Tests and assignments for the lesson: "The impact of man on nature"

Test 1

A1. Ecology is

I) with irrational use of natural resources

3) with the ecological crisis

4) opening of new halls of landscape painting in the National Museum

A4. An example of the direct influence of nature on society is

1) deforestation for the construction of residential buildings

2) soil restoration after the liquidation of the waste dump

3) destruction of the coastal recreation area by a powerful typhoon

A5. Environmental issues include

1) preventing the spread of AIDS

2) the revival of cultural values

3) global warming trend

4) stabilization of the demographic situation

A6. Human drainage of wetlands exemplifies interaction

1) society and individuals

2) citizen and state

3) society and nature

4) production and consumption

A7. Are the following statements about society and nature correct?

A) As technology and technology improve, the economic impact of society on nature increases

B) The relationship of nature and society forms the basis of the unity of the material world

1) only A is true

2) only B is true

3) both statements are correct

4) both judgments are wrong

A8. Are the following judgments about global problems correct?

A. Pollution of nature by the products of human activity is

to environmental issues

B. Global problems are associated with human transformation

1) only A is true

2) only B is true

3) both statements are correct

4) both judgments are wrong

A9. Are the following judgments about the interaction of society and nature correct?

A. Nature is an inexhaustible source of all kinds of resources for humanity

B. The economic activity of the company may have a negative impact on the environment

1) only A is true

2) only B is true

3) both statements are correct

4) both judgments are wrong

A10. Are the following judgments about the mutual influence of society and nature correct?

A. The presence of a variety of natural resources can accelerate the development of society

B. Natural disasters can create a threat to the existence of society

1) only A is true

2) only B is true

3) both statements are correct

4) both judgments are wrong

IN 1. Determine which of the following refers to the causes, and which to the consequences of the environmental crisis

a) deterioration of the human environment

b) rough mechanical methods of agriculture

c) irrational use of resources

d) the disappearance of many species of animals and plants

e) consumer attitude to nature

f) increase in industrial waste

g) the growth of hereditary diseases

A. Causes of the ecological crisis: __________________________________

B. Consequences of the ecological crisis: ________________________________

Test 2

A1. An example of the negative impact of society on the natural environment is

1) organization of the reserve

3) soil pollution by industrial waste

4) planting trees and shrubs

A2. Air pollution associated with an increase in the number of cars is an example of the relationship

1) society and nature

2) engineering and technology

3) civilizations and cultures

4) ecology and morality

A3. The global issues are

1) Crisis of the financial system

2) Depletion of fresh water

3) Decline in production

4) Increase in the debt of developing countries to developed

A4. An example of the influence of society on nature is

1) the invention of the lightning rod

2) the construction of the pyramids in ancient Egypt

3) pollution of the waters of the oceans

4) the discovery of the law of universal gravitation

A5. Environmental issues include

1) the spread of drug addiction

2) gradual depletion of natural resources

3) prevention of the threat of a new world war

4) loss of moral values

A6. What example illustrates the influence of natural factors on the life of society?

1) adoption of legislation on nature protection

2) cleaning the park from household waste

3) pollution of the river by industrial waste

4) destruction of the road by mudflows from the mountains

A7. Are the following judgments about global problems correct?

A. Nature has an impact on the life and economic activities of people

B. Natural conditions do not affect the development of the spiritual culture of society

1) only A is true

2) only B is true

3) both statements are correct

4) both judgments are wrong

A10. Are the following judgments about the influence of nature on the development of society correct?

A. Nature is a source of resources used to meet the needs of man, society as a whole

B. Natural conditions affect the cultural creativity, traditions and customs of people

1) only A is true

2) only B is true

3) both statements are correct

4) both judgments are wrong

IN 1. Scientists distinguish between the concepts of "environmental crisis" and "environmental catastrophe".

A. Ecological crisis: __________________________________________

B. Ecological catastrophe: _______________________________________

If the history of nature has several billion years, then the history of mankind is calculated only in millions of years, and organized human society has existed only for the last few millennia.
Nature is an indispensable condition for the life of a person and society, since life itself can develop only in a special environment, and a unique one at that (it is necessary to have air, water, optimal temperature, nutrition).

Such unique conditions (set of conditions) met only on planet Earth. Currently, a large number of planets in various star systems have been explored, and none of them has all the conditions for the emergence of life. Based on the assumption of the infinity of the Universe, it can be theoretically assumed that somewhere there are planets, like the Earth, that have all the possibilities for life, but the modern development of science does not allow them to be detected.
It is impossible to analyze a society without taking into account its interaction with nature, since it lives in nature. The impact of society on nature is determined by the development of material production, science and technology, social needs, and the nature of social relations. At the same time, due to the increase in the degree of such an impact, the scope of the geographic habitat is expanding and some natural processes are accelerating: new properties are accumulating that are increasingly moving it away from its virgin state. If we deprive the modern geographical environment of its properties, created by the labor of many generations, and put modern society in the original natural conditions, then it will not be able to exist: man has remade the world geochemically, and this process is already irreversible.

But the geographical environment also has an important influence on the development of society. Human history is a clear example of how environmental conditions and the outlines of the planet's surface contributed to or, on the contrary, hindered the development of mankind. If in the Far North, in this icy element, a person wrested the means of subsistence from the inhospitable, harsh nature at the cost of painful efforts, then in the tropics, in the realm of bright fragrant flowers, eternal greenery and juicy fruits, the unbridled splendor of wasteful nature leads a person, like a child, to help. The geographic environment as a condition for the economic activity of a society can have a certain influence on the economic specialization of countries and regions.

The natural environment of society is not limited to the geographical environment. A qualitatively different natural environment of his life is the sphere of all living things - the biosphere, which includes the upper part of the earth's crust inhabited by organisms, the waters of rivers, lakes, seas and oceans, as well as the lower part of the atmosphere. Its structure and energy-information processes are determined by the past and present activities of living organisms. It is under the influence of cosmic as well as deep underground influences: it is a giant natural biophysical and biochemical laboratory for the conversion of solar energy through the green cover of the planet. As a result of a long evolution, the biosphere has developed as a dynamic, internally differentiated equilibrium system. But it does not remain unchanged, but, being self-organizing, it develops along with the evolution of the Universe and all living things. The history of life on our planet shows that deep transformations have already taken place more than once and a qualitative restructuring of the biosphere has led to the disappearance of various species of animals and plants and the emergence of new ones. The evolutionary process of the biosphere is irreversible.

The interaction of nature and society includes the impact of nature on society and society on nature. Nature is the source of the means of life. It supplies man with food, provides him with water, supplies materials for the construction of dwellings, provides an appropriate thermal regime, etc. Nature also acts as a source of means of labor. It supplies man with metal, coal, electricity, and so on. The role of nature as a source of means of subsistence and as a source of means of labor is filled with concrete content in each historical epoch in relation to each social community.

Nature influences the development of society and how its habitat. The climatic conditions of human life, flora and fauna, geographical landscape, temperature regime and its cycles - all this significantly affects the life of society. It is enough to compare the development of the peoples of the north and south. The geographical environment influences the economic specialization of countries and regions. So, if in the conditions of the tundra the population is engaged in reindeer breeding, and in the subtropics - in the cultivation of citrus fruits.

As the impact of nature on society is multifaceted, so is the impact of society on external nature. First of all, society to a certain extent destroys the existing natural complexes, relationships in nature. Natural resources are extracted from the bowels of the earth, forests are cut down, rivers are blocked by dams, a certain part of the animal and plant world is reduced in one way or another, and so on. All these intrusions of human society into nature, dictated by the interests of its life activity, the need to meet the needs of people, to a certain extent deform the natural world, very significantly change the natural course of its inherent processes.

Society in the course of its activities does not just change the natural-natural connections and complexes. Deforming, destroying, it also creates. Instead of uprooting forests, arable lands and pastures are created, sown with cultivated plants, adapted for raising domestic animals, instead of the disordered movement of rivers, new contours of rivers are created, blocked by dams, “social wrinkles” of irrigation systems, transport communications are applied to the firmament of the earth, cities are created on the site of natural areas , villages, towns, etc. All these changes fit into the pre-existing natural complexes and relationships, becoming their integral part.

The society influences the nature and wastes of its industrial and other activities. For example, the process of extracting coal, mankind owes not only to life-giving energy, but also to waste heaps of waste rock. Herbicides and other chemical means of influence in agricultural production not only facilitate labor, increase the productivity of agricultural structures, but also poison the natural sphere. At the same time, with the growth of the scale of human production activity, as humanity itself grows, the destructive impact on the nature of these wastes of human civilization increases dramatically.

For a person, the positive aspects of the development and transformation of natural sources as components of the natural habitat are undeniable. As a result of this activity, a person was able not only to survive as a biological species, but also to acquire what fundamentally distinguishes him from other living beings - the ability to produce tools, create and accumulate material and spiritual culture, purposefully transform the environment.

However, in the course of evolution, man did not stop only at taking material from nature in a direct or transformed form. He would cease to be a rational being if he could not create something of his own, artificial, which has not been in nature until now. As a result, he created an artificial habitat - everything that was specially made by man: a variety of objects of material and spiritual culture, the transformation of the landscape, as well as the breeding and domestication of plants and animals.

With the development of society, the role and importance of the artificial environment for humans is constantly increasing. Try today to imagine for a moment a human society without large cities, roads, enterprises, houses, cars. All this is created by man and is the creation of his hands, the result of the activity of his mind.
Doing what is useful for himself, a person has a detrimental effect on the nature around him: air pollution, poisoning of rivers and lakes, acid rain, ever-increasing production waste, especially used radioactive substances. Today, one of the urgent problems of our society has become the relationship between man and nature.



Types and degree of human impact on nature

Types of human impact on nature can be divided into:

Anthropogenic impacts - human activity associated with the implementation of economic, military, recreational, cultural and other interests, making physical, chemical, biological and other changes in the natural environment.

Human impact on nature can be classified in various ways. For example, divided into destructive, stabilizing and constructive; direct and indirect; intentional and unintentional; long and short term; static and dynamic; area and point; deep and surface; global, regional and local; mechanical, physical, chemical and biological, etc.

Destructive (destructive) impact – human activity leading to the loss by the natural environment of its qualities useful to man. For example, the reduction of rainforests to pastures or plantations, as a result of which the biogeochemical cycle of substances is disturbed, and the soil loses its fertility in two to three years.

Stabilizing effect – human activity aimed at slowing down the destruction (destruction) of the natural environment as a result of both human economic activity and natural processes. For example, soil protection measures aimed at reducing soil erosion.

constructive impact – human activity aimed at restoring the natural environment, disturbed as a result of human economic activity or natural processes. For example, recultivation of landscapes, restoration of the number of rare species of animals and plants, etc. Destructive impact can be called negative (negative), and stabilizing and constructive - positive (positive).

Direct (immediate) impact – change in nature as a result of the direct impact of human economic activity on natural objects and phenomena. Indirect (indirect) impact - change in nature as a result of chain reactions or secondary phenomena associated with human economic activity.

Unintended Impact is unconscious when a person does not anticipate the consequences of his activity.

Intentional exposure is conscious when a person expects certain results of his activity.

Increasing use of natural resources due to population growth and development scientific and technological progress leads to their depletion and an increase in environmental pollution with production waste and consumption waste. That is, the deterioration of the natural environment occurs for two reasons: 1) reduction of natural resources; 2) environmental pollution.

Deforestation in the river basin (marked with crosses) leads to the drying up of small rivers - tributaries, a decrease in the level of groundwater , a decrease in soil moisture, a decrease in the water level in the river and lake. This, together with other factors, leads to a lack of water in the city, the death of fish, the development of cyanides (blue-green algae and other aquatic organisms) due to the increasing eutrophication of water bodies. The construction of a dam and an irrigation system for the purpose of accumulating water in the river and maintaining a normal moisture regime in the fields does not solve the problem of maintaining the groundwater level and stopping the lake from drying out. On the contrary, the consumption of water for evaporation in irrigation systems and from the surface of the reservoir exacerbates the lack of river runoff into the lake, delays solid runoff, and water backwater by the dam causes flooding of the area, including in cities, and its swamping. Irrigation causes additional salinization of soils that require leaching, which means a greater consumption of irrigation water, with which organic matter and fertilizers are washed into the reservoir, which increases eutrophication.

It should immediately be noted that the higher the level of use of extracted natural resources, the lower the level of environmental pollution. Consequently, by solving the problem of rational use of natural resources, society, firstly, saves natural resources from depletion, and secondly, reduces environmental pollution.

Pollution – the introduction into the environment or the emergence in it of new (usually not characteristic of it) harmful chemical, physical, biological, informational agents.

Pollution can occur as a result of natural causes (natural pollution: dust storms, volcanic ash, etc.) or under the influence of human activities (anthropogenic pollution: emissions into the atmosphere and discharges into the hydrosphere of harmful substances, etc.).

According to the types of pollutants, environmental pollution is divided into physical(thermal, radioactive, noise, electromagnetic, light, etc.), chemical(heavy metals, pesticides, synthetic surfactants - surfactants, plastics, aerosols, detergents, etc.) and biological(pathogenic microorganisms, products of genetic engineering, etc.). In addition to influencing the circulation of substances, a person has an impact on energy processes in the biosphere. The most dangerous here is the thermal pollution of the biosphere associated with the use of nuclear and thermonuclear energy. In addition to material and energy pollution, the question of information pollution of the human environment begins to be raised.

The extent of pollution can be global, regional and local (local).

According to the objects of pollution, they distinguish air pollution, surface and ground water pollution, soil pollution etc., and even pollution of near-Earth space.

One of the pollution classifications based on a systematic approach was made by G.V. Stadnitsky and A.I. Rodionov (1988). The authors understand pollution as any undesirable anthropogenic changes for ecosystems and divide it into ingradient, parametric, biocenotic and stationary-destructive.

Ingredient pollution - a set of substances that are quantitatively or qualitatively alien to natural biogeocenoses (household wastewater, pesticides and fertilizers, combustion products, etc.).

Parametric pollution is a change in the qualitative parameters of the natural environment (noise, heat, light, radiation, electromagnetic).

Biocenotic pollution - impacts that cause disturbance in the composition and structure of populations of living organisms (overfishing, directed introduction and acclimatization of species, etc.).

Stationary-destructive pollution (from words station - population habitat, destruction - destruction) - an impact that leads to disruption and transformation of landscapes and ecosystems in the process of nature management (deforestation, soil erosion, regulation of watercourses, urbanization, etc.).

Table 16 - Ecological characteristics of the ten main pollutants of the biosphere

pollutant	Ecological characteristic
1. Carbon dioxide	Formed during the combustion of all types of fuel. An increase in its content in the atmosphere leads to an increase in its temperature, which is fraught with detrimental geochemical and environmental consequences.
2. Carbon monoxide	Formed during incomplete combustion of fuel. Can disturb the heat balance of the upper atmosphere.
3. Sulfur dioxide	Contained in the smoke of industrial enterprises. Causes exacerbation of respiratory diseases, harms plants. Attacks limestone and some fabrics.
4. Nitrogen oxides	They create smog and cause respiratory diseases and bronchitis in newborns. Contribute to the overgrowth of aquatic vegetation.
5. Phosphates	Contained in fertilizers. The main water pollutant in rivers and lakes.
6. Mercury	One of the dangerous food contaminants, especially of marine origin. It accumulates in the body and has a harmful effect on the nervous system.
7. Lead	added to gasoline. It acts on enzyme systems and metabolism in living cells.
8. Oil	Leads to detrimental environmental consequences, causes the death of planktonic organisms, fish, seabirds and mammals.
9. DDT and other pesticides	Very toxic to crustaceans. They kill fish and organisms that serve as food for fish. Many are carcinogens.
10.Radiation	If the permissible doses are exceeded, it leads to malignant neoplasms and genetic; mutations.

Questions for self-control:

1. What is nature conservation?

2. What is rational nature management?

3. What motives for rational environmental management are presented in the lecture?

4. How are natural conditions classified?

5. How can the types and degree of human impact on nature be divided?

LECTURE #11

Subject: Fundamentals of Biodiversity Conservation

The purpose of the lecture: To give basic concepts for the conservation of biological diversity: determining the importance of biodiversity for humans and the biosphere, the role of the population in its conservation, the ability to distinguish between levels of biodiversity

Keywords: Convention, role, meaning, diversity, species, population, gene, ecosystem, value, aesthetics.

Main questions (provisions) and summary:

1. Global biodiversity

2. International Convention on Biological Diversity

3. The role of the population in the conservation of biological diversity

4. Significance of biodiversity for humans

5. Structure and levels of biodiversity

Man, society is part of the material world. As part of a single whole, nature and society have some common features, but at the same time they differ from each other. Let's try to understand this: what is common and what are the differences between nature and society.

First, let's define what "nature" is.

Definition of the concept of "nature"

Nature in a broad sense is the whole universe. Of course, in the course of social science, we study the features not of this Universe, but of that part of it where a person lives.

Nature in the narrow sense - the environment surrounding a person in which he lives, the biosphere.

Allocate:

• natural environment - that is, the natural conditions of human life.
• Built environment - that is, created by people, its culture

(material and spiritual), this environment is also called second nature .

Similarities and differences between nature and society

NATURE	SOCIETY
Similarity: are systems are dynamic systems
Differences
Can develop independently of a person. Nature existed when man did not yet exist on Earth.	Closely connected with nature, cannot exist without it.
It develops according to laws independent of the will and desire of people.	It develops according to the laws created by society itself, under the influence of people's activities.
Not able to create culture.	Creates culture.

Nature and society interact with each other, and in two aspects: positive and negative.

Interaction of society and nature

NATURE	SOCIETY
Positive influence
1. Is the environment where a person lives. 2. Nature is the source of the means of life (heat, food, clothing, etc.) 3.Source of means of production (metal, coal, oil, etc.) 4. Nature stimulates the development of society: mastering nature, society improves, develops (the theory of "call-response" Toynbee).	1. Protection of the natural environment - preservation from pollution, depletion, destruction of nature. 2. Ensuring environmental safety - the security of the individual, enterprises, territory, region, etc. from threats arising from anthropogenic human activities and natural disasters of an ecological nature. 3.Creation energy-saving technologies, treatment facilities, etc. 4. Protection of flora and fauna ("Red Book")
Negative influence
1. The ability of natural and geographical conditions to accelerate or slow down the pace of social development. 2. The ability to have a negative impact on people's health (metezaviznost, etc.) 3. The destructive effect of cataclysms (earthquakes, floods, drought)	1. Depletion of the subsoil 2. Pollution of the Earth, especially water bodies, the atmosphere with industrial waste 3. Destruction of flora and fauna, deforestation 4. The use of atomic energy for both military and peaceful purposes, ground and underground nuclear explosions

Man's influence on nature is unity of creation and destruction .

Some TERMS:

Biosphere- the earthly shell, embraced by life.

Noosphere- the sphere of reason, the area of ​​existence of rational beings.

ecumene- a part of the globe inhabited by man (from Greek I live, I inhabit).

Legal protection of nature

1.International

1. UN. World Charter for the Protection of Nature (1982).
2. UNESCO. Program "Man and Biosphere". 1970.
3. Roman club. International public organization founded in 1968. It includes about 100 scientists, public figures, heads of foundations.

Target : a study of human development in the era of scientific and technological revolution. They are in favor of easing international tension.

1. « Greenpeace". Non-governmental organization.

Target : Ensuring the ecological safety of mankind. It includes more than a hundred states. Created in 1971, Russia joined in 1989.

1. IAEA- International Atomic Energy Agency.

Target : ensure nuclear safety and environmental protection.

1. WHO— World Health Organization. One of the goals is to combat air pollution.

1. At the state level:

1.Constitution of the Russian Federation. Articles 42.58 (see the Constitution of the Russian Federation).

2.Law " About environmental protection", 2002

1. water code. 1995

4.Forest Code. 1997 and others

Material prepared: Melnikova Vera Alexandrovna