What areas of socialization are most significant for young people. Start in science

Application number 3.

To the Regulations on the Olympics.

YOUTH UNION OF ECONOMISTS AND FINANCISTS

Stavropol region №_______

(full name of the region) (the field is filled in when registering the work).

COMPETITION WORK №_______

(the field is filled in when registering the work).

Annual All-Russian Olympiad

development of the national economy of Russia.

« Socialization of youth in modern Russian society »

(full title of work)

Nomination No."60" name " Management, economic and financial support of youth and family policy in Russia”

Federal State Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "Stavropol State Agrarian University"

(the name of the university is COMPLETE!!!)

Well 3 .

Specialty: Accounting, analysis and audit

(name of the future specialty according to the diploma).

(indicate the address through which feedback will be provided to the author).

tel: (8-962) 4270263 e-mail: [email protected]

http:// _____________________________ ICQ: ______________

Supervisor: Pogorelova Irina Viktorovna

(Last name, first name, patronymic - COMPLETELY!!!)

(Permanent place of work).

Practical guide: ________________________________________

(Last name, first name, patronymic - COMPLETELY!!!)

________________________________________________

(Academic degree, academic title of supervisor - COMPLETELY!!!).

________________________________________

(Permanent place of work).

Contact details: __________________________________________

(Please provide contact details that are convenient for communication).

Stavropol

(name of the locality where the work was prepared).

2010 .

Introduction………………………………………………………………................................4

1. Theoretical aspects of socialization……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..5

1.1 The main provisions of the theory of socialization .................................................... .....5

1.2 Phases of socialization............................................... ...............................................7

1.3 The main approaches to the periodization of socialization .............................................. 10

2. Socialization of youth in modern Russian society……..........14

2.1. Channels of socialization of modern Russian youth………………………………………………………………………………………………….

2.2. The mechanism of socialization of young people……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………18

2.3. Problems of socialization of youth in modern

Russian Society……………………………………………………...........20

2.4. Ways to solve the main problems of the socialization of youth ....................25

Conclusions..……………………………………………………...………...................32

List of used literature……………………………….…......................34

List of basic terms (concepts) used in the work.

Socialization

1. The process of development of a born human organism into a full-fledged human personality in the course of an individual's interaction with the social environment . In this process, on the one hand, the natural psychobiological inclinations inherent in a person are realized, on the other hand, they are transformed into socially significant personality traits in the course of education and upbringing and with the active participation of the person himself.

2. Personal self-development in the course of its interaction with various social groups, institutions, organizations. As can be seen, in this interpretation, the natural-biological side of socialization is not specifically emphasized and is not singled out.

Adaptation - from the point of view of sociology, the process of adapting a person to the conditions of the social environment.

Internalization (internalization) (fr. intériorisation - transition from outside to inside, from lat. interior - internal)

1. The formation of the internal structures of the human psyche through the assimilation of external social activity, the appropriation of life experience, the formation of mental functions and development in general.

2. The essential, deep inclusion of the individual in social processes, the process of translating external requirements into the internal attitudes of a person.

Subculture - (from lat. sub - under, around and cultura - cultivation, upbringing, education, veneration)

1. The system of values, attitudes of behavior patterns, life style of any social group, which is an independent holistic formation within the framework of the dominant culture.

2. The totality of some, negatively interpreted norms and values of traditional culture, functioning as a culture of the criminal stratum of society.

Introduction

The analysis of the problems and features of the socialization of young people cannot but begin with a clarification of the concept of "youth". In our opinion, young people are not only the future, they are the “living present”, and it is important to understand how much the younger generation today determines the content and nature of the future, how much it carries the “spirit of the new time”. But it is necessary to give a more definite scientific concept of "youth". So, young people are a socio-demographic group with age, socio-psychological properties and social values characteristic of it, which are determined by the level of socio-economic, cultural development, and features of socialization in Russian society. Those. among the factors of the sociological definition of “youth”, researchers distinguish: age boundaries and socio-psychological characteristics; specifics of social status, role functions, sociocultural behavior; the process of socialization as a unity of social adaptation of youth and individualization.

The problem of this topic is that the emergence of new and radical changes in the traditional channels of socialization of the younger generations in a modern transitional society have led to an increase in the number of young people leading an asocial, immoral lifestyle. At the moment there is a lumpenization and criminalization of youth.

The relevance of this topic, in our opinion, lies in the fact that at the present time, when all public relations and social institutions are radically changing in our country, the study of the characteristics of youth socialization is becoming an extremely popular and relevant research problem that attracts the attention of not only scientists, but also practical workers of different levels - from politicians to teachers and parents.

In this paper, we will analyze the specifics, features and problems of the socialization of young people as a socio-demographic group in modern Russian society.

1. Theoretical aspects of socialization

1.1 The main provisions of the theory of socialization

Socialization covers all the processes of familiarization with culture, training and education, through which a person acquires a social nature and the ability to participate in social life.

There are two most pronounced views on the essence of socialization. According to one of them, it means the process of development of a born human organism into a full-fledged human personality during the interaction of an individual with the social environment. . In this process, on the one hand, the natural psychobiological inclinations inherent in a person are realized, on the other hand, they are transformed into socially significant personality traits in the course of education and upbringing and with the active participation of the person himself. According to a different position, socialization acts, first of all, as the self-development of the individual in the course of its interaction with various social groups, institutions, and organizations. As can be seen, in this interpretation, the natural-biological side of socialization is not specifically emphasized or singled out.

Leaning more towards the latter point of view, in the most general form, socialization can be understood as the process of assimilation by a person of patterns of behavior, values and norms accepted in society, in specific social communities. . Socialization can be represented as a process of mastering social norms that become an integral part of a person's life not as a result of external regulation, but as a result of an internal need to follow them. This is one aspect of socialization.

The second aspect concerns its characterization as an essential element of social interaction, suggesting; that people want to change their own image, improve their self-image in the eyes of others, carrying out their activities in accordance with their expectations. Consequently, socialization is associated with the fulfillment of the social roles of the individual.

This interpretation of socialization is widespread in Western sociology. It was presented most fully by T. Parsons and R. Bales in a book devoted to the problems of the family, socialization and interaction processes. It pays special attention to the consideration of such an organ of primary socialization as the family, which "includes" the individual in social structures.

Thus, we can conclude that socialization is a two-way process, including, on the one hand, the assimilation of social experience by the individual by entering the social environment, the system of social ties; on the other hand, the process of active reproduction by the individual of the system of social ties due to his vigorous activity, active inclusion in the social environment.

It should also be said that one of the most important in the theory of personality socialization is the question of its stages and phases. On closer examination, it turns out that they are not the same thing. The number of stages is called different, and the phases, as a rule, are considered the same. Moreover, each stage of the socialization of the individual may include the same phases that are inherent in other stages.

1.2. Phases of socialization

The phases have an objective, specific character, manifesting themselves differently at each stage of socialization. They are usually defined as phases of adaptation and internalization (internalization). Whether we reveal the features of the socialization of a child, a schoolchild, a student, or an employee - a member of the labor collective, in any case, we will have to analyze both of these phases. Therefore, before considering successively the stages of socialization, it is necessary to reveal the content of each of its phases.

Phase of adaptation.

The concept of adaptation, which occupies one of the central places in biology, means the adaptation of a living organism to environmental conditions. In relation to sociology, it began to denote the process of adapting a person to the conditions of the social environment.

The meaning of this development is the acceptance by the individual of the norms and values of the environment, whether it be a social community, an organization, an institution, the inclusion of a person in various forms of objective activity and interaction that exist in these social formations. Adaptation is the initial stage of the process of inclusion and integration of an individual into a social, educational, professional environment, based on real, everyday, regular interaction with him. The main function of adaptation is the development of relatively stable environmental conditions, the solution of recurring, typical problems through the use of accepted methods of social behavior and action.

Adaptation acts as an insufficiently deep, mainly external process of socialization, while acquiring an active and passive form. The active form consists in the desire of the individual not only to understand and master the norms and values of the social environment, the types of activities and interactions accepted in it, but also to express their individual attitude towards them, often manifested in dissatisfaction with them and the desire to change them. The passive form of adaptation is manifested in the "silent" acceptance of these norms and values and unconditional obedience to them. Of course, it does not necessarily mean approval of everything that needs to be adjusted.

The essence of adaptation processes is the interaction of the individual - the subject of adaptation and the social environment. In the process of this interaction, adaptive activity does not always have a positive direction. This happens in those cases when an individual chooses an adaptive "niche" for himself from conservative elements of the environment, or when the influence of the adapting environment is so strong that it suppresses the possibilities of the adaptant's creative self-realization and conserves them for a long time. In such a situation, a state arises, the outcome of which depends not so much on the subjective qualities and properties of the individual, the efforts made by her, but on the activity of the adapting environment.

If this environment provides a number of necessary conditions for the adaptant to achieve compatibility with it, then his actions will be aimed at accelerating the pace of this process, consciously mastering one or another way of adaptive activity. As a result, signs of adaptability will increase, and socialization will be successfully carried out.

Consequently, the adaptation process can be successful and unsuccessful, which is expressed in the relevant sociological indicators. In the first case, this may be the high social and professional status of the individual, his satisfaction with the content of objective activity and interaction with the social environment. In the second case, these indicators will be diametrically opposed, while the extreme form of unsuccessful adaptation will be maladaptation and its specific manifestations - staff turnover, migration, divorce, deviant behavior, etc. It is these characteristics of maladaptation that act as desocializing factors.

The adaptation of young people has a large species diversity, acting as a socio-professional, social, social, political, socio-psychological, socio-cultural.

In the conditions of modern Russia, which is undergoing a transitional state from socialism and post-Soviet society to a new social arrangement, the problem of youth adaptation is of particular importance within the framework of the general process of their socialization. Adaptation turns into the social and psychological ability of young people to survive an emergency, crisis situation of transition from one social order to another.

Internalization phase.

The second phase of personality socialization is internalization (internalization). It means the essential, deep inclusion of the individual in the process, mastering it in such a way that there is an organic transformation of norms, standards, stereotypes of behavior, values characteristic of the external environment into the internal "belonging" of the individual. This is the process of translating external requirements into internal attitudes of a person.

Internalization as a phase of socialization is always carried out on the basis of adaptation and in this sense it turns out to be more “protracted” in terms of the time of its implementation, longer and more fundamental. As a result of internalization, a person has a system of solid social regulators of behavior that meets both the requirements of society and a specific social community (or a social institution, organization).

The internalization of a personality means its complete inclusion in a particular social structure, in some cases even "merging" with it. The latter occurs when the activity of any particular structure is difficult to imagine without this or that person. This may be the head or founder of this structure (although, in general, this is not at all necessary); A person who becomes necessary and indispensable in a particular environment, the very fact of such a status indicates the success of his internalization. Its important factor is the active and close interaction with the members of this social environment regarding the implementation of one or another type of substantive activity.

1.3. The main approaches to the periodization of socialization

Now we need to consider the stages of socialization. This problem is debatable, starting with the question of whether socialization has boundaries, and ending with a discussion of the number of its stages. Regarding the first, there are two main points of view. Some authors - the vast majority of them - believe that the process of socialization "accompanies" a person throughout his life path and ends only with his death. Others believe that socialization, starting from early childhood, ends with the period of reaching social maturity and entering the stage of professional labor activity.

An even greater diversity of views is associated with the question of the stages within which the socialization of the individual is carried out. One of the most common points of view is that there are three main stages of socialization - pre-labor, labor, post-labor (associated with a person's retirement). In this position, it is not difficult to find the well-known thesis of K. Marx and his followers about the decisive role of labor in human life, which is present as a criterion for distinguishing the stages of socialization. This approach seems to be quite reasonable and has every right to exist and study the main stages of socialization. However, its weak point is the significant, even excessive duration of each stage. In fact, within any of them there are a number of periods of socialization that are more fractional in time.

Another approach differs in the same vulnerability, according to which its authors consider it more appropriate to distinguish between primary and secondary socialization (or resocialization). At the same time, the period from the birth of a person to the formation of a mature personality is referred to the stage of primary socialization, and the period of its social maturity is referred to the stage of secondary socialization (resocialization).

Speaking about the criteria for the stages of socialization, one must bear in mind, first of all, three main ones: the time of physical and social maturation; the nature (features) of the dominant forms (types) of activity; the main social institutions (agents) of socialization. In accordance with these criteria, the following stages of socialization can be distinguished:

The first is infancy (from birth to about three years of age), the main form of activity at this stage is communication. According to some researchers (rather controversially), at this stage, "socialization does not actually convey its effects to the child yet." The main agents of socialization are the family, the closest relatives.

The second is childhood (from 3 to 6-7 years). Here, the main form of activity is the game, and, above all, role-playing. The child learns, "trying on" various social roles - mothers, fathers, kindergarten teachers, shop assistants and many others. Along with the family, a new social institution of socialization arises - a preschool educational institution.

The third stage covers the period from 6-7 to 13-14 years. Within the framework of this stage, several abrupt changes take place, real turning points that characterize the features of socialization. First, the main form of activity is changing: instead of play (although it often continues to retain a significant place in a child’s life), learning appears, which becomes the main means of understanding the world, life, and relationships. Secondly, the institution of the school is replacing the preschool institution as the main (along with the family) factor of socialization. Thirdly, puberty occurs, leaving its own special stamp on the process of socialization.

The fourth stage has a lower limit of adolescence (13-14 years old) and is characterized by a well-known temporal uncertainty of the upper limit. In terms of content, this is the completion of the study and the transition to professional labor activity. For some, it occurs at the age of 18, for others - at 23-25 and even later. The main form of activity continues to be educational, however, leisure activities and communication are serious competition to it. The puberty of the personality is completed, and most often the sexual life begins.

Within the framework of this particular stage, the choice of a profession, a way to achieve a career, ways to build a future life takes place, which is sometimes of decisive importance in the process of socialization. All conditions are created for worldview reflection, adequate awareness of oneself, one's abilities and purpose. Considering the role of socialization institutions at this stage, it is necessary to note the declining importance of the family, the continuing importance of educational institutions, and the sharply increasing importance of the social microenvironment, comradely environment.

The fifth stage covers the time frame for the functioning of a socially mature personality (from 20-25 to 35-40 years) . It is characterized by her (as a rule) high activity in the professional sphere, the creation of her own family, in connection with this transformation of the individual from the "object" into the "subject" of socialization. At this stage, the full disclosure of personal potential occurs, which can be facilitated by the main institutions of socialization - the production (labor) collective, family, mass media, education, etc. The leading forms of activity, along with professional and labor, can be family, household, educational, socio-political, leisure, communication activities.

The sixth stage is associated with the age period from 35-40 to 55-65 years, i.e. from the time of peak maturity to entering the "deserved rest" of pensioner life . Some scientists attach extreme importance to this stage of socialization. Thus, E. Erickson (USA) believes that it is at this time that a pronounced human desire is manifested either for active development, creativity, or for constancy, peace and stability. In this regard, the institution of work and its ability to create conditions for interesting, intense, active work acquires a special role.

The main forms of activity, along with professional and labor, are family and household (including the upbringing of children and grandchildren), socio-political, and leisure activities. If this stage of socialization, Erickson believes, is not marked by an interest in work and active professional activity, then a desire for stability will arise, and the fear of the new and its rejection will stop the process of self-development and become disastrous for the individual.

Finally, the final, seventh stage of socialization occurs in the conditions of retirement age and the individual's refusal from active professional and labor activity. Switching a person to other forms of activity that could become dominant for him and bring deep satisfaction can be of great importance in the process of socialization.

At this stage, there is a comprehension of the life path passed, its evaluation, which can lead to consequences of a double order: there is either an awareness of the identity, integrity of the life lived, or dissatisfaction with it and even despair that it turned out to be worthless and did not bring anyone benefit. The not very good physical condition of a person, caused by age and poor health, can worsen psychologically and lead to neuroticism.

When considering the socialization of the younger generation, the most important period is either the phase of the beginning of labor activity, or professional preparation for it. It is here that self-consciousness, social consciousness and value attitudes are formed, which will determine the trajectory of personal development throughout the subsequent life. This stage is characterized by a large role of educational influence. Therefore, in almost any society, socialization, which takes place at the first stages, has a pronounced educational character. Society's refusal to purposefully carry out the educational function through official institutions leads to the deformation of socialization, the dominance of adaptive, i.e. adaptive aspect. This trend is especially dangerous for the socialization of young people in a transitive society, characterized by the loss of clear social guidelines and norms. As modern domestic researchers note, “in the conditions of an extremely negative social environment, in the absence of officially declared norms of behavior and acceptable ways for an individual to achieve his goals, sanctions for their violation, in a word, in the absence of social control, adaptation leads to the subordination of the individual to the environment, passive perception of reality to escape from life as a consequence of the rejection of this reality or various types of deviant behavior.

Currently a special role on the stage; professional training is played by socialization during the period of study at the university. This is explained by the fact that the university stage of socialization is distinguished by the content of a large share of the educational impact on the individual. Socialization takes place in conditions of spontaneous interaction of the individual with the social environment. Education, on the other hand, is a process of purposeful influence on the personality, when the educator (whether in the person of family members, a teacher or an entire institution - religion, university) initially has a certain education program aimed at forming the given qualities in the personality.

In the context of a decline in production and mass unemployment, which affects young people to the greatest extent, educational institutions remain the social institution that is aimed at shaping professional guidelines and work ethics. The higher school determines the formation of a work ethic in the group that will join the ranks of the managerial and intellectual-humanitarian strata of professionals and who, in turn, will determine the vector of further social development.

Thus, from the foregoing, we can conclude that socialization is a lifelong process of personality development, which is carried out in the process of its interaction with various factors, and the more social factors are involved in the process of socialization, the richer and more intense it proceeds.

2. Socialization of youth in modern Russian society

2.1 Channels of socialization of modern Russian youth

First of all, in our opinion, it would be more expedient to consider in this chapter the theoretical aspects of the factors influencing the process of socialization, so that then, considering the channels of socialization of modern Russian youth, have a clear idea of the mechanism of influence.

Factors of socialization can be considered in their various combinations. One of them is the identification of macro-, meso- and micro-factors that affect the socialization of the individual. Macrofactors are, first of all, society, the state, its social institutions, mass media. Mesofactors include those that make up the society of the individual in a broad sense: the type of settlement (region, city, village), ethnic group to which she belongs (or considers herself), local media, enterprise, educational institution, institution in which the individual working or studying. Apparently, the church should also be attributed to the mesofactors. Microfactors are those that directly affect the process of socialization of the individual: family, friendly environment, study group, primary work collective, other structures with which a person directly interacts. In other words, it is a society in a narrow sense, or a micro-society of an individual.

Macro - and mesofactors can influence the socialization of the individual both directly, directly, and through microfactors. Obviously, the information received by a person from the media affects the process of his socialization without any "intermediaries". However, a significant proportion of this influence is distributed through its transformation through the factors of a particular society, through agents of socialization, i.e. those people with whom the individual interacts directly. It is clear that at each stage of socialization, the composition of people changes, although the "core" of socialization agents can remain the same for many years. This is, first of all, the immediate family environment: parents, wife (husband), children, brothers (sisters), as well as friends or close comrades.

Now, having dealt with the theoretical prerequisites for socialization channels, we can move on to highlighting the problem of factors influencing the socialization of young people in modern society.

Based on the above typology, it is possible to build a different hierarchical series of social factors that determine the vector of the socialization process, for example, of student youth.

Macro-level factors - socio-economic and socio-political processes taking place in society as a whole. The ability of the young generation to master the value ideals and norms declared by society directly depends on them.

Factors of the middle level - the system of higher education, the reform of which should correct the motivation for studying in higher education and the meaning of educational activities.

Finally, micro-level factors include the influence of the process of organizing educational activities at the university, the student group, and the teaching staff of the university. The nature and content of the educational process at the university directly depend on this group of reasons. University-environment of youth socialization.

The identified three groups of factors should complement and resonate with each other. However, their harmonious interaction is not obligatory: a contradiction of these factors is also possible. In the context of the systemic crisis of Russian society, undoubtedly, the dominant role in the process of socialization belongs to the factors of macro and meso levels. Of great interest is not only the study of the specific deployment of the process of socialization, but also the analysis of its contradictions.

Let's consider these factors in more detail. The rapid pace of radical changes in the lives of modern peoples, the strengthening of probabilistic and stochastic trends in the social existence of the Earth's population make the life of any society subject to numerous social risks and especially actualize the processes of human survival; in connection with which the problem of the socialization of youth, the main wealth of any society, comes to the fore.

The emergence of new and radical changes in the traditional channels of socialization of the younger generations in Russian society necessarily raises questions about the meaning and essence of the socialization process, about the similarities and differences in the processes of upbringing, education and training of the younger generations, about today's youth, which differs significantly from the youth of the previous time.

In recent decades, in modern Russia, as in other post-socialist countries, fundamentally new channels of socialization have emerged that have a strong influence on the processes of youth formation and their adaptation in a radically changing society. The most significant of these channels are: the labor market, the institution of entrepreneurship, the informatization of all spheres of social life, the formation of the foundations of a new type of society as its basic characteristics. Under these conditions, the labor market turns into one of the most significant social indicators of market relations, which is determined by the existing supply and demand on it, as well as the availability of vacancies that can be offered to young people entering this market for the first time and having, firstly, a certain level of knowledge, and secondly, specific wishes regarding their future work. It is the market that tests all the qualities of the younger generations: moral and business, their cultural worlds and professional skills. The degree of “provision” of young people with such social qualities that will be in demand throughout their active economic life will ultimately determine possible contacts with the world, with partners, as well as form the ability to work in a constantly transforming society and unstable conditions of life. However, this goal is set before all the institutions of society where the socialization of young people takes place.

At present, the role of traditional and new channels of youth socialization has changed, each of the most significant social institutions that carry out the socialization of youth in post-socialist countries has changed significantly in the conditions of transitivity: the family is becoming more unstable and having few children, all parts of the education system are being commercialized, which is becoming a service-oriented field of activity, and not the main form of transmission of culture to the younger generations. In our opinion, the commercialization of education violates the legally enshrined principles of its humanization and democratization, since it destroys the equality of chances in initiating knowledge and culture, deepens property and social inequality in society. The state, not finding application for the high educational potential of young people, not providing normal opportunities for them to earn a living, has put most of them on the brink of poverty, inevitably pushes them into criminal structures.

The reality of Russian society in the first half of the 90s. 20th century was the inclusion of Russia in the global information space. The means of mass communication, including all types of information, functioning in this space created with the help of new technologies (multimedia, audiovisual means of communication), have become the most important agent of youth socialization. They disseminate and popularize certain models, styles and norms of behavior, model and introduce into the mass consciousness the image of reality to which it is necessary to strive. Directly such influence is carried out through advertising.

It should be noted that the impact of telecommunications can be assessed as both negative and positive. On the one hand, the commercialization of TV channels leads to the predominance of low-quality Western films full of violence, aggression, and cruelty on TV screens. In addition, advertising occupies a significant place on the screen. On the other hand, the emergence of new types of video programs helps young people both in their studies and in broadening their horizons, opening up completely new horizons of knowledge. The information field of a new type permeates all spheres of social life, affecting the processes of socialization in various institutions.

The fundamental difference between Soviet television and the current Russian television illustrates the transformation of one of the sides of social reality. But brought up on trust in the media, a man of Russian society, inclined to trust information, was not immediately ready to select from it what he needed for himself.

A widespread phenomenon in Russian reality has become a youth subculture, which is a multifunctional phenomenon that meets the essential needs of personality development, and, above all, the need for social and cultural identity, a person’s “embeddedness” in a certain socio-cultural community. Age groups, which take shape as carriers of the youth subculture, become a socializing factor. Their role increases when the main institutions that ensure the socialization of young people (family, school, public organizations, the media) promote very diverse and different values and behaviors, which complicates the process of finding oneself and gaining social status.

Thus, from the foregoing, we can conclude that among the new channels of youth socialization, the media and the Internet are becoming the most important. The role of powerful channels of socialization is played by the audiovisual world: television, advertising, gaming technologies of modern media, as well as the activities of radically changed social organizations. In contrast to the global ones, regional and local traditions are developing and strengthening in the modern spiritual culture of the younger generations, which must be taken into account in the process of working with young people.

2.2 Mechanism of socialization of young people

Speaking about the influence of these social factors, it should be noted that they manifest themselves through a special reflexive mechanism of socialization of young people. This mechanism acts as its internal dialogue, a kind of auto-communication, within which they analyze, evaluate, accept or reject the norms, standards, values, rules “proposed” by social factors.

According to sociologists, there are not only reflexive, but also other mechanisms of socialization. At the same time, such a mechanism should be understood as a certain combination, “linkage” of factors characterizing the conditions of the social environment with intrapersonal factors. In this sense, they speak of a traditional mechanism, which is a process of assimilation by young people of norms, values, standards of family behavior, the closest social environment (comradely, professional, leisure, and others). They call the interpersonal mechanism of socialization, which means the process of communication of a young person with "significant others" (parents, teachers, respected adults, peer friends). Here, however, it must be emphasized that communication with "significant others" from certain social groups and organizations and their influence on the socializing person is not identical to the impact exerted by this group or organization as a whole.

Another mechanism of socialization of young people is called stylized, since it is associated with the lifestyle of a group of people characterized by a certain subculture - a complex of moral, psychological and behavioral traits typical of certain youth groups. A subculture is capable of becoming a powerful socializing factor for a long time to the extent that its bearers turn out to be representatives of the reference group for a given individual.

Special mention should be made of the institutional mechanism of socialization, which means, as follows from the term itself, the socialization of the individual in the process of its interaction with social institutions created both specifically for this purpose and simultaneously implementing it in the course of their activities. The former should include, first of all, the institutions of education and upbringing, the latter - industrial, political, educational, religious, leisure institutions, the media and others.

The significance of social institutions for the process of socialization of young people lies, first of all, in the fact that under their influence, as a result of the proposed patterns of behavior, certain social roles, norms, and values are assimilated. Of course, first of all, the institutions of the family, education and upbringing have the greatest influence on the personality. However, from the point of view of the tasks of socialization, they are not identical in their functions. If in the family there is an assimilation of socio-cultural standards and universal norms and values by the personality, then within the framework of educational institutions there is the assimilation of knowledge, the social experience accumulated in it, the realization of the abilities and talents of the individual.

Thus, we can conclude that a young person is formed as a person as his social qualities develop, defining him as a member of a concrete historical society. The socialization of the younger generation should be proactive, taking into account possible changes in the future. There are at least three systems of socialization. The first is the so-called directed socialization. . It is created by the social system. The second is the system of "spontaneous" socialization. This usually includes everything that is summarized by the word "street" (children's and teenage companies), as well as the influence of the media, books, art, etc. And the third system is the self-education of the personality, its ability to make competent decisions.

2.3 Problems of youth socialization in modern Russian society

All mechanisms of socialization, one way or another, relate to the solution of three groups of problems: socio-psychological, natural-cultural and socio-cultural . Socio-psychological problems are associated with the formation of self-awareness of young people, their self-determination, self-affirmation and self-development. At the stage of youth, these problems of socialization have a special, specific content, there are different ways to solve them.

Natural and cultural problems also have an impact on the process of socialization of youth in modern Russian society. Its content is connected with the achievement by a person of a certain level of physical and sexual development. These problems are often related to regional differences, since the rates of physical and puberty can vary markedly: in the south they turn out to be much higher than in the north. Natural-cultural problems of socialization can also affect the formation of standards of masculinity and femininity in different cultures, ethnic groups, regions.

The socio-cultural problems of socialization have as their content the introduction of a person to a certain level of culture, to a particular set of knowledge, skills and abilities.

All of the above problems of socialization and their solutions are an objective necessity for the individual. In the case of realizing such problems, it is quite capable of solving them fruitfully - of course, if there are the necessary objective prerequisites for this. This means that then a person acts as the subject of his own development, the subject of socialization.

However, it must be borne in mind that if any problems of socialization are not solved at one or another of its stages, this can slow down the process of personality development, make it inferior. Comprehension of such a situation can force a person to set new goals for himself, to change the ways of achieving them. In general, this is not scary. It is much worse if unresolved or unsolvable problems are not recognized by the individual, and he does not begin to look for any turns in the process of socialization. In this case, a phenomenon may arise, which some authors, in relation to such a person, define by the term “victim of socialization”.

Therefore, on the one hand, identification of the individual with society is necessary, on the other hand, isolation in it. . Here, two extremes are possible, which lead the individual to the fact that she becomes a “victim of socialization”. Firstly, in the case of complete identification with society and the “absolute” acceptance of its role prescriptions and role expectations, the inability to resist it at least in some way, the person turns into a conformist. Secondly, the rejection of many social requirements of a fundamental nature for society can turn a person into a fighter against its foundations (which is especially characteristic of a totalitarian or authoritarian regime). The severity of this contradiction is associated not only with the nature of society, but also with the process of socialization, as well as the influence of social factors on the individual.

Summarize. In the discussions above about the personality and its socialization, attention was focused on the factors that can make this process effective. Meanwhile, socialization implies a high degree of internal activity of the individual, the need for its self-realization. . In other words, a lot depends on the person, his ability to manage his own activities. But this process takes place when the objective conditions of life give rise to certain needs and interests, create in the individual certain incentives for activity.

Let us consider in more detail the social factors influencing the socialization of young people today. According to state statistics, the number of young people in Russia is almost 40 million people, 27% of the population. Who are they? What are they thinking, dreaming about? What awaits them and what is their social well-being?

Today we are forced to state:

1. The number of young people in Russia is declining;

2. The new generation is less healthy than the previous one, the youth is dying out faster than the older generation;

3. The intellectual potential of young people is falling, the mental degeneration of the younger generation is taking place;

4. The problem of youth employment has become sharply aggravated;

5. The social status of young people, their material and living conditions are declining;

6. Significantly fallen and continue to fall self-awareness, self-identification, organization, role in public life and politics, young people are left to the mercy of fate;

7. There is a spiritual and moral decay of youth. The traditional foundations of upbringing and education are being replaced by "more modern", Western ones:

Pedagogy of respect for elders and joint work - the development of a creative egoistic personality;

Chastity, abstinence, self-restraint - permissiveness and satisfaction of one's needs;

Love and self-sacrifice - Western psychology of self-affirmation;

Interest in national culture - exceptional interest in foreign languages and foreign traditions.

The youth is seized by the spirit of consumerism and immoral enrichment at any cost, they are increasingly criminalized, alcoholism, drug addiction, and prostitution are on the rise.

There is only one conclusion, and it is terrifying: Russian society is degrading. The process of youth depopulation continues, the birth rate is decreasing and the mortality rate is increasing. The number of 8-year-olds is now 2 times less than eighteen-year-olds, which means that in 10 years Russia may become a country with a minimum number of the young generation of reproductive and working age. The economy annually loses 2.5 million people between the ages of 16 and 30.

The share of young people employed in the national economy is constantly decreasing, especially in industry, construction and transport. In connection with the structural changes taking place in the economy, the share of young people in the non-productive sphere is growing. The data of scientists in recent years show that the activities of 52% of young people do not correspond to their professional training. The number of young people in the countryside has decreased by 25% over the past 10 years and makes up only 9% of the rural population of Russia.

The introduction of market relations has exacerbated the problem of social security in the labor sphere. In this regard, an increasingly tangible characteristic of the socio-economic situation of young people is the increase in the number of unemployed in this environment. The problem of employment of graduates of schools, vocational schools, secondary specialized and higher educational institutions is acute. .

According to Rosstat, as of February 2010, the average age of the unemployed was 35.6 years. Young people under 25 years of age account for 25.8% of the unemployed, including 5.3% of those aged 15-19 and 20.5% of those aged 20-24. A high unemployment rate is noted in the age group of 15-19 years old - 32.4% and 20-24 years old - 17.1% (a graphical display of these data is presented in Appendix 1) .

On average, among young people aged 15-24, the unemployment rate in February 2010 was 18.9%, including among the urban population - 16.9%, among the rural population - 23.6%. The coefficient of exceeding the unemployment rate among young people on average in the age group of 15-24 years compared with the unemployment rate of the adult population aged 30-49 years is 2.7 times, including among the urban population - 2.8 times, the rural population - 2 ,4 times .

The problems of alcoholism and drug addiction are acute. Today, more than 60 thousand alcoholic children are officially registered, 40% of schoolchildren and more than 80% of young people drink alcohol. Among drug addicts - 80% are children and youth. Every year, 40,000 Russians die from alcohol, mostly young people. This is three times more than the losses of the USSR during the entire Afghan war! More than 35 thousand young people die from drugs.

Among school leavers, only 10% are relatively healthy. According to WHO, out of 100 school graduates in 2009 in Russia, only 40 will live to retirement age.

In addition, the youth environment is becoming a dangerous crime zone. Such unfavorable trends as the rejuvenation of crime and the strengthening of its group character are growing. At the same time, not only quantitative indicators have grown, but criminal acts have become more cruel.

The number of "female" crimes is growing from year to year. Law enforcement agencies are greatly alarmed by the trend towards “rejuvenation” of female crime. There are currently about 500 teenage girls in Russia's three juvenile correctional labor colonies. Most of them were convicted of serious crimes, including infanticide. As a rule, young women who have not found themselves in life go to kill children: without a family, without a livelihood, without housing.

The younger generation, for the most part, found themselves without reliable social guidelines. The destruction of traditional forms of socialization based on the social predetermination of the life path, on the one hand, increased the personal responsibility of young people for their own destiny, putting them in front of the need to make a choice, on the other hand, it revealed the unwillingness of most of them to engage in new social relations. The choice of a life path began to be determined not by the abilities and interests of a young person, but by specific circumstances.

Thus, a defect in the socialization of young people is visible on the face, when the street acted as a socializing agent, communication with any informal youth groups (the word “informal” in this case is used to emphasize the fundamental difference with officially registered and led by adult public youth organizations ), the negative impact of the family in which the young person lives and is brought up is also possible.

The most dangerous thing in the current state of Russian society is the growing feeling of spiritual emptiness, meaninglessness, hopelessness, the temporality of everything that happens, which visibly covers more and more layers of Russians. Breaking value orientations is reflected in the mood of young people. The most important and fundamental here is the growing disillusionment with the prospects, the psychology of "nowism" ("here and now"), the spread of legal nihilism, and the decline in moral criteria. The younger generation found itself in an absurd, difficult and most difficult situation, when it, called upon by the logic of history to continue development on the basis of inherited material and spiritual values, is forced, being in its infancy, to participate in the development of these values, often to carry out this work independently, often despite the relapses of the old. thinking of their fathers, their attempts to restore the past. As a result, the natural contradictions of “fathers and children” in our society have taken on a hypertrophied character and have also become a source of conflict against the background of the processes of alienation of young people in society, a decrease in their social status, a reduction in social youth programs, opportunities for education, work, and political participation.

From all of the above, we can conclude that the present, isolated from the past and future, remains in its “own juice” - in a self-closed, hopeless space. Socialization disintegrates when, along with the due cultivated for centuries (the cult of the spirit, traditions, space, quality), it arises, grows, takes shape as a cult of the present (external temporary, everyday, quantitative). The socialization of modern Russian society is a kind of socialization that does not teach, but teaches not to rely on anything either in the past, or in the future, or - finally - in the present, i.e. - to exist on the basis of vacuum. Socialization is a delayed process. But in the fast New Time, which has ceased to be traditional, there is no time to wait, and therefore the effect is not expected for long, they strive for a quick - better than an urgent "return on costs". Essential, proper, knowledge developed over the centuries loses its authority - and with it, faith in the past loses its meaning. For the time being, there is hope for the future. But no matter how delayed the effect of neglecting the past, it is postponed to infinity, it comes and is expressed in the loss of hope for the future.

2.4 Ways to solve the main problems of youth socialization.

First of all, it is necessary to solve the problem of spiritual and moral education of children and youth.

In a situation of acute spiritual and moral crisis in the country, the consistent solution of the identified problems is ineffective. One-time and local measures will not lead to a fundamental change in the situation. A comprehensive, systematic approach and a programmatic form of organizing the spiritual and moral education of children and youth are needed.

The organization of program management of spiritual and moral education of children and youth at the regional level is proposed. Through the efforts of the New Russia Foundation for Spiritual Culture and Education, such a Program has been developed, based on the best traditions of domestic pedagogy, scientific developments and practical experience, taking into account the development trends of modern regional education, the peculiarities of the cultural, historical and socio-economic development of Russian regions. In our opinion, it is necessary to ensure the implementation of this Program to improve the moral and spiritual culture of children and youth.

In addition, at the moment, on television, there is so much immoral, dirty, vulgar, destroying the psyche of adolescents, I mean such television programs as Dom-2, Comedy-club, many programs of the MTV channel. To improve the moral and spiritual culture of young people, it is necessary to limit their display, or even ban it.

Also acute today is the problem of youth health.

Careless attitude to one's health is a hallmark of Russian youth. Many members of the younger generation are not only unable or unwilling to take action to improve health, but also easily cause serious harm to themselves by engaging in bad habits. Polls show that less than half of teenagers and a third of students have not yet acquired bad habits. The rest, to one degree or another, are involved in the use of cigarettes, alcoholic beverages, and drugs. In addition, Russia has one of the youngest HIV epidemics in the world: people under 30 make up 75% of those infected, while in Europe young people make up only 30% of HIV-positive people.

In general, to improve the health of children and youth, it is proposed to place the main reliance on sports and healthy nutrition. It is necessary to conduct their wide promotion, and not be limited to one-time actions in the form of holding a “Health Day”, to make sports accessible, and free for children from low-income families. Provide schoolchildren with information about the dangers of various food additives, individual products and the possible consequences of their use.

In determining the methods of combating HIV/AIDS, we are in solidarity with the opinion of the Youth Public Chamber, which plans to:

Conducting round tables, discussions on this issue with the involvement of interested structures and leaders of public opinion, as a result of which reasonable options for improving the situation will be proposed.

Organization of an all-Russian competition for the best concept of an information campaign to combat HIV/AIDS with further implementation of this concept;

Carrying out the action "A condom in every first-aid kit", aimed at introducing a norm on the mandatory completion of car first-aid kits with condoms;

Development of legislation requiring nightclubs, restaurants and other places of entertainment to place condom vending machines.

Smoking and alcoholism among adolescents and young people in Russia is acquiring the scale of a serious social problem. There are several factors that influence the increase in the number of minors who smoke and drink, including the ineffectiveness of legislation in the field of restricting smoking and drinking, “fashion”, the desire to appear older, the availability of tobacco products, and the example of adults.

Accordingly, it is necessary:

1. Strengthen public and state control over the implementation of the current legislation restricting the sale of tobacco products and alcoholic beverages to minors.

3. Introduce criminal liability for the sale of tobacco products and alcoholic beverages to persons under 18 years of age.

4. Introduce additional special instruction for the personnel of commercial enterprises in order to stop the sale of cigarettes and alcoholic beverages to children and adolescents.

The problem of drug addiction among young people, as well as drug addiction among adolescents, is dangerous because, by using drugs, a person destroys not only his body, but also his life. He closes the door to the real world behind him, plunging into the world invented by his own consciousness.

To solve this problem, it is necessary to provide effective prevention, as well as treatment of drug dependence. Namely, to carry out broad social advertising against drugs, to tighten the norms of legislation and strengthen control over its implementation, to organize more extensive outpatient and inpatient care for drug addicts, as well as their subsequent rehabilitation, to fully help such people start a new life.

A very important problem of youth socialization in modern Russian society is unemployment, which in turn is a factor that negatively affects the demographic situation in the country.

The following problems of youth employment are distinguished:

1. Lack of seniority and work experience required by employers and the difficulty of obtaining this experience.

2. Discrimination against women in employment.

3. Imbalance of supply and demand in the labor market.

4. The problem of adaptation in the labor market of university graduates who are privates in the reserve of the Russian army.

5. Lack of jobs in a certain specialty.

Let's consider these problems and ways to solve them in more detail.

1. Lack of seniority and work experience required by employers and the difficulty of obtaining this experience:

The presence of experience and work experience, preferably in the specialty, today is one of the essential requirements for candidates to fill the vacancies offered on the labor market. Accordingly, those who do not have work experience and length of service in this case are often reluctantly hired. Consequently, some representatives of the Russian youth do not have not only work experience, but also the possibility of obtaining such experience.

The solution to this problem can be found in the implementation of such a mechanism as job quotas for graduates. Currently, this practice is applied to such categories of citizens as the disabled, orphans, members of large families. However, there is currently no effective mechanism for implementing this practice.

An alternative to the practice of quotas can be a system of conditions under which it would be beneficial for employers to hire graduates, in particular, a system of tax benefits introduced at the municipal level for employers who hire graduates of educational institutions. The implementation of this idea is possible through deputy commissions and committees of the executive power structures. First of all, we need specific financial calculations that will help determine the strategy for implementing the idea.

Another opportunity to gain the necessary work experience may be the practice of temporary hiring for one-time jobs. Such as various kinds of promotions, marketing research, sociological surveys, work in the field of politics, employment in public works, activities in public organizations as volunteers.

Here it would be useful to introduce the practice of receiving letters of recommendation from the places of such work. Temporary employment of graduates in this case will not only allow them to gain experience, but also earn a reputation, which plays a significant role in the modern labor market.

At the federal level, it is necessary to create and implement a program to create jobs specifically for young professionals.

The practical implementation of this program is still unlikely due to lack of budgetary funds, but the idea should be promoted now.

2. The problem of discrimination against women in employment:

The problem is that when hiring, employers tend to hire more men than women. The least desirable candidate for employment is a young married woman with no children. In this case, the employer assumes the possible imminent pregnancy of such a woman and, not wanting to bear the extra costs of paying maternity leave, unequivocally makes a choice in favor of other candidates.

It is extremely difficult to change the situation. In this situation, the following solutions to the problem can be proposed.

First of all, using the services and course network of the Department of Employment to provide women with the opportunity to receive special training, which later allows them to interact with the employer more successfully and overcome prejudices that lead to gender discrimination.

Another suggestion was to use some workarounds, allowing a woman, despite the current situation, to get a job. Such ways can be: work at home, one-time work, self-employment. The latter option is offered to women who are highly qualified and who want to have a job that allows them to reveal their intellectual and creative potential.

3. The problem of imbalance of supply and demand in the labor market:

The problem is that there is a discrepancy between what specialties are required in the labor market at a particular moment, and what specialists universities graduate from. In this case, we are talking about the fact that the labor market is currently even approximately difficult to predict for the same five or six years, since the economic situation in society is unstable. By acquiring a seemingly prestigious specialty, a graduate runs the risk of being unclaimed upon graduation due to a sharp change in the ranking of prestigious specialties.

In this case, the most important thing is that graduates have skills that allow them to quickly adapt to the changed situation. These skills should be brought up in the process of socialization of the individual, both in the family and during the training of a specialty.

Another mechanism for adapting to market requirements is the retraining of specialists in the employment service and universities. For this, mechanisms for obtaining various types of loans for student education by employers can be used, which allows graduates to decide on a future place of work.

In addition, it is possible to establish a mechanism in which universities will conclude direct contracts with enterprises for the training of specialists in the required specialties.

4. The problem of adaptation in the labor market of university graduates who are privates in the reserve of the Russian army:

The problem of "university-army-market" is that young people who have received a specialty at a university lose their qualifications and, possibly, their existing job during military service. After returning from service, these citizens often, for various reasons, do not have the opportunity to renew their qualifications. As a result, the labor market is losing qualified specialists, and citizens who have served in the army are losing the opportunity to get a decent job. This is partly due to the fact that in this situation it turns out to be almost impossible to get the status of unemployed and register with the labor exchange.

As possible solutions, it is possible to propose developing at the municipal level through the department of employment of the population a special program for the adaptation in the labor market of university graduates who are privates of the Russian army reserve. Public organizations of the city could join the implementation of this program. One of the steps in the implementation of such a program could be the creation of advisory centers for employment issues for privates in the reserve of the Russian army under public organizations.

It is also necessary to protect these citizens at the legislative level. In particular, to provide this category of young people with the status of unemployed. Why public organizations need to go to the federal level with appropriate legislative initiatives.

5. The problem of lack of jobs in a certain specialty:

Currently, young people are striving to get a prestigious and highly paid profession. For example, such as an economist, lawyer, journalist and others. And after graduating from an educational institution, she faces difficulties in finding a job. After all, every year there are more and more specialists in these areas. Therefore, it is more difficult for each subsequent graduate of an economic or law faculty to find a job than the previous one, since the demand for these labor resources decreases, and the supply grows. The same cannot be said, for example, about the profession of a teacher: in this case, demand exceeds supply and it is easier for graduates of pedagogical educational institutions to get a job. But this profession is low-paid, so there are few people who want to get it. In order to solve this problem, it is necessary, first of all, to pay attention to it to the state. Take measures to involve young people in all areas of employment.

Also, a serious problem of young people in Russia today, which creates a demographic problem, is the high cost of housing, its inaccessibility for citizens precisely at the time when it is time to build a family and raise children. The state is developing mortgages, but in order to get a loan, you need to have a high income and you need to save a decent amount. Available to units.

It is possible to solve this problem by uniting young families in a housing construction cooperative, which itself, without the involvement of intermediaries, builds private houses, in which these families receive their own housing. In this case, the lack of material interest of the developer allows you to sell housing not at the market price, but at cost. At the same time, the state needs to provide benefits for such cooperatives in the form of free allocation of land and preferential taxation. Under such construction, it becomes realistic to take a loan even for poor young families.

If there is political will on the part of the state, this project will be successfully implemented and can be adopted by youth initiative groups throughout the country.

An integrated tool for solving youth problems is a strong state youth policy, which is the activity of the state to create socio-economic, legal, organizational conditions and guarantees for the social formation and development of young citizens, the fullest realization of the creative potential of young people in the interests of society.

In the context of the modernization of society and the growing demands on human capital, the state youth policy should become an instrument for the development and transformation of the country. This requires all participants in the process of social development of youth and the youth themselves to develop and consistently implement approaches focused on the direct involvement of young people in solving their own problems and national tasks. The tasks of the state youth policy of such a scale can only be solved through the application of a project and network approach, the formation of a system of nationwide youth projects that are understandable and in demand among the youth and society.

findings

Summarizing the above, we can conclude that one of the most important universal aspects of the relationship between generations is the socialization of children and youth. The term "socialization" refers to the totality of all social processes through which an individual acquires and reproduces a certain system of knowledge, norms and values that allow him to function as a full member of society. Socialization is a process that plays a significant role in the life of both society and the individual, ensuring the self-reproduction of social life.

Socialization includes not only conscious, controlled, purposeful influences, but also spontaneous, spontaneous processes that in one way or another affect the formation of personality.

Thus, the reform of Russian society led to a change in the standards of successful socialization of young people, the set of rules for the transfer of social norms and cultural values from generation to generation. We can distinguish the following features of the socialization of Russian youth at the turn of the century, taking into account the transition from the Soviet model of socialization (uniform in terms of normativity, with equal starting opportunities and guarantees that ensure the predictability of the life path) to another model (so far only emerging, variable, stratified): transformation of the main institutions socialization; regulation and formation of a new system of social control; imbalance of organized and spontaneous processes of socialization towards spontaneity; change in the ratio of public and personal interests in the direction of expanding the autonomy of the emerging personality and space for amateur performance, creativity and human initiative.

Despite the severity of the socio-economic situation of the youth, one cannot but see the general positive results of the impact of "perestroika" and "reforms" on the younger generation. The main achievement of the post-Soviet period is the acquisition of freedom by young people as a necessary condition for fruitful activity, self-affirmation of every young person and the entire socio-demographic group (youth received economic freedom, freedom of political opinion, freedom of civil opinion, freedom of religion).

It can be concluded that a significant part of the youth fit into the program of economic development and contribute to its development. This is manifested through the not always obvious, but no less significant result of the changes that are being introduced into social relations. Youth is the most important source of formation of new structures and layers of the non-state sector of the economy (41-43% of the older categories of youth), in the process of gradual "rejuvenation" of the leading elite of society, in that "youth wave" of 30-40-year-olds who came into politics, banks, entrepreneurship, business of the highest level; in the fact that the value system of the developing entrepreneurial stratum, its guidelines are becoming more and more attractive for a significant part of the younger generation (the share of those who managed to open their own business ranges from 2.5 to 3.5% of the total number of young people, and up to 55% express a desire to go into business from the respondents). At the same time, young businessmen are becoming a factor in the "cultivation" and selection of the upper stratum of entrepreneurs and the growth of the middle class. Increasingly, the economic activity of young people is realized in the sphere of new economic relations - in trade, mediation, and domestic services.

For the majority, the attitudes towards paternalistic guardianship of the state and society have changed, turning into orientations towards their own independence. Values characteristic of a private, private person work in their minds - hope for oneself, one's strength, one's home, family. It is the calculation of personal initiative and activity, as world experience shows, that really develops the market. Studies show that there is a formation of market standards of behavior (economic freedom of action, entrepreneurial spirit, ability to take risks).

Young people should be in the advanced and responsible areas of the transformation of a transitive society, which, through the channels of socialization, is included in innovative processes, their activities are directed, formed and organized by older generations, organically combining the activity of young people and their desire for something new with the existing cultural traditions of the post-socialist society, with ethno-national norms. and mentality.

Bibliography:

1. Goryaeva T.N., Socialization of youth /T. N. Goryaeva //Postgraduate student and competitor - №2. - 2006

2. Kravchenko A.I., Sociology / A.I. Kravchenko // Peter - 2008

3. Minzaripov, R..P. University-environment of youth socialization / R.P. Minzaripov// Higher education in Russia. - No. 10. - 2006

4. Yemchura, E.V. Modern youth and channels of its socialization. / E.V. Yemchura / Bulletin of the Moscow University. // Series 18. - Sociology and political science. No. 3. - 2006.

5. Topilina, E.S., Features of the socialization of the young generation in modern Russia. / E. S. Topilina./ Humanitarian and socio-economic sciences. //No. 3. - 2006.

6. Bogolyubov LN Man and society. Social science / edited by L.N. Bogolyubova, A.Yu. Lazebnikova./ Proc. for students in grade 10 general Institutions./ 7th edition// - M.: Enlightenment. - 2008.

7. Kovaleva, A.I. Sociology of Youth: Theoretical Issues / A.I. Kovaleva, V.A. Lukov // - M.: Sotsium. - 1999.

8. Materials of the official website of state statistics//http://www.gmcgks.ru/

9. Krasnovsky, I.M. / Year of career wolf cubs / I.M. Krasnovsky // Soviet Russia -

10. Belinskaya, E.P., Tikhomandritskaya, O.A. Social psychology of personality / E.P. Belinskaya, O.A. Tihomandritskaya / - M .: Prospect, 2001.

11. Kasyanov, V.V., Nechipurenko, V.N., Samygin S.I. Sociology/ Rostov-n/D - 2000

12. Andreeva, G.M. Social psychology: A textbook for higher educational institutions / - 5th ed., Rev. and additional / - M .: Aspect Press, 2002.

13. Unemployment rate in Russia in February 2010 - Rosstat (http://www.prime-tass.ru/news/)

14. Official website of the Youth Public Chamber (http://www.molpalata.ru/projects)

15. Artemiev, A. I. Sociology of personality / A. I. Artemiev. - M .: Arbat - XXI - 2001.

16. Bortsov, Yu. S. Generality and personality / Yu. S. Bortsov // Sociology: textbook. Allowance / Rostov-n / D: Phoenix - 2002

17. Volkov, Yu. G. Social formation of personality / Sociology. - 2nd ed. - Rostov-n / D: Phoenix, 2005.

18. Ermakov, P.N., Labunskaya, V.A. Psychology of personality: textbook. allowance / P.N. Ermakova, V.A. Labunskaya.– M.: Eksmo - 2008

19. Smirnov, P.I. Sociology of personality: textbook / P.I. Smirnov. - St. Petersburg. - 2001

20. Federal Law No. 87-FZ of July 10, 2001 “On Restricting Tobacco Smoking” (as amended on December 22, 2008).

Appendix 1

Structure of the unemployed population as of February 2010

Employment of youth aged 15-19 as of February 2010

Employment of youth aged 20-24 as of February 2010

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

The specifics of the socialization of youth

Remark 2

The main specific feature that distinguishes the socialization of youth from all the main types is age characteristics. In fact, a young person and his socialization is a transitional stage from primary socialization to its second stage - secondary socialization, respectively.

A feature of primary socialization is the initial development by the individual of norms and values, rules, traditions. Thus, the individual, like a sponge, absorbs all common values in the process of communication in the family circle, as well as with friends and other significant people who are several steps higher than themselves (due to age characteristics and a certain level of accumulated social experience) . At this stage, the individual does not have the right to make his own choice, for him this choice is made by others: parents.

Secondary socialization is fundamentally different from primary in that for the individual, his environment, like himself for the rest, manifests itself in other features, different from those that he perceived during primary socialization. This leads to the fact that the young man begins to see the world, other people based on his own considerations, and not those that were instilled in him during the first stage of socialization.

Dynamics of youth socialization

Remark 3

In Russian society, reforms are carried out every year, which have an impact on all sectors of society, and especially on young people. The reform led to a change not only in the structure of society, but also in some of the standards of youth socialization. The total transmission of social norms and cultural values, which were originally transmitted from generation to generation, from older to younger, has also changed.

The features of the socialization of Russian youth (taking into account the transition from the former Soviet system to the modern one) were expressed as follows. Basically, the changes occurred due to the fact that uniform in terms of normativity, with equal starting opportunities, some monopolization and predictability, was replaced by a variable and stratified model of socialization. In addition, the following features can be noted:

Transformation of the main institutions of socialization (preschool, school, university and postgraduate);
Deformation of the value-normative mechanism of social regulation and the formation of a new system of social control. This happens in connection with dynamic and spontaneous changes in the social structure, the emergence of a large number of new social organizations (including informal associations that influence the worldview and consciousness of young people);
The imbalance of organized and spontaneous processes of socialization in the direction of spontaneity is also influenced by a large selection of organizations, trends and directions. Often a young person himself does not fully realize what he really needs, therefore, having escaped from parental care, he strives to use all the possibilities of his independence and freedom, which can sometimes be uncontrollable and spontaneous;
Changes in the ratio of public and personal interests in the direction of expanding the autonomy of the emerging personality, space for amateur performance and self-realization in creativity.

Youth socialization- the process of assimilation by young people of patterns of behavior, social norms and values, knowledge and skills that allow them to successfully function in society.

Socialization is the process of mastering social roles and assimilating cultural norms, which begins in infancy and ends in old age.

Socialization continues throughout life. Until a very old age, a person changes his views on life, habits, tastes, rules of conduct, roles, etc.

Agents and institutions of socialization stand out.

Youth socialization agents- specific people responsible for teaching cultural norms and mastering social roles: parents, relatives, neighbors, peers, teachers, coaches, doctors, etc.

Youth socialization institutions- institutions, organizations that influence the process of youth socialization and direct it: university, enterprise, army, church, state, mass media, etc.

Since socialization is divided into two types - primary and secondary, agents and institutions of socialization are divided into primary and secondary.

Primary socialization agents- the immediate environment of a young person: parents, brothers, sisters, grandparents, close and distant relatives, babysitters, family friends, peers, teachers, coaches, doctors, leaders of youth groups. The primary environment is not only the closest to a person, but also the most important for its formation, that is, it comes first in terms of significance.

Agents of secondary socialization- representatives of the administration of a school, university, enterprise, army, police, church, state, employees of television, radio, press, parties, courts, etc.

Primary socialization is the sphere of interpersonal relations, the secondary is the sphere of social relations. The same person can be an agent of both primary and secondary socialization.

The teacher, if there is a trusting relationship between him and the student, will be among the agents of primary socialization. But if he is only fulfilling his formal role, then he will be an agent of secondary socialization.

Each agent of primary socialization performs many functions (father - guardian, administrator, educator, teacher, friend). Agents of secondary socialization influence in a narrow direction, they perform one or two functions. The school provides knowledge, the enterprise - the means of subsistence, the church - spiritual communication, etc.

The socialization of youth stages, consistent with its life cycles. Life cycles are associated with a change in social roles, the acquisition of a new status, the rejection of old habits, environment, friendships, and a change in the usual way of life. for example:

Admission to a university (student life cycle);

Marriage (cycle of family life);

Employment (work cycle);

Service in the army (army cycle).

Each time, entering into a new cycle, young people have to re-educate a lot. This process is divided into two stages: desocialization(weaning from old values, norms, roles and rules of behavior) and resocialization(teaching new values, norms, roles and rules of conduct).

Sometimes a young person finds himself in such extreme conditions, where desocialization goes so deep that it destroys the moral foundations of the individual, and resocialization cannot restore all the wealth of lost values, norms and roles (prison, colony, psychiatric hospital, alcoholism, drug addiction).

The specificity of the socialization of youth lies in the fact that at a young age its primary stage ends and the secondary one begins. The individual passes through the primary stage in childhood. Thanks to her, he becomes a full member of society. The secondary stage is a subsequent process that occurs with an already socialized individual. It is characterized by the fact that the individual masters the norms and values of the environment, taking into account those already learned by him at the first stage.

He focuses not so much on specific "others", but on a generalized "other", identifying himself with him, or opposing himself to him. At this stage, there is often a problem of consistency between initial social adaptations and internalizations. In early adolescence, previously acquired identity is questioned. Awareness of the need to solve adult problems causes the experience of how the individual looks in the eyes of others in comparison with his own idea of himself.

The essential difference between the socialization of youth and the socialization of a child is that at this stage the so-called secondary agents of socialization play a more significant role.

The sociology of youth is a branch of applied sociology, the subject of which is youth as a special social group. In any society, one way or another, the problem of differences between generations exists and manifests itself: people of different ages, who were formed as individuals in different historical periods, who received different upbringing and education, are not always capable of mutual understanding. Usually the most active party of the conflict of generations is the youth. Young people are often characterized by an acute rejection of the image of the world around them, which is offered to them by parents, teachers and people of the older generation in general, coupled with the confidence that it is really possible and necessary to remake.

Adults and young people often find it difficult to find a common language that would enable a more or less constructive dialogue. Mutual alienation finds expression in the heightened critical, sometimes unjustifiably hostile attitude of representatives of two adjacent generations to each other. Young people tend to blame their fathers for all the imperfections of society and historical mistakes, while adults accuse young people of frivolity and a dependent attitude to life. By appearance, clothes, hairstyle, hobbies, behavior, many young people seek to indicate their difference from the "adult world", to emphasize their right to a different vision of the world and understanding their place in it. Thus, in modern society, young people tend to identify themselves as members of a special social group, to a certain extent opposed to the “adult world”.

Modern society, being much more complex and differentiated, puts forward more complex requirements for the education, knowledge, skills and abilities of its members. It takes a long time for the social adaptation and socialization of a young individual, the acquisition of education and a certain social capital. The specificity of youth as a special social group in modern society lies in the fact that all its members in their lives, one way or another, are in the process of forming their social personality, revealing and realizing their social potential. A significant number of young people, primarily students and pupils, do not have their own specific social status, occupying a place in the status structure of society depending on the social status of their parents or on their future status associated with obtaining a profession. At the same time, if the status of an adult is entirely determined by his professional demand, the amount of accumulated social capital and his actual position in the status structure, a young individual is often included in the structure of informal relations in addition to his main occupation, participating in youth movements, subcultural formations, political, religious or other organizations, and this informal status is essential for him.

The process of socialization continues throughout the entire period of childhood and adolescence. And thus, society "as if" adjusts the individual to its standard all his life, he discovers for himself more and more facets of existence in a social team, learns to meet the various requirements placed on him, consistently masters new social roles.

The group referred to by the collective name "youth" includes not only young men, but also people of an older age, which can be described as "early maturity". After twenty years, the direction of the process of socialization changes somewhat: the main life task at this age is to find a partner to enter into a marriage union and begin self-realization in professional activities.

A young, emerging personality needs purposeful, value-oriented education on the part of society.

“Values,” wrote V.P. Tugarinov - this is what people need to meet their needs and interests, as well as ideas and their motivations as a norm, goal and ideal. Tugarinov V.P. Selected Philosophical Works. L., 1998. P.271. Today, values are collapsing that yesterday seemed stable, because. social guarantees are disappearing, economic cataclysms are growing. Sociology of youth. Textbook. Rep. ed. V.T. Lisovsky. SPb., 1996. Young people are much more susceptible to outside influences, they are more actively seeking information, they usually have a wider and more diverse circle of contacts, due to which their value attitudes are subject to greater external pressure. This circumstance, as well as emotional lability Emotional lability is the instability of emotional states, the rapid change of some emotions by others (for example, joy - sadness and vice versa). Emotional lability is one of the signs of discoordination of higher nervous activity. Psychophysiology. Dictionary/Aut. MM. Bezrukikh, D.A. Farber // Psychological Lexicon. Encyclopedic Dictionary in six volumes / Ed.-comp. L.A. Karpenko. Under total ed. A.V. Petrovsky. - M.: PER SE, 2006. - 128 p. young people are explained by the increased dynamism of their value orientations.

Young people look to the future with optimism, expecting successful self-realization. For a significant part of young people, success in life is embodied in the achievement of a high property status. Today, young people are far superior to older people in terms of the quality of education. Today, education has become a factor in strengthening social inequality. The children of the “those in power” and the rich have the opportunity to fall into a narrow group, which in the future will gain access to the levers of power in the economy and politics. Sociology in Russia. Ed. V.A. Yadov. Second edition, revised and enlarged. M., 1998. Higher education is seen as a way to success in life and, accordingly, as a value.

The choice of specialty and place of work, according to the answers of young respondents, is also mainly determined by financial considerations, the possibility of obtaining higher incomes, and career growth and professional self-realization as value orientations are left far behind. Zorkaya N., Dyuk N. Values and Attitudes of Russian Youth. Journal of VTsIOM "Monitoring of public opinion"

The real prospects for achieving success in life, including material success, are assessed by young people depending on their arrangement in life today.

The future of society directly depends on the institution of marriage and the family, on what place in the minds of people is occupied by the corresponding values - love, harmonious relationships, the birth of children, relatives and friends, doi and family well-being. The analysis shows that in the conditions of the general social crisis that we are experiencing today, both the family and education are also in a state of crisis. There is still a high number of divorces, abandoned children and old people, children running away from home, cruelty towards children and old people is not uncommon - all these are signs of the social ill health of the family. Man and education in modern Russia. Ed. L.A. Verbitskaya, V.T. Lisovsky, V.T. Pulyaev. St. Petersburg, 1998. A serious problem for the present and future of Russia is the threat of depopulation, the birth rate crisis and the decline in life expectancy. Thus, the demographic situation in Russia requires urgent special measures for the material and social support of the family, especially the young, and the promotion of the family lifestyle.

In adolescence and youth, political socialization acquires specific features, which are determined by the fact that the attitude towards politics of a teenager and a young person is much more conscious than the attitude of a child. The essence of the political socialization of young people therefore lies in the purposeful education of a culture of political thinking, a rational approach to solving political problems, the ability to resist attempts to manipulate mass consciousness by certain political forces and figures. The political maturity of an individual comes when he learns to resist the pressure of propaganda, understand the game of political interests and influences, form his own rational judgments about political events and independently bear responsibility for his political choice.

As for cultural values, their role in society is especially great, since it is on their basis that the cultural self-identification of young people is carried out. This process consists in developing an idea of oneself as integrity by defining the boundaries of one's own cultural identity, when an individual feels himself a part of a particular cultural community, identifying himself with a specific culture - ethnic, confessional, classical, mass, or another subculture - criminal, street etc. The formation of youth values in the field of culture is greatly influenced by popular media that promote examples of a certain style and way of life, behavior patterns, worldviews. The cultural values of today's youth are the basis of the youth subculture. Despite the social, property, educational heterogeneity of the youth environment and taking into account the many youth subcultures, it cannot be denied that they have common qualities and characteristics. Thus, the Russian subculture is characterized by a countercultural orientation, embodied in a conscious and often aggressive alienation from the values of older generations. Young people are dominated by the entertainment and recreational orientation of their free time (parties, TV, “pleasant doing nothing”)

Thus, the state of cultural values of the younger generation testifies to the development of negative processes in this area, which together can be called impoverishment and degradation, alienation from classical and generally traditional patterns. These processes are connected with the search for new forms of cultural self-identification that are adequate to the needs of the youth audience.

2. Essay on the topic: “Sociology of Health and Medicine” based on the article by V.A. Aleksunina, S.A. Mitkova "Social aspects of paid medical services", 2006

ALEKSUNIN Vladimir Alekseevich - Candidate of Economic Sciences, Professor of the Department of Marketing and Advertising of the Russian University of Trade and Economics (RGTEU).

MITKOV Sergey Alekseevich - post-graduate student of the Moscow University of Consumer Cooperatives.

One of the first social tasks in the development of Russian society is the improvement of medical care. Many problems arise during the transition from free health care to compulsory insurance and commercial medicine. As practice shows, the state in rare cases is able to fully and efficiently satisfy the population's need for the necessary medical services.

Paid medical care has long ceased to surprise the population. An extensive and peculiar market of paid services has formed in the country. Unfortunately, the parameters of this market and the factors that form it, for objective and subjective reasons, have not yet been studied enough. At the same time, such information is of practical interest for organizations and institutions related to both paid and free medical care.

So to the question “What motivates you to use paid medical services?” - received the following data: the most significant factors in the appeal of citizens to paid medical institutions:

1. quality medical care - (62.7% of respondents),

2. high level of service - (43.3%),

3. inability to receive services for free - (24%),

4. reputation and fame of the medical institution - (22%)

5. high speed of service - (18%).

These indicators indicate the transition from the practice of price competition of enterprises in this area (which is typical for underdeveloped markets with low purchasing power of the population) to the practice of competition based on high quality, providing a wide range of additional services.

It should be noted that when making a decision to apply to a medical institution, a potential patient thinks least of all about the remoteness of the medical institution from his place of residence or work (2.7%), giving priority to the quality of service.

The reputation of a medical institution is becoming increasingly important, consisting of the professionalism of doctors and attendants, the duration of the period of operation of the enterprise and the guarantees received by the patient for the work performed.

The main group of competitors of private medical institutions are paid departments of state medical institutions. It is they who are able to bear the minimum maintenance costs and can offer low prices. However, in many cases, the level of qualification of doctors in these institutions is lower than in commercial institutions.

The survey showed that the greatest demand of patients seeking paid medical care is for the following services:

1. dentists (32% of all calls),

2. therapist (25%),

3. gynecologist (21%).

In conclusion, I would like to add:

Paid medicine, in my opinion, will always prevail both in terms of quality and guarantees. What is there to discuss if everyone understands that it is easier to pay more and not think about it for quite a long time. In such a situation, the need for market research of paid medical services increases.

Aleksunin emphasizes that the significant differences in the socio-economic indicators of the country's regions and the peculiarities of the development of paid medicine in them make regional studies the most valuable.

The information obtained can be effectively used in the field of public health, as well as by entrepreneurs to determine the volume, structure and quality characteristics of the activities of commercial institutions in the market of paid medical services, which is becoming more and more saturated.

What areas of socialization are most significant for young people. Start in science

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Similar Documents

The specifics of the socialization of youth

Dynamics of youth socialization