What are the types of sentences according to the purpose of the statement. Interrogative, imperative and declarative sentences
There is no need to go far for examples of incentive proposals. All of us say dozens of motivating sentences a day: “It’s time to get up!”, “Hurry up and have breakfast!”, “Do your homework first!”, “Vasya, go home!” There will be an intonation sentence exclamatory or interrogative, in both cases you incline another person to fulfill your freedom. In order to do this grammatically correctly, let's take a closer look at what incentives are. suggestions .
It turns out that if you were approached with an incentive sentence (“Vasya, hurry home!”), You will never confuse it by intonation with a narrative (“Vasya is more at home”) or with an interrogative one (“Is Vasya at home?”). But attention! If the proposal is worded like this: “Isn’t it time for you to go home, Vasenka?” or “Vaska, are you coming?” - then this example belongs to the category of "interrogative-incentive sentence". Such suggestions contain two types of intonation at once. If there is a predicate in the incentive sentence, then it, more than anyone, will be in the imperative mood: “Go away, Petya!” (Well, how much more closely is it allowed to incline poor Vasya!) There are also predicates in the form of the subjunctive mood: “But you wouldn’t go away from here!” And even in the form of the indicative mood: “Go away!” The latter does not sound very respectful, but etiquette issues are not considered in this article. If an infinitive is used as a predicate: say, the harsh “Do not smoke!” - then such suggestions called "negative-motivational." The right helpers of the incentive suggestions are special particles. Scientifically, they are also called modal-volitional. All of them are beautifully familiar to us: “Let it!”, “Let it!”, “Give it!”, “Let's!”, “Come on!”. And the easily necessary particle “would”. But every now and then only one noun in the nominative case is enough for the sentence to become motivating. If you hear: “Fire! Fire!" - instantly guess what the speaker wanted to encourage you to. "Run! Save yourself! Call "01"! So let the tasks with the definition of incentive offers be unknown to you from now on! And let these suggestions do not sound to you in the form of orders and prohibitions, but extraordinary in the form of respectful and delicate requests. Let's say: "Shouldn't we have a cup of tea?" Or “Honey, will you marry me? Your Vasya ... "
"Infinitivus" is Latin for "indefinite". In dictionaries published before the 70s of the 20th century, " infinitive" was defined as "the indefinite inclination of the verb". What does the slope have to do with it, and what is the positive definition of infinitive a? And does it exist at all?
Modern dictionaries interpret infinitive easy - “indefinite form of the verb” (words such as “run-t”, “fly-t” with inflection “-t”). The fact that form is clear, but because language is a physical representation, does infinitive and the title? This question still causes heated debate: someone calls infinitive zero form (and with no table of contents), someone insists on the return of the previous wording - "indefinite slope". There are also followers of the "zero voice" (that is, not real and not passive; not energetic and not passive - again in the old custom or in the traditions of other languages, say, English). The most paradoxical version - infinitive has nothing to do with verbs at all, but rather with particles (expressing modality, phase, etc.). It is difficult to say whether the slope is zero or the pledge is zero. infinitive a, but the fact that the particles could not be part of the predicate is true. The infinitive, on the contrary, can be part of the predicates (verbs). For example, expressing the same modality (desirability): “he stopped wanting to learn”, where there is also a proper modal verb (“want”) and a reflexive verb “learn”. By the way, some surveyors also rank reflexive verbs as infinitive am, though this judgment seems to be false, because the postfix -sya (himself) more closely carries a certain semantic content, and infinitive- an indefinite form - after all, it cannot have such a detailed meaning (to teach oneself). The question with “-t” remains unresolved to this day. Some scientists are still inclined to believe that this is inflection (that is, a morpheme that combines a word with other members of a sentence), others that it is a formative suffix infinitive but, not responsible for the connections in the sentence. Speaking of the predicate, it should be noted that in colloquial speech infinitive can in sentences with the meaning of message, movement, speech, direction, beginning or continuation, perform the function of a zero predicate. Let's say, “We are having dinner”, “It's time to go”, “Children - sleep!”.
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inclination the non-permanent morphological sign of the verb is called, which is present in conjugated forms and expresses the relation of action to reality by opposing the forms of the imperative, indicative and subjunctive mood.
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So, if someone addressed you with an incentive (“Vasya, quickly go home!”), You will never confuse it by intonation with a narrative (“Vasya is already at home”) or with an interrogative (“Is Vasya at home?”). But attention! If it is worded like this: “Isn’t it time for you to go home, Vasenka?” or “Vaska, are you coming?” - then this example belongs to the category of "interrogative-incentive sentence". Such suggestions contain two types of intonation at once. If there is a predicate in the incentive sentence, then it will most likely be in: “Get out of here, Petya!” (Well, how much you can persuade poor Vasya already!) There are also predicates in the form: “But you wouldn’t go away from here!” And even in the form: "Get out of here!" The latter does not sound very polite, but etiquette is not covered in this article. If an infinitive is used as a predicate: for example, the strict “Do not smoke!” - something like that suggestions are called "negatively motivating." Faithful helpers of the motivating suggestions are special particles. They are also called modal-volitional. All of them are great for us: “Let!”, “Let!”, “Give!”, “Let's!”, “Come on!”. And just an irreplaceable particle “would”. But sometimes just one in the nominative is enough for the sentence to become motivating. If you hear: “Fire! Fire!" - instantly guess what the speaker is prompting you to. "Run! Save yourself! Call "01"! So let the problems with the definition of incentives be unknown to you from now on! And let these suggestions do not sound to you in the form of orders and prohibitions, but only in the form of polite and delicate requests. For example: “Should we have a cup of tea?”. Or “Honey, will you marry me? Your Vasya ... "
Sources:
- Dictionary-reference book of linguistic terms. Ed. 2nd. — M.: Enlightenment. Rosenthal D. E., Telenkova M. A.. 1976
"Infinitivus" - translated from Latin "indefinite". In dictionaries published before the 70s of the 20th century, "" was defined as "the indefinite mood of the verb." What does the inclination have to do with it, and what is the correct definition for infinitive a? And does it exist at all?
Modern dictionaries interpret infinitive simply - “an indefinite form of the verb” (such as “run-t”, “fly-t” with inflection “-t”). The fact that form is understandable, but since language is a material concept, does infinitive what about the content? This question still causes heated debate: someone calls infinitive zero form (and with no content), someone insists on the return of the previous wording - "indefinite mood". There are also supporters of the "zero voice" (that is, not active and not passive; not active and not passive - again in the old tradition or in other languages, for example, English). The most version infinitive has nothing to do with verbs at all, but rather with particles (expressing modality, phase, etc.). It is difficult to say whether the inclination is zero or the voice is zero. infinitive a, but the fact that the particles could not be part of the predicate is for sure. The infinitive, on the contrary, can be part of (verb). For example, expressing the same modality (desirability): “he stopped wanting to learn”, where there is both a proper modal (“want”) and a reflexive verb “to learn”. By the way, returnable by some researchers are also considered to be infinitive am, although this opinion seems to be erroneous, since the postfix -sya (himself) already carries a certain semantic content, and infinitive- an indefinite form - after all, it cannot have such a detailed meaning (teach yourself). The question with “-t” still remains unresolved. Some scientists still believe that this is an inflection (that is, a morpheme that connects a word with other members of a sentence), others that it is a formative suffix infinitive but, not responsible for the connections in the sentence. Speaking of the predicate, it should be noted that in colloquial speech infinitive can, with the meaning of a message, movement, speech, direction, beginning or continuation, perform the function of a zero predicate. For example, “We are having dinner”, “It's time” “Children -!”.
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inclination is called a non-permanent morphological feature of the verb that exists in conjugated forms and expresses the relation of action to reality by opposing the forms of the imperative, indicative and subjunctive mood.
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Every day a person pronounces a very large number of words combined into sentences. Naturally, we speak with different emotional coloring and, accordingly, with different intonation. We say something in a calm tone, somewhere by increasing the volume of our voice we focus on some important words. In written speech, all changes in the semantic load and tone are fixed by punctuation marks. We list the main ones:
- dot (placed at the end of a declarative sentence);
- question mark (placed at the end of an interrogative sentence);
- exclamation point (written at the end of an incentive sentence).
A declarative sentence will be called if it is pronounced by a person in a calm tone. It is this type of sentence that people most often use in life when they are talking, talking, talking about something to each other. The second type of sentences are interrogative. These sentences are also common in our everyday speech. People use them when they ask a question to another person. The most interesting type of proposals are incentives. They will be discussed by me below.
About incentive offers
Incentive sentences in writing are highlighted with an exclamation mark. Almost always in everyday speech, motivating sentences are pronounced louder than narrative sentences. The peculiarity of incentive sentences is expressed in the fact that they are used to denote a wide range of expressions of will. For example, these sentences help to express a request, an order, a threat, a protest, an appeal, an invitation to joint action, a warning, and others. Incentive sentences got their name precisely because they induce a person to some action and are always pronounced with an increased (incentive) intonation. Sometimes you can find this kind of sentences without an exclamation point, but with a dot at the end. In such cases, the motivating tone of the sentence lies in particles and interjections. For example: "let", "let", "come on", etc.
incentive offer A sentence expressing the will of the speaker (order, request, warning, protest, threat, call, invitation to joint action, etc.). Grammatical means of making incentive sentences: 1) motivating intonation. The duty general soon!(L. Tolstoy). To the barrier!(Chekhov); 2) a predicate in the form of an imperative mood, an infinitive, a subjunctive mood, an indicative mood in combination with a motivating intonation. Do not sing, beauty, with me you are sad songs of Georgia(Pushkin). Keep on fire!(Ketlinskaya). May I never hear from you again!(Griboyedov). Would you leave, Nastya(Leonov). Went out of the way!(Bitter); 3) special particles that introduce an incentive connotation into the sentence. Let our heart not freeze, let our hand not tremble!(Isakovsky). And let him walk and look(Bitter). Let's kiss you (Makarenko). Well let's go(Panova).
Dictionary-reference book of linguistic terms. Ed. 2nd. - M.: Enlightenment. Rosenthal D. E., Telenkova M. A.. 1976 .
See what "incentive sentence" is in other dictionaries:
incentive offer- A sentence with the meaning of will, motivation to action; the predicate of the imperative sentence is usually expressed by the verb in the imperative mood. P.p. can be used in different styles. In a journalistic speech, motivating ... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal
incentive offer- a functional type of sentence expressing an urge addressed to the interlocutor to perform the named action. The form that specifically serves to express motivation is the imperative mood (imperative); cf.: Come quickly! Don't do... ... Russian humanitarian encyclopedic dictionary
See interrogative sentence ...
This term has other meanings, see Proposal. A sentence (in a language) is the smallest unit of a language, which is a grammatically organized compound of words (or a word) that has semantic and intonational ... ... Wikipedia
A sentence expressing a question (cf. other types of sentences for the purpose of the statement: declarative sentence, imperative sentence). They differ: a) the actual interrogative sentence, to which the answer is really expected. Far away are you... Dictionary of linguistic terms
A sentence (in a language) is the minimum unit of human speech, which is a grammatically organized combination of words (or a word) that has semantic and intonational completeness. ("Modern Russian language" Valgina N. S.) ... Wikipedia
A sentence (in a language) is the minimum unit of human speech, which is a grammatically organized combination of words (or a word) that has semantic and intonational completeness. ("Modern Russian language" Valgina N. S.) ... Wikipedia
Those that are an incentive offer ... Dictionary of linguistic terms
A sentence in which the expression of the content of a thought is accompanied by an expression of the speaker's feelings. The constructive elements of exclamatory sentences are interjections, emotional particles, exclamatory intonation. An exclamation mark can ... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms
Interrogative Sentences are called that have as their goal to induce the interlocutor to express an idea that interests the speaker. For example: Why are you in Petersburg?(P.); What are you going to say to yourself now?(P.).
The grammatical means of making interrogative sentences are as follows:
1) interrogative intonation - an increase in tone on the word with which the meaning of the question is associated, for example: Did you call happiness with a song?(L.) (Compare: Is it did you call happiness with a song? - Did you call happiness with a song?);
2) word arrangement (usually the word with which the question is associated is placed at the beginning of the sentence), for example: Not Does hostile hail burn?(L.); But Will he soon return with a rich tribute?(L.);
3) interrogative words - interrogative particles, adverbs, pronouns, for example: Not better can you get behind them yourself?(P.); Is there really no woman in the world to whom you would like to leave something as a keepsake?(L.); Why are we standing here?(Ch.); Where does the glow shine from?(L.); What were you doing in my garden?(P.); What are you supposed to do?(P.).
Interrogative sentences are divided into self-interrogative, interrogative-incentive and interrogative-rhetorical.
Self-interrogative sentences contain a question that requires an obligatory answer. For example: Have you written your will?(L.); Tell me, does the uniform fit well on me?(L.).
A peculiar kind of interrogative sentences, close to proper interrogative ones, are those that, being addressed to the interlocutor, require only confirmation of what is stated in the question itself. Such sentences are called interrogative-affirmative sentences. For example: So are you going? (Bl.); So it's decided, Herman?(Bl.); So, to Moscow now?(Ch.).
Interrogative sentences, finally, can contain a negation of what is being asked, these are interrogative-negative sentences. For example: What can you like here? It doesn't seem to be very pleasant.(Bl.); And even if he spoke... What new things can he tell?(Bl.).
Both interrogative-affirmative and interrogative-negative sentences can be combined into interrogative-declarative ones, since they are of a transitional nature from a question to a message.
Interrogative-incentive sentences contain an incentive to action, expressed through a question. For example: So, maybe our fine poet will continue the interrupted reading?(Bl.); Shall we talk business first?(Ch.).
Interrogative-rhetorical sentences contain affirmation or negation. These proposals do not require an answer, since it is contained in the question itself. Interrogative-rhetorical sentences are especially common in fiction, where they are one of the stylistic means of emotionally colored speech. For example: I wanted to give myself every right not to spare him, if fate had mercy on me. Who has not made such conditions with his conscience?(L.); Desires ... What is the use in vain and eternally wishing?(L.); But who will penetrate into the depths of the seas and into the heart, where there is longing, but no passions?(L).
Interrogative sentences can also take the form of insert constructions, which also do not require an answer and serve only to attract the attention of the interlocutor, for example: The accuser flies headlong into the library and - can you imagine? - neither a similar number, nor such a date of the month of May is found in Senate decisions(Fed.).
A question in an interrogative sentence may be accompanied by additional shades of a modal nature - uncertainty, doubt, distrust, surprise, etc. For example: How did you fall in love with her?(L.); Don't you recognize me?(P.); And how could she allow Kuragin to come to this?(L. T.).
Incentives are sentences that express the will of the speaker. They can express: 1) an order, a request, a prayer, for example: - Shut up! you! - the Leftover exclaimed in an evil whisper, jumping to his feet(M. G.); - Go, Peter! - the student commanded(M. G.); - Uncle Gregory ... bend over with your ear(M. G.); - And you, my dear, do not break it ...(M. G.); 2) advice, suggestion, warning, protest, threat, for example: This original woman is Arina; you notice, Nikolai Petrovich(M. G.); Pets of a windy fate, tyrants of the world! Tremble! And you, take heart and listen, rise up, fallen slaves!(P.), Look, often my hands are mine - beware!(M. G.); 3) consent, permission, for example: Do as you please; You can go where your eyes look; 4) call, invitation to joint action, for example: Well, let's try our best to defeat the disease(M. G.); My friend, let us dedicate our souls to the homeland with wonderful impulses!(P.); 5) desire, for example: Give him Dutch soot with rum(M. G.).
Many of these meanings of incentive sentences are not clearly demarcated (for example, supplication and request, invitation and order, etc.), since this is expressed more often intonation than structurally.
The grammatical means of making incentive sentences are: 1) incentive intonation; 2) the predicate in the form of the imperative mood; 3) special particles that introduce an incentive connotation into the sentence ( come on, let's, come on, let's).
Incentive sentences differ in the way the predicate is expressed.
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