How to solve a complex equation. Expressions, equations and systems of equations with complex numbers
The use of equations is widespread in our lives. They are used in many calculations, construction of structures and even sports. Equations have been used by man since ancient times and since then their use has only increased. For clarity, let's solve the following problem:
Compute \[ (z_1\cdot z_2)^(10),\] if \
First of all, let's pay attention to the fact that one number is represented in algebraic form, the other - in trigonometric form. It needs to be simplified and brought to the following form
\[ z_2 = \frac(1)(4) (\cos\frac(\pi)(6)+i\sin\frac(\pi)(6)).\]
The expression \ says that, first of all, we do multiplication and raising to the 10th power according to the Moivre formula. This formula was formulated for the trigonometric form of a complex number. We get:
\[\begin(vmatrix) z_1 \end(vmatrix)=\sqrt ((-1)^2+(\sqrt 3)^2)=\sqrt 4=2\]
\[\varphi_1=\pi+\arctan\frac(\sqrt 3)(-1)=\pi\arctan\sqrt 3=\pi-\frac(\pi)(3)=\frac(2\pi)( 3)\]
Adhering to the rules for multiplying complex numbers in trigonometric form, we will do the following:
In our case:
\[(z_1+z_2)^(10)=(\frac(1)(2))^(10)\cdot(\cos (10\cdot\frac(5\pi)(6))+i\sin \cdot\frac(5\pi)(6)))=\frac(1)(2^(10))\cdot\cos \frac(25\pi)(3)+i\sin\frac(25\ pi)(3).\]
Making the fraction \[\frac(25)(3)=8\frac(1)(3)\] correct, we conclude that it is possible to "twist" 4 turns \[(8\pi rad.):\]
\[ (z_1+z_2)^(10)=\frac(1)(2^(10))\cdot(\cos \frac(\pi)(3)+i\sin\frac(\pi)(3 ))\]
Answer: \[(z_1+z_2)^(10)=\frac(1)(2^(10))\cdot(\cos \frac(\pi)(3)+i\sin\frac(\pi) (3))\]
This equation can be solved in another way, which boils down to bringing the 2nd number into algebraic form, then performing multiplication in algebraic form, translating the result into trigonometric form and applying the Moivre formula:
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FEDERAL AGENCY FOR EDUCATION
STATE EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION
HIGHER PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION
"VORONEZH STATE PEDAGOGICAL UNIVERSITY"
CHAIR OF AGLEBRA AND GEOMETRY
Complex numbers
(selected tasks)
FINAL QUALIFICATION WORK
specialty 050201.65 mathematics
(with additional specialty 050202.65 informatics)
Completed by: 5th year student
physical and mathematical
faculty
Supervisor:
VORONEZH - 2008
1. Introduction……………………………………………………...…………..…
2. Complex numbers (selected problems)
2.1. Complex numbers in algebraic form….……...……….….
2.2. Geometric interpretation of complex numbers…………..…
2.3. Trigonometric form of complex numbers
2.4. Application of the theory of complex numbers to the solution of equations of the 3rd and 4th degree……………..…………………………………………………………
2.5. Complex numbers and parameters………...……………………...….
3. Conclusion…………………………………………………….................
4. List of references………………………….………………….............
1. Introduction
In the mathematics program of the school course, number theory is introduced using examples of sets of natural numbers, integers, rational, irrational, i.e. on the set of real numbers whose images fill the entire number line. But already in the 8th grade there is not enough stock of real numbers, solving quadratic equations with a negative discriminant. Therefore, it was necessary to replenish the stock of real numbers with complex numbers, for which the square root of a negative number makes sense.
The choice of the topic "Complex Numbers", as the topic of my final qualification work, is that the concept of a complex number expands students' knowledge about number systems, about solving a wide class of problems of both algebraic and geometric content, about solving algebraic equations of any degree and about solving problems with parameters.
In this thesis work, the solution of 82 problems is considered.
The first part of the main section "Complex Numbers" provides solutions to problems with complex numbers in algebraic form, defines the operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, conjugation for complex numbers in algebraic form, the degree of an imaginary unit, the modulus of a complex number, and also sets out the rule extracting the square root of a complex number.
In the second part, problems are solved for the geometric interpretation of complex numbers in the form of points or vectors of the complex plane.
The third part deals with operations on complex numbers in trigonometric form. Formulas are used: De Moivre and extraction of a root from a complex number.
The fourth part is devoted to solving equations of the 3rd and 4th degrees.
When solving problems of the last part "Complex Numbers and Parameters", the information given in the previous parts is used and consolidated. A series of problems in this chapter is devoted to the determination of families of lines in the complex plane given by equations (inequalities) with a parameter. In part of the exercises, you need to solve equations with a parameter (over the field C). There are tasks where a complex variable simultaneously satisfies a number of conditions. A feature of solving the problems of this section is the reduction of many of them to solving equations (inequalities, systems) of the second degree, irrational, trigonometric with a parameter.
A feature of the presentation of the material of each part is the initial introduction of theoretical foundations, and subsequently their practical application in solving problems.
At the end of the thesis is a list of used literature. In most of them, theoretical material is presented in sufficient detail and in an accessible way, solutions to some problems are considered and practical tasks are given for independent solution. I would like to pay special attention to such sources as:
1. Gordienko N.A., Belyaeva E.S., Firstov V.E., Serebryakova I.V. Complex numbers and their applications: Textbook. . The material of the manual is presented in the form of lectures and practical exercises.
2. Shklyarsky D.O., Chentsov N.N., Yaglom I.M. Selected problems and theorems of elementary mathematics. Arithmetic and Algebra. The book contains 320 problems related to algebra, arithmetic and number theory. By their nature, these tasks differ significantly from standard school tasks.
2. Complex numbers (selected problems)
2.1. Complex numbers in algebraic form
The solution of many problems in mathematics and physics is reduced to solving algebraic equations, i.e. equations of the form
,where a0 , a1 , …, an are real numbers. Therefore, the study of algebraic equations is one of the most important questions in mathematics. For example, a quadratic equation with a negative discriminant has no real roots. The simplest such equation is the equation
.In order for this equation to have a solution, it is necessary to expand the set of real numbers by adding to it the root of the equation
.Let's denote this root as
. Thus, by definition, , or ,hence,
. is called the imaginary unit. With its help and with the help of a pair of real numbers, an expression of the form is formed.The resulting expression was called complex numbers because they contained both real and imaginary parts.
So, complex numbers are called expressions of the form
, and are real numbers, and is some symbol that satisfies the condition . The number is called the real part of the complex number, and the number is called its imaginary part. The symbols , are used to designate them.Complex numbers of the form
are real numbers and, therefore, the set of complex numbers contains the set of real numbers.Complex numbers of the form
are called purely imaginary. Two complex numbers of the form and are called equal if their real and imaginary parts are equal, i.e. if the equalities , .The algebraic notation of complex numbers makes it possible to perform operations on them according to the usual rules of algebra.
To solve problems with complex numbers, you need to understand the basic definitions. The main objective of this review article is to explain what complex numbers are and present methods for solving basic problems with complex numbers. Thus, a complex number is a number of the form z = a + bi, where a, b- real numbers, which are called the real and imaginary parts of the complex number, respectively, and denote a = Re(z), b=Im(z).
i is called the imaginary unit. i 2 \u003d -1. In particular, any real number can be considered complex: a = a + 0i, where a is real. If a = 0 and b ≠ 0, then the number is called purely imaginary.
We now introduce operations on complex numbers.
Consider two complex numbers z 1 = a 1 + b 1 i and z 2 = a 2 + b 2 i.
Consider z = a + bi.
The set of complex numbers extends the set of real numbers, which in turn extends the set of rational numbers, and so on. This chain of embeddings can be seen in the figure: N - natural numbers, Z - integers, Q - rational, R - real, C - complex.
Representation of complex numbers
Algebraic notation.
Consider a complex number z = a + bi, this form of writing a complex number is called algebraic. We have already discussed this form of writing in detail in the previous section. Quite often use the following illustrative drawing
trigonometric form.
It can be seen from the figure that the number z = a + bi can be written differently. It's obvious that a = rcos(φ), b = rsin(φ), r=|z|, hence z = rcos(φ) + rsin(φ)i, φ ∈ (-π; π)
is called the argument of a complex number. This representation of a complex number is called trigonometric form. The trigonometric form of notation is sometimes very convenient. For example, it is convenient to use it for raising a complex number to an integer power, namely, if z = rcos(φ) + rsin(φ)i, then z n = r n cos(nφ) + r n sin(nφ)i, this formula is called De Moivre's formula.
Demonstrative form.
Consider z = rcos(φ) + rsin(φ)i is a complex number in trigonometric form, we write it in a different form z = r(cos(φ) + sin(φ)i) = re iφ, the last equality follows from the Euler formula, so we got a new form of writing a complex number: z = re iφ, which is called demonstrative. This form of notation is also very convenient for raising a complex number to a power: z n = r n e inφ, here n not necessarily an integer, but can be an arbitrary real number. This form of writing is quite often used to solve problems.
Fundamental theorem of higher algebra
Imagine that we have a quadratic equation x 2 + x + 1 = 0 . Obviously, the discriminant of this equation is negative and it has no real roots, but it turns out that this equation has two different complex roots. So, the main theorem of higher algebra states that any polynomial of degree n has at least one complex root. It follows from this that any polynomial of degree n has exactly n complex roots, taking into account their multiplicity. This theorem is a very important result in mathematics and is widely applied. A simple corollary of this theorem is that there are exactly n distinct n-degree roots of unity.
Main types of tasks
In this section, the main types of simple complex number problems will be considered. Conventionally, problems on complex numbers can be divided into the following categories.
- Performing simple arithmetic operations on complex numbers.
- Finding the roots of polynomials in complex numbers.
- Raising complex numbers to a power.
- Extraction of roots from complex numbers.
- Application of complex numbers to solve other problems.
Now consider the general methods for solving these problems.
The simplest arithmetic operations with complex numbers are performed according to the rules described in the first section, but if complex numbers are presented in trigonometric or exponential forms, then in this case they can be converted into algebraic form and perform operations according to known rules.
Finding the roots of polynomials usually comes down to finding the roots of a quadratic equation. Suppose we have a quadratic equation, if its discriminant is non-negative, then its roots will be real and are found according to a well-known formula. If the discriminant is negative, then D = -1∙a 2, where a is a certain number, then we can represent the discriminant in the form D = (ia) 2, hence √D = i|a|, and then you can use the already known formula for the roots of the quadratic equation.
Example. Let's return to the quadratic equation mentioned above x 2 + x + 1 = 0.
Discriminant - D \u003d 1 - 4 ∙ 1 \u003d -3 \u003d -1 (√3) 2 \u003d (i√3) 2.
Now we can easily find the roots:
Raising complex numbers to a power can be done in several ways. If you want to raise a complex number in algebraic form to a small power (2 or 3), then you can do this by direct multiplication, but if the degree is larger (in problems it is often much larger), then you need to write this number in trigonometric or exponential forms and use already known methods.
Example. Consider z = 1 + i and raise to the tenth power.
We write z in exponential form: z = √2 e iπ/4 .
Then z 10 = (√2 e iπ/4) 10 = 32 e 10iπ/4.
Let's return to the algebraic form: z 10 = -32i.
Extracting roots from complex numbers is the inverse operation with respect to exponentiation, so it is done in a similar way. To extract the roots, the exponential form of writing a number is often used.
Example. Find all roots of degree 3 of unity. To do this, we find all the roots of the equation z 3 = 1, we will look for the roots in exponential form.
Substitute in the equation: r 3 e 3iφ = 1 or r 3 e 3iφ = e 0 .
Hence: r = 1, 3φ = 0 + 2πk, hence φ = 2πk/3.
Various roots are obtained at φ = 0, 2π/3, 4π/3.
Hence 1 , e i2π/3 , e i4π/3 are roots.
Or in algebraic form:
The last type of problems includes a huge variety of problems and there are no general methods for solving them. Here is a simple example of such a task:
Find the amount sin(x) + sin(2x) + sin(2x) + … + sin(nx).
Although the formulation of this problem does not refer to complex numbers, but with their help it can be easily solved. To solve it, the following representations are used:
If we now substitute this representation into the sum, then the problem is reduced to the summation of the usual geometric progression.
Conclusion
Complex numbers are widely used in mathematics, this review article discussed the basic operations on complex numbers, described several types of standard problems and briefly described general methods for solving them, for a more detailed study of the possibilities of complex numbers, it is recommended to use specialized literature.