Which is used in both oral and written speech. The main goal is an accurate presentation of certain scientific information. Statements are preliminarily considered, a strict selection of language means is carried out before the performance, which distinguishes the scientific style from others. Various terms are widely used, have their own grammatical features, are widely used, and verbal. Sometimes singular nouns are used to refer to a common range of objects. The presentation is logically structured and accurate. Emotionality is rarely used.

Business style is used when conveying business information in writing. Used when writing various official business documents, statements, reports, etc. As in the scientific style, a certain terminology is used, there are different ones, there is no emotional coloring. Mostly complex sentences with a strict word order are used, impersonal constructions play an important role. Often used in the imperative mood.

The journalistic style is used in the press, in news feeds and is compiled as the text of speeches to the public for the purpose of campaigning. The main function is influence and propaganda. In this style of speech, an important role is played not only by the information itself, but also by the emotional color, which makes it clear the author's attitude. A special role is played by the logical presentation and handling of various facts, but at the same time, the emotional component plays an equally important role. The style is characterized by the use of colloquial and book constructions when constructing a sentence.

Conversational style is present in everyday communication in an informal atmosphere. Used in both written and oral form. It does not differ in any kind of selection of language means, sentences are built on the basis of the speech situation. Conversational speech is complemented by facial expressions and accents, pauses and intonation changes are widely used to give the maximum emotional color, where the main emphasis is on expressiveness. Repeats and introductory constructions are widely used.

The artistic style is used in works of fiction and is distinguished by special emotionality and expressiveness. In this style, metaphors and language are used most of all to give a solemn and sublime color. Old words are often used. The style is distinguished by a high level of information content, which is expressive, and for this, the features of other speech elements of other styles are used.

A primitive man from an animal began to be distinguished by the ability to think, speak and create images. Using symbols and sound signals, people created languages ​​and writing. The ability to materialize thoughts through language and signs is called speech - oral and written. Speech and language is what helps people communicate with each other, unites or separates them.

The concept of language

Language as a part of speech originated in the days of the tribal system. The transmission of information through symbols and sounds became part of the culture of a particular tribe. When the tribes united, their languages ​​mixed, complemented each other, and the community of people united by a single language was called nationality.

Receiving further development and distribution, the language became the property of the nation. Today, there are peoples who have their own language and speech, the culture of speech of their country differs from the language of neighboring peoples. There are also countries that have different nations, but a single language. For example, in England and the United States, English is the national language, as is Spanish in Mexico, Spain, Argentina, and Chile.

Thus, language is a set of sound signals and written symbols inherent in a certain community of people and understandable to them. In every nationality, in addition to the main language, there are its varieties - dialects. They developed through the mixing of peoples and the interaction of their languages ​​​​with each other.

Another concept inherent in language is dialect. For example, the Russian language and culture of speech: the northern Russian dialect is distinguished by a clear “okan” compared to the southern Russian dialect “akan”.

There is also the concept of language families, which include languages ​​that have common roots, such as the Romano-Germanic group, the Turkic-Mongolian and others.

The concept of speech

Speech is a way of voicing thoughts through spoken language or writing. With the help of speech, people communicate and transmit information in the languages ​​they speak. The concept of "speech" in psychology refers to psycholinguistics - the ability of a person to create mental images and transmit them using language.

Speech and language are always inseparable. At the same time, the language can exist and develop without the direct participation of a certain person, since it belongs to the entire nationality, even to those who have died long ago. Speech without knowledge of languages ​​is impossible, but at the same time it characterizes the thinking of each individual person.

According to the manner in which a person expresses his thoughts, according to what his language and speech, the culture of speech, one can create his psychological portrait, level of education, belonging to a certain stratum of society. By how competently, consistently, colorfully or logically people express their thoughts, one can judge the type of their thinking.

The speech and language that a person uses has certain uses:

• the impact option helps to influence the actions, worldview and actions of other people;
• a message variant is used to transfer data between individuals or communities;
• a variant of expressing feelings and emotional perception of the surrounding reality;
• the designation option allows you to give definitions to objects and phenomena.

People can use several variants of speech at once in a form convenient for them.

Forms of speech

Scientists divide human speech into two forms.

1. External speech, which includes writing, sound signals and the materialization of thoughts. In turn, external speech is divided into oral and written. Oral is reproduced by the voice when using language sounds and is perceived by the ear of other people. It has 2 forms:

2. Inner speech is the pronunciation of thoughts within the consciousness of the individual. It refers to the human thought process. As soon as he voices his thoughts, speech goes into the external category.

External speech is subdivided according to the types of information presentation.

Written speech is a system of graphic design of words using signs and symbols. When using written speech, the rules for writing and constructing words and sentences adopted in a given language are used.

Types of speech

Types of speech in Russian depend on what exactly the speaker wants to convey to the audience, regardless of whether he uses written or oral speech.

• The narrative type is used to convey a sequence of actions, events or phenomena. Texts that tell about something have a certain plot twist, a presentation of the main successive climactic events and a denouement. The narrative always has a development of the plot, its dynamic movement from beginning to end, while the main ones are independent parts of the speech of the Russian language: the verb and words indicating the time and place of the event (yesterday, morning, here, etc.).

Narrative is used in both spoken and written language.

• Description - a way of conveying by signs and sounds the basic properties of objects, phenomena, events and actions. This type of speech has a beginning, body and ending. The beginning is the presentation of the object, the main part includes a description of its features and properties, and the end is the conclusion that follows from the listed qualities. The description uses verbs in the same tense, adjectives and participles.

The description is used both in texts of any style, and in oral speech.

• Reasoning is the ability to reveal cause-and-effect relationships in events and actions. It has the structure of the thesis, argument and conclusion. In this type of speech, the unity of time does not matter; it can be used to prove, explain and reason on various topics both in writing and orally.

Types of speech in Russian are rarely used in their pure form, most often they are mixed for better presentation of information.

Scientific style of speech

The speech and language that people use to convey information have their own styles, which depend on its content. Each of the styles has its own characteristics, manner of presentation, vocabulary and a special set of language tools for the correct presentation of information.

Speech styles in Russian depend on the scope of its application.

The scientific style is used to convey accurate scientific information and is used both in oral and written speech. Its distinguishing feature is the concise presentation of information, the strict selection of language techniques and terms, the deliberation of the selected statements. In this style, emotional images are rarely used for description, and the construction of sentences is characterized by brevity, distinctness, consistency, which are achieved by such parts of speech as a noun, participle, participle and verbal nouns.

A variation of this style is the popular science style, which has the features of the main one, but the terms and complex language character sets are replaced with vocabulary that is understandable to a large audience that does not have deep knowledge in scientific disciplines.

This style tends to give explanations of complex scientific facts using ordinary vocabulary. The popular science style is applied in the literature of a developing nature, accessible to the general reader or specialists who wish to go beyond highly specialized knowledge.

business speech style

The category "styles of speech in the Russian language" includes the so-called business (official business) style, the scope of which is documentation. Its scope is written speech. The main types of texts in a business style are official documents, business papers, statements, protocols, laws, decrees and much more.

This style is characterized by brevity of presentation, conciseness, specificity, sequence of words in a certain order.

In the official business style, abbreviations, speech stamps, and special terminology are often used. Texts in this style are impersonal, and from the parts of speech, verbs in the imperative mood, verbal nouns are most often used.

Also, this style has ready-made standard forms, for example, statements, acts or protocols.

Journalistic style

Journalistic texts, like styles of speech in Russian, are most often used for propaganda purposes. These include publications in newspapers, magazines, news on radio and television, leaflets and speeches to the public.

The main purpose of the journalistic style is agitation, a call to action, an impact on the minds and actions of other people. Texts written in this style are distinguished by the accuracy of facts, their logical presentation, but at the same time they are emotionally colored and allow the use of the author's attitude to the information provided.

This style is rich in means of conveying the main idea, since it uses speech turns characteristic of other styles. It can be an accurate statement of figures and facts with evidence, as in a scientific style. Also, an artistic-emotional or evaluative style can be attached to them.

The construction of a sentence in a journalistic style can vary from a “dry” scientific presentation to a pictorial description, in which there are both phraseological units and foreign terms. Most often, incentive and exclamatory sentences are used.

Art style

The Russian language and the culture of people's speech are replete with linguistic means that are characteristic of the artistic style. This is the language of literature, the main purpose of which is the transfer of information through emotional description.

In artistic speech, metaphors, comparisons, lofty words and turns are used in abundance. The main task of this style is to touch the emotions of the reader or listener. In everyday life, people use art style to convey information that has touched their feelings and made an impression, such as describing the content of a movie, book, or event.

The artistic style is characterized by the presentation of information both based on real events and on the fiction of its author. Comparative turns, which he uses in this case, can have an abstract form. For example, a lead bullet and lead clouds create images that are completely different in imagery in the reader's imagination. Often in this style there are in abundance the turns characteristic of the colloquial style.

Conversational style

This style exists only in the field of informal communication or correspondence. He is characterized by everyday, family, friendly topics of communication. Perhaps this is the most extensive type of style in the Russian language, as it contains topics that are characteristic of other styles, but with its characteristic vernacular and simplicity of presentation.

Conversational style is characterized by the use of not only speech turns, but also facial expressions and gestures. They are an integral part of it.

Depending on the emotional coloring, both jargon and profanity can be used in the colloquial style vocabulary. By the way a person betrays his thoughts in a conversation, one can judge the level of his culture, upbringing and education.

Parts of speech of the Russian language

Each language goes through a path that includes the development of speech. The Russian language is no exception. To transmit information, parts of speech are used, which are divided into independent and service parts. A separate category includes interjections.

In one of the sections of the textbook "Russian language" - "Parts of speech" - the table very clearly explains everything with examples.

This topic is covered in more detail in the textbooks "Russian Language" by Nikitin, "Russian Speech" for grades 5-9.

Main types of speech are description , narration and reasoning .

Description- this is a type of speech, with the help of which any phenomenon of reality is depicted by listing its permanent or simultaneously present signs or actions (the content of the description can be conveyed on one frame of the camera).

In the description, words are used most of all, denoting qualities, properties of objects (nouns, adjectives, adverbs).

Verbs are more often used in the form of the imperfect form of the past tense, and for special clarity, figurativeness of the description - in the form of the present tense. Synonyms are widely used - definitions (agreed and inconsistent) and denominative sentences.

For example:

The sky was clear, clear, pale blue. Light white clouds, lit from one side with a pink glow, floated lazily in transparent silence. The East was red and flaming, shimmering in other places with mother-of-pearl and silver. From behind the horizon, like giant spread fingers, golden stripes stretched upward across the sky from the rays of the sun that had not yet risen. (A. I. Kuprin)

The description helps to see the subject, to present it in the mind.

Description- This peace at rest(one photo) Typical composition descriptive texts include: 1) a general idea of ​​the subject; 2) individual features of the subject; 3) author's assessment, conclusion, conclusion Description types: 1) description of an object, person (his characteristic) What is he? 2) description of the place Where is what? (on the left, near, near, standing, located) 3) description of the state of the environment What is it like here? ( Evening, cold, silence, sky, air etc.) 4) description of the state of the person (person) What is it like for him? What feelings does he have? ( Bad, happy, sad, unhappy etc.)

Narration- this is a type of speech, with the help of which it is told about any events in their temporal sequence; successive actions or events are reported (the content of the narrative can be conveyed only on a few frames of the camera).

In narrative texts, a special role belongs to verbs, especially in the form of the past tense of the imperfective form ( came, saw, developed etc.).

For example:

And suddenly... something inexplicable, almost supernatural, happened. The Great Dane suddenly fell on its back, and some invisible force pulled it off the sidewalk. Following this, the same invisible force tightly gripped the astonished Jack's throat... Jack propped himself up with his front legs and shook his head furiously. But an invisible "something" squeezed his neck so that the brown pointer lost consciousness. (A. I. Kuprin)

Narrative helps to visualize the actions, movements of people and phenomena in time and space.

reasoning- this is a type of speech, with the help of which any position, thought is proved or explained; talks about the causes and consequences of events and phenomena, assessments and feelings (about what cannot be photographed).

In reasoning texts, a special role belongs to introductory words indicating the connection of thoughts, the sequence of presentation ( firstly, secondly, so, therefore, therefore, on the one hand, on the other hand), as well as subordinating conjunctions with the meaning of cause, effect, concession ( in order to, in order to, because, although, in spite of the fact that etc.)

For example:

If the writer, while working, does not see behind the words what he writes about, then the reader will not see anything behind them.

But if the writer sees well what he writes about, then the simplest and sometimes even erased words acquire novelty, act on the reader with striking force and evoke in him those thoughts, feelings and states that the writer wanted to convey to him. G. Paustovsky)

The boundaries between description, narration and reasoning are rather arbitrary. At the same time, any one type of speech is not always presented in the text. Much more often there are cases of their combination in various versions: description and narration; description and reasoning; description, narration and reasoning; description with elements of reasoning; narrative with elements of reasoning, etc.

Speech styles

Speech styles- these are systems of speech means, historically established and socially fixed, which are used in communication, depending on the sphere of communication or the sphere of professional activity.

There are five main styles of speech in Russian.

1. Scientific style.

2. Journalistic style.

3. Official business style.

4. Literary and artistic.

5. Conversational.

Scientific style is used in the field of scientific activity. The genres in which it is implemented are the writing of dissertations, term papers, tests or theses, scientific articles, lectures, abstracts, abstracts, theses. The main characteristic of this style of speech is logic, clarity and the absence of any emotions on the part of the author.

journalistic the style of speech, like the previous one, refers to the book style and is used not only to convey this or that information, but also to influence the feelings and thoughts of listeners or readers who need to be convinced or interested in something. The journalistic style is typical for speeches at various meetings, newspaper articles, analytical and informational radio and television programs. This style is characterized by emotionality and expressiveness.

Official business style is characterized by several basic properties. This is clarity, lack of emotional presentation, standardity and conservatism. It is used when writing laws, orders, memorandums, statements, business letters and various legal documents. The standard character of writing is expressed in the writing of these documents according to an established scheme - a template. Specific vocabulary and morphology are used.

Literary and artistic style - differs from other book styles in that when writing his works, the author can use almost any of the above styles. And since literature reflects all spheres of human life, vernacular, dialects, jargon are also used here. It is also characterized by emotionality. Literary and artistic style is used in fiction.

Colloquial the style of speech is not bookish. It is used in everyday communication between people in various everyday situations. Since speech is not prepared in advance during a conversation, the characteristic features are the incompleteness of the expressed thought and emotionality.

Introduction ……………………………………………………………………….

1. Style. General characteristics of functional speech styles …………

2. Official business style of speech ……………………………………….

3. Scientific style ………………………………………………………………

4. Journalistic ………………………………………………………..

5. Artistic ………………………………………………………….

6. Conversational …………………………………………………………………

Conclusion ………………………………………………………………….

Appendix …………………………………………………………………

List of used literature ………………………………………..

INTRODUCTION

§one. General understanding of styles

The Russian language is a broad, comprehensive concept. Laws and scientific works, novels and poems, newspaper articles and court records are written in this language. The Russian language has inexhaustible possibilities for expressing thoughts, developing various topics, and creating works of any genre. However, it is necessary to use language resources skillfully, taking into account the speech situation, the goals and content of the statement, its targeting. How different, for example, in style are a private letter and a memorandum addressed to the boss! The same information receives a different language expression.

What is style?

The word style comes from the Latin language (stilus), where it meant a pointed stick for writing. At present, the word style, in short, means the manner of writing. In linguistics, there are more detailed definitions of the term.

1) Style - a kind of language, fixed in a given society by tradition for one of the most common areas of social life and partially different from other varieties of the same language in all basic parameters - vocabulary, grammar, phonetics.

2) Style - a generally accepted manner, the usual way of performing any particular type of speech acts: oratory, newspaper article, scientific lecture, judicial speech, everyday dialogue.

3) Style - an individual manner, the way in which a given speech act or literary and artistic work is performed.

§3. Functional styles of speech (general characteristics)

Our speech in a formal setting (lecturing, speaking at a scientific conference or at a business meeting) differs from that used in an informal setting (talk at the festive table, friendly conversation, dialogue with relatives).

Depending on the goals and objectives that are set and solved in the process of communication, language means are selected. As a result, varieties of a single literary language are created, called functional styles .

Functional styles are understood as historically established and socially fixed systems of speech means used in a particular area of ​​communication or professional activity.

In the modern Russian literary language, there are bookstores functional styles:

scientific,

formal business,

publicist,

Literary and artistic

which appear primarily in written language, and

· colloquial , which is characterized mainly by the oral form of speech.

Each of the five styles has a number of specific speech characteristics.

In the field of scientific activity (when writing scientific articles, term papers and theses, monographs and dissertations), it is customary to use scientific style, the main properties of which are the clarity and logic of presentation, as well as the lack of expression of emotions.

Formal business style serves to convey information in the field of management. The official business style is used in statements, powers of attorney, business letters, orders and laws. For him, even more than for the scientific style, clarity and unemotional presentation are important. Another important property of the official business style is standardity. People who draw up statements, orders or laws are obliged to follow tradition and write as they wrote before them, as is customary.

Another bookish style of literary language - journalistic. It is used in cases where it is necessary not only to convey information, but also to influence the thoughts or feelings of people in a certain way, to interest them or to convince them of something. Journalistic style is the style of informational or analytical broadcasts on television and radio, the style of newspapers, the style of speaking at meetings. Unlike the scientific and official-business style, the journalistic style is characterized by expressiveness and emotionality.

As opposed to all book styles, as mentioned above, conversational style. This is a style that is used in informal everyday, everyday communication between people in an unprepared oral speech. Therefore, its characteristic features are incompleteness of expression and emotionality.

In a special way correlates with all listed styles style fiction. Since literature reflects all spheres of human life, it can use the means of any styles of the literary language, and if necessary, not only them, but also dialects, jargons and vernacular. The main function of the language of fiction is aesthetic.

The main feature of the style of artistic speech is the search for the specifics of the artistic text, the creative self-expression of the artist of the word.

§4. Genres of functional speech styles

Functional styles of speech are realized in various genres.

1. Scientific Key words: specialty textbooks, monograph, scientific article, annotation, abstract, synopsis, theses, term paper, lecture, diploma work.

2. Official business: documents, business letters, reports, orders, orders, contracts, decrees, business conversations.

3.journalistic: parliamentary speech, reports, interview, essay, feuilleton, discussion speech, informational note.

4. Art Key words: novel, short story, short story, short story, essay, poem, poem, ballad.

5.Colloquial: conversations in the family, showdown, discussion of plans, friendly communication, anecdote.

TOPIC 2. OFFICIAL-BUSINESS STYLE OF SPEECH

§one. Official business style of speech (general characteristics)

Official business style is a style that serves the legal and administrative-public spheres of activity. It is used when writing documents, business papers and letters in government agencies, courts, as well as in various types of business oral communication.

Among book styles, the formal business style stands out for its relative stability and isolation. Over time, it naturally undergoes some changes, but many of its features: historically established genres, specific vocabulary, morphology, syntactic turns - give it a generally conservative character.

The formal business style is characterized by dryness, the absence of emotionally colored words, conciseness, compactness of presentation.

In official papers, the set of language tools used is predetermined. The most striking feature of the official business style is the language stamps, or the so-called clichés (French. clich). A document is not expected to show the individuality of its author; on the contrary, the more clichéd a document is, the more convenient it is to use.

Formal business style- this is the style of documents of different genres: international treaties, state acts, legal laws, regulations, charters, instructions, official correspondence, business papers, etc. But, despite the differences in content and variety of genres, the official business style as a whole is characterized by common and most important features. These include:

1) accuracy, excluding the possibility of other interpretations;

2) locale.

These features find their expression a) in the selection of language means (lexical, morphological and syntactic); b) in the preparation of business documents.

Consider the features of the vocabulary, morphology and syntax of the official business style.

§2. Linguistic signs of an official business style of speech

Lexical features of the official business style of speech

The lexical (dictionary) system of the official business style, in addition to common book and neutral words, includes:

1) language stamps (stationery, cliches) : raise a question, based on the decision, incoming-outgoing documents, impose control over the execution, after the expiration of the deadline.

2) professional terminology : arrears, alibis, black cash, shadow business;

3) archaisms : I hereby certify this document.

In the official business style, the use of polysemantic words, as well as words in figurative meanings, is unacceptable, and synonyms are used extremely rarely and, as a rule, belong to the same style: supply = supply = collateral, solvency = creditworthiness, depreciation = depreciation, appropriation = subsidization and etc.

Official business speech reflects not individual, but social experience, as a result of which its vocabulary is extremely generalized. In an official document, preference is given to generic terms, for example: arrive (instead of arrive, arrive, arrive etc.), vehicle (instead of bus, plane, Zhiguli etc.), locality (instead of village, town, village etc.), etc.

Morphological features of the official business style of speech

The morphological features of this style include the repeated (frequency) use of certain parts of speech (and their types). Among them are the following:

1) nouns - names of people on the basis of the action ( taxpayer, tenant, witness);

2) nouns denoting positions and titles in the masculine form ( Sergeant Petrova, Inspector Ivanova);

3) verbal nouns with a particle not- (deprivation, non-compliance, non-recognition);

Depending on the purpose and situation of communication in Russian, there are five main F. s. R.: conversational style, scientific style, formal business style, journalistic style and ... Dictionary of literary terms

Speech is a historically established system of speech means used in a particular area of ​​human communication; a kind of literary language that performs a specific function in communication. There are 5 functional styles: scientific value ... ... Wikipedia

Styles distinguished in accordance with the main functions of the language associated with a particular area of ​​human activity (see language functions). Functional styles do not form closed systems, there is a wide interaction between styles, influence ... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms

FUNCTIONAL STYLES- FUNCTIONAL STYLES. Styles are distinguished in accordance with the main functions of the language associated with a particular area of ​​human activity. F. s. do not form closed systems, there is a wide interaction between styles, the influence of one on ... ... A new dictionary of methodological terms and concepts (theory and practice of teaching languages)

Functional styles in relation to colloquial speech and artistic speech- - see Artistic style of speech, or artistically pictorial, artistically fiction; Conversational style...

This article lacks links to sources of information. Information must be verifiable, otherwise it may be questioned and removed. You can ... Wikipedia

Main article: Functional styles of speech The scientific style is a functional style of speech, a literary language, which has a number of features: preliminary reflection on the statement, monologue, strict selection of linguistic means, ... ... Wikipedia

Artistic style of speech, or artistic and graphic, artistic and fiction- - one of the functional styles (see), characterizing the type of speech in the aesthetic sphere of communication: verbal works of art. The constructive principle of H. s. R. – contextual translation of the word concept into the word image; specific stylistic trait - ... ... Stylistic encyclopedic dictionary of the Russian language

Functional style, or functional type of language, functional type of speech- - this is a historically established, socially conscious speech variety, which has a specific character (its own speech system - see), resulting from the implementation of special principles for the selection and combination of language means, this ... ... Stylistic encyclopedic dictionary of the Russian language

SPEECH DEVELOPMENT at school- purposeful ped. activities to form the speech of students, arming schoolchildren with practical skills. ownership of native lit. language as a means of communication. In the course of work on R. r. students master pronunciation, lexical, morphological. and… … Russian Pedagogical Encyclopedia

Books

• Russian language. Culture of speech, T. E. Timoshenko. The textbook characterizes the language as a sign system for transmitting information; functions, basic units and types of communication are considered; functional styles of speech are described; presented… electronic book
• functional styles. Textbook, Shenikova Elena Viktorovna. The textbook presents a description of the functional styles of the modern Russian literary language, identified within the framework of the classical system of five styles. The guide is for…