Which letters do not represent any sounds. Special cases of using the particle "not" with pronouns

Have you ever thought about the fact that there are letters in the Russian alphabet that could be completely dispensed with? Why are they needed?

b and b

Hard and soft signs do not represent any sounds. The solid sign performs a dividing function and is used after prefixes ending in

consonants, as well as before the root of the word starting with e, e, u or i (pre-anniversary, disheveled, weaning, sarcastic). He, for example, helps us to distinguish between the words "sat down" and "ate". The soft sign denotes the softness of the previous consonant: bindweed, monkey,

earlier, seven. Sometimes a soft sign helps to distinguish a masculine from a feminine noun: for example, the word "thing" is feminine, and "horsetail" is masculine. In addition, it often contributes to the creation of different forms of the same verb: meet and meet.

But in the Old Russian language, soft and hard signs (er and er) meant quite real sounds. The first meant a short sound "and", and the second - the same short "o". Even before the adoption of Christianity by Russia and the development of writing, the language had full, short and nasal vowels, and they all performed various functions. By the time of the baptism of Russia, nasal vowels had disappeared from the Russian language, but the letters for their designation remained. The former short vowels ь and ъ in some words ended up in strong positions (for example, under stress, before the accumulation of several consonants, in adjacent syllables with other short

vowels or away from stressed syllables with any vowels) and thus became full vowels o or e, and in others - in weak positions (at the absolute end of a word,

in neighboring syllables with stressed vowels) and gradually simply disappeared from use. Previously, a hard sign was in the word "connect" instead of "o", a soft one - in the word "day" instead of "e". In modern Russian there is such a thing as "fluent vowels". This is the legacy of the Old Russian. That is why texts in Old Russian are so difficult to read.

Do we need hard and soft signs? It is hard to say. In Czech, for example, they have long been replaced by diacritics. The language is subject to change, and it is possible that sooner or later ъ and ь will cease to exist as letters of the alphabet.

Vowels e, e, yu, i

If these letters are after soft or hard signs, at the beginning of a word or after a vowel, then they break up into two sounds:

For example, the word "tree" is pronounced as "yolka".

If these vowels come after consonants, then they are pronounced as follows:

e - e or and

i - a or and

Let's say the word "meat" is pronounced as "Misso".

There were especially many disputes about the letter ё. After all, according to the Soviet tradition, it was usually written as "e". Thus, some words and surnames of foreign origin began to be pronounced incorrectly. For example, the name Richelieu actually sounds like Richelieu, Roerich - Roerich.

Also interesting is the situation with the letters "c" and sh. The first consonant is pronounced as a combination of ts, the second - as sch. Why, then, are these letters needed?

But the consonants k, p, l, s, t, f, w are just a softened form of the consonants g, b, p, s, c, g.

Theoretically, it would be possible to remove letters from the Russian alphabet that can be replaced by others. But it's not as easy as it seems at first glance. “Extra” letters appeared in the Russian language for a reason, but for convenience - to reduce the number of letters when writing words or to show the difference in pronunciation. However, the language changes over time, and both new ways of pronunciation and new letters may appear in it, while the old ones will die off.

When we talk, we make sounds. They are formed as a result of the movement of air from the lungs through the mouth and, depending on how the tongue and lips are located at this moment, they have a different color.

They participate in the formation of words - language units that have a certain semantic meaning and are used for the communication process. Let's get to know them better!

What are letters and sounds

Everything we hear and say is sounds. They are indicated in a certain way on the letter, and what we write and then read are letters.

But the sounds of speech and the letters by which they are denoted in the Russian language vary greatly in number. In oral speech, we pronounce 43 basic sounds, but we use only 33 letters to write them.

That is, all the letters of our language can be divided into 3 groups.

1. Letters that do not denote sounds (these are “b” and “b”). As an example, we can give: “stump”, which is pronounced [p´en´], and “move out” - [sy´ehat´].
2. Letters denoting 2 sounds. These letters include "e", "e", "yu", "I". Their pronunciation uses a pair of sounds: [y´o], [y´e], [y´y], [y´a].
3. The letters that represent 1 sound (these are all the other letters).

What is the difference between vowels and consonants

There are two main groups of speech sounds - they are defined as Vowels are those sounds in the occurrence of which only the voice participates. They are pronounced drawlingly, in the mouth the sound does not meet any barriers.

Consonants are what we pronounce, combining both voice and noise (they are called voiced) or only noise (voiceless consonants). In addition, consonants can be either hard or soft.

Stressed and unstressed syllables

Vowel sounds of speech participate in the formation of syllables, while being stressed or in an unstressed position. Stress refers to the pronunciation of a syllable with greater force.

The Russian language is characterized by a change in the position of stress. It can appear on any syllable, unlike Polish or French, where a specific place is assigned to it. For example, in the word "whistled" the stress is on the first syllable, and in the word "whistle" - on the second.

What letters denote vowel sounds in Russian

To designate the main vowel sounds of speech (there are six of them in our language), ten vowels are used:

sound [and] - denoted by the letter "and" (tiger);

[s] - the letter "s" (smoke);

[a] - with the letters "a" (mother) and "I" (pit);

[o] - the letter "o" (nose) and "e" (hedgehog);

[e] - the letter "e" (echo) and "e" (day);

[y] - with the letter "y" (kum) and "yu" (south).

Thus, it turns out that in order to designate 4 vowel sounds ([o], [a], [e], [y]) in the alphabet there are two whole rows of letters. It can be:

• a, o, uh, u;
• i, e, e, u.

In the second row, the letters perform two functions at once. They not only indicate but also signal that the previous consonant was soft (chalk - [m´el]).

If they are at the beginning of a word, are located after vowels or after a soft or hard separating sign, they indicate a combination of sounds. For example, the word tree sounds [y'olka], and the word sings - [pay'ot].

As indicated in the letter

The sounds of speech are involved in the formation of words and are there in a weak or strong position, which often has a direct impact on their designation in writing. So, the same letter in the language can denote different sounds. Example: the letter “n” can denote 2 sounds - [n] and [n´]: niche - [n´isha] or nyl [nyl].

And one letter “b” can denote 4 variants of sounds [b], [b´] or [p], [n´]. For example: was [was] - beat [b´il] or hump [gorp] - Ob [op´].

If a voiced consonant is written at the end of a word or is located before deaf consonants, then it can denote its paired deaf sound. Such a position is called weak. Pay attention to how we pronounce: tub - ka [t] ka (the sound is in front of a deaf consonant) or eye - gla [s] (the sound is at the end of the word). This process is referred to as stunning.

Deaf consonants can sound like their paired ones - voiced, if they are in a strong position. For example: threshing sounds like a youth [d´] ba, and in the word request, the sound [z´] is heard - about [z´] ba. This, as you understand, is a voicing.

It should be mentioned that in Russian the position of consonants before vowels or before voiced consonants is considered a strong position.

How are certain consonant sounds expressed in writing?

Some sounds of Russian speech are indicated in writing by a combination of letters. By the way, this situation causes a very large number of spelling errors.

For example, one sound [u´] in a written word can look like sch, sch or zhch. We write - the bill, but we pronounce [shit], we write - the cabman, and we say [the cabman], we write - the man, but it sounds like [man].

And the sound [ts] can be denoted both as a combination of ts or dts, and as ts or ts. For example: read - read [c] a, twenty - two [c]at.

Letters do not always correspond to "their" sounds

As already mentioned, speech sounds are involved in the formation of words and are indicated in writing by certain letters. And it often turns out that different sounds can “hide” behind one letter. For example, at the root of a word, when its number changes, we write the same letter, but pronounce different sounds at the same time: table (st [o] l) - tables (st [a] ly). That is, with one letter "o" we denote two sounds: [o] and [a].

But there are cases when different sounds are denoted by the same letter. So, in the word “treasure” and in the word “raft” the same sound [t] sounds at the end, but it is designated, as you can see, by different letters: “d” and “t”.

The literal composition of words often does not coincide with the sound. For example, in the word "valorous" ten letters are written, but only nine are pronounced: [valorous']. In this and similar cases, the letter "t" is an unpronounceable consonant. That is, a letter that does not denote a sound. Here are a few more examples of such letters: the sun - [sontse], the heart - [s´ertse].

Features of the combination of consonants and vowels

Hard Russian speech cannot be combined with the vowel “i” following them, and soft ones cannot be combined with “ы”. For example, in the word "dinner" there is always a solid sound [g] that requires the sound [s], so we pronounce [dinner].

In some cases, hard consonants are softened in speech, paired with soft ones. So, if in the word wagon, the sound [n] is hard, then in combination with the always soft [h´] it sounds soft - wagon [wagon´ch´ik].

The same thing happens in situations with a combination with other soft consonants: fant - fa[n´t´]ik, forest - le[s´n´]ik, clean - chi[s´t´]it.

The use of hard and soft signs in Russian

The sounds of speech and letters in our language, as you probably already understood, often do not match. So, for example, a hard and soft sign on a letter does not indicate any sounds.

These letters, as a rule, signal that the e, e, i, u standing behind them are pronounced as two sounds (drinks [py´ot]). If b comes after the consonant, then it indicates its softness (day [d´en´]).

In some cases, the soft sign plays only a grammatical role. For example, in the word "lie" it does not indicate the softness of the preceding consonant, but only indicates that this noun belongs to the feminine gender.

Features of writing and pronunciation of some borrowed words

In some words borrowed from other languages, the letter e does not sound soft, as is customary in Russian, but a hard consonant. Pay attention - in the word "tempo" we write e, but at the same time we pronounce a solid sound [t]. The pronunciation of this and similar words must be memorized or referred to the orthoepic dictionary.

Muffler - [ne], model - [de], claim - [te], relay - first syllable [re], dash - [re], test - [te], thermos - [te], tennis - [te].

As you can see, the sounds of speech (grade 1 or 11 left behind) is a deep and serious topic that, with careful study, will help you understand the intricacies of pronunciation rules and the principles of writing many words that cause difficulties. Good luck!

Have you ever thought about the fact that there are letters in the Russian alphabet that could be completely dispensed with? Why are they needed?

b and b

Hard and soft signs do not represent any sounds. A solid sign performs a dividing function and is used after prefixes ending in consonants, as well as before the root of a word starting with e, e, u or i (pre-anniversary, disheveled, weaning, sarcastic).

He, for example, helps us to distinguish between the words "sat down" and "ate". The soft sign denotes the softness of the previous consonant: bindweed, monkey, earlier, seven. Sometimes a soft sign helps to distinguish a masculine from a feminine noun: for example, the word "thing" is feminine, and "horsetail" is masculine.

In addition, it often contributes to the creation of different forms of the same verb: meet and meet. But in the Old Russian language, soft and hard signs (er and er) meant quite real sounds. The first meant a short sound "and", and the second - the same short "o".

Even before the adoption of Christianity by Russia and the development of writing, the language had full, short and nasal vowels, and they all performed various functions. By the time of the baptism of Russia, nasal vowels had disappeared from the Russian language, but the letters for their designation remained.

The former short vowels ь and ъ in some words ended up in strong positions (for example, under stress, before a cluster of several consonants, in adjacent syllables with other short vowels, or far from stressed syllables with any vowels) and thus became full vowels o or e , and in others - in weak positions (at the absolute end of the word, in neighboring syllables with stressed vowels) and gradually simply disappeared from everyday life.

Previously, a hard sign was in the word "connect" instead of "o", a soft one - in the word "day" instead of "e".

In modern Russian there is such a thing as "fluent vowels". This is the legacy of the Old Russian. That is why texts in Old Russian are so difficult to read.

Do we need hard and soft signs? It is hard to say. In Czech, for example, they have long been replaced by diacritics. The language is subject to change, and it is possible that sooner or later ъ and ь will cease to exist as letters of the alphabet.

Vowels e, e, yu, i

If these letters are after soft or hard signs, at the beginning of a word or after a vowel, then they break up into two sounds:

For example, the word "tree" is pronounced as "yolka". If these vowels are after consonants, then they are pronounced as follows: e - e or and e - o u - u i - a or and Let's say the word "meat" is pronounced as "miss".

There were especially many disputes about the letter ё. After all, according to the Soviet tradition, it was usually written as "e". Thus, some words and surnames of foreign origin began to be pronounced incorrectly.

For example, the name Richelieu actually sounds like Richelieu, Roerich - Roerich.

Also interesting is the situation with the letters "c" and sh. The first consonant is pronounced as a combination of ts, the second - as sch. Why, then, are these letters needed?

But the consonants k, p, l, s, t, f, w are just a softened form of the consonants g, b, p, s, c, g. Theoretically, it would be possible to remove letters from the Russian alphabet that can be replaced by others.

But it's not as easy as it seems at first glance. "Extra" letters appeared in the Russian language for a reason, but for convenience - to reduce the number of letters when writing words or to show the difference in pronunciation.

However, the language changes over time, and both new ways of pronunciation and new letters may appear in it, while the old ones will die off.

Have you ever thought about the fact that there are letters in the Russian alphabet that could be completely dispensed with? Why are they needed?

b and b

Hard and soft signs do not represent any sounds. The solid sign performs a dividing function and is used after prefixes ending in

consonants, as well as before the root of the word starting with e, e, u or i (pre-anniversary, disheveled, weaning, sarcastic). He, for example, helps us to distinguish between the words "sat down" and "ate". The soft sign denotes the softness of the previous consonant: bindweed, monkey,

earlier, seven. Sometimes a soft sign helps to distinguish a masculine from a feminine noun: for example, the word "thing" is feminine, and "horsetail" is masculine. In addition, it often contributes to the creation of different forms of the same verb: meet and meet.

But in the Old Russian language, soft and hard signs (er and er) meant quite real sounds. The first meant a short sound "and", and the second - the same short "o". Even before the adoption of Christianity by Russia and the development of writing, the language had full, short and nasal vowels, and they all performed various functions. By the time of the baptism of Russia, nasal vowels had disappeared from the Russian language, but the letters for their designation remained. The former short vowels ь and ъ in some words ended up in strong positions (for example, under stress, before a cluster of several consonants, in adjacent syllables with other short [С-BLOCK]

vowels or away from stressed syllables with any vowels) and thus became full vowels o or e, and in others - in weak positions (at the absolute end of a word,

in neighboring syllables with stressed vowels) and gradually simply disappeared from use. Previously, a hard sign was in the word "connect" instead of "o", a soft one - in the word "day" instead of "e". In modern Russian there is such a thing as "fluent vowels". This is the legacy of the Old Russian. That is why texts in Old Russian are so difficult to read.

Do we need hard and soft signs? It is hard to say. In Czech, for example, they have long been replaced by diacritics. The language is subject to change, and it is possible that sooner or later ъ and ь will cease to exist as letters of the alphabet.

Vowels e, e, yu, i

If these letters are after soft or hard signs, at the beginning of a word or after a vowel, then they break up into two sounds:

For example, the word "tree" is pronounced as "yolka".

If these vowels come after consonants, then they are pronounced as follows:

e - e or and

i - a or and

Let's say the word "meat" is pronounced as "Misso".

There were especially many disputes about the letter ё. After all, according to the Soviet tradition, it was usually written as "e". Thus, some words and surnames of foreign origin began to be pronounced incorrectly. For example, the name Richelieu actually sounds like Richelieu, Roerich - Roerich.

Also interesting is the situation with the letters "c" and sh. The first consonant is pronounced as a combination of ts, the second - as sch. Why then do we need these letters? .. [С-BLOCK]

But the consonants k, p, l, s, t, f, w are just a softened form of the consonants g, b, p, s, c, g.

Theoretically, it would be possible to remove letters from the Russian alphabet that can be replaced by others. But it's not as easy as it seems at first glance. “Extra” letters appeared in the Russian language for a reason, but for convenience - to reduce the number of letters when writing words or to show the difference in pronunciation. However, the language changes over time, and both new ways of pronunciation and new letters may appear in it, while the old ones will die off.

Have you ever thought about the fact that there are letters in the Russian alphabet that could be completely dispensed with? Why are they needed?

Hard and soft signs do not represent any sounds. The solid sign performs a dividing function and is used after prefixes ending in

consonants, as well as before the root of the word starting with e, e, u or i (pre-anniversary, disheveled, weaning, sarcastic). He, for example, helps us to distinguish between the words "sat down" and "ate". The soft sign denotes the softness of the previous consonant: bindweed, monkey,

earlier, seven. Sometimes a soft sign helps to distinguish a masculine from a feminine noun: for example, the word "thing" is feminine, and "horsetail" is masculine. In addition, it often contributes to the creation of different forms of the same verb: meet and meet.

But in the Old Russian language, soft and hard signs (er and er) meant quite real sounds. The first meant a short sound "and", and the second - the same short "o". Even before the adoption of Christianity by Russia and the development of writing, the language had full, short and nasal vowels, and they all performed various functions. By the time of the baptism of Russia, nasal vowels had disappeared from the Russian language, but the letters for their designation remained. The former short vowels ь and ъ in some words ended up in strong positions (for example, under stress, before the accumulation of several consonants, in adjacent syllables with other short

vowels or away from stressed syllables with any vowels) and thus became full vowels o or e, and in others - in weak positions (at the absolute end of a word,

in neighboring syllables with stressed vowels) and gradually simply disappeared from use. Previously, a hard sign was in the word "connect" instead of "o", a soft one - in the word "day" instead of "e". In modern Russian there is such a thing as "fluent vowels". This is the legacy of the Old Russian. That is why texts in Old Russian are so difficult to read.

Do we need hard and soft signs? It is hard to say. In Czech, for example, they have long been replaced by diacritics. The language is subject to change, and it is possible that sooner or later ъ and ь will cease to exist as letters of the alphabet.

Vowels e, e, yu, i

If these letters are after soft or hard signs, at the beginning of a word or after a vowel, then they break up into two sounds:

For example, the word "tree" is pronounced as "yolka".

If these vowels come after consonants, then they are pronounced as follows:

e - e or and

i - a or and

Let's say the word "meat" is pronounced as "Misso".

There were especially many disputes about the letter ё. After all, according to the Soviet tradition, it was usually written as "e". Thus, some words and surnames of foreign origin began to be pronounced incorrectly. For example, the name Richelieu actually sounds like Richelieu, Roerich - Roerich.

Also interesting is the situation with the letters "c" and sh. The first consonant is pronounced as a combination of ts, the second - as sch. Why, then, are these letters needed?

But the consonants k, p, l, s, t, f, w are just a softened form of the consonants g, b, p, s, c, g.

Theoretically, it would be possible to remove letters from the Russian alphabet that can be replaced by others. But it's not as easy as it seems at first glance. “Extra” letters appeared in the Russian language for a reason, but for convenience - to reduce the number of letters when writing words or to show the difference in pronunciation. However, the language changes over time, and both new ways of pronunciation and new letters may appear in it, while the old ones will die off.