He had a conversation at school - He spoke, opening a notebook, How much soda, how much salt, How much oil to take. Proved that margarine can be used instead of butter. Resolved unanimously: He spoke beautifully. Who said such a speech Can bake pancakes! But, comrades, hurry - We need to save the house as soon as possible! Where is your fire extinguisher? Smoke is coming from under the doors! And the neighbors say: - These pancakes are burning! Oh, when it came down to it, Our hero was disgraced - Nine pancakes were burned, And the tenth was raw! It is not difficult to speak a speech, It is difficult to bake pancakes! (A. Barto)

Check yourself. How to determine the type of the verb Write questions next to the verbs. crawling (?) led (?) will fly out (?) are under construction (?)

Determine the type of the verb. stopped haircuts overslept doing painting lay blooming help loves loved disappearing buy thought up

An important conclusion. Perfective verbs indicate that the action has been completed, has reached (will reach) its limit: arrived, thrown away. Imperfective verbs denote an action in its course: knitting, walking, etc. Imperfective verbs answer questions what to do? what is he doing? what they were doing? etc. Run, look, raise. Perfective verbs answer the questions what to do? what will he do? what did they do? etc. Wash, buy, win.

One of the points in the study of the Russian language is the study of such a part of speech as a verb. The verb has several forms, types, conjugations. In this article, we will dwell on how you can determine the form of the verb. There are only two of them: perfect and imperfect.

Determine the form of the verb using a question

This is the simplest and most reliable option that does not require a lot of time and additional knowledge.

Perfective verbs answer the question “What to do (does, did, did)?”, And for imperfective verbs we ask the question “What to do (does, did, did)?”.

Determine the type of the verb by the nature of the action

Perfective verbs denote an action that, by the time the verb is used, has already been completed or will be completed by a certain time (or upon reaching some specific goal). Also indicate actions that do not need to be repeated. They can denote actions in the future, the main limit is the very implementation of this action. That is, the action is always limited by some framework.

Imperfect verbs are not limited by time frames and can occur at the moment, denote long-term actions, actions that require repetition.

Example. The verb "to wash" means that something must be completely washed by some specific moment. The action will end when the desired result is achieved, which means the perfective verb.

The verb "to wash" means that something must be washed for an indefinite period of time. Due to the fact that the time of action is not limited, we can conclude that the verb is imperfective.

However, it is not necessary to determine the form of the verb only by meaning. It will be safer to additionally ask a question, as we did in the first paragraph. This way you can avoid accidental errors.

Determine the form of the verb by parsing the word

Each of the types of verbs has some specific features in word formation. These signs can also tell you what kind of verb you are dealing with.

Perfective verbs are characterized by the following features:

prefixes "from", "you", "by", "on", "about", etc.,
suffix "well".

Imperfect verbs are characterized by the following features:

prefixes "from", "you", "by", "on", "about", etc.,
suffix "iva", "yva", "va", etc.

After reading this article, you may notice that you can determine the form of the verb very quickly and without much difficulty. You just need to know a few important rules and features, for example, what question a particular type of verb answers or what suffix is characteristic of it.

Good afternoon, dear student! Today we will look at types of verbs. Very often my students wonder why there are so many different verbs in Russian, how to determine their tense and why some verbs are used with prefixes and some without. To understand all these issues, let's look at perfect and imperfective verbs.

You will find the form of imperfective verbs in the dictionary, the verb in this case denotes an action, and perfective verbs are formed from this form. It should be noted that there are a lot of these methods, here are some of them:

With help prefixes, compare:

Imperfect species	Perfect view
To read	Read Has Red
To write	Has written
Cook	Has cooked
To buy	Buy

Please note that we have an exception word that is formed in perfect form without a prefix - this is the verb "Buy". In its imperfect form, this verb is used with the prefix -po.

With the help of different suffixes:

So, if we want to say that the action happens regularly, we need an imperfective verb. If the action happened 1 time at some point or day / hour, etc. and we know about its result, then we are dealing with a perfective verb. These verbs answer the question what to do?"

If we are talking about repetitive actions, then we not only use imperfective verbs that answer the question " what to do?", but we also use various additional information in the form of adverbs, which just show this repetition. For example,

Anastasia can't cook what to do?), she's cooking rarely. Anastasia cannot cook, she cooks rare.

I bought (what did?) beautiful dress, it is for me goes very well! (result visible) I bought a new dress, it suits me much.

To correctly determine the aspect of a verb, you can remember some adverbs that will help you correctly decide whether this or that verb belongs to a particular aspect:

Imperfect species
What are they doing? When? How often?

Nikita watches a movie Every morning/evening/day, regularly, often, rarely, sometimes, usually.
Vitaly buys newspapers
We play volleyball

Perfect view
What did they do? When?

Nikita watched the film "Titanic" Yesterday, in the evening, in the morning, today, once, on Friday, 2 days ago, already, not yet.
Vitaly bought the newspaper "Izvestia"
We played volleyball very well

From these examples it can be seen that adverb words can greatly facilitate the definition of one or another type of verb, the main thing is to learn questions and remember these words. To practice, correct these sentences by giving the verbs the correct verbs. The sentences are misspelled:

I finished my porridge and went for a walk.
Students stayed at the university, but still mastered the material.
She redid the report for a very long time.
Tanya cried a lot and did not calm down.
The children laughed a lot and the teacher decided to play with them some more.

Remember please, that imperfective verbs have 3 forms: past, present and future:

Perfective verbs have only 2 tense forms: past and future

Watched and will watch

The form of the past tense changes by numbers:

Ran (singular) and fled (plural) He ran and they ran.