What predicates can be. Is it true that a compound predicate is a special type of predicate in which the lexical and grammatical meanings are expressed in different words? Other parts of speech, as a predicate

In a compound nominal predicate, as well as in a compound verb, two constructive components are always distinguished: 1) bundle, the main purpose of which is to express purely grammatical, predicative categories of modality and time; 2) nominal (binding) part, which contains the material content of the predicate. For example: These plants were faithful friends kids(K. Paustovsky); Dawn was blue, cold ... (B. Pilnyak); Shura Schlesinger was tall thin woman with correct traits a little masculine faces (B. Pasternak). It is important to understand that the auxiliary component of a compound nominal predicate may not have a verbal expression at all, i.e. the connective is represented by the zero form, but the predicate always remains two-component, i.e. composite: I - disobedient and free (A. Blok).

In the function of the link, the word is primarily used be. Abstract (or ideal) bundle be not only expresses the grammatical meaning of modality and tense, but also connects the predicate with the subject.

Abstract connections also include to represent, to be, to appear, to appear, to be considered, to remain, to look like, to appear, to become, to return, to become and etc.

Sometimes they are included in the group of improper links1. They are characterized by a weakened and modified lexical meaning and introduce different semantic shades into the real meaning of the predicate. Wed: He was kind; He became kind; He seemed kind; He returned kind.

If the abstract link be is a purely functional word, then the connectives of the second type are divided into semi-significant and significant.

Semi-significant ligaments they introduce a number of their own meanings into the compound nominal predicate: 1) the appearance of a sign: make– become, become, become;2) preservation of the feature: stay - stay;
3) external feature detection: turn out– get out, get out - get out, to appear - to appear; 4) attribution of a sign to its carrier from the outside, naming: to be known - to be known, to seem, to be considered, to be called, to be named, to be called;5) assessment of the sign as a supposed, apparent, imaginary: to appear - to appear, to appear, to appear: For example: The peasant suddenly turned purple, and through the tan his face became brick (A. Serafimovich); spectacle was getting scary (A. Kuprin); Blacksmith reputed to be a man very prudent (N. Leskov); Measurement of ravines turned out to be difficult (K. Paustovsky).

Significant connectives are verbs with a specific lexical meaning (usually movements and stay in some state of activity). They enter into a syntactic relationship either with an adjective in the nominative or instrumental form, or with a noun in the instrumental form. These are the words go, return, sit, be born, live, work, work, work hard etc.2 He walked happy (K. Fedin); Sadykov came overcast, business,tired and efficient ... (B. Pilnyak); Spring turned out to be different for ordinary Russian winters(K. Paustovsky); Levka sat down first on the only stool at the wooden table(A. Tolstoy); What, Akulina, you live like a beggar ? (M. Gorky); People in Yeni-Kale lived mean and poor ... (K. Paustovsky). The instrumental predicative in an amplifying sense can be combined with the nominative case of the same name: ... Houses you live like a pig you don't accept anyone... (A. Pushkin). The same way of expressing the real part of a compound nominal predicate is also possible with an abstract connective: And she cloud cloud (N. Leskov); She is in front of you freak freak (A. Pushkin).

Particles: it, here, such as, exactly, as if, sort of, like, akin to etc. do not replace the verb copula be, but only combined with it in various forms, including zero, only emphasizing the functions of the bundle be. For example: You - exactly Sentence to exile On malnutrition, lack of sleep, lack of food, On malnutrition and pain in the back of the head(B. Pasternak); Punctuation marks - This like notes(K. Paustovsky); Chinar - This wood weaver weaving himself(N. Zabolotsky).

The linking part of the compound nominal predicate denotes the passive predicative feature of the subject. Most often, the role of the nominal part of the compound nominal predicate is played by the so-called typical for this function predicative forms of nominal parts of speech. These include:

1. Indeclinable short adjectives and passive participles. In a sentence, they function exclusively as nominal parts of the compound predicate. For example: You deaf ! – growled Levi... (M. Bulgakov); granny face solemnly and wearily (V. Astafiev); The guard was furious (K. Paustovsky); Eucalyptus leaves always turned ribs to the sun...(K. Paustovsky). Their use in another function is stylistically determined by: The mermaid floated on the blue river, Illuminated by the full moon(M. Lermontov).

2. Declinable nouns, full adjectives and participles, numerals, pronouns in nominative or instrumental cases. Both of these case forms have the same meaning, they can replace each other due to functional equivalence: The person in other people is soul human(B. Pasternak); Lara was the cleanest creature in the world(B. Pasternak); A minute later she returned outwardly calm (B. Pasternak); The field seemed to run endless (B. Pasternak); This house is my (M. Gorky).

In the role of the nominal part with the corresponding abstract connective, a noun in the form of the accusative case without a preposition can act: Soon the house represented sleepy kingdom (B. Pasternak); The voice is fight verbs with non-advance tense(I. Brodsky). In the position of the nominal part, the accusative case of animate nouns with the preposition behind: For the elder there will be Ivanova; For the commander remains a junior sergeant.

The nominal part of a compound nominal predicate can be represented by a phrase in the form of a nominative or instrumental case. For example: Which crazy thing waltz! (B. Pasternak); But the old carpet has become favorite thing boy(A. Kuprin).

Conditionally non-predicative (not typical) for this function are all other forms of indirect cases of a noun and other substantiated parts of speech, including the instrumental case of comparison: Cupid's bow, ringlet mustache etc.: I have lips bow; At that time, you can imagine, I was in a difficult state (K. Paustovsky); Shooting was on an invisible target (A. Tvardovsky); Now Tatyana Petrovna looked least of all for an adult (K. Paustovsky); All six letters were from Dasha (A. Tolstoy); The whole city was on foot (K. Paustovsky); I am today with money (K. Paustovsky); Briefcase - leather; Textile - in the box; She is - because of the Dnieper etc.

The real value as part of a nominal predicate can be transmitted by parts of speech that do not have forms of inflection. Because of this, it is, of course, not actually nominal. It would be more correct to call it non-verbal. In a compound non-verbal predicate, the adverbs, a relatively small group of them, are primarily adverbs as a linking component. These are the words tipsy, hastily, at the ready, wide open, by the way, on the alert, on the alert, bulging etc. For example: Since then, when I met Fedya, I was alert (K. Paustovsky); The windows stood wide open (K. Paustovsky). The same function uses invariable form of the comparative degree of qualitative adjectives (comparative): And my future still appears to me more hopeless (L. Tolstoy); Strawberries are here larger (A.Griboyedov); And laughter forest (A. Griboedov).

Type gerunds swollen, swollen, drunk, wet, chilled and others are used mainly in common parlance: My Vasyatka always has an ear swollen from this yat(A. Chekhov); The watchman came drunk.

The infinitive as a linking part of a compound nominal predicate is used only with connectives to be means to signify. At the same time, it is often parallel to the subject infinitive. For example: Smoking is health harm. In this case, the position of the subject is occupied, as a rule, by nouns in the nominative case with abstract semantics duty, business, work, task, idea, duty, substantiated adjectives and combinations most important, most important etc. The infinitive can have any lexical meaning. For example: Task - collect harvest; Our goal - conduct experiment; The most important - be treated .

In the position of the nominal part, there can be whole phrases if the noun in their composition does not have sufficient semantic completeness: The church was new construction (B.Pasternak); The ebony wardrobe was huge size (B. Pasternak).

As part of the nominal predicate, its special variety is singled out - the so-called double predicate. It consists of two meaningful words, verbs in them have the meaning of predominantly moving in space, activity or state and, as a rule, adjectives and participles used in interchangeable forms Im.p. and TV. cases. For example: We returned from fishing satisfied (satisfied ). The subject and predicate are connected by gravity, which is the reason for the possibility of literary use of the nominal part of the predicate in two forms - instrumental and nominative case.

A compound nominal (non-verbal) predicate, like a compound verb, can have complicated forms. The complication occurs due to that part of the compound predicate that does not express its real meaning. It can be modified by one or even two phase verbs characteristic of the compound verbal predicate: at the end of the dream to reach the front line start seem impossible to them(K.Simonov); little by little conversation began to become almost serious(F. Dostoevsky). Modal verbs can complicate: Life and should be a delight(I. Bunin); After that, everyone can hope be my son-in-law(L. Tolstoy).

4. The question of a complex (mixed) predicate

According to N.S. Valgina, the verbal predicate, consisting of three or more components, according to a quantitative attribute, is difficult. In terms of quality, it can be mixed those. combine the signs of a compound verb and a compound nominal predicate. AT mixed polynomials predicates combine components of both: wanted to be a diplomat...1. Here, from the verbal predicate, the modal verb wanted from nominal - semi-significant copula and nominal part become a diplomat. As I.P. Raspopov writes, this qualification of this type of predicate “seems to be the most accurate, since in these cases there is a kind of contamination of the forms of the compound verbal and the compound nominal predicate”2. For example: This night couldn't sleep (B. Pilnyak); None can not so constantly want to be loved ... (M. Lermontov); …I ready to be the subject from the past(I. Brodsky).

However, according to P.A. Lekant, the form of a polynomial predicate, the real meaning of which is expressed by an infinitive or a name, is - complicated the form of a compound verbal or nominal predicate, regardless of the quantity and quality of the components in the auxiliary part3. Only the auxiliary part can be polynomial and mixed, and the predicate always remains two-component. Wed: He continued/work. - He wanted to continue/work; He was ready to continue /work; He expressed a desire to continue /work. She is was kind. She is remained / kind. - She is wanted to stay/ kind. - She is was ready to stay/ kind. - She is expressed her desire to stay/ kind.

Thus, a mixed polynomial predicate is complicated compound verbal or compound nominal predicate: Observing subordination, Boris should have/reported for Colonel...(Yu. Bondarev); His steps already ceased to be/heard (L. Tolstoy).

In this chapter:

§one. The main members of the sentence are subject and predicate

Subject

The subject is the main member of the sentence, independent of the other members of the sentence. The subject answers the questions I.p.: who? what?

In a sentence, the subject is expressed in different ways.

How is the subject expressed?

The subject can be a word or phrase.

Most often the subject is expressed:

1) noun: mother, laughter, love;
2) words that have the function of a noun: nouns derived from adjectives or participles: sick, manager, meeting, ice cream, canteen;
3) pronouns: we, nobody, anything;
4) numerals: three, five;
5) indefinite form of the verb: Smoking is harmful to health;
6) a phrase, if it has a meaning:
a) compatibility: husband and wife, duck with ducklings, me and my girlfriend;
b) uncertainty or generality: Something unfamiliar seemed in the distance. One of the guests covered the window;
c) quantities: 2 million people live in the city;
d) selectivity: Any of them could become the first. Most of the students coped with the control;
e) phraseological unit: The white nights have come.

Predicate

Predicate- this is the main member of the sentence, denoting what is being said about the subject that is the subject. The predicate depends on the subject and agrees with it. It answers different questions: what does the object do? what happens to him? what is he? who is he? what it is? what is the subject? All these questions are varieties of the question: what is being said about the subject? The choice of a specific question depends on the structure of the sentence.

The predicate contains the most important grammatical characteristic of the sentence: its grammatical meaning.

grammatical meaning- this is a generalized meaning of the sentence, which characterizes its content in terms of two parameters:

• reality-irreality,
• time.

reality-irriality expressed by the mood of the verb.

• Verbs in the indicative mood are typical for statements that reflect the real situation: It's raining., It's getting light.
• Verbs in the imperative and in the conditional mood are characteristic of sentences that reflect not a real, but a desirable situation. Don't forget your umbrella! If only it didn't rain today!

Time- an indicator of the correlation of the situation with the moment of speech. Time is expressed by the verb forms of the present, past and future tenses.

Simple and compound predicate

The predicate in two-part sentences can be simple and compound. Compounds are divided into compound verbal and compound nominal.

Simple predicate- this is a type of predicate in which the lexical and grammatical meanings are expressed in one word. A simple predicate is always a verb. It is expressed by the verb in the form of one of the moods. In the indicative mood, verbs can stand in one of three tenses: present - past - future.

He knows the verses by heart.

indicative mood, present. time

He knew the verses by heart.

indicative mood, past time

He will learn the verses by heart.

indicative mood, bud. time

You will memorize these verses.

imperative mood

In a circle, you would learn poems by heart.

conditional mood

Compound predicate- this is a type of predicate in which the lexical and grammatical meanings are expressed in different words.
If in a simple verbal predicate the lexical and grammatical meanings are expressed in one word, then in a compound one they are expressed in different words. For example:

Suddenly, the baby stopped singing and started laughing.

Stopped singing, started laughing - compound predicates. The words sing, laugh are called action, while expressing the lexical meaning. The grammatical meaning is expressed by the words: stopped, started

Compound predicates are verbal and nominal.

Compound verb predicate

A compound verbal predicate is a predicate consisting of an auxiliary word and an indefinite form of the verb. Examples:

He finished working.

I want to help you.

Auxiliary words are divided into two groups:

1) verbs with the meaning of the beginning-continuation-end of the action, for example: start, finish, continue, stop, stop;

2) verbs and short adjectives with the meaning of possibility, desirability, necessity: to be able, to be able, to want, to want, to desire, to strive, to try; glad, ready, must, obligated, intends.

In a compound verbal predicate, auxiliary words express the grammatical meaning, and the indefinite form of the verb expresses the lexical meaning of the predicate.

In the event that a short adjective serves as an auxiliary word, then it is used with a bunch. The link is the verb to be. Here are the relevant past tense examples:

I was so glad to meet you!

In the present tense, the word is is not used, it is omitted: the link is zero, for example:

I'm so glad to meet you!

In the future tense, the link to be is put in the future tense. Example:

I will be glad to meet you.

Compound nominal predicate

A compound nominal is a predicate consisting of a linking verb and a nominal part. Linking verbs express the grammatical meaning of the predicate, and the nominal part expresses its lexical meaning.

1. The linking verb to be expresses only grammatical meaning. She was beautiful yesterday. In the present tense, the link is zero: She is beautiful.

2. Linking verbs to become, to become, to become, to be, to be considered, to seem, to be called, to appear: The house from afar seemed like a point.

3. Linking verbs with the meaning of movement or location in space: come, arrive, sit, lie down, stand: Mother returned tired from work., Mother sat thoughtful, sad.

In all these cases, linking verbs can be replaced by the verb to be. The sentences will be synonymous, for example:

Mother sat pensive, sad. Synonymous: Mother was thoughtful, sad.

He was considered the most talented of us. Synonymous: He was the most talented of us.

With such a replacement, of course, all the nuances of the meaning are not transmitted. Therefore, the language offers various linking verbs that emphasize different shades of meaning.

Combinations of a linking verb with auxiliary words are possible: She dreamed of becoming an actress.

The nominal part of the compound nominal predicate

The nominal part of the compound nominal predicate is expressed in Russian in different ways, and, paradoxically, not only by names. Although the most common and characteristic is the use of names as a nominal part of a compound nominal predicate: nouns, adjectives, numerals. Naturally, names can be replaced by pronouns. And since the role of adjectives and participles is similar, participles can also act along with adjectives. Adverbs and adverbial combinations are also possible in the nominal part. Examples:

1) noun: Mother is a doctor., Anastasia will be an actress.,

2) adjective: He grew up strong and handsome.,

3) numeral: Twice two four.,

4) pronoun: You will be mine., Who was nobody, he will become everything ("International"),

5) communion: The composition turned out to be lost., The daughter was finally cured.,

6) adverb and adverbial combination: The shoes were just right., The trousers turned out to be just right.

The nominal part can contain not only separate words, but also syntactically indivisible phrases. Examples:

She ran into the room with a cheerful face.
She sat with thoughtful eyes.

You can’t say: She ran in with a face., She sat with her eyes., Because phrases with a cheerful face and thoughtful eyes are syntactically indivisible - this is the nominal part of the compound nominal predicate.

test of strength

Find out how you understood the contents of this chapter.

Final test

1. What members of the proposal are considered the main ones?

   • subject and object
   • definition, circumstance and addition
   • subject and predicate

2. Can the subject be expressed by words derived from adjectives or participles: head, sick, in love?

3. Can the subject be expressed in phrases, for example: we are with friends?

4. What is the subject of the sentence: Any of you can prepare for the exam and successfully pass it.?

   • any
   • any of you

5. What characteristics are included in the grammatical meaning of the sentence?

   • reality - unreality and time
   • type and time

6. Is it true that a simple verbal predicate is a predicate whose lexical and grammatical meaning is expressed by one verb?

7. Is it true that a compound predicate is a special type of predicate in which the lexical and grammatical meanings are expressed in different words?

8. I can't help you.?

   • simple verb
   • compound verb
   • compound nominal

9. What is the predicate in the sentence: He was always taken seriously.?

   • simple verb
   • compound verb
   • compound nominal

10. What is the predicate in the sentence: Two by two is four.?

    • simple verb
    • compound verb
    • compound nominal

In this article, we will talk about the types of predicates, dwell in detail on the compound nominal and its connectives, give examples.

As you know, the grammatical basis of the entire sentence is the predicate and the subject - the main members. The predicate usually agrees in person, gender and number with the subject. It expresses the grammatical meaning of the indicative, imperative or conditional mood.

3) compound nominal predicate (see examples below).

They are divided according to two principles. The types of predicates are classified as follows:

In the first case, such types as simple and compound are separated. The latter includes compound nominal and verbal predicates. Based on the second principle, nominal and verbal are distinguished. The nominal part of the compound predicate can be expressed by an adjective, a noun and an adverb. These divisions overlap. So, a verbal predicate can be compound or simple, but a nominal predicate is always compound.

A simple verbal predicate, which, as you will see, has some nuances in its definition, expresses the verb in conjugated form, that is, used in the form of a mood (indicative, conditional, or imperative). It also includes such options that do not have a formal indicator of time, mood and subordination to the subject. These are truncated forms of the verb (hvat, tol, bam, etc.), as well as the infinitive used in the meaning of the indicative mood. In addition, a simple verbal predicate can be represented by a phraseological phrase, as well as a conjugated form of the verb + a modal particle (come on, yes, let it, let it be, as it were, exactly, as if, just now, etc.)

As already mentioned, the nominal type is always compound, including those cases when it is represented by only one word form. Despite the fact that there is only one word expressing it, in such sentences there is a compound nominal predicate. Examples are as follows: “He is young. He is worried about work, worries.

Such predicates always have two components. The first is a link that expresses the predicative categories of time and modality. The second is the linking part, it indicates the real main content of this type of predicate.

The doctrine of the link in the Russian science of syntax has been developed in detail. The peculiarity of the traditional approach is that this term is understood widely. A bunch, firstly, is called the word "to be", the only meaning of which is an indication of time and modality. Secondly, it is called verbs with a modified and weakened to some extent meaning, which express not only predicative categories, but also put material content into such a predicate.

Compare examples: he was sad - he seemed (became) sad - he returned sad.

In the first sentence, the link "to be" is abstract, it is a function word, a formant, which has grammatical forms of tense and mood, which is typical for a verb. However, it is not a verb because it does not have a procedural action or sign, as well as a category of aspect, which any of them has.

In other examples, connectives of a different type are presented - significant and semi-significant. The latter contribute the meaning of the occurrence of a feature (become / become), its preservation (remain / remain), external detection (appear / appear), the inclusion of an external carrier (pass through / be heard, be called, be considered) in a compound nominal predicate.

Examples can be given as follows: he became smart - he remained smart - he seemed smart - he was reputed to be smart.

Significant connectives are verbs with a specific, specific meaning (mostly denoting movement or being in one state or another). They are able to attach to themselves either a noun in etc. with the meaning of a qualitative characteristic, or an adjective in the form T.p. or I.p.

Sentences with a compound nominal predicate with significant connectives can be cited as an example of the following:

The connective “to be”, being abstract, does not have the form of the present tense in the indicative mood, therefore its expression in this mood is the very absence of the connective. Such sentences, oddly enough, also have a compound nominal predicate. Examples:

The verb "to be" should be distinguished from the copula, which has two meanings:

1. To be, to be present (We were in the theater. At that time there were many performances).

The words “essence” and “is”, which go back to the present tense forms of the third person of the verb “to be”, are considered in modern language to be auxiliary words, namely, particles.

The absence of a link is called its zero form. This definition was formulated by A. M. Peshkovsky, it was the first attempt to study syntactic phenomena in a paradigmatic aspect. The introduction of this concept means that the syntactic construction (that is, the predicative basis of some nominal two-part sentence) is studied not as such in isolation, but in a certain series. This is illustrated by the following examples:

We have considered such types of predicates as simple verbal and compound nominal. Let us now dwell in more detail on the compound verb predicate. It has two components - the infinitive and the conjugated verb form. The latter, with its grammatical form and lexical meaning, expresses the temporal, modal and aspectual characteristics of some action, which is indicated by the infinitive. The infinitive can be attached to itself by verbs belonging to several semantic groups (wanted to work, started working, came to work, forced to work).

A compound predicate, according to grammatical tradition, is not any combination with a conjugated infinitive. In order to be able to talk about it, two requirements must be met:

1. The infinitive in such a predicate does not denote any action, but only a certain substance, the same as the conjugated verb form, that is, some object called the subject.

Examples include the following. On the one hand, he wanted to work, he began to work, he can work, he knows how to work. On the other hand, his parents forced him to work, everyone asked the girl to sing, the boss ordered him to complete the task. In the first case, in which compound verbal predicates are presented, it is customary to call the infinitive subjective, since it denotes the action of some substance, the same as the conjugated verbal form. In the second case, there is an objective infinitive, which is traditionally not included in the compound predicate, but is referred to as a secondary member.

2. Determining the boundaries of the compound predicate, one should take into account the nature that the semantic relations between the infinitive and the conjugated verb form have. The infinitive with the meaning of purpose is not included in it. It has such a meaning with various verbs of motion: I came to work, I went to chat, I ran to find out, they sent me to find out. The infinitive of purpose (which, as is clear from the examples, can be either objective or subjective) is the minor term. Only compounds of the infinitive with verbs that are most abstract in meaning (with modal and phase ones) should be considered as a compound predicate.

The compound verbal predicate is thus understood as a designation of an action, some procedural feature, which is characterized in the aspectual (started to work) or modal (wanted to work) plan, or simultaneously in both of them (wanted to start working).

We examined the main types of predicates, dwelling in detail on the compound nominal and the various connectives that are present in it. This is only a brief overview of the topic, more information can be found in any grammar textbook in the section on syntax.

Predicate- this is the main member of the sentence, which usually agrees with the subject (in number, person or gender) and has the meaning expressed in questions: what does the subject do? what happens to him? what is he? what is he? who is he?

The predicate expresses the grammatical meaning of one of the moods (indicative mood - present, past, future tense; conditional mood, imperative mood).

Simple verbal predicate. Compound verbal predicate - CGS. Compound nominal predicate - SIS

Simple verb predicate (PGS)

Ways of expressing a simple verbal predicate

A gloomy morning comes.
A gloomy morning came.
Sergei will enter the theater school.
He would gladly go to the countryside.
Write down your homework.

3. Interjectional verb forms (truncated forms of the verb like bam, grab, jump)

4. Phraseological turnover with the main word - a verb in conjugated form

The team won the championship.
He's chasing the bastard again.

5. Verb in conjugated form + modal particle ( yes, let, let, let's, let's, it was like, like, like, like, exactly, hardly, almost, just and etc.)

Let me go with you.
Let him go with his father.
May you have sweet dreams.
He started to walk towards the door, but suddenly stopped.
The room seemed to smell of burning.
He seemed to be paralyzed with fear.
He nearly died of grief.
He just did not somersault, trying to make the audience laugh.
He almost passed out with joy.

Compound predicates are predicates in which the lexical meaning and grammatical meaning (time and mood) are expressed in different words. The lexical meaning is expressed in the main part, and the grammatical meaning (time and mood) is expressed in the auxiliary part.

Wed: He sang(PGS). - He started to sing(GHS); He was sick for two months(PGS). - He was sick for two months(SIS).

The compound verb predicate (CGS) consists of two parts:

a) the auxiliary part (the verb in conjugated form) expresses the grammatical meaning (time and mood);
b) the main part (the indefinite form of the verb - the infinitive) expresses the lexical meaning.

CGS = auxiliary verb + infinitive. For example: I started to sing; I want to sing; I'm afraid to sing.

However, not every combination of a conjugated verb with an infinitive is a compound verbal predicate! In order for such a combination to be a compound verbal predicate, two conditions must be met:

The auxiliary verb must be lexically ambiguous, that is, it alone (without the infinitive) is not enough to understand what the sentence is about.

If in the combination “verb + infinitive” the verb is significant, then it alone is a simple verbal predicate, and the infinitive is a secondary member of the sentence.

The action of the infinitive must refer to the subject (this is the subject infinitive). If the action of the infinitive refers to another member of the sentence (objective infinitive), then the infinitive is not part of the predicate, but is a minor member.

Wed:
1. I want to sing. I want to sing- compound verb predicate ( want - I, sing I will – I).
2. I asked her to sing. Requested- simple verbal predicate sing- addition ( asked - I, sing will - she is).

Compound nominal predicate (CIS) consists of two parts:

a) ancillary part - bundle(verb in conjugated form) expresses grammatical meaning (time and mood);
b) the main part - nominal part(name, adverb) expresses lexical meaning.

Examples: He was a doctor; He became a doctor; He was sick; He was sick; He was wounded; He came first.

Verb be can act as an independent simple verbal predicate in sentences with the meaning of being or having:

Verbs become, become, become etc. can also be independent simple verbal predicates, but in a different meaning:

The most difficult to analyze are compound nominal predicates with a significant copula, because usually such verbs are independent predicates (cf.: He was sitting by the window). If the verb becomes a link, then its meaning is less important than the meaning of the name associated with the verb ( He sat tired; more important is that he was tired, not what is he sitting, not stood or lay).

For the combination "significant verb + name" to be a compound nominal predicate, the following conditions must be met:

the significant verb can be replaced by the grammatical connective be:

He sat tired - He was tired; He was born happy - He was happy; He came first - He was first;

He sat tired - He is tired; He was born happy - He is happy; He came first - He is the first.

If the verb has dependent forms of the full adjective, participle, ordinal number (answers the question which?), then it is always a compound nominal predicate ( sat tired, left upset, came first). The parts of such a compound nominal predicate are not separated by commas!

2) short adjectives and participles are always part of a compound nominal predicate;

3) nominative and instrumental cases - the main case forms of the nominal part of the predicate;

4) the nominal part of the predicate can be expressed as a whole phrase in the same cases as the subject.

1. The short form of the adjective and especially the participle is taken as a verb, so the predicate is mistakenly considered a simple verb. In order not to be mistaken, put the predicate in the past tense: the suffix -l appears in the verb, and the short adjective or participle will have the link was ( was, was, were).

For example:
He's sick(PGS). - He was sick ;
He is sick(SIS). - He was sick ;
City taken(SIS). - The city was taken .

2. The short adjective of the middle gender (the nominal part of the predicate) is confused with the adverb in -o. In order not to be mistaken, pay attention to the form of the subject:

if there is no subject (one-part sentence), then the nominal part of the predicate is an adverb.

if the subject is an infinitive, a feminine, masculine noun, a plural noun, then the nominal part of the predicate is an adverb:

Living is good; Life is good; Children are good;

if the subject is a neuter noun, change the number of the subject or substitute another subject - a feminine or masculine noun: the form of the adverb will not change; the ending of the short adjective will change; you can also replace the short adjective with a full one.

Wed: The sea is calm(SIS; the nominal part is expressed by a short adjective). - The river is calm; The seas are calm; The sea is calm).

3. The nominal part of the predicate, expressed by the full adjective, participle, ordinal number, is mistakenly parsed as a minor member - a definition. In order not to be mistaken, pay attention to the word from which the question is raised what? to the given name.

If the question is posed from the subject or object, then this is the definition.

Wed: She had red(which?) the dress ; red- definition.

If question which? is placed from the verb, then this is the nominal part of the predicate.

Wed: Her dress was(which?) red ; red- the nominal part of the predicate.

If there is no verb in the sentence, then pay attention to the word order:

the attribute usually comes before the subject-noun.

the nominal part of the predicate usually comes after the subject-noun.

4. The nominal part of the predicate, expressed by a noun, a pronoun in the nominative case, is often confused with the subject. It is especially difficult to distinguish between the subject and the predicate if both members are expressed in the nominative case.

To distinguish between subject and predicate expressed in the nominative case, consider the following:

However, in Russian, the predicate can also precede the subject.

the demonstrative particle it stands or can be placed before the predicate:

Moscow is the capital of Russia; Moscow is the capital of Russia; Ivan Ivanovich is a good person.

note that in sentences like: This is good; This is my brother – This is a subject expressed by a demonstrative pronoun in the nominative case;

the subject can only be expressed in the nominative case; the predicate has two main case forms - the nominative and instrumental cases. If you put in a sentence a bunch of be in the past tense ( was, was, was, were) or a bunch of appear, then the form of the nominative case of the predicate will change to the form of the instrumental, and for the subject it will remain the same.

Wed: Moscow was the capital of Russia; Moscow is the capital of Russia; Ivan Ivanovich was a good man to them; Ivan Ivanovich is a good man om.

1. Specify the type of predicate.
2. Indicate how the nominal part is expressed, in what form the linking verb is.

Good well expressed in an adverb; grammatical link be

Came first- compound nominal predicate. Nominal part first expressed by the ordinal number in the nominative case; significant link came expressed by the verb in the past tense of the indicative mood.

Medium height- compound nominal predicate. Nominal part medium height expressed as a whole phrase with the main word - a noun in the genitive case; grammatical link be– in zero form; zero connective indicates the present tense of the indicative mood.

> Read also other topics chapter 1 "The grammatical basis of the sentence":

> Go to the table of contents of section 1 “A simple sentence” of the book “Russian language course. Syntax and punctuation"

Compound nominal predicate (grade 8), along with the subject, is one of the main members of the sentence. As you know, there are three types of predicates: simple verbal predicate, compound verbal predicate, compound nominal predicate. A simple verb is expressed by one full-valued word or a related phrase. The compound verb predicate has two parts: the infinitive and the verb. What is a compound nominal predicate? To begin with, we note that it is studied in the 8th grade, it consists of two parts: a bundle and a nominal part.

Bundle expresses modality and category of time. Most often, the following verbs can act as a link:

• The verb to be in all categories of tense. Do not forget that this verb in the present tense turns into a zero connective;
• verbs become, appear, become, etc.;
• verbs with a categorical meaning of an action or process: arrive, return, stand, leave, reach, swim, fly away, come, etc .;

• Katerina is excited and energized by the unforeseen circumstances that have arisen on her way home. I'll be the first just for the sake of being better than you. If you become a good boy, I might take you to the circus with me.
• It was getting cold outside, so we returned to the house. You turned out to be a two-faced person, because you wanted to quarrel everyone. It becomes fun from those memories of bygone days.
• Leave this doctor healthy. My husband will arrive tomorrow by plane via Moscow on a direct flight.

The compound nominal predicate has several types of connections, which are markedly different from each other:

• The link is abstract, represented by the verb to be. This verb has the only function - the expression of grammatical meaning, that is, the categories of time, mood, gender, number. The main thing to keep in mind when defining a compound nominal predicate with a zero link is that in the form of the present tense this link is not materially expressed, but only implied. For example, in a sentence: she is a doctor with great experience, but little ambition. The main members are highlighted in the sentence: she is the subject, expressed by the pronoun, the doctor is a compound nominal predicate, with the zero connective omitted to be. The link in the present tense form in the compound nominal predicate is omitted because in Russian, unlike English, it is not customary to say this: she is a doctor with great experience, but little ambition. This is unsound.

In past and future tenses, the verb to be expressed clearly. Same context: she was a doctor with a lot of experience but little ambition and she will be a doctor with a lot of experience but little ambition. Compound nominal predicates with an abstract connective to be are highlighted in the sentences. A few words about the form of the subjunctive mood, when using it, the particle would be added to the abstract connective to be. Suggestion: she would be a doctor with a lot of experience but little ambition.

• Ligament semi-abstract, is represented by the verbs to appear, seem, turn out, appear, become, etc. The peculiarity of semi-significant connectives is that they carry not only a grammatical component, but also help in expressing the meaning of the nominal part of the predicate. Suggestion: she turned out to be a doctor with a lot of experience, but little ambition.
• Ligament significant, expressed in words of action, movement, any process. For example, we include such verbs as sit, lie down, hear, think, read, walk, breathe, run, swim, wash, undress, speak, etc. These connectives express specific lexical and grammatical meanings. Suggestions: Geese in the yard walked important, as if the owners of the whole farmstead. He served as an ensign on the border for many years.

• noun in the nominative or instrumental case;
• adjective in a comparative, positive degree;
• adjective in short form;
• participle;
• adverb;
• pronoun.

• Summer days are getting shorter. Today you look better than yesterday. I'll be later, you don't have to wait for me for dinner. (adjective in comparative degree).
• She is the decoration of this evening (noun in the instrumental form).
• Aunt Masha seemed very sad to me. This summer has been unusually cold. The flowers you gave for the holiday were very beautiful. (adjective in a positive degree).
• This child is sometimes completely unbearable. The man living on the floor above is extraordinarily rich. Honey collected from your apiary is so sweet. (abbreviated adjective).
• All the mistakes made while writing the dictation were mine (possessive pronoun).
• I suddenly became afraid. It was rather strange (adverb).

• She is a highly educated teacher.
• Yura will become a driver after completing his studies.
• The dress that mother bought Nina for graduation was polka dots.
• The defendant's actions were unfounded.
• The video tutorial was weak, so there was no benefit from it.
• Masha seemed to be two heads taller than her classmates, so she looked overgrown.
• Linar is the strongest pull-up in the class, so it makes no sense to fight him.
• There was a lot of noise in the classroom, so the teacher seemed tired.
• As bitter as it was, I had to confirm that this briefcase was mine.
• Katerina was sixth in line for bread.
• She is the worst student in the class.

Thus, the compound nominal predicate is studied in grade 8, along with other types of predicate: simple verb and compound verb. Its feature is the presence of two parts: ligament and nominal part. The problem of modern school education lies in the fact that sometimes students do not have time to fully understand the essence of the types of predicates in the classroom, as a result, it is impossible to find and determine one of the main members of the sentence. You can deal with this problem in different ways, for example, work with a tutor or watch accessible and simple video tutorials on the Internet.

obrazovanie.guru

Predicate(in syntax) - the main member of the sentence, associated with the subject and answering the questions: “what does the object (or person) do?”, “what happens to it?”, “what is it?”, “what is it?”, “ who is he?" etc. The predicate denotes the action or state of objects and persons that are expressed by the subject. The predicate is most often expressed by a verb that agrees with the subject, but often the predicate is also expressed by other parts of speech (nouns, adjectives, participles, numerals, pronouns, adverbs, indivisible phrases).

When parsing a sentence, the predicate is underlined by two lines.

A simple verbal predicate is a predicate expressed by one verb in any mood:

• Wind sways grass.
• The sun fled behind the cloud.
• I I'll go in the forest.
• He would go in town.
• You to me write mail right away!
• In the shadows for a long time heard whisper.

The compound predicate is verbal and nominal. It consists of two parts: a copula and a verbal or nominal part.

A compound verb predicate consists of a connective part and an indefinite form of the verb. Answers questions what does it do? what to do? what have you been doing? The linking part can be:

• phase verb (start, continue, become, quit);
• modal word (wants, ready, forced, maybe not able).

He wants to enroll in the Institute.
I long could not with them meet.
You gotta learn.
I was unable to think about it.

A compound nominal predicate is a predicate that consists of a nominal part and a linking verb.

The most commonly used is the linking verb. be, are less commonly used, but other linking verbs are possible.

When parsing, the predicate is indicated by two horizontal lines.

The nominal part of the compound predicate is expressed in different ways:

PREDICATE- PREDICIAL, predicate, cf. 1. One of the two main members of the sentence, which contains a statement, making the expression of thought complete (gram.). Simple predicate. Compound predicate. In the sentence the factory works, the word works is a predicate. 2 ... Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov

predicate- predicate, word. Ant. subject, subject Dictionary of Russian synonyms. predicate adj. predicate Dictionary of Russian synonyms. Context 5.0 Informatics. 2012 ... Synonym dictionary

PREDICATE- (predicate) one of the main members of the sentence. In a two-part sentence, the predicate correlates with the subject and expresses its actions, properties, states ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

PREDICATE- PREDICIAL, wow, cf. In grammar: the main member of the sentence, denoting the attribute of the subject, named in the subject, and together with the subject forming the grammatical basis of a simple sentence. | adj. predicative, oh, oh. Explanatory Dictionary ... ... Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary

Predicate- PREDICATE or predicate. The term S. is used in different meanings: 1. psychological S. or S. (predicate) of the judgment is what is thought about the subject of the judgment or about the so-called. psychological subject (see Subject), i.e. the representation that ... Dictionary of literary terms

predicate- The main member of a two-part sentence, grammatically dependent on the subject, denoting an active or passive sign of the subject that is expressed by the subject. Simple verbal predicate. Compound verb predicate. Nominal compound ... Dictionary of linguistic terms

Predicate- The predicate is one of the two main members of the sentence, in which the message is expressed; correlates with the subject and is connected with it by a predicative relation (see Predicate, Sentence). The dominant element (usually a verb) of the composition of the predicate (predicate ... Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary

predicate- the main member of the sentence, meaning an event. It is expressed by a verb (a simple verbal predicate), as well as a noun, an adjective, an adverb (a compound nominal predicate); cf .: He is yearning / He is in anguish / The year was successful. Compound verb ... ... Literary encyclopedia

predicate- wow; cf. Lingu. One of the two main members of a sentence, denoting the action or state of the subject expressed by the subject. Subject and s. Simple, complex with. Verb s. ? Predicative, oh, oh. With th value. With th use of the word. ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary

predicate- The main member of a two-part sentence, correlative with the subject, grammatically subordinate to it. The formal dependence of the predicate on the subject is manifested in the predicative connection: So the moon has risen. The ideal means of expressing the predicate is ... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal

The grammatical basis of the sentence. The concept of the main members of the proposal

The grammatical basis of a sentence consists of a subject and a predicate.

The grammatical basis expresses the grammatical meanings of the sentence. They are connected with the meanings of moods and tense of the verb-predicate.

Troops move to the front.

(The action is actually happening and takes place in the present tense).

Yesterday he came to us.

(The action actually happened, but in the past tense).

Would you talk to your mother, Ivan!

(The action is not realized in reality, but desired by the speaker).

The subject and predicate are called the main members of the sentence, because all the minor members in the sentence directly or indirectly extend them.

We show the dependence of the minor terms on the main ones in the following diagram:

The astonished Varenukha silently handed him an urgent telegram..

The subject as a member of the sentence. Subject forms

The subject is the main member of the sentence, which denotes the subject of speech and answers the questions of the nominative case who? or what?

The subject in Russian can be expressed in different ways, sometimes in "unusual" forms. The following table will help determine the correct subject.

The main ways of expressing the subject.

Part of speech in subject position
Noun in and. P.	Language reflects the soul of a people.
Pronoun in i. P.	He left. Who was there? It is right. This is my brother (when asked: who is this?) The house, which was barely standing, belonged to a forester. (Here, pay attention to the subject in the subordinate clause.) The sparks that flew from the fire seemed white. (Here, pay attention to the subject in the subordinate clause.) Someone has come. Everyone fell asleep.
Infinitive	Being honest is only half the battle. To understand means to sympathize. Smoking is injurious to health.
A combination of words (one of which is in I. p.)	We used to go there often. Two clouds float across the sky.
Combination of words without and. P.	It's been about an hour.

Predicate as a member of a sentence. Predicate types

The predicate is the main member of the sentence, which is associated with the subject of a special connection and has a meaning expressed in questions, what does the subject of speech do? what happens to him? what is he? what is he? who is he? and etc.

The predicate in Russian is simple and compound. A simple (simple verbal) predicate is expressed by one verb in the form of some mood.

Compound predicates are expressed in several words, one of them serves to connect with the subject, while the semantic load falls on the others. In other words, in compound predicates, lexical and grammatical meanings are expressed in different words.

(Verb was colonel

(Verb started serves to connect with the subject, on the word work the semantic load of the predicate falls.)

Among compound predicates, there are compound verbal and compound nominal predicates.

Learn more about predicate types. Simple verb predicate

A simple verbal predicate is expressed by one verb in the form of some mood.

It can be expressed in the following forms of the verb:

The present and past tenses of the verb.
The future tense of the verb.
Forms of the conditional and imperative mood of the verb.

We emphasize that in the case of you will be expected tomorrow, the simple verb predicate is expressed by the compound form of the future tense of the verb wait.

Compound verb predicate

A compound verbal predicate consists of two components - an auxiliary verb that serves to connect with the subject and expresses the grammatical meaning of the predicate, and an indefinite form of the verb that expresses its main lexical meaning and carries the main semantic load.

(Here it began - this is an auxiliary verb, and gnaw is an indefinite form of a verb that carries a semantic load.)

(Here I don’t want to - this is an auxiliary verb, and to offend is an indefinite form of a verb that carries a semantic load.)

The role of an auxiliary verb can be a combination of some short adjectives (should, glad, ready, obliged, etc.) and a linking service verb to be in the form of one of the moods (in the present tense, this link is omitted).

(here the linkage will be omitted).

So, let's imagine the structure of the compound verbal predicate by the formula:

CONST. VERB SKAZ. = AUX. VERB + UNDETERMINATED THE FORM

Compound nominal predicate

A compound nominal predicate consists of two components: a linking verb that serves to connect with the subject and expresses the grammatical meaning of the predicate, and a nominal part that expresses its main lexical meaning and carries the main semantic load.

(Here the connective verb will become, and the nominal part is expressed by the adjective viscous.)

(Here the connective verb will be, and the nominal part of the predicate is expressed by the noun handball player.)

Let's represent the structure of the compound nominal predicate by the formula:

CONST. NAME. SKAZ. = LINK. VERB + NOMINAL PART

The nominal part of the compound nominal predicate is expressed by the following parts of speech: noun, adjective (full and short, different forms of degrees of comparison), participle (full and short), numeral, pronoun, adverb, word of the category of state, verb in indefinite form.

In Russian, at least four main types of one-component sentences can be distinguished.

The main types of two-part sentences

Expression form of subject and predicate	Examples
The subject is expressed by a noun or a pronoun in the nominative case, the predicate is expressed by a certain form of the verb.
The subject is expressed by a noun or a pronoun in the nominative case, the predicate is expressed by a noun in the nominative case. In the past and future tense, a linking verb appears and the case in the predicate changes to instrumental.
The subject is expressed by the indefinite form of the verb or a phrase based on it, the predicate is also expressed by the indefinite form of the verb. Between the subject and the predicate, particles are possible, which means.
The subject is expressed by an indefinite form of the verb or a phrase based on it, the predicate is expressed by an adverb.
The subject is expressed by an indefinite form of the verb or a phrase based on it, the predicate is expressed by a noun in the nominative case or a phrase based on it. In the past and future tense, a linking verb appears and the case in the predicate changes to instrumental.
The subject is expressed by a noun in the nominative case, the predicate is expressed by an indefinite form of the verb or a phrase based on it. A linking verb appears in the past and future tenses.
The subject is expressed by a noun in the nominative case, the predicate is expressed by an adjective or participle (full or short) in the nominative case. In the past and future tense, a linking verb appears in the predicate.

Knowing the main types of two-part sentences, it is easier to find grammatical foundations in them.

The main types of one-part sentences

	Typical form and meaning
Nominative (naming) sentences	These are sentences where the main member is expressed by a noun or a noun pronoun in the nominative case. This main member is considered the subject and indicate that there is no predicate in the nominative sentence. Nominative sentences usually report that some phenomenon or object exists (has) in the present.	Large area in the city. Here is the bench.
Definitely personal suggestions	The predicate is expressed by the verb in the form of 1 or 2 persons. The ending of the verb in these cases clearly indicates the person and number of the pronoun (I, we, you, you). There is no need to use these pronouns as the subject.
Indefinitely personal sentences	The predicate is expressed by the verb in the form of the 3rd person plural (in the present and future tense) or in the plural form (in the past tense). In such sentences, the action itself is important, and the actor is either unknown or not important to the speaker, so the subject is absent in them.
impersonal proposals	These are sentences in which there is not and cannot be a subject, since they denote actions and states that are thought to occur “by themselves”, without the participation of an active agent. In form, these sentences are divided into two types: with a verbal predicate and with a predicate - the word of the state category. The verbal predicate is expressed by the verb in the form of the 3rd person singular (in the present and future tense) or in the form of the neuter singular (in the past tense). This role is usually played by impersonal verbs or verbs in impersonal use. The verb predicate can also be expressed in the indefinite form of the verb.	In order not to freeze she is captured jacket.
	In addition, the predicate in an impersonal sentence can be the word no.	The owners are not at home.

Secondary members of the sentence: definition, addition, circumstance

All members of the sentence, except for the main ones, are called secondary.

Secondary members of the sentence are not included in the grammatical basis, but spread (explain) it. They can explain other secondary terms as well.

Let's demonstrate this with a diagram:

According to their meaning and role in the sentence, secondary members are divided into definition, addition and circumstance. These syntactic roles are identified by questions.

Valued (to what extent?) high- circumstance.

appreciated (what?) canvases- addition.

Canvases (whose?) his- definition.

Complement as a member of the proposal. Types of add-ons

The addition is a minor member of the sentence that answers the questions of indirect cases (i.e. all except the nominative) and designates the subject. The complement usually spreads the predicate, although it can also spread other members of the sentence.

I enjoy reading (what?) magazines. (Here the addition of the logs extends the predicate.)

Reading (what?) magazines is an exciting activity. (Here, the addition of logs propagates the subject.)

Supplements are most often expressed by nouns (or words in the function of nouns) and pronouns, but can also be represented by an indefinite form of the verb and phrases that are integral in meaning.

He shaved in the campaign (with what?) With a bayonet. (Here, the addition of a bayonet is expressed by a noun.)

This is understandable only to connoisseurs of (what?) Beauty. (Here the complement of the beautiful is expressed by the adjective as a noun.)

And I will ask you (about what?) to stay. (Here the object to remain is expressed in the indefinite form of the verb.)

He read (what?) many books. (Here, the addition of many books is expressed by a combination that is integral in meaning.)

Additions are either direct or indirect.

Direct objects are transitive verbs and denote the subject to which the action is directly directed. Direct objects are expressed in the accusative case without a preposition.

I don’t know when I will see my relatives now (v. p.).

These furnaces used to melt steel (vp).

All other additions are called indirect.

Play the piano (p. p.).

I put the bread on the table (c.p. with a pretext).

I was forbidden to worry (expressed in the indefinite form of the verb).

In Russian syntax, it is customary to distinguish three types (or types) of predicates: simple verb, compound verb, compound nominal. In this article, we will talk about the latter.

What does a compound nominal predicate consist of?

A compound nominal predicate is a predicate that includes a nominal part. But this is not its only part, because it is not by chance that it is called composite.

Although we call this predicate nominal, it does not always include those parts of speech that are called names (noun, adjective and numeral).

The nominal part expresses the main meaning of the predicate, but cannot convey important grammatical features: time, attitude to reality. Therefore, the second part is also present in the proposal. This is a linking verb that is in the correct form.

linking verb

Usually, the linking verb “to be” is used, which does not add any additional meaning to the sentence, but only makes a grammatical connection and expresses the grammatical features of the predicate: tense, mood.

In the present tense, the linking verb "to be" is omitted, but this does not mean that it does not exist. You just need to talk about the zero link.

Less often in sentences there are "semi-links": become, become, appear, etc.

Nominal part

The nominal part of the predicate can be expressed by almost anything: any part of speech, except for the gerund and the verb in a personal or impersonal form, as well as a phraseological unit and a syntactically indivisible combination. In this case, it does not convey the verbal meaning (action or state), but characterizes the subject in some very important aspect. In this case, the predicate answers questions "What it is?

”, “What?”, “What is reported about the subject?”

Here are examples of a nominal predicate with different ways of expressing the nominal part:

The cat is a pet.

Life is Beautiful !

Yegor became an agronomist.

The die is cast!

Porridge was licking your fingers.

How to distinguish the linking verb "to be" from the independent predicate "to be"?

The verb "to be" also has its own meaning, which scientists call "existential": it says that something is in reality. for example, "Oli had a scooter". This sentence states that Olya actually had a scooter. Here the verb "to be" is a simple verbal predicate.

It is actually not difficult to distinguish a knitting verb from an independent predicate. The linking verb in the present tense disappears, but the predicate, of course, remains. That is, it is enough to put the proposal at the present time, and everything becomes clear.

Consider our example.

Olya had a scooter. - Olya has a scooter.

Compare with a sentence in which the verb "to be" performs the function of a linking verb.

The scooter was red. - The scooter is red.

The link is zero. Before us is a compound verb predicate.

Which sentences contain a compound nominal predicate?

Compound nominal predicates are found in any two-part sentences, including those complicated by homogeneous or isolated members: The house has been restored. The house has been restored and is up for sale.(complicated by homogeneous predicates). House by the river restored(complicated by a separate definition).