How to make a rainbow at home. Summary of the lesson “Rainbow at home How to make a rainbow out of water

On a gloomy autumn day, you just want to please yourself with something bright and unusual. You will be surprised, but sometimes colored paper can work wonders if you approach it creatively. So, let's begin. For a rainbow, you will need paper in seven colors, scissors, cotton wool (it will make two pretty clouds), a stapler, glue, silver beads and thread or fishing line.

First you need to cut out seven strips of the same width, but slightly different in length (approximately 6-7 mm).

We fasten the strips with a stapler on one side.

Then we align the edges on the other side and get a rainbow blank.

Now you need to make clouds from cotton wool. The secret is to lightly wet your fingers with water and form two clouds that you can glue to the ends of the rainbow.

Now it's the turn of the drops. We will cut them out of blue paper as shown in the photo. We need three drops.

At the bottom of the thread we fix a silver bead. We glue the three cut droplets together, not forgetting to glue the thread in the middle.

Everything, our rainbow is ready. You can give it to someone as a gift, or you can just hang it on a chandelier or on a window and enjoy.

In addition, I can throw a few more ideas for a rainbow mood.

What could be more beautiful and fantastic than a rainbow? Only a rainbow created by one's own hands. The easiest way to make a rainbow is to pass light through a prism. But a prism is not always at hand, and I really want to experiment with a rainbow.

There are several ways to make a rainbow at home from improvised means, let's look at a few of them.

Disc rainbow

This is a very simple way to get a rainbow out of an item that is in almost every home today - a CD. Any CD\DVD\Blueray disc will fit, it is enough to reflect sunlight from it and a beautiful rainbow will play on a white wall.

Rainbow from the water

To do this, you need to pass light through the water. For example, you can put a glass of water on the windowsill on a sunny day and the light passing through the water will create a rainbow. If this does not work, you can take a mirror and lower it into a glass of water and try to reflect the sunlight with it.

You can also take a flat shallow container and put a mirror in it at an angle so that one half is above the water and reflect sunlight onto a white surface. The rainbow will appear immediately. The larger the water container and the mirror, the larger the rainbow.

If the sky is overcast and the sun does not shine at all, a rainbow can be made in the same way using a flashlight. But such a rainbow will not be so bright, so you will have to curtain the curtains tightly and even then start experimenting.

Well, if the sun is shining brightly, there is another sure way to make a rainbow. But for him you have to go outside and find a hose connected to a water tap. Now it remains to pinch the end of the hose so that the water comes out of it in a fine spray, and direct it upwards into the sun. A rainbow will play in the splashes of water.

The rainbow hung like a multi-colored rocker,
Dropping one end into the green ocean...
M. Rysakov

Every person at least once in his life admired a natural miracle - a rainbow.

Many have probably noticed that the rainbow usually appears after the rain.

I have seen a rainbow many times, and always this phenomenon delighted me. Last summer, my parents and I walked around the city. The weather was sunny, but suddenly it began to rain: warm, finely drizzling. It stopped as quickly as it started, and literally immediately we all saw a rainbow in the sky.

I wanted to know what a rainbow is and how it appears.

Purpose of the study: determine what is the relationship between rain, sun and the appearance of a rainbow, and whether it is possible to get a rainbow at home.

Object of study- a natural phenomenon rainbow.

Subject of study- the origin of the rainbow.

Research objectives - find answers to the following questions:

How does a rainbow appear?
Do rainbows only appear on sunny days or can they be seen at night?
Is it possible to get a rainbow at home?

Hypotheses put forward:

Suppose a rainbow only appears on a sunny day after rain.
Suppose that at night it is impossible to see a rainbow in nature.
Suppose that a rainbow can be obtained by replacing the sun's rays with an artificial light source.

Basic Methods Keywords: study of literature, observation, experiment.

It is believed that our rainbow has seven colors. I was interested to know that in other countries they do not think so.

As it turned out, not all nations have 7 colors in the rainbow. Some have six, in particular in America, and there are those who have only 4. In general, the question is not at all simple, as it might seem at first glance

And as often happens on the vast expanses of the Internet, there was an article on this topic. It was written so interesting that I could not resist and decided to republish it on my site so that everyone could get acquainted with it.
The phrase "every hunter wants to know where the pheasant sits" has been known to everyone since childhood. This mnemonic device, the so-called acrophonic memorization method, is designed to memorize the sequence of colors of the rainbow. Here, each word of the phrase begins with the same letter as the color name: each = red, hunter = orange, and so on. In the same way, those who were at first confused about the sequence of colors of the Russian flag realized that the abbreviation KGB (from bottom to top) was suitable for its description and did not confuse it anymore.
Such mnemonics are assimilated by the brain rather at the level of the so-called "conditioning", and not just learning. Considering that people, like all other animals, are terrible conservatives, then any information hammered into the head from childhood is very difficult for many to change or even simply blocked from a critical approach. For example, Russian children know from school that there are seven colors in the rainbow. This is jagged, familiar, and many sincerely wonder how it happens that in some countries the number of colors of the rainbow can be completely different. But the seemingly undoubted statements “there are seven colors in the rainbow”, as well as “24 hours in a day” are only products of human imagination, which have nothing to do with nature. One of those cases when arbitrary fiction becomes "reality" for many.

The rainbow has always been seen in different ways in different periods of history and in different nations. It distinguished three primary colors, and four, and five, and as many as you like. Aristotle singled out only three colors: red, green, purple. The Australian Aboriginal Rainbow Serpent was six-colored. In the Congo, the rainbow is represented by six snakes - according to the number of colors. Some African tribes see only two colors in the rainbow - dark and light.

So where did the infamous seven colors in the rainbow come from? This is just the rare case when the source is known to us. Although the phenomenon of the rainbow was explained by the refraction of sunlight in raindrops back in 1267, Roger Bacon, only Newton thought of analyzing the light and, refracting a beam of light through a prism, first counted five colors: red, yellow, green, blue, violet (he called it purple ). Then the scientist looked closely - and saw six flowers. But the believing Newton did not like the number six. Nothing but a demonic delusion. And the scientist "looked out" another color. The number seven suited him: the number is ancient and mystical - there are seven days of the week, and seven deadly sins. The seventh color Newton fancied indigo. So Newton became the father of the seven-color rainbow. True, at that time not everyone liked his very idea of the white spectrum, as a set of colors. Even the eminent German poet Goethe was indignant, calling Newton's statement "a monstrous assumption." After all, it cannot be that the most transparent, purest white color turned out to be a mixture of “dirty” colored rays! Nevertheless, over time, I had to admit the correctness of the scientist.

The division of the spectrum into seven colors took root, and the following memory appeared in the English language - Richard Of York Gave Battle In Vain (In - for blue indigo). And over time, they forgot about indigo and there were six colors. So, in the words of J. Baudrillard (albeit said on a completely different occasion), “the model has become a primary reality, a hyperreality, turning the whole world into Disneyland.”

Now our "Magic Disneyland" is very diverse. Russians will argue until they are hoarse about the seven-color rainbow. American children are taught the six primary colors of the rainbow. English (German, French, Japanese) too. But it's still more difficult. In addition to the difference in the number of colors, there is another problem - the colors are not the same. The Japanese, like the British, are sure that there are six colors in the rainbow. And they will be happy to name them for you: red, orange, yellow, blue, indigo and violet. Where did the green go? Nowhere, it simply does not exist in Japanese. The Japanese, rewriting Chinese characters, lost the green character (Chinese has it). Now in Japan there is no green color, which leads to funny incidents. A Russian specialist working in Japan complained that once he had to look for a blue (aoi) folder on the table for a long time. In a conspicuous place lay only green. Which the Japanese see is blue. And not because they are color blind, but because there is no such color as green in their language. That is, it seems to be there, but it is a shade of blue, like we have scarlet - a shade of red. Now, under external influence, there is, of course, a green color (midori) - but from their point of view, this is such a shade of blue (aoi). That is not the main color. So they get blue cucumbers, blue folders and blue traffic lights.

The British will agree with the Japanese on the number of flowers, but not on the composition. The English in the language (and in other Romance languages) do not have blue. And if there is no word, then there is no color. Of course, they are also not color blind, and they distinguish blue from blue, but for them it is just “light blue” - that is, not the main one. So the Englishman would have looked for the mentioned folder even longer.

Thus, the perception of colors depends only on a particular culture. And thinking in a particular culture is highly dependent on language. The question of "colors of the rainbow" is not from the sphere of physics and biology. Linguistics and even more broadly - philology should deal with it, since the colors of the rainbow depend only on the language of communication, there is nothing a priori physical behind them. The spectrum of light is continuous, and its arbitrarily selected areas ("colors") can be called anything you like - with the words that are in the language. There are seven colors in the rainbow of the Slavic peoples only because there is a separate name for the color blue (compare with the British) and for green (compare with the Japanese).

But the problems of flowers do not end there, in life it is still more confusing. In the Kazakh language, for example, the rainbow has seven colors, but the colors themselves do not coincide with Russian ones. The color that is translated into Russian as blue is a mixture of blue and green in Kazakh perception, yellow is a mixture of yellow and green. That is, what is considered a mixture of colors by Russians is considered an independent color by Kazakhs. American orange is by no means our orange, and often - rather red (in our understanding). By the way, in the case of hair color, on the contrary, red is red. It is the same with the old languages - L. Gumilyov wrote about the difficulties of identifying colors in Turkic texts with Russian ones, for example, “sary” - it can be both the color of gold and the color of leaves, because. occupies part of the "Russian yellow" range and part of the "Russian green".

Colors also change over time. In the Kiev Izbornik of 1073 it is written: “In the rainbow, properties are scarlet, and blue, and green, and crimson.” Then, as we see, in Russia four colors were distinguished in the rainbow. But what are these colors? Now we would understand them as red, blue, green and red. But it was not always so. For example, what we call white wine was called green wine in ancient times. Crimson could mean any dark color, and even black. And the word red was not a color at all, but originally meant beauty, and in this sense it was preserved in the combination “red maiden”.

How many colors are in the rainbow really? This question is practically meaningless. The wavelengths of visible light (in the range of 400-700 nm) can be called whatever colors are convenient - they, the waves, are neither warm nor cold from this. In a real rainbow, of course, an infinite number of “colors” is a full spectrum, and you can select any number of “colors” from this spectrum (conditional colors, linguistic ones, those for which we can come up with words).

An even more correct answer would be: not at all, in nature, flowers do not exist at all - only our imagination creates the illusion of color. R.A. Wilson used to quote an old Zen koan on this subject: "Who is the Master who makes the grass green?" Buddhists have always understood this. The colors of the rainbow are created by the same Master. And he can create them in very different ways. As someone noted: “steelworkers distinguish a lot of shades in the transition from yellow to red ...”

The same Wilson also noted this moment: “Do you know that an orange is 'really' blue? It absorbs the blue light that passes through its skin. But we see an orange as "orange" because there is no orange light in it. The orange light reflects off its skin and hits the retina of our eyes. The "essence" of an orange is blue, but we don't see it; orange is orange in our brains and we see it. Who is the Master who makes an orange orange?”

Osho wrote about the same: “Each ray of light consists of seven colors of the rainbow. Your clothes are red for a strange reason. They are not red. Your clothes absorb six colors from a beam of light - all but red. Red is reflected back. The remaining six are absorbed. Because red is reflected, it gets into other people's eyes, so they see your clothes as red. It's a very contradictory situation: your clothes are not red, that's why they appear red." Note that for Osho, the rainbow is seven-colored, although he already lived in "six-colored" America.

From the point of view of modern biology, a person sees three colors in a rainbow, since a person perceives shades with three types of cells. Physiologically, according to modern concepts, healthy people should distinguish three colors: red, green, blue (Red, Green, Blue - RGB). In addition to cells that respond only to brightness, some cones in the human eye respond selectively to wavelength. Biologists have identified three types of color-sensitive cells (cones) - the same RGB. Three colors are enough for us to create any shade. The rest of the infinite variety of different intermediate shades is completed by the brain, based on the ratios of the irritation of these three types of cells. Is this the final answer? Not really, this is also just a convenient model (In “reality”, the sensitivity of the eye to blue is significantly lower than to green and red).

Thais, like us, are taught at school that there are seven colors in the rainbow. The veneration of the number seven arose in ancient times because of the knowledge of the seven celestial bodies known to mankind at that time (the moon, the sun and the five planets). Hence the seven-day week appeared in Babylon. Each day corresponded to its planet. This system was adopted by the Chinese and spread further. The number seven eventually became almost sacred, each day of the week had its own god. The Christian "six days" with an additional day off Sunday (in Russian, it was originally called "week" - from "not to do") spread throughout the world. So it is unlikely that Newton could have "discovered" another number of colors in the rainbow.

But in everyday life, the number of colors perceived by Thais depends on where they live. The city will soon have an official number - seven. And in the province - in different ways. Moreover, the colors of the rainbow can vary even in neighboring villages. For example, in some settlements in the northeast, there are two orange colors "catfish" and "sed". The second word means something like "more orange". As is the case, say, with the Chukchi, who have more different names for white in the language, since they have long distinguished shades of white snow, the selection of a separate color by Thais is not accidental. In those places, a beautiful “dokjang” flower grows on trees, the color of which is different from the usual color of an orange.

The purpose of the study: to determine what is the relationship between rain, sun and the appearance of a rainbow, is it possible to get a rainbow at home. Object of study: natural phenomenon RAINBOW. Subject of study: the origin of the rainbow. Research problem: how to create a rainbow at home; how a rainbow appears and why it is multi-colored; how to create white color from color components.

Every student can repeat Newton's experiment. I repeated this experience, but with an artificial light source. We observed the decomposition of light into a spectrum when it passed through a prism at home, using a prism and a projector. To do this, we caught a white beam with a prism and got an image of a rainbow on the wall. The light, which seemed white, played on the wall with all the colors of the rainbow. Thus, we penetrated into the mystery of the ray, into which the famous English scientist penetrated more than 300 years ago.

HOW DOES A RAINBOW APPEAR? When it rains, there are a lot of water droplets in the air. Each drop acts as a tiny prism, and since there are a lot of them, the rainbow turns out to be half the sky. That's who turns out to be building colorful gates in the sky quickly and beautifully! Sunbeam and raindrops. All rainbows are sunlight that passes through raindrops, as if through prisms, and is refracted and reflected on the opposite side of the sky.

EXPERIENCE "CREATING A RAINBOW IN HOME CONDITIONS" To make sure that the white color consists of seven colors and the rainbow can be obtained artificially, we conducted an experiment. We needed: a flashlight, a water container, a flat mirror, white cardboard and water. The course of the experiment: We filled the tray with water. We put a mirror with an inclination. We directed the light of the flashlight to the part of the mirror immersed in water. To catch the reflected (or refracted) rays, put cardboard in front of the mirror.

AS A RESULT, THE REFLECTION OF ALL RAINBOW COLORS APPEARED ON THE CARDBOARD, WE WERE ABLE TO GET A RAINBOW IN "HOME" CONDITIONS. Conclusion: a beam of light reflected by a mirror at the exit from the water is refracted. The colors that make up white have different angles of refraction, so they fall at different points and become visible.

EXPERIENCE "HOW TO GET WHITE COLOR FROM COLOR COMPONENTS?" In the same way that we decomposed the white color into components, it is possible to get white back from the color components. If seven colored light sources are placed on one side of the prism at the appropriate angles, we will get a white beam at the exit from it.

It is difficult to do such an experiment on your own, but there is another way. If you take a white circle and paint it in the seven colors of the rainbow, and then put this circle on the axis. And start to rotate it quickly, the place of the colored circle, we will see a white one. This is due to the inertia of human vision. The eye cannot see each color separately on a rapidly rotating circle, and for it they all merge into one white color.

CONCLUSION CONCLUSION As a result of the work done, we were convinced that the prism can turn a white beam into a seven-color, iridescent. They found that raindrops and ice crystals can divide white into seven colors, so you can watch a rainbow in autumn, summer, spring, and winter. But there are conditions under which such an amazing natural phenomenon can be seen. We got acquainted with ways to get a rainbow at home, creating white from color components.

LITERATURE 1. Belkin IK What is a rainbow? - "Quantum" 1984. 2. Bulat VL Optical phenomena in nature. M.: Enlightenment, 1974. 3. Geguzin Ya. E. "Who creates a rainbow?" - Quantum 1988 4. Mayer VV, Mayer RV "Artificial rainbow" - Quant 1988 5. "I will know the world." Children's encyclopedia. Physics O.G. Hinn - M, LLC 6. Bragin A. About everything in the world. Series: Great children's encyclopedia. Publisher: Ast, Children's Encyclopedia "I KNOW THE WORLD". AST - LTD" 1998