What changes are taking place in modern society. Typology of societies: Traditional, industrial and post-industrial societies

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1 ALL-RUSSIAN OLYMPIAD OF SCHOOLCHILDREN IN SOCIAL SCIENCE account. SCHOOL STAGE Grade 8 Dear participant! When completing tasks, you have to perform certain work, which is best organized as follows: carefully read the task; if you are answering a theoretical question or solving a situational problem, consider and formulate a specific answer (the answer should be short, and its content should be entered in the space provided; write clearly and legibly). For each correct answer, you can get a number of points determined by the jury members, not higher than the specified maximum score. The sum of the points scored for all the solved questions is the result of your work. The maximum number of points is 100. Tasks are considered completed if you handed them over to the jury members on time. We wish you success! one

2 Methods for evaluating the performance of Olympiad tasks 1. Choose the correct answer and enter its number in the table. An increase in the gold content or the exchange rate of the state's monetary unit is 1) devaluation 2) revaluation 3) denomination 4) deflation 1.2. According to the code of the public organization “A healthy mind in a healthy body”, its members must refrain from using tobacco and alcohol, observe the rules of courtesy in communicating with each other, help the elderly members of the organization, take part in sports and recreational activities held by the organization. What social norms are reflected in these provisions of the code? 1) corporate and moral 2) moral and legal 3) legal and corporate 4) moral and political 1.3. A totalitarian political regime is distinguished from an authoritarian one by 1) restriction of the rights and freedoms of citizens 2) lack of responsibility of the authorities to society 3) the use of repression against opponents of the regime 4) state control over all spheres of public life 1 point for each correct answer. Maximum 3 points per task. 2

3 2. Choose several correct answers. Record your answers in the table Select examples of upward vertical social mobility from the list below. 1) Deputy of the State Duma of the sixth convocation M. was re-elected to the State Duma of the seventh convocation. 2) Accountant V. has retired. 3) Major T. was promoted to the rank of lieutenant colonel. 4) Seller H. has been appointed store manager. 5) A student of Tomsk University K. transferred from the Faculty of History to the Faculty of Philology. 6) Plumber V. won 42 million rubles in the lottery Who in the Russian Federation has the right of legislative initiative in the adoption of federal laws? 1) State Duma 2) Federation Council 3) Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation 4) President of the Russian Federation 5) Prosecutor General of the Russian Federation 6) legislative bodies of the subjects of the Russian Federation 7) local governments 2.3. The directions of philosophy include 1) idealism 2) cubism 3) positivism 4) Marxism 5) abstractionism 6) classicism 2.4. A marriage is dissolved by a court order in the event of 1) objections of one of the spouses to the dissolution of the marriage 2) the spouses have common minor children 3) one of the spouses is recognized as legally incompetent 4) one of the spouses is underage 5) one of the spouses is sentenced to imprisonment for a term of more than 3 years 2 points for a completely correct answer, 1 point for an answer with one mistake (one of the correct answers is not indicated, or one incorrect answer is given along with all the correct answers). Maximum 8 points per task. 3

4 3. What unites the following concepts? Give the most accurate answer Promissory note, share, bond, check. Securities Custom, tradition, taboo, morality. Types of social norms. 2 points for each correct answer. Maximum 4 points per task. 4. Give a brief justification for the series (what unites the listed elements). Indicate which of the elements is superfluous on this basis Region, territory, city of federal significance, federal district, autonomous district type of subjects of the Russian Federation, extra element federal district Labor, land, taxes, entrepreneurial abilities, capital factors of production, extra element taxes. 3 points for a correct answer (2 points for a correct justification, 1 point for indicating an extra one). Maximum 6 points per task. 5. "Yes" or "no"? If you agree with the statement, write “yes”, if you disagree, write “no”. Record your answers in the table All world religions originated in the ancient world The role of the state in economic processes is the subject of study of macroeconomics Most of the world's states are unitary "On December 19, 2016, the Electoral Colleges in 50 US states and the District of Columbia officially elected Donald Trump President of the United States by a majority of votes" . This message reflects the stepwise nature of the election for the post of President of the United States. 4

5 5.5. Oh! I feel: nothing can calm us Amid worldly sorrows; Nothing, nothing ... except conscience is one. So, healthy, she will triumph over malice, over dark slander. But if there is a single stain in it, the Single, accidentally wound up, Then it's a disaster! Like a pestilence the Soul will burn, the heart will fill with poison, Like a hammer knocking in the ears of a reproach, And everything is sick, and the head is spinning. (A.S. Pushkin) This fragment reflects external social control No Yes Yes Yes No 1 point for each correct answer. Maximum 5 points per task. 6. A student was preparing a presentation on social studies, but in its final version there was a failure, as a result of which the illustrations were mixed up. Help restore the presentation from the available illustrations. Fill in the diagram, indicating the category common to all images (generalizing concept), as well as its constituent elements. Enter in the appropriate cells the letter designations of the illustrations that relate to the elements you named. A B 5

6 All-Russian Olympiad for schoolchildren in social science account. d. C D E F 1 point for a generalizing concept. 1 point for each correct element of the second level answer. Maximum 10 points per task. 6

7 7. Read an excerpt from John Locke's Two Treatises on Government. But although men, when they enter the state, renounce the equality, liberty, and executive power which they possessed in the state of nature, and place them in the hands of the state, so that the legislature may henceforth dispose of this, insofar as it will be demand the good of society, yet this is done by each only with the intention of preserving himself, his freedom and property as best as possible. The power of a society, or of a human legislature, can never extend further than is necessary for the common good; this power is bound to protect the property of everyone.... And whoever has the legislative or supreme power in any state, he is bound to rule according to established permanent laws, proclaimed by the people and known to the people, and not by impromptu decrees; rule by impartial and just judges, who shall decide disputes by means of these laws, and use the force of the state in the country only in the execution of such laws, and abroad to prevent injury or to obtain reparation for it and to protect the state from invasions and seizures. And all this should be carried out for no other purpose, but only in the interests of peace, security and the public good of the people. To protect what natural rights, according to the author, do people establish state power? Indicate three rights. What theory of the origin of the state is reflected in this text? Justify your answer with a quote from the text The author says that the ruler should "rule according to established permanent laws, and not by impromptu decrees." What are the consequences if this rule is not followed? Give three possible consequences Right to life, right to liberty and security of person, right to property. 1 point for each named right. Total 3 points Social contract theory. “But although men, when they enter the state, renounce the equality, liberty, and executive power which they possessed in the state of nature, and place them in the hands of the state, so that the legislature may henceforth dispose of it in so far as this will demand the good of society." 3 points for a correctly named theory. 3 points for justification. Only 6 points. 7

8 7.3. The arbitrariness of the ruler, the establishment of tyranny, the violation of the rights and freedoms of citizens (other consequences may be given). Answers can be given in other formulations that are close in meaning. 2 points for each named consequence. Only 6 points. Maximum 15 points per task. 8. Solve the problem 15-year-old Anton came to a mobile phone shop and told the salesperson that he would like to exchange his old cell phone for a new one with an additional payment as part of a promotion that the shop is running. The amount of the additional payment was to be 3500 rubles. When asked by the seller about the source of funds, Anton replied that he had earned these funds during the holidays, working as a courier. The seller made the exchange and gave Anton a cash receipt for the amount of the surcharge. The next day, Anton's mother demanded to return the phone and money paid by Anton to the store. Is the store obligated to comply with the requirements of Anton's mother? Justify the answer. What legal act governs this situation? The seller is obliged to terminate the concluded contract and return the money. Although Anton had the right to independently manage the money he earned, he could not dispose of the phone that belonged to him without the consent of his legal representatives. This situation is regulated by the Civil Code of the Russian Federation. 1 point for answering the first question. 3 points for the given justification. 2 points for the correct indication of the normative legal act. Maximum 6 points per task. 9. Insert instead of gaps the serial numbers of the corresponding words from the proposed list. Words are given in the list in the singular, adjectives in the masculine form. Pay attention: in the list of words there are those that should not occur in the text! Enter your answer in the table. If changes in society occur gradually, the new accumulates in the system quite slowly and sometimes imperceptibly to the observer. The old, the previous is the basis on which the new is grown, organically combining the traces of the previous. Such gradual progressive changes we call (A). This path presupposes a non-catastrophic development of society and costs much less for people. Its external manifestation, the main way of implementation is (B), an imperious action aimed at changing certain areas, aspects of public life, in order to make society more stable and (C). eight

9 Not all societies and not always could solve problems through organic gradual transformations. In the conditions of an acute systemic (D) society, when the accumulated (D) literally blow up the established orders, (E) occurs. It involves (G) the transformation of social structures, the demolition of the old order, rapid rapid innovation. The significance of these forms of development is assessed differently by thinkers. So, for example, K. Marx, the founder of the scientific (Z), defined them as locomotives (I). At the same time, many emphasized their (K), destructive impact on society. List of terms 1) contradiction 2) evolution 3) progress 4) law 5) stability 6) revolution 7) constructive 8) qualitative 9) crisis 10) communism 11) reform 12) destruction 13) difference 14) destructive 15) reaction 16) quantitative 17) anarchism 18) history 19) civilization 20) dynamism A B C D E F G I J 1 point for each correct insert. Maximum 10 points per task. nine

10 10. Give the diagram a title. Combine the following concepts into a classification scheme. (Concepts are given in the masculine gender, singular.) Territorial, federation, decentralized, national, centralized, unitary, national-territorial, confederation. 1 point for each correct item. Maximum 9 points per task. ten

11 11. Read the excerpt from the Viner brothers' novel The Age of Mercy and answer the questions. Having dragged quite a few “tongues” across the front line during the four years of the war, I knew exactly how much a person taken by surprise could tell. I had absolutely no doubt that he, this bandit captured by me, would be able to “talk” in the MUR. And so the whole idea, where the main role was assigned to this yellow-mouthed sucker Vekshin, seemed unreliable to me. Yes, and inappropriate. I swayed in my chair again (he gave a piercing squeal of a stupid chair, on the curved back of which hung a round tin tag that looked like a medal) and said, clearing his throat slightly: Maybe it makes sense to grab this bandit and have a serious talk with him here? Everyone looked at me, for a moment there was a bewildered silence in the office, which was broken by deafening laughter. Zheglov put his hand on my shoulder and said: Here, my friend, this is not a front! We don't need "languages"... And I was surprised how Zheglov accurately guessed my thought. Of course, it would be best to remain silent and let them forget about my proposal, which, judging by the reaction, seemed to them all to be blatant stupidity, or absurdity, or illiteracy. But I’m already turned on, and when I start, I don’t fall into a feverish excitement, but become stubborn like a tank. That's why he asked, calmly and quietly: Why do you need "tongues" unnecessarily? Zheglov turned the cigarette over in his hands, blew into it with a whistle, shrugged his shoulders: Because at the front the law is simple: the “language” that you dragged is the enemy, and the question with him is clear to the end. And the bandit you tie up can only be called an enemy when you prove that he committed a crime. Here we will take him, and he will send us away. How does it "send"? That's what the "language" is for, to tell what is being asked. And then you can prove it, I said with conviction. Zheglov lit a cigarette, blew out a jet of smoke, asked without pressure: At the front, if the "tongue" is silent, what do they do with it? Like what? I was surprised. They deal with him, as they say, according to the laws of war. That's right, Zheglov agreed. And why? Because he is a soldier or an officer of the enemy army, he fights with you with a weapon in his hands and his guilt does not require proof ... But a bandit without a weapon, or what? I balked. He may well come to the meeting without a weapon. So what? eleven

12 And then. His passport does not say that he is a bandit. On the contrary, it is even written that he is a citizen. Registration for some kind of Krivokolenny, five. Take it for a ruble twenty! Questions What branch of Russian law governs the situation that has become the subject of a dispute between the main characters of the novel? What is the name of the section of international law governing the treatment of prisoners of war, including "tongues"? According to what legal principle does Zheglov reject the narrator's proposal to take the language? Expand the three provisions of this principle, enshrined in the current Constitution of the Russian Federation. Response Elements Points To be given: 2 points for each criminal procedure law correctly identified international humanitarian law position. Maximum 4 points Presumption of innocence 3 points for a correctly named principle The following provisions can be named. 3 points for each Each person accused of a correctly listed crime is presumed innocent for as long as his position. guilt will not be proven to the maximum of 9 points in the manner prescribed by federal law and established by a court verdict that has entered into legal force. The accused is not required to prove his innocence. Irremovable doubts about the guilt of a person are interpreted in favor of the accused. Maximum per task 16 points 12

13 12. Read the statements of famous people. In each case, several statements are devoted to one social science concept (in quotes, the concept itself is replaced by asterisks). In different statements, the form of the word denoting this concept, or part of speech, may change. Define the concepts, write the answer directly in the table. Statements Concepts A) The people who do not want to feed their *** will feed someone else's. (Napoleon Bonaparte) Whoever has a good *** will find good allies. (N. Machiavelli) B) Silent citizens are ideal subjects for an authoritarian ruler and a misfortune for ****. (R. Dahl) **** the worst form of government, apart from all the others. (W. Churchill) C) Time is ***. (B. Franklin) *** good servants, but bad masters. (F. Bacon) D) *** is theft. (J. Proudhon) The great and main goal of uniting people into states and transferring themselves under the authority of the government is to preserve their ***. (D. Locke) Answer Statements Concepts A) A people who does not want to feed their own *** will feed someone else's army. (Napoleon Bonaparte) Whoever has a good *** will find good allies. (N. Machiavelli) B) Silent citizens are ideal subjects for the democracy of an authoritarian ruler and misfortune for ****. (R. Dahl) **** the worst form of government, apart from all the others. (W. Churchill) C) Time is ***. (B. Franklin) money *** good servants, but bad masters. (F. Bacon) D) *** is theft. (J. Proudhon) property The great and main goal of uniting people into states and transferring themselves under the authority of the government is to preserve their ***. (D. Locke) Synonymous words can be named that accurately reflect the meaning of the author's thought. 2 points for each correct word. Maximum 8 points per task. Maximum 100 points for work. thirteen

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The life of every person and society as a whole is in constant change. Not a single day and hour we live is like the previous ones. When do we say that there has been a change? When it is clear to us that one state is not equal to another, that something new has appeared that was not there before. How are these changes taking place and where are they directed?

At each individual moment of time, a person and his associations are influenced by many factors, sometimes mismatched and multidirectional among themselves. Therefore, it is difficult to speak of any clear, well-defined arrow-shaped line of development characteristic of society. The processes of change are complex, uneven, and sometimes it is difficult to grasp their logic. The paths of social change are varied and tortuous.

Often we have to meet with such a concept as "social development". Let's think about how change will generally differ from development? Which of these concepts is broader and which is more specific, and it can be entered into another, considered as a special case of the other. Obviously, not all change is development. And only that which involves complication, improvement, is associated with the manifestation of social progress.

What drives the development of society? What can be hidden behind each new stage? We should look for the answer to these questions, first of all, in the very system of complex social relations, internal contradictions, conflicts of different interests.

Development impulses can come both from the society itself, its internal contradictions, and from outside.

External impulses can, in particular, be generated by the natural environment, space. For example, the climate change of our planet, the so-called "global" warming, poses serious problems for modern society. And the answer to this "challenge" was the adoption by a number of countries of the world of the Kyoto Protocol, which requires countries to reduce emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere. In 2004, Russia also ratified this protocol, taking on obligations to protect the environment.

If changes in society occur gradually, the new accumulates in the system quite slowly and sometimes imperceptibly to the observer. The old, the previous is the basis on which the new is grown, organically combining the traces of the previous. We do not feel conflict and negation by the new of the old. And only after some long time has passed, we exclaim with surprise: “How everything has changed around!”. Such gradual progressive changes we call evolution. The evolutionary path of development does not imply a breakdown, destruction of previous social relations.

The external manifestation of evolution, the main way of its implementation is reform. By reform, we mean a powerful action aimed at changing certain areas, aspects of public life, in order to give society greater stability and stability.

The evolutionary path of development is not the only one. Not all societies and not always could solve problems through organic gradual transformations. In conditions of an acute crisis affecting all spheres of society, when the accumulated contradictions literally blow up the established order, revolution. Any revolution taking place in a society presupposes a qualitative transformation of social structures, the demolition of the old order, and rapid rapid innovations. The revolution releases significant social energy, which is not always possible to control the forces that initiated the revolutionary change. The ideologists and practitioners of the revolution seem to release the "genie from the bottle" in the form of the people's element. Subsequently, they try to put this genie back, but this usually fails. The revolutionary element begins to develop according to its own laws, confounding its creators.

It is precisely because of this that, in the course of a social revolution, spontaneous, chaotic principles often prevail. Sometimes revolutions bury those people who stood at their origins. Or, the results, the consequences of the revolutionary explosion differ so significantly from the tasks originally set that the creators of the revolution cannot but admit their defeat. Revolutions give rise to a new quality, and it is important to be able to transfer further development processes in an evolutionary direction in time. Russia experienced two revolutions in the 20th century. Particularly severe shocks befell our country in 1917-1920.

Many revolutions, as history shows, can also be replaced by a reaction, a rollback to the past. We can talk about different types of revolutions in the development of society: social, technical, scientific, cultural.

The significance of revolutions is assessed differently by thinkers. So, for example, the German philosopher K. Marx, the founder of scientific communism, defined revolutions as the locomotives of history. At the same time, many emphasized the destructive, destructive impact of revolutions on society. In particular, the Russian philosopher N.A. Berdyaev (1874-1948) wrote about the revolution: “All revolutions ended in reactions. This is inevitable. This is the law. And the more violent and furious the revolutions were, the stronger were the reactions. There is a kind of magic circle in the alternation of revolutions and reactions.

Comparing the ways of transforming society, the famous modern Russian historian P.V. Volobuev wrote: “the evolutionary form, firstly, made it possible to ensure the continuity of social development and, thanks to this, to preserve all the accumulated wealth. Secondly, evolution, contrary to our primitive ideas, was also accompanied by major qualitative changes in society, not only in productive forces and technology, but also in spiritual culture, in the way of life of people. Thirdly, in order to solve new social problems that arose in the course of evolution, it adopted such a method of social transformation as reforms, which turned out to be simply incomparable in their “costs” with the gigantic price of many revolutions. Ultimately, as historical experience has shown, evolution is able to ensure and maintain social progress, giving it, moreover, a civilized form.

Typology of societies

Singling out different types of societies, thinkers are based, on the one hand, on the chronological principle, noting the changes that occur over time in the organization of social life. On the other hand, certain signs of societies are grouped. coexisting with each other at the same time. This allows you to create a kind of horizontal slice of civilizations. So, speaking of traditional society as the basis for the formation of modern civilization, one cannot fail to note the preservation of many of its features and signs in our days.

The most established approach in modern social science is an approach based on the identification of three types of societies: traditional (pre-industrial), industrial, post-industrial (sometimes referred to as technological or informational). This approach is based to a greater extent on a vertical, chronological cut - that is, it is assumed that one society will be replaced by another in the course of historical development. This approach has in common with the theory of K. Marx that it is based primarily on the distinction of technical and technological features.

What are the characteristics and characteristics of each of these societies? First of all, let's look at the characteristics traditional society- the foundations of the formation of the modern world. First of all, ancient and medieval society is called traditional, although many of its features have been preserved for a long time in later times. For example, the countries of the East - Asia, Africa bear the signs of traditional civilization today. So, what are the main features and characteristics of a traditional type of society?

First of all, in the very understanding of traditional society, it is necessary to note the focus on reproducing in an unchanged form the ways of human activity, interactions, forms of communication, organization of life, and cultural samples. That is, in this society, the established relations between people, methods of work, family values, and way of life are carefully observed.

A person in a traditional society is bound by a complex system of dependence on the community, the state. His behavior is strictly regulated by the norms adopted in the family, estate, society as a whole.

traditional society distinguishes the predominance of agriculture in the structure of the economy, the majority of the population is employed in the agricultural sector, works on the land, lives by its fruits. Land is considered the main wealth and the basis for the reproduction of society is what is produced on it. Mostly hand tools (plow, plow) are used, the renewal of equipment and production technology is rather slow.

The main element of the structure of traditional societies is the agricultural community, the collective that manages the land. The personality in such a team is weakly singled out, its interests are not clearly identified. The community, on the one hand, will limit a person, on the other hand, provide him with protection and stability. The most severe punishment in such a society was often considered expulsion from the community, "deprivation of shelter and water." Society has a hierarchical structure, more often divided into estates according to the political and legal principle.

A feature of a traditional society is its closeness to innovation, the extremely slow nature of change. And these changes themselves are not considered as a value. More important is stability, sustainability, following the commandments of the ancestors. Any innovation is seen as a threat to the existing world order, and the attitude towards it is extremely wary. "The traditions of all the dead generations weigh like a nightmare over the minds of the living."

The Czech educator Janusz Korczak noticed the dogmatic way of life inherent in traditional society. “Prudence up to complete passivity, up to ignoring all rights and rules that have not become traditional, not consecrated by authorities, not rooted in repetition from day to day ... Everything can become a dogma - the land, and the church, and the fatherland, and virtue, and sin; science, social and political activity, wealth, any opposition can become ... "

A traditional society will diligently protect its behavioral norms, the standards of its culture from influences from outside, from other societies and cultures. An example of such "closedness" is the centuries-old development of China and Japan, which were characterized by a closed, self-sufficient existence and any contacts with strangers were practically excluded by the authorities. A significant role in the history of traditional societies is played by the state and religion.

Of course, as trade, economic, military, political, cultural and other contacts develop between different countries and peoples, such “closeness” will be violated, often in a very painful way for these countries. Traditional societies, influenced by the development of technology, technology, exchange, and means of communication, will enter a period of modernization.

Of course, this is a generalized portrait of a traditional society. It should be more accurate to say that we can talk about a traditional society as a kind of cumulative phenomenon that includes the features of the development of different peoples at a certain stage, and there are many different traditional societies: Chinese, Japanese, Indian, Western European, Russian and many others that bear the imprint of their culture .

We are well aware that the societies of ancient Greece and the Old Babylonian kingdom differ significantly from each other in terms of the dominant forms of ownership, the degree of influence of communal structures and the state. If in Greece, Rome, private property and the beginnings of civil rights and freedoms develop, then in societies of the Eastern type, traditions of despotic rule, the suppression of man by the agricultural community, and the collective nature of labor are strong. And, nevertheless, both of them are different versions of the traditional society.

The long-term preservation of the agricultural community - the world in Russian history, the predominance of agriculture in the structure of the economy, the peasantry in the composition of the population, the joint work and collective land use of communal peasants, autocratic power, allow us to characterize Russian society over many centuries of its development as traditional.

The transition to a new type of society - industrial will be carried out quite late - only in the second half of the 19th century.

It cannot be said that this traditional society is a past stage, that everything connected with traditional structures, norms, and consciousness has remained in the distant past. Moreover, considering this, we make it impossible for ourselves to orient ourselves and understand many of the problems and phenomena of the contemporary world. And today, a number of societies retain the features of traditionalism, primarily in culture, social consciousness, political system, and everyday life.

The transition from a traditional society devoid of dynamism to an industrial type society is reflected in such a concept as modernization.

industrial society is born as a result of the industrial revolution, leading to the development of a large factory industry, new modes of transport and communications, a decrease in the role of agriculture in the structure of the economy and the resettlement of people in cities.

The Modern Philosophical Dictionary, published in London in 1998, contains the following definition of an industrial society: “Industrial society is characterized by the orientation of people towards ever-increasing volumes of production, consumption, knowledge, etc. The ideas of growth and progress are the "core" of the industrial myth or ideology. An essential role in the social organization of industrial society is played by the concept of a machine. The consequence of the realization of ideas about the machine is the extensive development of production, as well as the "mechanization" of social relations, the relationship of man with nature ... The boundaries of the development of an industrial society are revealed as the limits of extensively oriented production are discovered.

Earlier than others, the industrial revolution swept the countries of Western Europe. The first of the countries to implement it was the United Kingdom. By the middle of the 19th century, the vast majority of the population in it was employed in industry. The industrial society is characterized by rapid dynamic changes, the growth of social mobility, urbanization - the process of growth and development of cities. Contacts and ties between countries and peoples are expanding. These communications are carried out by means of a telegraph message, a telephone. The structure of society is also changing, its basis is not estates, but social groups that differ in their place in the economic system - classes. Along with changes in the economy and the social sphere, the political system of the industrial society is also changing - parliamentarism, a multi-party system are developing, the rights and freedoms of citizens are expanding. Many researchers believe that the formation of a civil society that is aware of its interests and acts as a full partner of the state is also associated with the formation of an industrial society. To a certain extent, it was this society that received the name capitalist. The early stages of its development were analyzed in the 19th century. English scientists J. Mill, A. Smith, German scientist K. Marx.

At the same time, the era of the industrial revolution leads to increased unevenness in the development of various regions of the world, which leads to colonial wars, seizures, and enslavement of weak countries by strong countries.

Russian society quite late, only by the 40s of the XIX century. enters the period of the industrial revolution, and it is possible to talk about the formation of the foundations of an industrial society in Russia only by the beginning of the 20th century. Many historians believe that our country at the beginning of the 20th century. was an agro-industrial country. Russia could not complete industrialization in the pre-revolutionary period. Although the reforms carried out on the initiative of S.Yu. Witte and P.A. Stolypin.

The authorities returned to the task of completing industrialization, that is, creating a powerful industry that would make the main contribution to the national wealth of the country, already in the Soviet period of history.

We know the concept of "Stalin's industrialization", which came in the 1930s - 1940s. In the shortest possible time, due to the accelerated development of industry, using as a source primarily the funds received from the robbery of the village, the mass collectivization of peasant farms, by the end of the 1930s, our country created the foundations of heavy and military industry, mechanical engineering, acquired independence from the supply of equipment from abroad. But did this mean the end of the process of industrialization? Historians argue. A couple of researchers believe that anyway, even at the end of the 1930s, the main share of national wealth was formed in the agricultural sector, agriculture produced more product than industry.

Therefore, experts believe that the completion of industrialization in the Soviet Union takes place only after the Great Patriotic War, by the middle - second half of the 1950s. By this time, industry had taken a leading position in the production of gross domestic product. Also, most of the country's population was employed in the industrial sector.

Post-industrial society is the modern stage of human development.

The second half of the 20th century was marked by the rapid development of fundamental science, engineering and technology. Science is turning into a direct powerful economic force.

The rapid changes that have engulfed a number of spheres of life in modern society made it possible to talk about the entry of the world into an era post-industrial. In the 1960s, this term was first proposed by the American sociologist D. Bell. He also formulated the main features of such a society: the creation of a vast service economy, an increase in the layer of qualified scientific and technical specialists, the central role of scientific knowledge as a source of innovation, ensuring technological growth, and the creation of a new generation of intellectual technology. Following Bell, the theory of post-industrial society was developed by American scientists J. Galbraith, O. Toffler.

basis post-industrial society was the restructuring of the economy, carried out in Western countries at the turn of the 1960s-1970s. Instead of heavy industry, science-intensive industries, the “knowledge industry”, took the leading positions in the economy. The symbol of this era, its basis is the microprocessor revolution, the mass distribution of personal computers, information technology, electronic communications. The rates of economic development, the speed of transmission of information and financial flows over a distance are multiplying. With the entry of the world into the post-industrial, information age, there is a decrease in employment in industry, transport, industrial sectors and, on the contrary, the number of people employed in the service sector, the information sector is increasing. It is no coincidence that a number of authors call the post-industrial society informational or technological.

Describing modern society, contemporary American researcher P. Drucker notes: “Today, knowledge is already being applied to the sphere of knowledge itself, and this can be called a revolution in the field of management. Knowledge is rapidly becoming the determining factor of production, relegating both capital and labor to the background.”

Scientists who study the development of culture, spiritual life, introduce one more name in relation to the modern, post-industrial world - era postmodernism.(Under the era of modernism, scientists understand the industrial society). If the concept of post-industrialism mainly emphasizes differences in the sphere of economy, production, methods of communication, then postmodernism covers, first of all, the sphere of consciousness, culture, patterns of behavior.

The new perception of the world, according to scientists, is based on three main features.

First, the end of belief in the possibility of the human mind, the skeptical questioning of everything that European culture considers rational. Secondly, the collapse of the idea of unity and universality of the world. The postmodern understanding of the world is based on multiplicity, pluralism, the absence of common models and canons for the development of various cultures. Thirdly, the era of postmodernism sees the individual differently, "the individual, as responsible for shaping the world, retires, he is outdated, he is recognized as connected with the prejudices of rationalism and is discarded." The sphere of communication between people, communications, collective agreements comes to the fore.

As the leading features of a postmodern society, scientists point to increasing pluralism, multivariance and diversity of forms of social development, changes in people's values, motives and incentives.

The approach we have considered in a generalized form presents the main milestones in the development of mankind, focusing its attention, first of all, on the history of the countries of Western Europe. Thus, it significantly narrows the possibility of studying the specific features, features of the development of individual countries. He draws attention, first of all, to universal processes. Much remains outside the field of view of scientists. In addition, willy-nilly, we take for granted the point of view that there are countries that have pulled ahead, there are those who are successfully catching up with them, there are also those who are hopelessly behind, not having time to jump on the bandwagon of the last carriage of the modernization machine rushing forward. The ideologists of the theory of modernization are convinced that it is the values and models of development of Western society that are universal and represent a guideline for development, imitation for everyone.

1. Social change as a sociological definition.
2. Social process and its types.
3. Social progress of society and its modernization.

Social change as a sociological definition.

Society is never static. There are no immutable objects and subjects in the social sphere. Cultural complexes, composition of groups, relationships between people are changing. This, in turn, affects changes in society, its policies, and the way people live. Even the ancient Greek philosopher Heraclitus (end of the 6th century - beginning of the 5th century BC) expressed the idea of continuous change: “Weight flows, everything changes”, “You cannot enter the same river twice”. Changes happen every hour, every minute. A person grows or ages, is born or dies. New organizations and global social systems are emerging and old ones are falling apart.

Studying the changes taking place in society, they are usually divided into social - changes in the social structure and social relationships in society and cultural - changes in the culture of society.

Social change may include population growth, rising educational levels, a decrease in awareness, a change in the environment of an individual when moving from a village to a city, a change in the relationship between workers and management when a company is reorganized, etc.

Cultural change may include technical inventions, changes in social norms, the formation of new social values, cultural patterns, standards of behavior, etc. Often, cultural change is also social. For example, a change in moral norms can lead to a change in the relationship between social communities, and vice versa. Almost all important changes have both cultural and social aspects, and therefore the term “sociocultural” or, for short, “social change” is applied to them.

AT In sociology, social change refers to the transformations that occur over time in the organization, structure of society, patterns of thought, culture, and social behavior. Changes are the transition of a social object from one state to another, a significant transformation of social organization, social institutions, the growth of a variety of social forms. Or: changes are the differences between what the system represented in the past and what became of it after a certain period of time. The types of social change are very diverse. They can cover the entire social system, and M017T give “priority” to some aspect (element), they can be short-term or long-term, they can lead the system to development or decline. Social changes must be considered as a multifactorial process, which is influenced by the "challenges" of the external environment, changes in the economy, ideology, etc.

"Social change" as a definition is not identical to such a concept as "development". The latter denote directed changes in material and spiritual objects from simple to complex, from lower to higher, etc. Social changes can be regressive in nature or take place within the framework of maintaining a certain social system and its basic structures - the so-called "balance changes".

What is the mechanism of social change, how do they proceed? The basis of social change is always the result of authorial or anonymous, random or spontaneous inventions and discoveries offered to society - the so-called innovation. In our case, social innovation. Material innovations can also have a social component.

Innovation, penetrating into society, causes social change (s). However, not all proposed innovations are accepted by society. Others may be taken immediately or after a long time. One of the factors influencing resistance to innovation can be considered the presence in society of subjective attitudes that can hinder the adoption of change and even block it. For example, using their power, leaders may simply not comply with the requirements of the innovation law under many pretexts and thus block it. Social change must always overcome the resistance of subjective attitudes, for the reason that there is never such a favorable situation when everyone unanimously supports social change.

A factor influencing the speed of adoption of innovations is the demonstration of their capabilities to a wide audience. Experience shows that an innovation is more quickly adopted if its usefulness can be easily demonstrated, and vice versa. The specificity of social innovations is that it is difficult to demonstrate to society their positive effect immediately. Therefore, practically all social changes (for example, new laws) are introduced into life by overcoming distrust, resistance, and often through severe coercion. However, having taken root in everyday life, innovations seem already familiar and necessary.

Cultural compatibility plays an important role in the acceptance of innovations. Often they come into conflict with existing cultural patterns. When this happens, the innovation is simply rejected by society or accepted along with its conflicting traits, but these traits are occasionally protested, making its acceptance unsustainable. Innovations then successfully converge, i.e. merge with the established elements of culture when they have a positive social effect for society. Modern society, which is an extremely dynamic entity, must respond to innovations, accept and master them in social, cultural and other areas of human activity. Non-acceptance of innovations immediately generates the stagnation of social life and social effects with signs of regression. A non-dynamic society lags behind other societies striving for innovation and cannot claim well-being in social life.

Never before have changes in the life of society, and of a single individual, occurred so rapidly! Moral norms, relationships between people, family traditions, educational standards are changing. New professions, social institutions, political parties appear. Every day a person is exposed to a huge flow of information. Not everyone can handle the hectic pace of life. Many are in a constant state of stress and experience fear or confusion about the future.

But life cannot be stopped. Development and transformation are integral characteristics of any society.

Concept and main reasons

There is no single definition of this concept in science due to its abstract nature. In a general sense, social changes are understood as changes that occur over a short or long period of time with social structures and society as a whole.

The following reasons for the transformations in modern times are distinguished:

Changes in the political, cultural, social life of society can be implemented gradually, smoothly, sometimes even imperceptibly for a simple layman, which makes it possible to characterize the ongoing changes as evolutionary.

Rapid transformation, leading to qualitative changes in one or more areas of society, are called revolutionary.

Modern science, in addition to evolutionary and revolutionary ones, singles out cyclical changes in society, in which social phenomena (processes) are repeated at different times and under different conditions.

Views of scientists

The main reason for the changes taking place in society, scientists represented in different ways.

O. Comte I saw it in the progress of the human mind, in the transition from a military society to an industrial one.

G. Spencer considered the complication of the structure of society, the growth of self-awareness and freedom of the individual as a fundamental condition for transformation.

K. Marx He assigned the main role in the transformation of society to the productive forces.

The main reason for social change M. Weber- social structures necessary for social development. When creating these structures, each person relies on his own moral and political attitudes, as well as on religious views.

It was religion that Weber assigned a key role in the progress of mankind, recognized it as the driving force in the development of society.

Having subjected to a deep analysis of the main world religions (Confucianism, Buddhism, Judaism), Weber came to the conclusion that it is beliefs that leave an imprint on the ways of doing business, the structure of society, and the development of civilization as a whole. For example, immersion in one's own feelings, the desire to acquire spiritual experience, characteristic of Confucianism and Buddhism, hinder the advancement of capitalism in the East.

The sociologist also sees the reasons for the rapid development of Western society in the religious views and personal characteristics characteristic of Europeans: rationality of thinking, a tendency to bureaucracy.

Changing the structure of society and the emergence of new social institutions in Weber's sociology is associated with the concept of charisma. It is this quality, inherent in some public leaders and commanders, that distinguishes an outstanding personality from ordinary people. The possessor of charisma is credited with exceptional, superhuman abilities (Buddha, Christ). A charismatic leader, according to the scientist, can make changes even in a stable social structure, devoid of dynamism.

Factors contributing to social change

For all their diversity, the main factors of social change can be grouped into the following groups: social, economic, political, technological.

The characteristics of each group are presented in the table.

Table. Factors of social change

What social changes are taking place in modern society

Transformation in one area of social life entails changes in other areas. Transformations take place in the political (election of new state leaders, change of forms of government), cultural (revival of customs, rethinking of history), social sphere (emergence of new social groups, professions).

In modern society, there is an establishment of close political and economic ties between states, the creation of a single information field. World powers are becoming interconnected and interdependent. This process is called globalization.. It has both positive (technological growth, creation of new jobs, free access to information) and negative (environmental problems, unprecedented increase in migration flows, uneven economic development of states) sides.

In modern Russia

Considering the transformations taking place in our country, we must not forget that the Russian Federation is not an isolated state. All processes characteristic of the world community also affect Russia.

Over the past few decades, serious changes have taken place both in the structure of society and in the worldview of Russians.

Many sociologists, characterizing the trends of change in the life of Russians, attach particular importance to the process of computerization and the use of the Internet. There are the following main aspects:

automation of some stages of the labor process, i.e., part of the functions previously performed by people are now performed by mechanisms;
the ability to quickly obtain diverse information. Optimistic researchers believe that access to the Internet will lead to an increase in the literacy of the population. Unfortunately, the presence of knowledge does not always mean its correct application;
changing the forms and ways of communication between people. Friendly conversations are increasingly taking place through messaging via mobile apps or via email. To convey emotions, interlocutors use the language of ideograms and emoticons;
creation of information computer databases. Personal information provided by a person for one purpose (purchase via the Internet, payment for goods with a bank card, etc.) can potentially be misused. Some researchers see this as a danger of unauthorized surveillance of the private lives of citizens.

A person living in constantly changing circumstances is forced to develop new qualities that help to adapt to the world around him. To feel comfortable and successfully adapt to any situation without being subjected to constant stress, it is necessary to have not only knowledge and skills, but also flexibility of thinking, mobility and the ability to critically evaluate incoming information.

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1.5 . Socialinstitutions

One of the elements that make up society as a system are various social institutions.

The word institution here should not be taken as a specific institution. This is a broad concept, which includes what is created by people to realize their needs, desires, aspirations. In order to better organize its life and activities, society forms certain structures, norms that allow satisfying certain needs.

Social institutions- these are relatively stable types and forms of social practice, through which social life is organized, the stability of ties and relations within society is ensured.

Scientists identify several groups of institutions in every society: economic institutions that serve for the production and distribution of goods and services; 2) political institutions that regulate public life, related to the exercise of power and access to them; 3) institutions of stratification that determine the distribution of social positions and social resources; 4) kinship institutions that ensure reproduction and inheritance through marriage, family, upbringing; 5) cultural institutions that develop the continuity of religious, scientific and artistic activities in society.

For example, the society's need for reproduction, development, preservation and multiplication is fulfilled by such institutions as the family and the school. The army acts as a social institution that performs the functions of security and protection.

The institutions of society are also morality, law, religion. The starting point for the formation of a social institution is society's awareness of its needs.

The emergence of a social institution is due to:

the need of society;
availability of means to meet this need;
availability of necessary material, financial, labor, organizational resources;
the possibility of its integration into the socio-economic, ideological, value structures of society, which makes it possible to legitimize the professional and legal basis of its activities.

The famous American scientist R. Merton defined the main functions of social institutions. Explicit functions are written down in charters, formally fixed, officially accepted by people. They are formalized and largely controlled by society. For example, we can ask government agencies: “Where do our taxes go?”

Hidden functions, those that are actually and formally carried out, may not be fixed. If hidden and explicit functions diverge, a certain double standard is formed, when one is declared in words, and the other is actually done, scientists talk about the instability of the development of society.

The process of social development is accompanied institutionalization - that is, the formation of new attitudes and needs, leading to the creation of new institutions. The American sociologist of the 20th century G. Lansky identified a number of needs that lead to the formation of new institutions: These are the needs:

in communication (language, education, communication, transport);
in the production of products and services;
in the distribution of goods;
in the safety of citizens, the protection of their lives and well-being;
in maintaining the system of inequality (placement of social groups according to positions, statuses depending on various criteria);
in social control over the behavior of members of society (religion, morality, law).

Modern society is characterized by the growth and complexity of the system of institutions. The same social need can give rise to the existence of several institutions, on the other hand, certain institutions, for example, the family, can simultaneously realize several needs: in reproduction, in communication, in security, in the production of services, in socialization, etc.
1.6 . Multivariancepublicdevelopment.

Development impulses can come both from the society itself, its internal contradictions, and from outside.

The significance of revolutions is assessed differently by thinkers. So, for example, the German philosopher K. Marx, the founder of scientific communism, defined revolutions as the locomotives of history. At the same time, many emphasized the destructive, destructive impact of revolutions on society. In particular, the Russian philosopher N.A. Berdyaev (1874 - 1948) wrote about the revolution: “All revolutions ended in reactions. This is inevitable. This is the law. And the more violent and furious the revolutions were, the stronger were the reactions. There is a kind of magic circle in the alternation of revolutions and reactions.