Word-building and formative morphemes.

It should be clearly distinguished related words and various forms of the same word. Related words have a common root, in connection with this they are called single-root. Οʜᴎ can denote different objects and phenomena ( pilot, departure, flight, rally, flyer), features ( flying, flying, migratory, flying), actions ( fly in, fly in, fly out, fly over). All these derivative words were formed from the same root (-years-) with the help of derivational affixes. Service morphemes, with the help of which new words are formed from non-derivative or derived stems, are called word-forming. These include attachments departure, schoolyard, run across), suffixes ( glacier, ice, sea), connecting vowels in compound words ( garbage chute, sailor).

Word-building affixes have a lexical meaning, although it appears in the most general form. For example, the suffix -ist- in the word tractor driver acts as a suffix of the acting person. However, the suffix -ist - a non-ĸᴏᴛᴏᴩᴏᴇ grammatical meaning is also inherent, since it indicates the part of speech to which the given word belongs, as well as the gender (masculine noun).

Another thing formative affixes. Οʜᴎ serve to express only the grammatical meaning of the word, i.e., with the help of formative affixes, not different words are formed, different forms of the same same words. A word form is a grammatical variation of the same word. Education such as do, do, do, do, do, do, do, do are different forms of the same word.

So, according to their function, affixes are divided into derivational(derivative) and shaping(or inflectional, relational).

In the Russian language, with its wealth of grammatical categories (case, number, gender, tense, aspect, mood, etc.), formative morphemes are widely used to express the grammatical meaning of words.

The ending is the most common formative morpheme. By changing the form of a word, we do not violate its lexical meaning, since the lexical meaning, for example, in I. p. and in oblique cases is the same.

Sometimes the forms of a word are also expressed with the help of some formative suffixes. For example, the suffix -owey- in the word sons (sons) means pl. number, therefore, it is formative. Suffix -in- in some words expresses only singularity ( Slav, Armenian, Tatar, tradesman, master). That's why in many number in these words suffix -in- disappears ( Slavs, Armenians, Tatars, petty bourgeois, owners). This indicates that the suffix -in- in such cases, it is formative (and is not part of the base).

The suffix is ​​also formative. -ya- , which has lost the meaning of collectiveness and expresses many. number (eg. friend - friends, leaf - leaves, shred - shreds and etc.).

Suffixes can also be classified as formative suffixes. -es-, -en-, -er-, without which the formation of certain words is impossible and which in modern Russian are perceived as extensions during the formation of plurals. number and indirect cases, for example: miracle / o - miracle / eu / a, neb / o - neb / esa, name - im / en / and, banner - sign / en / and, mother - mat / er / and, daughter - daughter / er / and

Word-building and formative morphemes. - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Derivational and formative morphemes." 2017, 2018.

Postfix

A postfix is ​​a morpheme that comes after an ending and usually serves to form new words.

There are few postfixes in Russian. The most common is -sya, which serves to form verbs (learn, get carried away, conjugate). The postfix -sya has a variant -sya, in the personal forms of the verb, speaking after vowels (I'm studying, I got carried away, I conjugated). In addition, there are postfixes -something, -or, -something, which serve to form indefinite pronouns and pronominal adverbs, for example: some, someone, someone; somehow, somewhere, sometime. These postfixes are written with a hyphen.

morphemic prefix suffix

Formative morphemes: ending, formative suffix

Formative morphemes serve to form word forms and are divided into endings and formative suffixes.

Formative morphemes, like other types of morphemes, necessarily have a meaning. But these are meanings of a different kind than those of roots or word-forming morphemes: endings and formative suffixes express the grammatical meanings of a word - abstract meanings abstracted from the lexical meanings of words (gender, person, number, case, inclination, time, degrees of comparison, etc.).

The ending

The ending is a changeable morpheme that serves to connect words in a phrase and sentence and forms the form of a word, expressing the meanings of gender, number, person and case. For example, in the noun of the table, the ending -a expresses the meaning of the masculine singular of the genitive case, in the verb reads the ending -et expresses the meaning of the 3rd person singular. The ending can be zero: table (cf. table [a]), good (cf. good [s]), read (cf. read [and]).

Only modified words have endings. Functional words, adverbs, invariable nouns and adjectives have no endings. Changed words do not have endings in those grammatical forms that do not have the indicated grammatical meanings (gender, person, number, case), that is, the infinitive and gerund.

Some compound nouns and compound numerals have several endings. This can be easily seen when changing these words: tr-and-st-a, tr-ex-sot-, sofa-bed-, sofa-a-bed-and.

The end may be null. It stands out from the modified word if there is a certain grammatical meaning, but it is not materially expressed. A null ending is a significant absence of an ending, an absence that carries certain information about the form in which the word is. Thus, the ending -a in the form table-a shows that this word is in the genitive case, -u in table-u indicates the dative case. The absence of an ending in the form of a table indicates that this is a nominative or accusative case, that is, it carries information that is meaningful. It is in such cases that the zero ending is allocated in the word.

You must not confuse words with a zero ending and words in which there are no and cannot be endings - immutable words. Only inflected words can have a null ending, that is, words that have non-zero endings in other forms.

Zero endings are widely represented in the language and occur in nouns, adjectives and verbs in the following positions:

• 1) masculine nouns of the 2nd declension in I. p. (V. p.) singular: boy - I. p., table - I. / V. p.;
• 2) feminine nouns of the 3rd declension in I. p. (V. p.) singular: night;
• 3) nouns of all genders in R. p. plural: countries, soldiers, swamps.

But in this position, non-zero endings can also be represented: night-she - articles- . The correctness of parsing such words is achieved by declining the word. If the sound [th "] disappears during declination, then it belongs to the ending: night-her, night-ami. If [th"] is traced in all cases, then it refers to the basis: articles - become [th" -a] - become [th "-a] mi. As we can see, in these forms the sound [th "] is not expressed at the literal level, it is “hidden” in an iotized vowel. In this case, it is necessary to identify and designate this sound. "], "hidden" in an iotized vowel with the help of й, entered without brackets in the right place: articles-yami.

A fairly common mistake is to determine the endings of words ending in -iya, -е, -й. The impression is incorrect that these sound complexes are endings. Two-letter endings in the initial form are present only for those nouns that are substantiated adjectives or participles. Compare:

genius, genius-I, genius-yu - plot-th, plot-th, plot-th

army-ya, army-she - tables-th, tables-oh, etc.

• 4) short singular masculine adjectives: handsome, smart;
• 5) possessive adjectives in I. p. (V. p.) singular; despite the external similarity of the declension, qualitative and possessive have a different morphemic structure in these cases.
• 6) a verb in the form of the masculine singular in the past tense of the indicative mood and in the conditional mood: dela-l- (by) - cf.: dela-l-a, dela-l-i;
• 7) a verb in the imperative mood, where the zero ending expresses the meaning of the singular: write-and-, write-and-te;
• 8) in short participles, the zero ending, as in short adjectives, expresses the meaning of the masculine singular: read-n-

In this chapter:

§one. Morpheme

Morpheme is the smallest meaningful part of a word. It is not divided into smaller significant parts. Words are built from morphemes, while the meanings of morphemes are components of the general meaning of the word.

Morphemes are divided into derivational and inflectional (shaping).

Word-building morphemes serve to form words and help express the lexical meaning of a word.

Inflectional (formative) morphemes are needed to form the forms of modified words and express the grammatical meaning of words.

§2. Types of derivational morphemes

Word-forming morphemes include root, prefix, suffix and interfix.

Root- the main morpheme common to related words and expressing the main lexical meaning of the word.

Remember:

Words without a root in Russian are impossible.

In words house, house ik, house ische, ova house, earphone house, home gardening, house island there is a root house. In the given examples of compound words, this is the first of two roots. There can be several roots in a word, as can be seen from the example.

In Russian, there are words consisting only of the root. These are, first of all, service words: prepositions: on, to, above, unions: and, but, if, interjections: Oh, oh, hello, some adverbs: very, there, as well as immutable nouns: coffee, underground and adjectives: beige, khaki.

Prefix is a morpheme that occupies a position in the word before the root, for example with run, when you go, rethink. There can be several prefixes, as well as roots, in a word: demon with mental, imp by powerful.

Remember:

A word cannot consist only of a prefix.

Suffix- a morpheme that occupies a position in a word after the root, for example, human new, shore ow oh. In many Russian words, not one, but several suffixes: violence essentially, America an iz irova nn.

Remember:

A word cannot consist only of a suffix.

Somewhat special in the system of morphemes is interfix.
Interfixes in Russian include letters about and e as connecting vowels in compound words. Interfixes participate in word formation, but do not add their own meaning: warm about move, steam about WHO, myself about var.

§3. Types of formative morphemes

Form-building morphemes include, first of all, endings and suffixes.

The ending- this is a morpheme that serves to change the word, form its forms and express meanings: number, gender, case, person. Endings are needed to connect words in a sentence.
Only modified words have endings. Examples:

listening yu, listening, listening, listening, listening, listening

ch. present time of the 1st ref., forms of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd person singular. and plural. h.

dachas a, dacha, dacha, dacha, dacha, o dacha

noun 1st fold, female, unit h., im., genus., dates., wine., tv., p. pad.

Zero ending
The termination may be null, i.e. not expressed, not represented, but such an ending also carries information about the grammatical meaning.
Example: table - zero ending (n. m.r., 2nd skl., name = vin. fall.), read - zero ending (ch. past tense, m.r., pl.) .

Remember:

These words and these forms have zero endings:

• for nouns of the 2nd and 3rd cl. in the form of I.p. and V.p. in the singular, if their forms are the same, as in inanimate nouns: house, horse, mother, night
• for nouns of all declensions in the form R.p. in plural: cars, windows, soldiers, armies
• for short adjectives in singular form. m.r.: healthy, glad, happy
• in verbs in the indicative mood, past. time, units, m.r.: read, write, count
• for verbs in the form of the conditional mood, singular, m.p.: read, write, count would
• for verbs in the imperative mood singular: write, read, count
• in short passive participles in the singular form. m.r.: written, read

Do not confuse:

Zero ending and no ending for immutable words. This is a gross error, common in parsing.

Formative suffixes- these are morphemes that stand in the word after the root and serve to form the forms of the word. Examples: suffix of the indefinite form of the verb -th, -ti: chita be, id ti, past tense suffix -l: go l, imperative mood -and: see and, degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs -e:hush e.

We discuss the problem of interpretation.

Formative suffixes or endings?

Some authors consider formative suffixes as endings. Their logic is as follows: if a morpheme is used to form new words, this is a suffix, and if different forms of the same word are formed with the help of a morpheme, then these are endings. According to this logic, it turns out that the indicator of the past tense -l is the ending, and the indicator of the infinitive too. After all be in love and I loved It's the same word, only the forms are different.

I recommend that the guys not be surprised when they meet a new interpretation for themselves. Nothing can be done, there are issues on which researchers have not yet agreed. The main thing is to be consistent and always comment on controversial phenomena in the same way.

test of strength

Check your understanding of the contents of this chapter.

Final test

1. What is the smallest meaningful part of a word?

   • Morpheme

2. Is the meaning of the morpheme a component of the overall meaning of the word?

3. What morphemes serve to form words and help express the lexical meaning of a word?

   • word-building
   • Formative (inflectional)

4. What morpheme is common for related words and expresses the main lexical meaning of the word?

   • Root
   • Prefix
   • Suffix

5. Can a word consist only of a prefix?

6. Can a word consist only of a suffix?

7. What morpheme is used to express the meanings of person, gender, number, case?

   • Suffix
   • The ending

8. Why are interfixes needed?

   • For word formation
   • To pass a new value
   • For shaping

9. What morpheme is used to connect words in a sentence?

   • Root
   • Suffix
   • The ending

10. Do verbs have a conditional ending in the masculine singular?

Right answers:

1. Morpheme
2. word-building
3. Root
4. The ending
5. For word formation
6. The ending

In contact with

Non-root morphemes are divided into word-forming (word-forming) and form-forming (form-forming).

Word-forming non-root morphemes serve to form new words, morphemes, formative - to form word forms.

There are several terminological traditions in linguistics. The most common is the terminology in which all non-root morphemes are called affixes. Further, affixes are subdivided in it into derivational affixes and inflections. Another fairly authoritative tradition assigns the term affixes only to word-forming morphemes.

Word-forming morphemes are divided into prefixes and suffixes. They differ in their place in relation to the root and to other morphemes.

A prefix is ​​a derivational morpheme that precedes a root or another prefix (re-do, pre-pretty, by the seaside, in some places, re-do).

A derivational suffix is ​​a derivational morpheme that comes after the root (table-ik, red-e-t).

In linguistics, along with the suffix, a postfix is ​​also distinguished - a word-forming morpheme that stands after the ending or form-forming suffix (mind-th-sya, someone else).

Prefixes are more autonomous in word structure than suffixes:

1) prefixes can have a secondary, weaker stress in polysyllabic words: ultraviolet,

2) they do not cause grammatical alternations at the root, unlike suffixes that can cause similar alternations: hand-a - hand-to-a,

3) by adding a prefix alone, a word of another part of speech cannot be formed, unlike suffixes: the addition of a suffix can either not change the part of the word (dom - dom-ik), or form a word of another part of speech (white - white-e- t, white-out-a),

4) prefixes are often not associated with a specific part of speech (under-work, under-sleep), while suffixes are usually assigned to a certain part of speech: -nick- serves to form nouns, -liv- - adjectives, -iva- - verbs) ,

5) the meaning of the prefix is ​​usually quite specific and only modifies the meaning of the original stem, while the meaning of the suffix can be either very specific (-yonok- denotes the cub of the one who is named in the root) or very abstract (-n- denotes a feature of the subject ).

Formative morphemes: ending, formative suffix

Formative morphemes serve to form word forms and are divided into endings and formative suffixes.

Formative morphemes, like other types of morphemes, necessarily have a meaning. But these are meanings of a different kind than those of roots or word-forming morphemes: endings and formative suffixes express the grammatical meanings of the word - abstract meanings abstracted from the lexical meanings of words (gender, person, number, case, inclination, time, degrees of comparison, etc.).

Endings and formative suffixes differing in the nature of the grammatical meaning they express

Classification of morphemes by meaning, structure of PV and by place relative to the root

Morphemes are divided into roots and affixes.

Root: LZ, carrier of the core LZ, the main part of the word. Affix: LZ + GZ, the formation of new words, the introduction of additional shades; an expression of a syntactic connection, an indication of the grammatical class of words. The root is an obligatory part of the word. Roots can be used both independently and in combination with affixes. There are roots in Russian:

1. with objective meaning (book-a),

2. with procedural meaning (jump),

3. with the meaning of a non-procedural feature (acute),

4. with a quantitative value (sixth).

There are also suppletive roots: I - we, man - people; and homonymous roots: to conduct - to see off

Affixes - service morphemes that join the root and serve to express grammatical or derivational meanings.

Derivational (word-forming): at-, -ov-

Grammar: -l

Affixal morphemes participate in two language processes: shaping and word formation. Therefore, according to function and meaning, form-building (or inflectional) and word-building morphemes are distinguished.

Formative morphemes serve to form word forms and are therefore distinguishers of word forms and grammatical meanings. So, inflections of nouns (dream-a, dream-e, dreams-s), adjectives (air-th, air-th, air-th) are exponents of the grammatical meanings of gender, case and number.

Word-building morphemes serve to form words. According to the place in the composition of the word, they are divided into prefixes (otherwise - prefixes), suffixes, postfixes, interfixes.

Formal-structural affixes organize the word; formal-classifiers indicate a grammatical category.

Segmental affixes - are represented by a segment of sound, which has a certain length (continuous and intermittent).

Non-segmented: do not have an independent sound segment.

All roots are segmental morphemes.

Three types of morphemes:

material-expressed morphemes

null, affixes only

suppletive.

Materially expressed morphemes sound - white

Zero - at the end of the 19th century, academician Fortunatov gave a definition. This is a materially unexpressed morpheme, which stands out when comparing the forms of the word: forest - forest-forest.

Zero morphemes are a meaningful absence. The meaning is there, but the form is missing. For adjectives in the short form, the name of the case is one number - quiet, for verbs of the past tense singular, the husband of the gender - sang, they will attract adj. the husband of the clan - avian, for pronouns - my, my, my and other parts of speech. Recently, zero suffixes have been distinguished: shadowǾ□←dark.

The GC can be semantized.

Genus is a classifying category. In English, gender is a semantized category (used only for animate nouns). An indicator of declension, connection with an adjective and a verb, replacement with the corresponding pronoun.

For adjectives, gender is a formative, not a classifying category.