What are scientific styles? Functional style of speech

Speech styles are a system of speech means that are used in any area of communication, as well as a kind of literary language that performs a function in communication.

scientific style- a special kind of literary style, used both in oral and written speech. The main function of the scientific style of speech is the accurate presentation of scientific information. Careful preliminary consideration of the utterance and a strict selection of linguistic means distinguish the scientific style from the rest. Scientific speech is characterized by the use of special terms and neutral vocabulary. The scientific style is also characterized by its own grammatical features. Scientific texts often use gerunds, participles, verbal nouns. Singular nouns can be used to denote the plural form. The scientific style is characterized by logic, accuracy, clarity of presentation. Emotion and imagery are rarely used. The direct word order in a sentence is characteristic of scientific speech.

business style used to accurately communicate business information. This style of speech is used mainly in written speech. It is used when writing various kinds of official documents, business papers: memorandums, statements, protocols, etc. The business style is characterized by brevity of presentation, accuracy, use of phraseological stamps, special terminology, abbreviations. In business speech there are no words of limited consumption and emotional vocabulary. Business texts use complex sentences, strict word order in a sentence, impersonal constructions. The business style is characterized by the use of verbal nouns and imperative verbs.

Scope of application journalistic style- these are periodicals, news feeds, texts of speeches to the public for propaganda purposes. The main task of texts written in this style of speech is influence, agitation and propaganda. This style is characterized not only by the communication of information, but by the attitude of the author, which complements the text. In a journalistic style, as in a scientific one, the strict logic of presentation and the use of accurate facts are of particular importance, but at the same time, the text may differ in emotional coloring, which is more characteristic of the artistic style. A variety of vocabulary is used in the journalistic style: from dry bookish to emotional colloquial, from terminological to evaluative. Often in journalistic texts, foreign language terms, phraseological units of various kinds, figurative and expressive means of speech can be used. This style is characterized by the use of both bookish and colloquial sentence structures. Often there are interrogative and exclamatory sentences.

Application area colloquial style of speech- communication in an informal setting. Used in written and oral forms. Spoken speech is not distinguished by a strict selection of language means; the speech situation is of greater importance. Spoken language is often emphasized and supplemented by gestures and facial expressions of the people talking. Emphasis, pauses, changes of intonation are used. Accordingly, less stringent requirements are imposed when using colloquial speech, a special emphasis is placed on emotionality, expressiveness of vocabulary. You can often find in the explanatory dictionaries of the Russian language a mark corresponding to the vocabulary of the colloquial style - “colloquial”. When applying this style of speech, non-literary words, incorrect speech (vernacular) may occur. Phraseological units are often used, giving the text greater expressiveness and emotionality. The colloquial style of speech is distinguished by the use of appeals, repetitions of words, introductory and plug-in constructions, incomplete sentences. It is common to use colloquial speech in fiction for the speech characterization of characters or the figurative display of events.

Art style or the style of fiction is used when writing works of fiction: novellas, short stories, novels, essays. The main function is to inform the reader and influence him with the help of emotions. Differs in emotionality, figurativeness, expressiveness. The use of artistic language means and verbal turns is widespread: metaphors, comparisons, epithets. Sometimes, to give the text a solemn, sublime color, a special color, outdated words are used - archaisms and historicisms. The artistic style of speech is distinguished by a high degree of information content, combined with the emotionality and expressiveness of the means of the language. Artistic style is also characterized by the use of combinations of features of other styles of speech. The most commonly used elements of conversational style.

When building the foundations of stylistics in Russian linguistics, developing the main directions and tasks, the outstanding Russian linguist V.V. Vinogradov relied on the main provisions of the stylistic theory of Ch. Bally and the idea of the functionality of language categories of representatives of the Prague Linguistic Circle, as well as on the traditions of Russian linguistic science. He wrote, in particular, "that the internal differentiation of linguistic styles may not be based on the difference in the functions of the language (communication, message and influence) or on the allocation of certain varieties of the communicative function. It can be carried out on the basis of structural or constructive oppositions and relationships between particular systems of expression within a single structure of the language (for example, the synonymy of paradigmatic forms, synonymy in the circle of forms of phrases and sentences, synonymy of words and phrases, etc.) After all, the word functional contains a double meaning. It can also indicate the connection of styles with different functions of the language, and on the functional differentiation of the spheres of use of these styles "(Vinogradov V.V. Problems of Russian Stylistics, 1981, p. 22).

The functional and style system of the modern Russian literary language is multidimensional, that is, its functional varieties are distinguished for various reasons. For example, scientific, official business, journalistic styles are distinguished by focusing on the relevant areas of human activity (science, legislation and office work, politics) that they serve. In addition, the functional varieties that make up the functional-style system are not the same in their significance in speech communication and in their coverage of language material.

In the modern Russian literary language, there are two main varieties - written and oral. It is necessary to distinguish between the concepts of "oral" and "colloquial", "written" and "bookish". Thus, the concepts of "oral" and "written" are broader, since they can include a larger number of texts. For example, the text of a book speech can be oral - a report, a solemn speech, an official information statement, and any colloquial text, including everyday vernacular, can exist on paper, for example, a note or a letter. Consequently, the terms "bookish" and "colloquial" characterize any text from the point of view of linguistic features that are adequate to a particular situation of communication; and the terms "oral" and "written" characterize the form of existence of the text - spoken or written. The most accurate differentiation of functional varieties of texts is presented in Table No. 1 of the Appendix.

The general basis for the selection of functional-style varieties is a set of parameters that appear in various combinations for each functional style. We list the main ones: the social task of verbal communication (the function of communicating information, the function of evaluating information, the function of influencing, forming a certain point of view on what is being reported); the situation of verbal communication (official, informal); the nature of communication (mass, group, interpersonal); form of communication (oral or written speech).

In modern functional stylistics, the direction developed by the Czech scientist V. Mathesius, as well as other representatives of the Prague Linguistic Circle - V. Skalichka and B. Gavranek, is considered a priority. This direction is based on the division of styles depending on the sphere of communication they serve. Thoughts of V.V. Vinogradov about stylistic differentiation are developed more often in other sections of linguistics. The number of styles identified by various researchers ranges from 4 to 8. V.V. Vinogradov, for example, distinguishes the following styles: everyday-everyday, everyday-business, official-documentary, scientific, journalistic and fiction (Vinogradov, 1981, p. 29). In modern linguistics, it is customary to distinguish five main functional styles: scientific, official business, journalistic, colloquial and artistic, which can be divided into sub-styles. Scientific, official business and journalistic functional styles are bookish, serving certain areas of communication. Artistic and colloquial are not styles in the proper sense of the word, they are rather functional varieties of language that serve the spheres of everyday communication and aesthetic.

Usually, from the point of view of the communicative intention of the speaker, texts are distinguished in which the function of the message dominates the function of influence, and texts in which the function of influence dominates the function of the message; these are texts of an objective informative nature (scientific and official business) and texts of a subjective informative nature (publicism, everyday life). Some also note texts where both functions are in equilibrium, these are separate genres of journalism, primarily informational, separate genres of official business texts - instructions, as well as literary texts of various genres.

Thus, there is much in common between the book styles - scientific and official business - since they are equally aimed at the most objectified message. The differences between them are, first of all, for the purposes of communication, in the situation of communication, and in psycholinguistic parameters - ways of presenting content. Between scientific and journalistic texts, one can also note the general and the different, since certain genres of the scientific style - an article, annotation, a review - are very similar to some genres of journalism - an information article, an essay, the proximity of these genres is due, first of all, to pragmatic factors that bring conditions closer situations of communication of this or that text. Apparently, for this reason, disputes are still ongoing about the status of popular science literature, which some researchers attribute to scientific literature, and others to journalism.

Consider, for example, several texts:

1) Article 48

1. The origin of the child from the mother (maternity) is established by the civil registry office on the basis of documents confirming the birth of the child by the mother in a medical institution, and in the case of the birth of a child outside a medical institution, on the basis of medical documents, testimonies or other evidence.

2. If a child was born from persons who are married to each other, as well as within three hundred days from the moment of dissolution of the marriage, its recognition as invalid or from the moment of death of the spouse of the mother of the child, the spouse (former spouse) of the mother is recognized as the father of the child, unless otherwise proven (Article 52 of this Code). The paternity of the spouse of the mother of the child is certified by a record of their marriage.

3. If the child's mother declares that the father of the child is not her spouse (former spouse), paternity in respect of the child is established in accordance with the rules provided for in paragraph 4 of this article or article 49 of this Code.

4. The paternity of a person who is not married to the mother of a child shall be established by submitting a joint application to the civil registry office by the father and mother of the child; in the event of the death of the mother, her recognition as incapacitated, the impossibility of establishing the location of the mother or in the event of deprivation of her parental rights - at the request of the father of the child with the consent of the guardianship and guardianship authority, in the absence of such consent - by decision of the court ... (Family Code of the Russian Federation) , with. 22).

2) SCIENCE, the sphere of human activity, the function of which is the development and theoretical systematization of objective knowledge about reality. In the course of historical development, science becomes the productive force of society and the most important social institution. The concept of "science" includes both the activity of obtaining new knowledge and the result of this activity - the sum of the scientific knowledge obtained so far, which together form a scientific picture of the world. The term "science" is also used to refer to certain branches of scientific knowledge. The immediate goals of science are the description, explanation and prediction of the processes and phenomena of reality that make up the subject of its study on the basis of the laws it discovers, that is, in a broad sense, a theoretical reflection of reality. Being integral to the practical way of mastering the world, science as the production of knowledge is a very specific form of activity. If in material production knowledge is used as a means of increasing labor productivity, then in science they are obtained in the form of a theoretical description, scheme, technological process, summary of experimental data, formulas of some kind. drug, etc. - forms the main and immediate goal. Unlike types of activity, the result of which, in principle, is known in advance, scientific activity gives an increment of new knowledge, that is, its result is fundamentally unconventional. That is why science acts as a force that constantly revolutionizes other activities. From the aesthetic (artistic) way of mastering reality, the bearer of which is art, that is, its figurative reflection, science is distinguished by the desire for logical, maximally generalized objective knowledge. Often, art is characterized as "thinking in images", and science - as "thinking in concepts", with the aim of emphasizing that the former develops mainly the sensual-imaginative side of a person's creative ability, while science develops mainly the intellectual-conceptual one. However, these differences do not mean an impenetrable line between science and art, which are united by a creative and cognitive attitude to reality (FES, 1983, pp. 403-404).

3) For the first time I saw him more than 10 years ago - from an airplane, from an airplane landing at Wat Tai, the airport of the Lao capital. It was August, almost in the middle of the wet season, when the river was so full and wide that it was hard to tell where the riverbed ended and the water-covered rice fields began. In the light of the setting sun, the water shone red - it seemed to me then that it was a reflection of the sunset. Since then I have seen the Mekong in Laos and Thailand, Cambodia and Vietnam, from above and from the shore; I crossed it in boats, on ferries and on bridges, and walked on it in riverboats. I learned that the reddish tint of its water is not a play of sunset colors, but the natural color of the river in its widest part: the continental layer here consists of red clay, and this clay deprives the water of transparency.

The world-famous name of the river is a historical misunderstanding. In fact, its name consisted of a dozen words and began with the definition "Holy Moon River". But the French, who explored in XI10th century the Mekong basin, most often heard from the local population "menam" and "khong", which in related Thai and Lao languages mean the same thing: "river", "channel", "reservoir". The combination of these words was fixed on European maps. (E. Belenky. The river, the course of which was laid by snakes / / Geo. - No. 8. - 2000. - p. 22).

4) At the hour of a hot spring sunset, two citizens appeared on the Patriarch's Ponds. The first of them - about forty years old, dressed in a gray summer pair - was short, dark-haired, well-fed, bald, carried his decent hat with a pie in his hand, and his neatly shaven face was decorated with supernaturally large black horn-rimmed glasses. The other, a broad-shouldered, reddish, shaggy young man with a checkered cap folded at the back of his head, was wearing a cowboy shirt, chewed white trousers, and black slippers. The first was none other than Mikhail Alexandrovich Berlioz, editor of a thick art magazine and chairman of the board of one of the largest Moscow literary associations, abbreviated as Massolit, and his young companion, the poet Ivan Nikolaevich Ponyrev, who wrote under the pseudonym Bezdomny.

Once in the shade of the slightly green lindens, the writers first rushed to the colorfully painted booth with the inscription "Beer and Water". Yes, the first strangeness of this terrible May evening should be noted. Not only at the booth, but in the entire alley parallel to Malaya Bronnaya Street, there was not a single person. At this hour, when, it seemed, there was no strength to breathe, when the sun, having heated Moscow, was falling in a dry fog somewhere beyond the Garden Ring, no one came under the lindens, no one sat on the bench, the alley was empty.

(M.A. Bulgakov. Master and Margarita).

5) “Isn’t there a fresher langetics, dear?” Or softer entrecote?

- You, you see, the grandmother made a mistake with the address, - the saleswoman answers her, - you don’t need to go to cooking, but to the head doctor ... Don’t you see what’s on the counter?

Avdotyushka was offended.

- Thank you, he says, for the advice.

And in another "kilinaria". Comes in - there is! I broke the kidneys of some hat.

These kidneys, as in an anatomist, soaked lonely on a dish, and the hat studied and sniffed them. He takes off his glasses, then he puts them on. Avdotyushka quickly went to the cash register and beat him off.

- Why, - the intellectual shouts, - I am the first.

- You sniffed, and mother repulsed, - says the sales worker.

- What about others?

- But there are no others ... Here, buy a delicacy, it rarely happens.

An intellectual looked - something incomprehensible. I read the label: "Caviar on an egg." I looked closely, really, not fresh, but a hard-boiled egg, cut in half. And on the hydrogen sulfide yolk there is black sparrow dung.

(F. Gorenstein. With a wallet / V. Erofeev. Russian Flowers of Evil: An Anthology. - M., 1997. - P. 244).

Before us are five texts belonging to various functional varieties of the Russian language. The first text represents the official business style, the second is scientific, the third is publicistic, the fourth is an example of artistic speech, and finally, the fifth text, although it is also artistic, clearly illustrates the features of colloquial speech. It is not difficult to note that all texts are different in language, composition, syntax, and each of them is appropriate only in a certain situation.

Formal business style serves the sphere of written official business relations. In accordance with their nature, it is customary to distinguish three sub-styles in it: clerical and business, legal, and diplomatic. This style functions in rigid forms of documents of various genres, generalizing typical situations of official business communication. Along with certain language norms, it also has genre norms that regulate the implementation of the document structure.

The nature of the business relationship determines the high level standardization (establishment of uniform norms and requirements) and unification (bringing to uniformity) language means. Often business documents are a certain sequence of language clichés and expressions, where only certain lines are to be filled in, for example, the text of a contract, agreements, statements, and others. The business style is characterized by the clarity of the functions of each message in accordance with the business situation. Features of business texts are related to the requirements for them: accuracy (unambiguity) of wording; consistency, consistency, reasoning, consistency and brevity of presentation.

The official business style is characterized by:

In the field of stylistics - the stylistic uniformity of the text, the tendency to use neutral elements and stamps;

In the field of vocabulary - the rejection of the use of obsolete and expressive units, replacing them with neutral ones, as well as the use of specific lexemes characteristic of this style ( due, subject) and phraseological units;

In the field of morphology - the replacement of verbs by verbal nouns of action, the high frequency of forms of the genitive case of nouns, the tendency to not use personal and demonstrative pronouns, since they are not unambiguous;

In the field of syntax - the complexity of constructions, complex sentences with the meaning of cause, effect, condition, concession, the use of complex prepositions, characteristic of written speech: contrary to the fact that ..., on the basis that ... .

A high level of standardization of speech makes the official business style in the minds of speakers a model of standard speech, therefore this style is the main source of the spread of unjustified use of speech cliches in spoken and written speech.

scientific style- functional style of speech, which aims to describe an object, phenomenon, knowledge system; a scientific text, therefore, can be the basis for the creation of another scientific text, stimulate the cognitive activity of some kind of subject. A scientific text is a description of the result of a scientific study with its inherent features. The rational program of the scientific style of speech, of course, prevails over the evaluative one, this is one of the main reasons for the desire of the author of a scientific text to eliminate himself.

Trying to characterize the scientific style of speech, scientists often proceed from various parameters, such as speech quality, syntactic and morphological characteristics, pragmatic features, technical and stylistic devices. So, speaking about the quality of speech, various authors pay attention to the following properties of the scientific style: clarity, consistency, conciseness of presentation, accuracy and objectivity, standardity and ugliness. So, M.P. Senkevich characterizes the main, in her opinion, properties of the scientific style in this way: "Completeness, accuracy, objectivity of the statement and a strict logical sequence of presentation, the use of intellectual elements of the language" (Sinkevich M.P. Stylistics of scientific speech and literary editing of scientific works. - M., 1976. - S. 144). From the standpoint of analyzing typical situations of scientific speech communication, these qualities are closely related to its main goal setting - a clear, unambiguous and consistent presentation of semantic content to the reader. The author of a scientific text strives for its adequate perception by the reader, that is, the semantic (primary) and connotative (secondary) types of information after it has been encoded by the author, transmitted in the form of some kind of information. text, decrypted by the addressee must remain unchanged. To achieve this goal in the scientific style, a number of special means and techniques have developed, which are expressed in the following: division of the text - its clear compositional organization; communicative clarity, realized with the help of enhanced accentuation; explicitness, unambiguous expression of logical connections; generalization as a way of focusing attention on the action, and not on the actor, on the object, and not on the subject or its relation to the object; activation of the reader's attention, limitedly realized with the help of the author's subjective assessments expressed by specific means; the uniqueness of the expression, eliminating all possible variant interpretations of the semantic content; emphasized unemotional expression.

On the lexical level, this is the use of terms, abstract vocabulary, the use of polysemantic lexical units in a semantically sufficient environment for correct perception, the absence of emotionally colored and expressive vocabulary;

At the syntactic level, full constructions are preferred, while elliptical ones perform special functions; introductory constructions are widely used both for the implementation of interphrase links and for expressing the author's point of view; the proportion of complex sentences increases, indefinite personal, generalized personal and impersonal sentences, passive constructions are very common;

At the morphological-syntactic level, one can single out the absence of a specific time plan, the special nature of predicates that do not express a specific action, a large number of words in the singular form in the plural meaning, indicating the generalization of the subject, phenomenon; it is possible to form plural forms from lexemes singularia tantum and under.

Journalistic style is a historically developed functional variety of the literary language, serving a wide range of social relations: political, economic, cultural, sports and others. The journalistic style is used in socio-political literature, periodicals (newspapers, magazines), radio and television programs, documentaries, and some types of oratory (for example, in political eloquence).

The use of linguistic means is largely determined by their social and evaluative qualities and capabilities in terms of effective and purposeful impact on the mass audience, this is what determines the evaluative and polemical character of this style. The social appraisal of linguistic means distinguishes the journalistic style from all other styles of the literary language, the invocative nature determines the incentive nature of journalism.

The functional purpose of the words and expressions used by the journalistic style is not the same: among them one can single out neutral and stylistically colored vocabulary and phraseology. One of the properties of a journalistic text is dialogization; the author of a journalistic text addresses the reader or listener with his thoughts, feelings, assessments, therefore, the author’s “I” always appears in his presentation.

In journalism, they are used as standard, clichéd means of language ( to matter, to cause harm, negative consequences), as well as expressive, expressive, emotionally influencing the audience by means of the language; emotionality and expressiveness is created through tropes and stylistic figures. For expressive purposes, not only language proper, but also compositional logical and stylistic forms and techniques are used: catchy headings, the nature of the alternation of the narrative, descriptions and reasoning, introductory episodes, citation, the introduction of different types of someone else's speech. The constant desire for novelty of expression, aimed at attracting an audience, is manifested in the attraction of words and expressions from various layers of the language, the creation of newspaper metaphors. So, modern newspaper journalism is characterized by the combination of high book vocabulary ( accomplishment, aspiration, self-sacrifice, implement, create, fatherland) with colloquial, reduced ( hype, window dressing, buzz, disassembly, wet).

In the journalistic style, socio-political vocabulary is widely used ( society, society, democratization), borrowed vocabulary ( corruption, conversion, monitoring), semantically reinterpreted words ( perestroika, model, periphery), including scientific terms and professionalisms ( clamp, agony, finish). Since journalism reflects the social diversity of modern Russian speech, it is permissible to use elements of other styles in it. The syntax of the journalistic style is characterized by elliptical constructions (with omitted members), nominative sentences, segmented constructions, since the syntax of journalism reflects a tendency towards colloquialism.

In real communication, mixing is often carried out, the imposition of one style on another, especially in oral speech, which is notable for non-strict normalization, which, however, is also functionally conditioned: the oral statement is instantaneous, it cannot be returned to, it cannot be analyzed again, therefore the speaker is forced to formulate his thought more intelligibly, to use all means of influencing the listener, not only verbal, but also intonation, paralinguistic, in some cases - figurative and expressive. Many scientists do not deny the undoubted presence of a two-way connection between functional styles and individual author's styles. In the scientific sphere of communication, as in any other, all functional and stylistic varieties of speech can appear: bookish - official business and actually scientific, colloquial - journalism and actually colloquial. It is quite obvious that the official business style in the scientific field can act only in normative situations; formalized scientific reports, patent texts can be cited as an example; journalistic texts are usually found in non-standardized speech situations (scientific controversy, advertising article, some types of reviews, popular science article).

Along with the concept of functional style, the concept of the functional-style system of the language is singled out, which can combine a number of styles. So, one of the functional and stylistic systems is book speech, which includes journalistic style, scientific style, official business style, the language of fiction, oral public speech, the language of radio, cinema and television.

Sometimes the language of fiction is considered a special functional variety, along with official business, scientific, journalistic styles, but this is not true. The language of science or business documentation and the language of artistic prose and poetry cannot be considered as phenomena of the same order. A literary text does not have a specific lexical set and grammatical tools that usually distinguish one variety from another. The peculiarity of the language of fiction is not that it uses some specific language means that are unique to it. Language of fiction- a functional type of speech, which is an open system and is not limited in the use of any language features. The author of a literary text boldly uses all the resources of the language, and the only measure of the legitimacy of such use is only artistic expediency. Not only those lexical and grammatical features that are typical for business, journalistic and scientific speech, but also the features of non-literary speech - dialectal, colloquial, jargon - can be accepted by an artistic text and organically assimilated by it.

On the other hand, the language of fiction is more sensitive to the literary norm, it takes into account a large number of prohibitions (the meaning of the gender of inanimate nouns, subtle semantic and stylistic shades, and much more). For example, in ordinary speech the words horse and horse-synonyms, but in a poetic context they are irreplaceable: Where are you galloping, proud horse, and where will you lower your hooves?; in a poem by M.Yu. Lermontov " A golden cloud spent the night On the chest of a giant cliff…” noun gender cloud and rock contextually significant, serves as the basis not only for the personification, but also for the creation of the artistic image of the poem, and if we replace them with synonyms, for example, cloud and mountain we get a completely different poetic work. The linguistic fabric in a literary text is created according to more stringent laws, which require taking into account the smallest stylistic and expressive properties of a word, its associative links, the ability to divide into constituent morphemes, and have an internal form.

A work of art may include such words and grammatical forms that are outside the literary language and are rejected in non-artistic speech. So, a number of writers (N. Leskov, M. Sholokhov, A. Platonov and others) widely use dialectisms in their works, as well as rather rude turns of speech characteristic of colloquial speech. However, replacing these words with literary equivalents would deprive their texts of the power and expressiveness that these texts breathe.

Artistic speech allows any deviations from the norms of the literary language, if these deviations are aesthetically justified. There are infinitely many artistic motives that allow the introduction of non-literary language material into a literary text: these are the recreation of the atmosphere, the creation of the necessary color, the “reduction” of the narrative object, irony, the means of designating the image of the author, and many others. Any deviations from the norm in a literary text occur against the background of the norm, require the reader to have a certain “sense of the norm”, thanks to which he can assess how artistically significant and expressive the deviation from the norm is in a particular context. The “openness” of a literary text brings up not disregard for the norm, but the ability to appreciate it; without a keen sense of general literary norms, there is no full-fledged perception of expressive, intense, figurative texts.

The "mixing" of styles in fiction is due to the author's intention and content of the work, that is, stylistically marked. Elements of other styles in a work of art are used in an aesthetic function.

M.N. Kozhina notes: “The removal of artistic speech beyond the limits of functional styles impoverishes our understanding of the functions of the language. If we take artistic speech out of the number of functional styles, but consider that the literary language acts in a variety of functions - and this cannot be denied - then it turns out that the aesthetic function is not one of the functions of language. The use of language in the aesthetic sphere is one of the highest achievements of the literary language, and because of this, neither the literary language ceases to be such, getting into a work of art, nor the language of fiction ceases to be a manifestation of the literary language ”(Kozhina M.N. Stylistics of the Russian language. M., 1993. - S. 79-80).

The language of fiction, despite the stylistic heterogeneity, despite the fact that the author's individuality is clearly manifested in it, still differs in a number of specific features that make it possible to distinguish artistic speech from any other style.

The features of the language of fiction as a whole are determined by several factors. It is characterized by broad metaphor, figurativeness of language units of almost all levels, the use of synonyms of all types, ambiguity, different stylistic layers of vocabulary. Artistic speech has its own laws of perception of the word, the meaning of which is largely determined by the author’s goal setting, genre and compositional features of the work of art, of which this word is an element: firstly, in the context of this work, it can acquire artistic ambiguity that is not fixed in dictionaries; secondly, it retains its connection with the ideological and aesthetic system of this work and is evaluated by us as beautiful or ugly, sublime or base, tragic or comic.

Research M.M. Bakhtin (Bakhtin M.M. Aesthetics of verbal creativity. - M., 1986) showed that a work of art is inherently dialogical: it contains the voices of the author and characters, which are unusually difficult to correlate with each other. Therefore, it becomes fundamentally important to consider how the speech of the characters is depicted and how the interaction with the speech of the narrator takes place. The stylistic use of elements of colloquial, official business and scientific styles in the text is directly dependent on the opposition of the characters' speech to the author's. Thus, a special language structure is created, sometimes including entire fragments of various functional styles. In the structure of a work of art, the author's speech is usually distinguished, direct, non-authorial and non-self-direct.

In direct speech, the conversational style is most actively manifested. The author's speech, reflecting the reality external to the author, is built with a predominance of book and written elements. In non-proprietary-author's and non-properly-direct speech, the actual author's speech and the speech of the characters are combined in various proportions.

In other functional styles, the aesthetic function does not have such a large share, does not develop the qualitative originality that is typical for it in the system of a work of art. The communicative function of the style of fiction is manifested in the fact that information about the artistic world of the work merges with information about the world of reality. The aesthetic function closely interacts with the communicative one, and this interaction leads to the fact that in the language of a work of art the word not only conveys some content, meaning, but also emotionally affects the reader, causing him certain thoughts, ideas, it makes the reader an empathy and to some extent an accomplice of the events described.

The dynamics inherent in artistic speech, in contrast to the statics of scientific and official business speech, is manifested in the high frequency of the use of verbs. It is known that their frequency is almost two times higher than in scientific, and three times higher than in official business texts.

The breadth of coverage of the means of the national language by artistic speech is so great that it allows us to assert that all existing language means can potentially be included in artistic speech.

Colloquial variety, or colloquial style, serves the sphere of easy communication of people in everyday life, in the family, as well as the sphere of informal relations at work, in institutions, etc.

The main form of implementation of the colloquial style is oral speech, although it can also be manifested in writing (informal letters, notes, diaries, replicas of characters in plays). Oral and colloquial speech should not be identified, since part of oral speech can be attributed to various book styles: scientific discussion, public lecture, business negotiations, etc.

The main extralinguistic features that determine the formation of a conversational style are: ease , which is possible only with informal relations between speakers and in the absence of an attitude towards a message that has an official character, immediacy and unpreparedness communication. Both the sender of speech and its recipient are directly involved in the conversation, often changing roles, the relationship between them is established in the act of speech itself. Such speech cannot be preliminarily considered, the direct participation of the speaker and the listener determines its predominantly dialogic character, although a monologue is also possible.

A conversational monologue is a form of a casual story about some events, about something seen, read or heard, and is addressed to a specific listener with whom the speaker must establish contact.

A characteristic feature of colloquial speech is emotionality, expressiveness, evaluative reaction. An important role in colloquial speech is played by the environment of speech communication, the situation, as well as non-verbal means of communication (gestures, facial expressions).

The extralinguistic features of the conversational style are associated with its most common linguistic features, such as standardization, stereotypical use of language means, their incomplete structure at the syntactic, phonetic and morphological levels, discontinuity and inconsistency of speech from a logical point of view, weakening of syntactic links between parts of the statement or their lack of formality. , sentence breaks with various insertions, repetitions of words and sentences, the widespread use of linguistic means with a pronounced emotional and expressive coloring, the activity of language units with a specific meaning and the passivity of units with an abstract generalized meaning.

Conversational speech has its own norms, which in many cases do not coincide with the norms of book speech, fixed in dictionaries, reference books, grammars (codified). The norms of colloquial speech, in contrast to the book ones, are established by usage (custom) and are not consciously supported by anyone. However, native speakers feel them and any unmotivated deviation from them is perceived as a mistake. This allowed the researchers to assert that modern colloquial speech is normalized, although the norms in it are rather peculiar. In colloquial speech, to express similar content in typical situations, ready-made constructions, stable turns, various kinds of speech clichés are created (formulas of greeting, farewell, appeal, apology, gratitude, etc.). These ready-made standardized speech means are automatically reproduced and contribute to the strengthening of the normative nature of colloquial speech, which is the hallmark of its norm. However, the spontaneity of verbal communication, the lack of preliminary thinking, the use of non-verbal means of communication and the specificity of the speech situation lead to a weakening of the norms.

Thus, in a colloquial style, stable speech standards coexist, reproduced in typical and repetitive situations, and general literary speech phenomena that can be subjected to various mixtures. These two circumstances determine the specifics of the norms of conversational style: due to the use of standard speech means and techniques, the norms of conversational style, on the one hand, are characterized by a higher degree of obligation compared to the norms of other styles, where synonymy is not excluded, free maneuvering with a set of acceptable speech means. . On the other hand, general literary speech phenomena characteristic of the colloquial style can be subjected to various displacements to a greater extent than in other styles.

In colloquial style, in comparison with scientific and official-business, the share of neutral vocabulary is much higher. A number of stylistically neutral words are used in figurative meanings specific to this particular style, for example, cut off- "answer sharply" fly- “move quickly”, “break, deteriorate” ( the engine flew, flies at full speed); household vocabulary is widely used. The use of words with a specific meaning is common in colloquial speech, the use of terms and foreign words that have not yet become common is uncharacteristic. A characteristic feature of the colloquial variety is the richness of emotionally expressive vocabulary and phraseology; a special kind of colloquial phraseology is made up of standard expressions, the usual formulas of speech etiquette: How are you?, I'm sorry! and under.

The use of non-literary vocabulary (slang, vulgarism, rude and abusive words and expressions) is not a normative phenomenon of colloquial style, but rather the same violation of its norms as the abuse of book vocabulary, which gives speech an artificial, strained character.

Expressiveness and evaluativeness are also manifested in the field of word formation. So, in colloquial speech, certain word-building models with subjective evaluation suffixes, prefixes are very productive: little hand, house, furious, bouncer, imagined, running around, kind, whispering, fashionable, pushing, throwing away and under.

In the field of morphology, one can note grammatical forms that function predominantly in a colloquial style, for example, the -a forms in the nominative plural ( bunker, searchlight, inspector), forms in –y in the genitive and prepositional singular ( a glass of tea, a bunch of grapes, in the workshop, on vacation), null-terminated forms in the genitive plural ( five grams, a kilogram of tomato).

One of the characteristic features of the colloquial style is the widespread use of pronouns, not only replacing nouns and adjectives, but also used without relying on the context. In colloquial style, verbs predominate over nouns, personal forms of the verb are especially active in the text, participles are used extremely rarely, the only exception is the short form of passive participles of the past tense.

The immediacy and unpreparedness of the utterance, the situation of verbal communication and other characteristic features of the colloquial style especially affect its syntactic structure. At the syntactic level, more actively than at other levels of the language system, the incomplete structure of the expression of meaning by language means is manifested. The incompleteness of structures, ellipticity is one of the means of speech economy and one of the most striking differences between colloquial speech and other varieties of the literary language. Since the conversational style is usually implemented in conditions of direct communication, everything that is given by the situation or follows from what was known to the interlocutors even earlier is omitted in speech. A.M. Peshkovsky, characterizing colloquial speech, wrote: “We always do not finish our thoughts, omitting from speech everything that is given by the situation or the previous experience of the speakers. So, at the table we ask: “Do you have coffee or tea?”; when we meet a friend, we ask: “Where are you going?”; when we hear the annoying music, we say: “Again!”; offering water, we say: “Boiled, don’t worry!”, seeing that the pen of the interlocutor does not write, we say: “And you with a pencil!” etc." (Peshkovsky A.M. Objective and normative point of view on the language / / Peshkovsky A.M. Selected works. - M., 1959. - P. 58).

In colloquial syntax, simple sentences predominate, and they often lack a verb-predicate, which makes the statement dynamic. In some cases, statements are understandable outside the situation and context, which indicates their linguistic consistency ( I'm going to the shop; I would like something hot; In the evening at home.); in others, the missing verb is suggested by the situation.

Of the complex sentences in this style, compound and non-union sentences are the most active; they often have a pronounced colloquial coloring and are not used in book speech ( Thank you friend - did not disappoint; so many people - nothing to see). The emotionality and expressiveness of colloquial speech is due to the widespread use of interrogative and exclamatory sentences. Intonation, closely related to the tempo of speech, melody, voice timbre, pauses, logical stresses, in a colloquial style carries a huge semantic load, giving speech, naturalness, emotionality, liveliness and expressiveness. It makes up for what is left unsaid, enhances expressiveness. The order of words in colloquial speech, not being the main means of expressing semantic shades, has a high variability: often the most important element in the semantic sense is put forward in the first place.

Depending on the purpose and situation of communication in Russian, there are five main F. s. R.: conversational style, scientific style, formal business style, journalistic style and ... Dictionary of literary terms

Speech is a historically established system of speech means used in a particular area of human communication; a kind of literary language that performs a specific function in communication. There are 5 functional styles: scientific value ... ... Wikipedia

Styles distinguished in accordance with the main functions of the language associated with a particular area of human activity (see language functions). Functional styles do not form closed systems, there is a wide interaction between styles, influence ... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms

FUNCTIONAL STYLES- FUNCTIONAL STYLES. Styles are distinguished in accordance with the main functions of the language associated with a particular area of human activity. F. s. do not form closed systems, there is a wide interaction between styles, the influence of one on ... ... A new dictionary of methodological terms and concepts (theory and practice of teaching languages)

Functional styles in relation to colloquial speech and artistic speech- - see Artistic style of speech, or artistically pictorial, artistically fiction; Conversational style...

This article lacks links to sources of information. Information must be verifiable, otherwise it may be questioned and removed. You can ... Wikipedia

Main article: Functional styles of speech The scientific style is a functional style of speech, a literary language, which has a number of features: preliminary reflection on the statement, monologue, strict selection of linguistic means, ... ... Wikipedia

Artistic style of speech, or artistic and graphic, artistic and fiction- - one of the functional styles (see), characterizing the type of speech in the aesthetic sphere of communication: verbal works of art. The constructive principle of H. s. R. – contextual translation of the word concept into the word image; specific stylistic trait - ... ... Stylistic encyclopedic dictionary of the Russian language

Functional style, or functional type of language, functional type of speech- - this is a historically established, socially conscious speech variety, which has a specific character (its own speech system - see), resulting from the implementation of special principles for the selection and combination of language means, this ... ... Stylistic encyclopedic dictionary of the Russian language

SPEECH DEVELOPMENT at school- purposeful ped. activities to form the speech of students, arming schoolchildren with practical skills. ownership of native lit. language as a means of communication. In the course of work on R. r. students master pronunciation, lexical, morphological. and… … Russian Pedagogical Encyclopedia

Books

Russian language. Culture of speech, T. E. Timoshenko. The textbook characterizes the language as a sign system for transmitting information; functions, basic units and types of communication are considered; functional styles of speech are described; presented… electronic book
functional styles. Textbook, Shenikova Elena Viktorovna. The textbook presents a description of the functional styles of the modern Russian literary language, identified within the framework of the classical system of five styles. The guide is for…

Conversational style serves primarily for direct communication with the people around us. It is characterized by ease and unpreparedness of speech. It often uses colloquial words (young instead of newlyweds, start instead of start, now instead of now, etc.), words in a figurative sense (window - in the meaning of 'break'). Words in a colloquial style often not only name objects, actions, signs, but also contain their assessment: good fellow, dodger, careless, take a nap, be smart, cheerful. Colloquial style syntax is characterized by the use of simple sentences. Incomplete sentences are widely presented in it, since colloquial speech is most often a dialogue.

scientific style- this is the style of scientific works, articles, textbooks, lectures, reviews. They contain information about various phenomena of the world around us. In the field of vocabulary, the scientific style is characterized primarily by the presence of special vocabulary, terms (declension, conjugation, theorem, bisector, logarithm, etc.). Words are used, as a rule, in their direct meanings, since scientific speech does not allow ambiguity and must be extremely accurate.

Formal business style serves a wide area of legal, administrative, diplomatic relations. Its main purpose is information, communication. This style is used when writing various documents, instructions, charters, etc. The words in it are used in their direct meaning in order to avoid their misinterpretation. In the vocabulary of this style, there are many words and stable combinations assigned specifically to this style: petition, statement, resolution, order, protocol, appeal, sue, initiate a case; We, the undersigned. Frequent in the syntax of this style are impersonal sentences with the meaning of necessity, order (it is necessary to urgently prepare, measures should be taken, etc.).

Journalistic style- this is the style of newspapers, speeches on current socio-political topics. The most common genres of journalism include an editorial, correspondence, essay, speech at a rally, meeting, etc. In the works of journalism, two tasks are usually set: firstly, a message, information about certain social phenomena or acts, and, secondly - an open assessment of the issues raised in order to actively influence the listener or reader, in order to attract the interlocutor to support the position taken and defended by the author.

The vocabulary of this style contains many words and phraseological turns of a socio-political nature: progressive humanity, the struggle for peace, advanced ideas.

Art style used in works of art to paint a picture, depict an object or event, convey the author's emotions to the reader. Statements of the artistic style are distinguished by figurativeness, visualization, and emotionality. The characteristic linguistic means of styles include words with a specific meaning, words in figurative use, emotionally evaluative words, words with the meaning of a feature, object or action, words with the meaning of comparison, comparison; completely verbs with the prefix for-, denoting the beginning of the action, the figurative use of forms of time and moods (Akim fall in love with this Dunyasha!), Emotionally colored sentences: Suddenly something broke in the stagnant air, the wind blew violently and , whistled around the steppe. Immediately, the grass and last year's weeds raised a murmur, and on the road dust swirled in a spiral, ran across the steppe and, dragging straw, dragonflies and feathers, rose to the sky in a black spinning pillar and clouded the sun (A. Chekhov).

The language of fiction is the most complete expression of the national language. In works of fiction, the artist of the word enjoys almost unlimited freedom in the choice of linguistic means to create the most convincing, memorable images, for an aesthetic impact on the reader. Therefore, the language of fiction is able to include all the richness of the literary and popular language.

Conversational style used for direct everyday communication in various fields of activity: everyday, unofficial, professional, and others. True, there is one feature: in everyday life, the conversational style has oral and written forms, and in the professional sphere - only oral. Compare: colloquial lexical units - reading room, teacher, spur and neutral - reading room, teacher, cheat sheet. In written speech of professional content, colloquial vocabulary is unacceptable.

Colloquial speech- speech is not codified, it is characterized by unpreparedness, improvisation, concreteness, informality. Conversational style does not always require strict logic, sequence of presentation. But it is characterized by figurativeness, emotionality of expressions, subjective-evaluative character, arbitrariness, simplicity, even some familiarity of tone.

In conversational style, the following genres are distinguished: friendly conversation, private conversation, note, private letter, personal diary.

In terms of language, colloquial speech is distinguished by an abundance of emotionally colored, expressive vocabulary, the so-called condensate words (evenings - “Evening Moscow”) and doublet words (freezer - evaporator in the refrigerator). It is characterized by appeals, diminutive words, free word order in sentences. At the same time, sentences that are simpler in construction are more often used than in other styles: incompleteness, incompleteness make up their feature, which is possible due to the transparency of the speech situation (for example: Where are you? - In the tenth .; Well, what? - Passed!). They often contain subtext, irony, humor. Colloquial speech carries a lot of phraseological turns, comparisons, proverbs, sayings. It tends to constantly update and rethink linguistic means, the emergence of new forms and meanings.

Academician L.V. Shcherba called colloquial speech "a forge in which verbal innovations are forged." Spoken language enriches book styles with lively, fresh words and phrases. In turn, book speech has a certain effect on colloquial speech: it disciplines it, gives it a more normalized character.

One more feature of the conversational style should be noted: for him, knowledge of speech etiquette, both in writing and orally, is of great importance. In addition, for oral colloquial speech, it is very important to take into account the specifics of extralinguistic factors: facial expressions, gestures, tone, environment. This is the general characteristic of the colloquial-everyday style.

characteristic of various types of communication. Each style is characterized by its own set of speech means, is appropriate in a certain area, has its own genres, purpose of use.

What are the speech styles? Let's take a closer look at their classification.

Colloquial. which we communicate in everyday life. He has a large set of emotionally colored words (for example, "kid", "cool", etc.). It is permissible to use incomplete sentences, the meaning of which is clear from the context, informal appeals. Style genres can be conversation or conversation (oral forms), notes, letters (written form).

Art style. Its purpose is to influence readers, shape their feelings and thoughts, using a variety of images. The genres of this style are prose, drama, poetry. In order to convey images, writers use all styles of speech, all the richness of the Russian language.

The scientific style is intended to explain scientific works, and its scope is a distinctive feature of scientific speech is the abundance of terms - words that have a single, most accurate, exhaustive meaning. The genres of science include reports, textbooks, abstracts, scientific papers.

Designed for communication between citizens and institutions or institutions among themselves. For this, protocols, official letters, laws, regulations, announcements, etc. are used. This style has a lot of cliches (set expressions), business vocabulary, official addresses.

Publicistic style has a strictly defined purpose. Translated from Latin, the word means "state", "public". It is needed for:

propaganda of ideas;
influence on public opinion;
transfer of the most important information with simultaneous influence on a person;
suggestion of ideas, views;
incentives for certain actions;
agitation.

The scope of this style is cultural, social, economic, political relations. It is used in the media, oratory, campaigning and political sphere. Features of the journalistic style of speech are

the logic of the story;
imagery of speech means;
emotionality of speeches;
appraisal of the story;
inviting speeches.

It is quite natural that no less emotional linguistic means correspond to the emotional coloring of the style. Political and social vocabulary, various types of syntactic constructions are widely used here. The use of appeals, slogans, incentive offers is allowed.

Journalism genres:

interview;
essays;
reports;
articles;
feuilletons;
speeches (oratory, judicial);
speeches.

To some extent, journalistic and scientific styles of speech are close. Both should reflect only verified facts, be reliable, strictly justified, specific.

Some articles or journalism speeches are even built in the likeness of a scientific text. A thesis is put forward, followed by arguments, facts, examples. Then a conclusion is made. But, unlike the scientific style, the journalistic style is characterized by high emotionality, tension, and often a personal attitude to what is happening.

Unfortunately, modern journalists do not always fulfill the requirements that are obligatory for publicists. Often their articles are based on unverified data, and some publicists use deliberately false information to create sensational material.

When building your speech, addressing someone, creating an artistic or scientific text, you need to remember: they were not invented by chance. The ability to convey one's thoughts accurately and appropriately characterizes a person as an educated, cultured person.