What are the methods of artistic expression. Means of artistic expression (pictorial and expressive means)

Lesson - workshop in Russian for grade 11

"Means of artistic expression".

Goals:

Systematization and generalization of work with the taskAT 8 (preparation for the exam)

The development of logical thinking, the ability to prove one's point of view and defend it.

Education of communication skills, ability to work in groups.

Task number 1.

Students are divided into multi-level groups of 4 people.

When working, students take turns commenting on the text, finding all the paths and figures of speech.

Each student must take part in the analysis of the text.

If someone has difficulties, the rest help the student to understand the topic.

All members of the group should get the same work, the assessment is set one for all.

The work uses the memo "Paths and figures of speech"

The following text is proposed for work:

GREAT JOY...

The city was asleep. Silence stopped the vain chaotic molecular movement. The darkness was palpably viscous, and even the standard joyful pre-New Year's illumination did not help illuminate this impenetrability.

And he walked, ran, flew ... Where to? What for? What's there? He did not know. Yes, it was not so important! The main thing is that they were waiting for him there.

A series of dull, monotonous school days suddenly turned into festive fireworks, into the sweet agony of waiting for each new day, when one day SHE entered the class .. Entered. She sat down next to her and, famously clicking a pink bubble inflated from chewing gum, said “Hi” with a smile. This simple word turned his whole gray life upside down! Small, boyishly angular, fragile, with huge eyes the color of the sky and a red explosion of naughty small curls on her head, she instantly drove the entire male population of the class crazy. The school buzzed every time this amazing creature swept along the long corridor like a fiery torch.

He understood that the chances were zero, but his heart and reason were clearly out of tune! It rustled with a crazy whisper, stirring balls in the soul with hope ... And he took a chance. The note, which she had suffered in sleepless nights, went into her notebook. Time stopped. Freeze. Gone. He waited. The days dragged on like thick raspberry syrup. Two. Five. Ten... Hope dies last. And he waited.

The night call woke him up, breaking off her long, wonderful kiss. "I'm in the hospital, come." The whisper of rustling leaves, the rattle of a strong, fragile, iridescent ice crust underfoot simply tore the brain. Her throat was beating: “She is sick. She needs me. She called me."

And he walked. Ran. Flew. Without looking at the road. not noticing the cold and uninvited peas of tears on the cheeks. My heart was bursting with thousands of emotions. Where? Why?... There... Then...

5. Summing up.

6. Homework.

Create your own text by analogy with the work done, complicating it as much as possible.

THEORETICAL MATERIALS TO HELP.

1. Antonyms - different words related to the same part of speech, but opposite in meaning (kind - evil, mighty - powerless). The opposition of antonyms in speech is a vivid source of speech expression, which establishes the emotionality of speech: he was weak in body, but strong in spirit.

2. Contextual (or contextual) antonyms - these are words that are not opposed in the language in meaning and are antonyms only in the text: Mind and heart - ice and fire - this is the main thing that distinguished this hero.

3. Hyperbole - a figurative expression that exaggerates any action, object, phenomenon. It is used to enhance the artistic impression.: Snow fell from the sky in pounds.

4. Litota - an artistic understatement: a man with a fingernail. Used to enhance the artistic impression.

5. Synonyms - these are words related to one part of speech, expressing the same concept, but at the same time differing in shades of meaning: Love - love, friend - friend.

6. Contextual (or contextual) synonyms - words that are synonymous only in this text: Lomonosov - a genius - a beloved child of nature. (V. Belinsky)

7. Stylistic synonyms - differ in stylistic coloring, scope of use: grinned - giggled - laughed - neighed.

8. Syntactic synonyms - parallel syntactic constructions that have a different structure, but have the same meaning: start preparing lessons - start preparing lessons.

9.Metaphor - a hidden comparison based on the similarity between distant phenomena and objects. At the heart of any metaphor is an unnamed comparison of some objects with others that have a common feature.

There were, are, and, I hope, will always be more good people in the world than bad and evil ones, otherwise disharmony would set in the world, it would warp ... capsize and sink. Epithet, personification, oxymoron, antithesis can be considered as a kind of metaphor.

10. Expanded metaphor - a detailed transfer of the properties of one object, phenomenon or aspect of being to another according to the principle of similarity or contrast. Metaphor is particularly expressive. Possessing unlimited possibilities in bringing together a wide variety of objects or phenomena, metaphor allows you to rethink an object in a new way, reveal, expose its inner nature. Sometimes it is an expression of the individual author's vision of the world.

11. Metonymy – transfer of values ​​(renaming) according to the adjacency of phenomena. The most common cases of transfer:

a) from a person to any of his external signs: Is lunch coming soon? - asked the guest, referring to the quilted waistcoat;

b) from the institution to its inhabitants: The entire boarding house recognized the superiority of D.I. Pisarev;

12. Synecdoche - a technique by which the whole is expressed through its part (something less included in something more) A kind of metonymy. "Hey beard! And how to get from here to Plyushkin?

13. Oxymoron - a combination of contrasting words that create a new concept or idea. Most often, an oxymoron conveys the author's attitude to an object or phenomenon: Sad fun continued ...

14. Personification - one of the types of metaphor, when the transfer of a sign is carried out from a living object to an inanimate one. When personified, the described object is externally used by a person: Trees, bending down towards me, extended their thin arms.

15. Comparison - one of the means of expressiveness of the language, helping the author to express his point of view, create whole artistic pictures, give a description of objects. Comparison is usually joined by unions: like, as if, as if, exactly, etc. but it serves for a figurative description of the most diverse features of objects, qualities, and actions. For example, comparison helps to give an accurate description of the color: Like the night, his eyes are black.

16. Phraseologisms - these are almost always bright expressions. Therefore, they are an important expressive means of language used by writers as ready-made figurative definitions, comparisons, as emotional and pictorial characteristics of heroes, the surrounding reality, etc.: people like my hero have a spark of God.

17. Epithet - a word that highlights in an object or phenomenon any of its properties, qualities or signs. An epithet is an artistic definition, i.e. colorful, figurative, which emphasizes some of its distinctive properties in the word being defined. Any meaningful word can serve as an epithet, if it acts as an artistic, figurative definition for another:

1) noun: magpie talker.

2) adjective: fatal hours.

3) Adverb and participle: eagerly peers; listens frozen; but most often epithets are expressed with the help of adjectives used in a figurative sense: sleepy, tender, loving eyes.

SYNTAXIC MEANS OF EXPRESSION.

1. Anaphora - this is the repetition of individual words or phrases at the beginning of a sentence. Used to enhance the expressed thought, image, phenomenon: How to talk about the beauty of the sky? How to tell about the feelings that overwhelm the soul at this moment?

2. Antithesis - a stylistic device that consists in a sharp opposition of concepts, characters, images, creating the effect of a sharp contrast. It helps to better convey, depict contradictions, contrast phenomena. It serves as a way of expressing the author's view of the described phenomena, images, etc.

3. Gradation - a stylistic figure that consists in the consistent injection or, conversely, the weakening of comparisons, images, epithets, metaphors and other expressive means of artistic speech: For the sake of your child, for the family, for the people, for the sake of humanity - take care of the world!

4 Inversion - Reverse word order in a sentence. In direct order, the subject precedes the predicate, the agreed definition comes before the word being defined, the inconsistent definition after it, the addition after the control word, the modifier of the mode of action before the verb: Modern youth quickly realized the falsity of this truth. And with inversion, the words are arranged in a different order than is established by grammatical rules. This is a strong expressive means used in an emotional, excited speech: Beloved homeland, my native land, should we take care of you!

5. Parceling - a technique for dividing a phrase into parts or even into separate words. Its goal is to give speech intonational expression by its abrupt pronunciation: The poet suddenly stood up. Turned pale.

6.Repeat - the conscious use of the same word or combination of words in order to enhance the meaning of this image, concept, etc.: Pushkin was a sufferer, a sufferer in the full sense of the word.

7. Rhetorical questions and rhetorical exclamations - a special means of creating the emotionality of speech, expressing the author's position.

What summer, what summer? Yes, it's just magic!

8. Syntactic parallelism - the same construction of several adjacent sentences. With its help, the author strives to highlight, emphasize the expressed idea: Mother is an earthly miracle. Mother is a sacred word.

The topic of our article is the means of expression in a poem. What it is, we will describe below. As an example of analysis and to consolidate the material, the reader is invited to pay attention to F. Tyutchev's poem "Leaves" and Pushkin's beautiful poetic lines "Winter Morning".

What are means of expression?

A means of expressiveness of speech is a complex of sound (phonetic), syntactic, lexical or phraseological elements used to achieve the best effect from what was said, attract attention, emphasize certain aspects in speech.

Allocate:

• Sound (phonetic) means. This includes the use of certain sounds that are repeated periodically, giving a special sound. Such methods were often used by symbolist poets. For example, the well-known poem by Konstantin Balmont "Reeds" fascinates with hissing sounds, which create the effect of the noise of reeds.
• Syntax. These are the features of the construction of proposals. For example, V. Mayakovsky has short, biting phrases that immediately draw attention to the topic.
• Phraseological. This includes the use by the author or the so-called popular expressions - aphorisms.
• Lexical and semantic: related to the word and its meaning.
• Trails. Most often they are inherent in artistic speech. These are metaphors and metonymy, hyperbole.

Means of expression in a poem

Before turning to the poem and studying its means of expression, it is worth paying attention to the style of this genre. As we said above, each genre uses its own means of expression. Most often, these ways of emphasizing the author's intent are found in the artistic style. Poetry is definitely an artistic genre (with some very rare exceptions), so the means of expression in the poem are used so that the reader can perceive more information, better understand the author. For prose writers, the form and style allow them not to be constrained in the size of their works, while it is more difficult for poets to fit their feelings and thoughts, vision and understanding into relatively short lines.

The most commonly used methods of expressiveness in poetry

Expressiveness in the poem is quite diverse. They are not the property of a particular author, as they have been created and improved over decades. But with specific examples and favorite means, sometimes it becomes very easy to recognize the author. The poetry of Sergei Yesenin, for example, is always filled with beautiful epithets and amazing metaphors. If a person who knows his style is read an unknown poem, most likely, he will name the author without a hitch.

Means of expression in the poem:

• Allegory. Its essence is in the expression of an object or character trait through a certain image. For example, a wolf in fairy tales and fables is always an allegorical symbol of cruelty, ferocity, self-will.
• Hyperbole and litote. Simply put, artistic exaggeration and understatement.
• Antithesis. A way of expressiveness, which is achieved by comparing or placing two or more contrasting concepts side by side. A. S. Pushkin, for example, says about the storm: “Like a beast, she will howl, then she will cry like a child.”
• the same beginning of several lines, as in the brilliant poem by Konstantin Simonov "Wait for me."
• Alliteration. The use of consonant sounds of a specific sound range, as in Balmont's "Reeds", hissing sounds alternating with each other, create a mystical presence of plant noise at night.
• Metaphor. The figurative meaning of a word based on one or more features. "The old woman's hut" by Yesenin, for example. The flimsy hut is compared with an old woman due to the advanced age of both.
• Metonymy. One word instead of another, or a part instead of the whole.
• Personification. Reception, when the properties of a living object are attributed to an inanimate object.
• Comparison and epithet. The first is when one object is compared with another for the best effect of information transfer. The second one is known to many from literature lessons and is an artistic definition.

Means of expressiveness in the poem "Leaves" by Tyutchev

In order to better consolidate the topic, we will consider specific poems and, using their example, we will try to figure out what expressive techniques are.

This poetic attempt of the writer to understand the meaning of life, to mourn its transience is a real masterpiece of landscape lyrics. She is, as it were, a monologue of leaves that are sad about their fate and the summer that has flown by so imperceptibly.

There are many means of expression here. This is both personification (leaves speak, reflect, the author presents them to the reader as living beings), and antithesis (leaves oppose themselves to needles), and comparison (“hedgehog needles” they call pine needles). Here we can also see alliteration techniques (sounds "zh", "h", "sh").

Playing with temporary forms of verbs helps the author to achieve the effect of dynamics, movement. Thanks to this technique, the reader practically feels the transience of time and the movement of leaves. Well, like any poem, "Leaves" was not without the use of epithets. There are a lot of them here, they are colorful and lively.

Pay attention to the size of the poem. In just four short lines, the poet uses many means of expression and raises several philosophical questions. Always be attentive when reading poetry, and you will be pleasantly surprised at how much the author tells us.

Poem "Winter Morning"

The means of expression of the poem "Winter Morning" delight with their diversity. This work is an example of the best landscape lyrics.

Techniques that A.S. Pushkin uses to achieve a special mood - this is primarily an antithesis. The contrast between the gloomy yesterday and the beautiful today distinguishes both pictures of nature - a cold snow storm and a beautiful morning - into separate canvases. The reader seems to see both the noise of a blizzard and blinding snow.

Special positive epithets “charming”, “magnificent”, “wonderful” emphasize the mood of the author and convey it to us. There is also personification in poetry. The blizzard is “angry” here, and the haze “rushed” across the gloomy sky.

Finally

The means of expressiveness of speech do not just decorate and complement speech, they make it lively, artistic. They are like bright colors with which the artist enlivens his picture. Their goal is to emphasize and draw attention, enhance the impression, perhaps even surprise. Therefore, when reading poetry, do not rush, think about what the author wants to convey. Skipping the thoughts of the great artists of the word hidden between the lines, you lose a lot.

Means of expressiveness give brightness to speech, enhance its emotional impact, attract the attention of the reader and listener to the statement. The means of speech expressiveness are diverse.

Phonetic (sound), lexical (associated with a word-lexeme), syntactic (associated with a phrase and a sentence), phraseological (phraseological units), tropes (figurative figures of speech) pictorial means are distinguished. They are used in various areas of communication: artistic, journalistic, colloquial and even scientific speech. The poorest of them officially

business style of speech.

A special role is played by means of expressiveness in artistic speech. Facilities

the reader to enter the world of a work of art, to reveal the author's intention.

Vocabulary- minimum

Lexical facilities expressiveness

SYNÓ NIMS- words that are close in meaning, but are not the same root, for example: enemy,

enemy, adversary. S. help to express the idea most accurately, allow

detail the description of phenomena or objects. The most important stylistic function

S. is a substitution function when it is necessary to avoid the repetition of words. S row,

arranged so that each next enhances the previous one, creates a gradation (see): “I was in a hurry, flew, trembled ...” (A.S. Griboedov). S. are used in artistic

text (along with antonyms (see), homonyms (see) and paronyms (see)) as a means of thin .. express:

I'm talking to a friend of my youthful days;

In your features I look for other features;

In the mouth of the living, the mouth has long been mute,

In the eyes of the fire of extinguished eyes.

ANTONYMS- words that are opposite in meaning, helping to better convey, depict contradictions, contrast phenomena: “only a shine is whiter, a shadow is blacker”; “they came together: wave and stone / / poetry and prose,

ice and fire... A. may be present in the titles: “War and Peace” by L.N. Tolstoy,

"Fathers and Sons" by I.S. Turgenev. A. are used in a literary text (along with

synonyms (see), homonyms (see) and paronyms (see)) as a lexical means

artistic expression, for example:

You are rich, I am very poor

You are a prose writer, I am a poet,

You are blush, like a poppy color,

I, like death, and thin and pale. A.S. Pushkin

HOMONYMS- words that have the same sound and spelling but different meanings: marriage

(matrimony) - marriage (poor-quality products). In addition to O. proper, they distinguish

homophones (words that sound the same but are spelled differently) and homographs

(words that only match in writing). O. are used in artistic

text (along with synonyms (see), antonyms (see) and paronyms (see)) as

lexical means of artistic expression or language game:

You fed the white swans

Throwing back the weight of black braids...

I swam nearby; the helms came together;

The sunset beam was strangely oblique. (V.Ya. Bryusov)

OCCASIONALISMS- a kind of neologisms (see): individual author's words created

poet or writer in accordance with the laws of word formation of the language, according to

models that exist in it and are used in a literary text

as a lexical means of artistic expression (“... hammered,

crescent soviet passport”, “I don’t give a damn about the many bronzes…” V.

Mayakovsky) or the language game:

smart teacher,

bent over the table

squinting, bespectacled,

vicious pest.

A. Levin ("The Gray Teacher", 1983-95)

PARONYMS- cognate words that are similar (but not the same) in sound, but differ in individual morphemes (prefixes or suffixes) and do not match in meaning: dress -

put on, signature - painting, spectacular - effective. Items are used in

literary text (along with synonyms (see), homonyms (see) and antonyms (see))

Dark glory bunt,

not empty and not hateful,

but tired and cold

Vocabulary of limited scope

DIALECTISMS- words and expressions inherent in folk speech, local

I speak (chereviki - shoes, base - yard, biryuk - a lonely and gloomy person). D.

are used in a literary text, like other vocabulary that has a limited

scope of use (colloquial elements (see), professionalisms (see), jargon

(see)) as a means of artistic expression (for example, as one of

ways of speech characterization of the character).

ARCHAISMS- obsolete words and expressions,

used, as a rule, in a "high poetic" style and giving

solemnity of artistic speech “Fade away, like a beacon, wondrous genius” (M.Yu.

Lermontov); “Show off, city of Petrov, and stand steadfastly, like Russia ...” (A.S. Pushkin).

However, A. can also introduce an ironic connotation into the text: “I'm in the village again. I go to

hunting, // I write my verses - life is easy ... ”(N.A. Nekrasov); “Once upon a time there was a Beast...//

Ran to the amusement, // Gatherings and gatherings. // Loved the spectacle, // In particular -

disgrace ... "(B. Zakhoder

JARGON(from French jargon) - emotionally and expressively colored speech,

different from the common one; any non-normative conditional language

social group, containing many words and expressions that are not included in the colloquial

language. Varieties of Zh .: high-society or salon, student, army, thieves, sports, youth, family, etc.

to rat - to steal, goof - razin, an ingenuous person, and also - a businessman, a merchant;

PROFESSIONALISMS- words and expressions characteristic of people's speech

various professions and serving various areas of professional

activities, but not in common use. P., unlike the terms,

are considered "semi-official" words (lexemes) that do not have a strict

of a scientific nature, for example: organic - organic chemistry, steering wheel - steering wheel

car. In fiction, P., like other vocabulary that has

limited scope of use (colloquial elements, dialectisms,

jargon), are used as one of the ways to characterize

character, for example: “We are not talking about storms, but about storms” (V. Vysotsky).

NEOLOGISM- a newly formed or newly introduced into the language) word or expression that reflects the emergence in people's lives of new concepts, phenomena, objects. N. are formed as on the basis

existing forms, in accordance with the laws of language ("There will be a storm - we will bet

// And we will take courage with her” (N.M. Yazykov); “Oh, laugh, laughers” (V.

Khlebnikov).

Phraseological style

PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS- phrases (expressions) that are stable in composition, the meaning of which is fundamentally

cannot be deduced from the meanings of their constituent words, for example: take water in your mouth -

be silent, the fifth wheel in the cart is superfluous, press all the pedals - apply everything

efforts to achieve a goal or perform some business, etc. For F.

characteristic: constant composition (instead of a cat crying, you can’t say a dog

cried), the inadmissibility of including new words in their structure (one cannot say

instead of seven Fridays this week - seven Fridays this week), sustainability

grammatical structure (it is impossible to say sewed with white threads instead of sewn with white threads)

thread), in most cases a strictly fixed word order (it is impossible instead of a beaten unbeaten lucky unbeaten beaten lucky). By origin distinguish F.,

borrowed from the Old Slavonic language and, as a rule, dating back to the Bible

(the voice of one crying in the wilderness, the Babylonian pandemonium, etc.), who came from

ancient mythology (Achilles' heel, Gordian knot, etc.), primordially Russian (in full

Ivanovskaya, pull the gimp, etc.), tracing paper, that is, expressions, literally

translated from source language

Phonetic means of expression

ALLITERATION- one of the types of sound writing (cm): repetition in poetic speech (less often in prose) of the same

consonant sounds in order to enhance its expressiveness.

The hiss of foamy glasses

And punch flame blue.

ASSONANCE(from French assonance - consonance) - 1. One of the types of sound writing (see):

repeated repetition in a poem (less often in prose) of the same vowel sounds,

enhancing the expressiveness of artistic speech.

Do I wander along the noisy streets

I enter a crowded temple,

Am I sitting among the foolish youths,

I surrender to my dreams.

ONOMATOPOEIA- one of the types of sound recording (see): use

phonetic combinations that can convey the sound of the described phenomena (“echo

laughter", "the clatter of hooves").

Trails (words and phrases in a figurative sense)

METAPHOR(from the Greek. metaphora - transfer) - a kind of trail: figurative knowledge of the word,

based on likening one object or phenomenon to another; hidden comparison,

built on the similarity or contrast of phenomena, in which the words "as", "as if",

"as if" are absent, but implied. M.'s varieties are

personification (see) and reification (see).

Nineteenth century, iron,

Truly a cruel age!

You in the darkness of the night, starless

Careless abandoned man!

METONYMY(from the Greek metonymia - renaming) - type of trail: rapprochement,

comparison of concepts based on the replacement of the direct name of the subject with another

adjacency principle (containing - content, thing - material, author - its

work, etc.), for example: “The bows sang frenziedly ...” (A. Blok) - “they sang

bows” - the violinists played their instruments; "You led swords to a plentiful feast ..."

(A.S. Pushkin) - "swords" - warriors. “Porcelain and bronze on the table, // And, pampered feelings

joy, // Perfume in cut crystal...” (A.S. Pushkin) - “porcelain and bronze”, “in crystal”

Products from bronze, porcelain and crystal; “The theater is already full, // The boxes are shining, // The parterre and

armchairs - everything is in full swing ... "(A.S. Pushkin) - "boxes shine" - women's shine (shine)

decorations on the ladies sitting in the boxes, “parterre and armchairs” - the audience in the stalls

(space behind the seats) and seats (seats in front of the auditorium) of the theater.

reification- type of trail: likening an object. For example: "Nails b

make these people: Stronger if there were no nails in the world ”(N.S. Tikhonov). Variety

metaphors (see).

OXYMORON (OXYMORON)- type of trope: a phrase made up of words that are opposite in meaning, based on the paradox: “Look, it’s fun for her to be sad, // Such an elegant

naked” (A. Akhmatova); “Woman, take heart, nothing, // This is life, it happened

after all, it’s even worse ... ”(V. Vishnevsky). O. allows you to give more expressiveness to the image: bitter joy, sweet tears, “The Living Corpse” (L.N. Tolstoy)

PERSONALIZATION- type of trail: image of inanimate objects,

in which they are endowed with the properties of living beings (the gift of speech, the ability to think, feel, experience, act), they become like a living being. For example:

What are you howling about, night wind?

What are you complaining about so much?

PERIPHRASE- type of trope: a descriptive turn of speech used instead of a word or phrase.

In P., the name of an object or phenomenon is replaced for greater expressiveness

indicating its most characteristic features: "Venice of the North" (St.

Petersburg), "king of beasts" (lion). P. are figurative (wearing a metaphorical

character) and non-figurative (preserving the direct meaning of the words that form them,

for example: "city on the Neva" - Petersburg). Only figurative

P. In figurative P., some key feature stands out, and all the others, as it were

depicted objects and phenomena that are especially important for him in

artistic attitude. Unimaginative P. only rename objects,

qualities, actions and perform not so much an aesthetic as a semantic function: they help the author to more accurately express a thought, emphasize certain qualities of the described object or phenomenon, avoid repetition of words (for example, instead of A.S. Pushkin - “the author of“ Eugene Onegin ”“, "great Russian poet"). In the poem "The Death of a Poet" M.Yu. Lermontov the same A.S. Pushkin is called a "slave of honor", "a wondrous genius", and in a well-known obituary - "the sun of Russian poetry" - these are figurative P., tropes. P. - one of the leading tropes in the symbolist poetry of the early twentieth century.

SYNÉ ODOHA- type of trail: a kind of metonymy (see). The trope consists in replacing the plural

number singular; the use of the name of the part instead of the whole or general, and vice versa. For example:

From here we will threaten the Swede,

Here the city will be founded

To spite the arrogant neighbor ...

EPITHET(from Greek eritheton - application) - type of trail: figurative

a definition emphasizing some property of an object or phenomenon,

with a special artistic expression. For example: iron

since they are used in a figurative sense and carry a special semantic and

expressive-emotional load, while the same adjectives,

used in direct meaning (iron bed, silver coin),

are not epithets. Distinguish E. "decorating" - denoting permanent

sign (see PERMANENT EPITHET) and E. individual, author's, important

to create a specific image in a given text (for example, in a poem by M.Yu.

Lermontov's "Cliff": "golden cloud", "giant cliff", stands alone", "quietly

crying"). E. is usually expressed by an adjective, participle, adverb, or

noun as an application.

HYPERBOLA- type of trope: excessive exaggeration of feelings, meaning, size, beauty, etc.

the same extraction of radium.

In a gram booty,

labor per year.

harassing

for one word

Thousand tons

verbal ore.

LITOTES(from the Greek litotes - simplicity, smallness, moderation) - a kind of trail,

opposite of hyperbole (see): artistic understatement of magnitude, strength,

the meaning of a phenomenon or object (“a boy with a finger”, “a man with a fingernail”). For example:

the same extraction of radium.

In a gram booty,

labor per year.

harassing

for one word

Thousand tons

verbal ore.

V. Mayakovsky

IRONY(from the Greek. eir?neia - pretense, mockery) - 1. Kind of comic:

subtle, hidden sneer. The comic effect is achieved by the fact that

says exactly the opposite of what is meant:

He [Onegin] sat down with a laudable purpose

Assign someone else's mind to yourself;

He set up a shelf with a detachment of books ... A.S. Pushkin

Syntactic figurative means (figures of speech )

PARALLELISM(from the Greek parall?los - walking beside) - 1. Identical or

a similar arrangement of speech elements in adjacent parts of the text, which, when correlated, create a single poetic image:

Waves crash in the blue sea.

The stars are shining in the blue sky.

A.S. Pushkin

ANAPHORA(from the Greek anaphora - bringing up) - a stylistic figure:

monotony, repetition of a word or group of words at the beginning of poetic lines or

prose phrases; one of the varieties of parallel syntactic constructions

I love you, Peter's creation,

I love your strict, slim look. A.S. Pushkin

EPIPHORA(from the Greek epophora - additive) - a stylistic figure: the repetition of a word or group of words at the end of lines of poetry or prose

phrases; one of the varieties of parallel syntactic constructions (cf.

PARALLELISM).

I won't deceive myself

Concern lay in the misty heart.

Why did I become known as a charlatan,

Why am I known as a brawler?

……………………………………….

And now I won't get sick.

The slough in the heart cleared up like a mist.

That's why I was known as a charlatan,

That's why I was known as a brawler. (Yesenin)

GRADATION(from Latin gradatio - gradual elevation) - a stylistic device: such an arrangement of words (phrases, parts of a complex sentence), in which each subsequent one strengthens (or weakens) the meaning of the previous one, which allows you to recreate events, actions, thoughts and feelings in

process, in development - from small to large (direct G.) or from large to small (reverse G.). Thanks to G., there is an increase in intonation and the emotionality of speech increases:

Thank you with heart and hand

Because you me - not knowing yourself! -

So love: for my peace of the night,

For the rarity of meetings at sunset,

For our non-walking under the moon,

For the sun is not over our heads ... (Tsvetaeva)

PARCELLATION(from French parcelle - particle) - intonation-

stylistic figure: syntactic highlighting of individual parts or words

phrases (most often homogeneous members) or parts of a compound

(complex) sentences as independent sentences with

in order to enhance their semantic weight and emotional load in the text:

And his shadow dances in the window

Along the embankment. In the autumn night.

There. For Araks. In that country.

P. Antokolsky

“And here Latyshev, if he is a scientist, an intellectual, had to push the harpooner under the elbow and scold the captain for thoughtlessness. And protect the white whale from fools, and let the handsome sail further into legends.

rhetorical exclamationÁ NIE

figure: an exclamatory sentence that enhances the emotionality of the statement:

"Troika! Three bird! (N.V. Gogol). R. v. may be accompanied by hyperbolization, for example: “Magnificent! It has no equal river in the world!” (about the Dnieper) (N.V. Gogol).

Rhetorical questionÓ With(from Greek rhetor - speaker) - stylistic

figure: an interrogative sentence containing an affirmation (or negation),

formatted as a question that does not require an answer:

Didn't you at first so viciously persecuted

His free, bold gift

And for fun inflated

Slightly lurking fire? ...

M.Yu. Lermontov

R. v. is put not in order to get an answer, but in order to draw the attention of the reader (listener) to a particular phenomenon. R. v. used in poetic and oratorical speech, in journalistic and scientific texts, in artistic prose, as well as in colloquial speech.

rhetorical addressÉ NIE(from the Greek rhetor - speaker) - a stylistic figure: an underlined, but conditional appeal to someone (something). In form, being an appeal, R. o. serves not so much to name the addressee of the speech, but to express the attitude towards this or that object or phenomenon: to give it an emotional assessment, to give the speech the intonation necessary for the author

(solemnity, cordiality, irony, etc.).

Flowers, love, village, idleness,

Fields! I am devoted to you in soul. (A.S. Pushkin)

INVERSION(from lat. inversio - rearrangement) - stylistic figure: violation

generally accepted word order in the language. Rearranging words or parts of a phrase

gives speech a special expressiveness, for example:

He ascended higher as the head of the rebellious

Pillar of Alexandria... A.S. Pushkin

ASYNDETON- stylistic figure: such a construction of speech in which conjunctions connecting words are omitted. Gives the statement swiftness, dynamism, helps to convey a quick change of pictures, impressions, actions.

Flickering past the booth, women,

Boys, benches, lanterns,

Palaces, gardens, monasteries,

Bukharians, sleighs, vegetable gardens,

Merchants, shacks, men,

Boulevards, towers, Cossacks,

Pharmacies, fashion stores,

Balconies, lions on the gates

And flocks of jackdaws on crosses.

A.S. Pushkin

POLYUNION- stylistic figure: intentional repetition of unions,

which is used for intonational and logical underlining

And flowers, and bumblebees, and grass, and ears of corn,

And azure, and midday heat ...

Language means of expression are traditionally called rhetorical figures.

Rhetorical figures - such stylistic turns, the purpose of which is to enhance the expressiveness of speech. Rhetorical figures are designed to make the speech richer and brighter, which means to attract the attention of the reader or listener, arouse emotions in him, make him think. Many philologists have worked on the study of the means of expressiveness of speech, such as

Artistic speech is not a set of some special poetic words and phrases. The language of the people is considered to be the source of turnovers, therefore, in order to create "living pictures" and images, the writer resorts to using all kinds of riches of the folk language, to the subtlest shades of the native word.

Any word, except for the main, direct meaning, denoting the main feature of an object, phenomenon, action (storm, fast driving, hot snow), has a number of other meanings, that is, it is ambiguous. Fiction, in particular lyrical works, is an example of the use of means of expression, the most important source of expressiveness of speech.

At the lessons of the Russian language and literature, schoolchildren learn to find figurative means of language in works - metaphors, epithets, comparisons, and others. They give clarity to the depiction of certain objects and phenomena, but it is precisely such means that cause difficulty both in a thorough understanding of the work and in learning in general. Therefore, an in-depth study of the means is an integral part of the educational process.

Let's look at each path in more detail.

LEXICAL MEANS OF LANGUAGE EXPRESSION

1. Antonyms- different words related to the same part of speech, but opposite in meaning

(good - evil, powerful - powerless).

The opposition of antonyms in speech is a vivid source of speech expression, which establishes the emotionality of speech, serves as a means of antithesis: he was weak in body, but strong in spirit. Contextual (or contextual) antonyms are words that are not opposed in meaning in the language and are antonyms only in the text:

Mind and heart - ice and fire- that's the main thing that distinguished this hero.

2. Hyperbole- a figurative expression that exaggerates any action, object, phenomenon. Used to enhance the artistic impression:

Snow fell from the sky in pounds. 3. Litota- the worst understatement: man with nails.

Used to enhance the artistic impression. Individual-author's neologisms (occasionalisms) - due to their novelty, allow creating certain artistic effects, expressing the author's view on a topic or problem:

… how can we ourselves ensure that our rights are not expanded at the expense of the rights of others? (A. Solzhenitsyn)

The use of literary images helps the author to better explain any situation, phenomenon, other image:

Grigory was, apparently, the brother of Ilyusha Oblomov. Italic

4. Synonyms- these are words related to the same part of speech, expressing the same concept, but at the same time differing in shades of meaning:

Love is love, friend is friend.

Used Synonyms allow you to more fully express the idea, use. To enhance the feature. Contextual (or contextual) synonyms - words that are synonyms only in the given text:

Lomonosov - a genius - a beloved child of nature. (V. Belinsky)

5. Metaphor- a hidden comparison based on the similarity between distant phenomena and objects. At the heart of any metaphor is an unnamed comparison of some objects with others that have a common feature. In artistic speech, the author uses metaphors to enhance the expressiveness of speech, to create and evaluate a picture of life, to convey the inner world of the characters and the point of view of the narrator and the author himself. In a metaphor, the author creates an image - an artistic representation of the objects, phenomena that he describes, and the reader understands what kind of similarity the semantic relationship between the figurative and direct meaning of the word is based on:

There were, are, and, I hope, always will be more good people in the world than bad and evil ones, otherwise disharmony would set in the world, it would warp... capsized and sank.

Epithet, personification, oxymoron, antithesis can be considered as a kind of metaphor.

6. Metonymy– transfer of values ​​(renaming) according to the adjacency of phenomena. The most common cases of transfer: a) from a person to his any external signs:

Is lunch coming soon? - asked the guest, referring to the quilted vest; Italic

b) from an institution to its inhabitants:

The entire boarding school recognized the superiority of D.I. Pisarev; Magnificent Michelangelo! (about his sculpture) or. Reading Belinsky...

7. Oxymoron- a combination of contrasting words that create a new concept or idea. This is a combination of logically incompatible concepts, sharply contradictory in meaning and mutually exclusive. This technique sets the reader to the perception of contradictory, complex phenomena, often - the struggle of opposites. Most often, an oxymoron conveys the author's attitude to an object or phenomenon, or gives an ironic connotation:

The sad fun continues...

8. Personification- one of the types of metaphor, when the transfer of a sign is carried out from a living object to an inanimate one. When impersonating, the described object is externally used by a person:

The trees, leaning towards me, stretched out their thin arms. Even more often, actions that are permissible only to people are attributed to an inanimate object: Rain splashed bare feet along the paths of the garden. Pushkin is a miracle.

10. Paraphrase(s)– use of a description instead of a proper name or title; descriptive expression, turn of speech, replacement word. Used to decorate speech, replace repetition:

The city on the Neva sheltered Gogol.

11. Proverbs and sayings used by the author make the speech figurative, apt, expressive.

12. Comparison- one of the means of expressiveness of the language, helping the author to express his point of view, create whole artistic pictures, give a description of objects. In comparison, one phenomenon is shown and evaluated by comparing it with another phenomenon. Comparison is usually joined by conjunctions:

Like, as if, as if, exactly, etc.

but it serves for a figurative description of the most diverse features of objects, qualities, and actions. For example, comparison helps to give an accurate description of a color:

Like the night, his eyes are black.

Often there is a form of comparison expressed by a noun in the instrumental case:

Anxiety snaked its way into our hearts.

There are comparisons that are included in the sentence using words:

similar, similar, reminiscent: ... butterflies are like flowers.

13. Phraseologisms- these are almost always bright expressions. Therefore, they are an important expressive means of language used by writers as ready-made figurative definitions, comparisons, as emotional and pictorial characteristics of heroes, the surrounding reality, use. In order to show the author's attitude to events, to a person, etc.:

people like my hero have a divine spark.

Phraseologisms have a stronger effect on the reader.

14. Quotes from other works they help the author to prove any thesis, the position of the article, show his passions and interests, make the speech more emotional, expressive:

A.S. Pushkin like first love", will not forget not only "Russian heart" but also world culture.

15. Epithet- a word that highlights in an object or phenomenon any of its properties, qualities or signs. An epithet is an artistic definition, i.e. colorful, figurative, which emphasizes some of its distinctive properties in the word being defined. Any meaningful word can serve as an epithet, if it acts as an artistic, figurative definition for another:

chatterbox forty, fatal hours. eagerly peers; listens frozen;

but most often epithets are expressed using adjectives used in a figurative sense:

sleepy, tender, loving eyes.

16. Gradation- a stylistic figure, concluding in a consequent injection or, conversely, weakening of comparisons, images, epithets, metaphors and other expressive means of artistic speech:

For the sake of your child, for the sake of the family, for the sake of the people, for the sake of humanity - take care of the world!

Gradation is ascending (strengthening of the feature) and descending (weakening of the feature).

17. Antithesis- a stylistic device that consists in a sharp opposition of concepts, characters, images, creating the effect of a sharp contrast. It helps to better convey, depict contradictions, contrast phenomena. It serves as a way of expressing the author's view of the described phenomena, images, etc.

18. Tautology- repetition (better, the author's words are the words of the author) Colloquial vocabulary adds complement. Expressive-emotional. Coloring (put, deny, reduce) can give a playful, ironic, familiar attitude to the subject.

19. Historicisms-words that have fallen out of use along with the concepts they denoted

(chain mail, coachman)

20. Archaisms- words that are in modern. Rus. The language is replaced by other concepts.

(mouth-mouth, cheeks-cheeks)

In the works of the artist Lit. They help to recreate the color of the era, are a means of speech characteristics, or can be used as a means of comic

21. Borrowings- Words - to create humor, a nominative function, give a national. Coloring brings the reader closer to the language of the country whose life is described.

SYNTACTIC MEANS OF EXPRESSION

1. Exclamation particles- a way of expressing the emotional mood of the author, a method of creating an emotional pathos of the text:

Oh, how beautiful you are, my land! And how good are your fields!

Exclamatory sentences express the emotional attitude of the author to the described (anger, irony, regret, joy, admiration):

Disgraceful attitude! How can you save happiness!

Exclamatory sentences also express a call to action:

Let's save our soul as a shrine!

2. Inversion- Reverse word order in a sentence. In direct order, the subject precedes the predicate, the agreed definition is before the word being defined, the inconsistent definition is after it, the addition is after the control word, the adverb of the mode of action is before the verb:

The youth of today quickly realized the falsity of this truth.

And with inversion, the words are arranged in a different order than is established by grammatical rules. This is a strong expressive means used in emotional, excited speech:

Beloved homeland, my native land, should we take care of you!

3. Polyunion- a rhetorical figure, consisting in the deliberate repetition of coordinating conjunctions for the logical and emotional selection of the enumerated concepts, the role of each is emphasized .:

And the thunder did not strike, and the sky did not fall on the earth, and the rivers did not overflow from such grief!

4. Parceling- a technique for dividing a phrase into parts or even into separate words. Its purpose is to give speech intonational expression by its abrupt pronunciation:

The poet suddenly stood up. Turned pale.

5. Repeat- the conscious use of the same word or combination of words in order to enhance the meaning of this image, concept, etc.:

Pushkin was a sufferer, a sufferer in the full sense of the word.

6. Rhetorical questions and rhetorical exclamations- a special means of creating the emotionality of speech, expressing the author's position.

Who hasn't cursed the stationmasters, who hasn't scolded them? Who, in a moment of anger, did not demand from them a fatal book in order to write in it their useless complaint of oppression, rudeness and malfunction? What summer, what summer? Yes, it's just magic!

7. Syntactic parallelism- the same construction of several adjacent sentences. With its help, the author seeks to highlight, emphasize the expressed idea: Mother is an earthly miracle. Mother is a sacred word. The combination of short simple sentences and long complex or complex sentences helps to convey the pathos of the article, the emotional mood of the author.

« 1855 The zenith of Delacroix's glory. Paris. Palace of Fine Arts ... in the central hall of the exposition - thirty-five paintings of the great romantic.

One-part, incomplete sentences make the author's speech more expressive, emotional, enhance the emotional pathos of the text:

A human babble. Whisper. The rustle of dresses. Quiet steps ... Not a single stroke, - I hear the words. - No smears. How alive.

8. Anaphora, or monotony is the repetition of individual words or phrases at the beginning of a sentence. It is used to strengthen the expressed thought, image, phenomenon:

How to describe the beauty of the sky? How to tell about the feelings that overwhelm the soul at this moment?

9. Epiphora- the same ending of several sentences, reinforcing the meaning of this image, concept, etc.:

I have been going to you all my life. I have believed in you all my life. I have loved you all my life.

10. Water words are used to express

confidence (of course), uncertainty (maybe), various feelings (fortunately), source of the statement (according to words), order of phenomena (firstly), evaluation (to put it mildly), to attract attention (you know, you understand, listen)

11.Appeals- used to name the person to whom the speech is addressed, to attract the attention of the interlocutor, and also to express the attitude of the speaker to the interlocutor

(Dear and dear mother! - common appeal e)

12. Homogeneous members of the proposal- their use helps to characterize the object (by color, shape, quality ...), focus on some point

13. Sentence words

- Yes! But how! Certainly! Used in colloquial speech, express strong feelings of motivation.

14. Isolation- is used to highlight or clarify part of the statement:

(At the fence, at the very gate ...)

Full, juicy, precise, vivid speech best conveys thoughts, feelings and assessments of the situation. Hence the success in all endeavors, because a well-formed speech is a very accurate tool of persuasion. It briefly outlines which expressivenesses a person needs in order to achieve the desired result from the world around him every day, and which ones in order to replenish the arsenal of expressiveness of speech from literature.

Special expressiveness of language

A verbal form that can attract the attention of a listener or reader, make a vivid impression on him through novelty, originality, unusualness, with a departure from the usual and everyday - this is linguistic expressiveness.

Any means of artistic expression works well here, in literature, for example, metaphor, sound writing, hyperbole, personification and many others are known. It is necessary to master special techniques and methods in combinations of both sounds in words and phraseological units.

Vocabulary, phraseology, grammatical structure and phonetic features play a huge role. Each means of artistic expression in literature works at all levels of language proficiency.

Phonetics

The main thing here is sound recording, a special one based on the creation of sound images by means of sound repetitions. You can even imitate the sounds of the real world - chirping, whistling, rain, etc., in order to evoke associations with those feelings and thoughts that need to be evoked in the listener or reader. This is the main goal that the means of artistic expression must achieve. Most of the literary lyrics contain examples of onomatopoeia: Balmont's "Sometimes at Midnight ..." is especially good here.

Almost all poets of the Silver Age used sound writing. Fine lines were left by Lermontov, Pushkin, Boratynsky. Symbolists, on the other hand, have learned to evoke both auditory and visual, even olfactory, gustatory, tactile representations in order to move the reader's imagination to experience certain feelings and emotions.

There are two main types that most fully reveal the sound-writing means of artistic expression. Blok and Andrei Bely have examples, they extremely often used assonance- repetition of the same vowels or similar in sound. The second kind - alliteration, which is often found already in Pushkin and Tyutchev, is a repetition of consonant sounds - the same or similar.

Vocabulary and phraseology

The main means of artistic expression in literature are tropes that expressively depict a situation or object using words in their figurative meaning. The main types of trails: comparison, epithet, personification, metaphor, paraphrase, litote and hyperbole, irony.

In addition to tropes, there are simple and effective means of artistic expression. Examples:

• antonyms, synonyms, homonyms, paronyms;
• phraseological units;
• stylistically colored vocabulary and limited use vocabulary.

The last point includes both slang and professional jargon, and even vocabulary that is not accepted in a decent society. Antonyms are sometimes more effective than any epithets: How clean you are! - baby swimming in a puddle. Synonyms enhance the brilliance and accuracy of speech. Phraseologisms please with the fact that the addressee hears the familiar and quickly makes contact. These linguistic phenomena are not a direct means of artistic expression. The examples are rather non-special, suitable for a specific action or text, but can significantly add brightness to the image and to the impact on the addressee. The beauty and liveliness of speech completely depends on what means of creating artistic expression are used in it.

Epithet and comparison

Epithet - application or addition in translation from Greek. Marks an essential feature that is important in this context, using a figurative definition based on a hidden comparison. More often it is an adjective: black melancholy, gray morning, etc., but it can be an epithet of a noun, adverb, gerund, pronoun and any other part of speech. It is possible to divide the used epithets into general language, folk poetic and individual author's means of artistic expression. Examples of all three types: deathly silence, good fellow, curly twilight. It can be divided differently - into pictorial and expressive: in the fog blue, nights crazy. But any division, of course, is very conditional.

Comparison is a comparison of one phenomenon, concept or object with another. Not to be confused with a metaphor, where the names are interchangeable; in comparison, both objects, signs, actions, etc. should be named. For example: glow, like a meteor. You can compare in various ways.

• instrumental case (youth nightingale flew by);
• comparative degree of an adverb or adjective (eyes greener seas);
• unions as if, as if etc. ( like a beast the door creaked);
• the words similar to, like etc. (your eyes look like two fogs);
• comparative clauses (golden foliage swirled in a pond, like a flock of butterflies flies to a star).

In folk poetry, negative comparisons are often used: That is not a horse top ..., poets, on the other hand, often build works that are quite large in volume, using this one means of artistic expression. In the literature of the classics, this can be seen, for example, in the poems of Koltsov, Tyutchev, Severyanin, the prose of Gogol, Prishvin and many others. Many have used it. This is probably the most sought-after means of artistic expression. It is ubiquitous in the literature. In addition, he serves scientific, journalistic, and colloquial texts with the same diligence and success.

Metaphor and personification

Another very widely used means of artistic expression in literature is a metaphor, which means transfer in Greek. The word or sentence is used in a figurative sense. The basis here is the unconditional similarity of objects, phenomena, actions, etc. Unlike comparison, metaphor is more compact. It cites only that with which this or that is compared. Similarity can be based on shape, color, volume, purpose, feel, and so on. (a kaleidoscope of phenomena, a spark of love, a sea of ​​letters, a treasury of poetry). Metaphors can be divided into ordinary (general language) and artistic: skillful fingers and stars diamond thrill). Scientific metaphors are already in use: ozone hole, solar wind etc. The success of the speaker and the author of the text depends on what means of artistic expression are used.

A kind of trope, similar to a metaphor, is personification, when the signs of a living being are transferred to objects, concepts or natural phenomena: lay down sleepy fog, autumn day faded and faded the personification of natural phenomena, which happens especially often, less often the objective world is personified - see Annensky's "Violin and Bow", Mayakovsky's "Cloud in Pants", Mamin-Sibiryak with his " good-natured and cozy physiognomy of the house"and much more. Even in everyday life, we no longer notice personifications: the device says, the air heals, the economy stirred etc. There are hardly any ways better than this means of artistic expression, the painting of speech is more colorful than personification.

Metonymy and synecdoche

Translated from Greek, metonymy means renaming, that is, the name is transferred from subject to subject, where the basis is adjacency. The use of means of artistic expression, especially such as metonymy, decorates the narrator very much. Adjacency relationships can be as follows:

• content and content: eat three bowls;
• author and work: scolded Homer;
• action and its tool: doomed to swords and fires;
• object and material of the object: ate on gold;
• place and characters: the city was noisy.

Metonymy complements the means of artistic expressiveness of speech, with it clarity, accuracy, imagery, clarity and, like no other epithet, laconicism are added. It is not in vain that both writers and publicists use it; it is filled with all strata of society.

In turn, a kind of metonymy - synecdoche, translated from Greek - correlation, is also based on replacing the meaning of one phenomenon with the meaning of another, but there is only one principle - the quantitative relationship between phenomena or objects. You can transfer it like this:

• less to more (to him the bird does not fly, the tiger does not walk; have a drink glass);
• part to whole ( Beard, why are you keeping silent? Moscow did not approve the sanctions).

Paraphrase, or paraphrase

Description, or descriptive sentence, translated from Greek - a turnover used instead of a word or combination of words, is paraphrase. For example, Pushkin writes "Peter's Creation", and everyone understands that he meant Petersburg. Paraphrase allows us the following:

• identify the main features of the subject that we depict;
• avoid repetitions (tautologies);
• vividly evaluate the depicted;
• give the text a sublime pathos, pathos.

Paraphrases are not allowed only in a business and official style, in the rest there are as many as you like. In colloquial speech, it most often coexists with irony, merging together these two means of artistic expression. The Russian language is enriched by the confluence of different tropes.

Hyperbole and litote

With exorbitant exaggeration of a sign or signs of an object, action or phenomenon - this is hyperbole (translated from Greek as an exaggeration). Litota - on the contrary, an understatement.

Thoughts are given an unusual form, bright emotional coloring, credible assessment. They are especially good at creating comic images. They are used in journalism as the most important means of artistic expression. In literature, these tropes are also indispensable: rare bird at Gogol will fly only to the middle of the Dnieper; tiny cows Krylov and the like have a lot in almost every work of any author.

irony and sarcasm

Translated from Greek, this word means pretense, which is quite consistent with the use of this trope. What means of artistic expression are needed for mockery? The statement should be the opposite of its direct meaning, when a completely positive assessment hides mockery: clever mind- an appeal to the Donkey in Krylov's fable is an example of this. " Unsinkable Hero"- irony used within the framework of journalism, where quotation marks or brackets are most often placed. The means of creating artistic expression are not exhausted by it. unmerciful, sharp exposure - his handwriting: I usually argue about the taste of oysters and coconuts only with those who have eaten them.(Zhvanetsky). The algorithm of sarcasm is a chain of such actions: a negative phenomenon gives rise to anger and indignation, then a reaction occurs - the last degree of emotional openness: well-fed pigs are worse than hungry wolves. However, sarcasm should be used as carefully as possible. And not often, if the author is not a professional satirist. The carrier of sarcasm most often considers himself smarter than others. However, not a single satirist managed to get love out of it. She herself and her appearance always depend on what means of artistic expression are used in the evaluating text. Sarcasm is a deadly powerful weapon.

Non-special means of language vocabulary

Synonyms help to give speech the subtlest emotional shades and expression. For example, you can use the word "rush" instead of "run" for greater expressive power. And not only for her:

• clarification of the thought itself and the transfer of the smallest semantic shades;
• assessment of the depicted and the author's attitude;
• intense enhancement of expression;
• deep disclosure.

Antonyms are also a good means of expression. They clarify the thought, playing on contrasts, more fully characterize this or that phenomenon: glossy waste paper in a flood, and genuine fiction - in a stream. From antonyms there is also a reception widely demanded by writers - antithesis.

Many writers, and even just noteworthy wits, willingly play with words that coincide in sound and even spelling, but have different meanings: cool guy and boiling water, as well as steep coast; flour and flour; three in the diary and three carefully stain. And an anecdote: Listen to the authorities? Well, thank you... And they fired me. homographs and homophones.

Words that are similar in spelling and sound, but with completely different meanings, are also often used as puns and have sufficient expressive power when used skillfully. History is hysteria; meter - millimeter etc.

It should be noted that such non-primary means of artistic expression as synonyms, antonyms, paronyms and homonyms are not used in official and business styles.

Phraseologisms

Otherwise, idioms, that is, phraseologically ready-made expressions, also add eloquence to the speaker or writer. Mythological imagery, high or colloquial, with an expressive assessment - positive or negative ( small fry and apple of the eye, lather the neck and sword of Damocles) - all this enhances and decorates the visual imagery of the text. The salt of phraseological units is a special group - aphorisms. The deepest thoughts in the shortest execution. Easy to remember. Often used, like other means of expression, proverbs and sayings can also be included here.