What sounds give softness. Hard and soft consonants

Phonetics is a capricious lady, albeit an interesting one. It's no secret that all sounds in Russian are divided into consonants and vowels. The first, in turn, are divided into voiced and deaf, soft and hard. This classification is based on the method of pronouncing sounds and the features of the work of our articulatory apparatus. So how can you tell them all apart?

And what, exactly, is the point?

Soft and hard consonant sounds Grade 1 begins to study at the very beginning of the Russian language course. But in order to distinguish one phoneme from another, you must first understand what is the difference between them and vowels.

Vowel sounds are pronounced only with the help of the voice. They can be sung, extended - this is how teachers explain to kids at school. When the air at the exit from the lungs passes through the trachea, larynx, oral cavity, it does not encounter any obstacles. When we talk about consonants, then to pronounce them, you need to use lips, teeth and tongue - they all participate in the process, so to speak.

Comparing consonants and vowels according to their sound, we notice the following tendency: when vowels, as mentioned above, sound only with one voice, then there is still noise in the consonants created by the interference that the air has to meet when pronouncing them. This is their main difference. Deaf sounds are pronounced only with this very noise, while in voiced sounds, a voice is also added to it. Compare, for example, the pronunciation of the words "grotto" and "mole" or "house" and "tom". In both cases, the first letters are solid consonants, voiced and voiceless, respectively.

"Let's go back to our sheep!"

Now that we already know a little about the differences in consonants, let's move on to our main topic.

The best way to learn is by example, right? And again, let's turn to the comparison: let's say the following pairs of words:

Racket-rake, bun-bureau, mother - ball, vine - ice, tower - view.

There is some difference in how we pronounce consonants. Is not it? It is caused by vowels that come after consonants. The words are specially chosen so that the sounds we need are in the same position in all examples. In this case, they show all their diversity. Say it again, slowly. Do you feel how the language, in those words where the consonants sound softer, does not rest against the palate, but seems to relax, becomes flat? This can be considered the main feature that our hard consonants have during articulation.

Theory

Well, now let's move on to a specific theory. Solid consonants - a table that will consist of two parts. First of all, you need to remember that the hardness or softness of a sound is due to its neighboring vowel. When after the letter is a, o, u, s , then the sound that it denotes will definitely be solid (mittens, trampling, lips, played), and if there are e, yo, yu, i, and , the consonant will sound softer (blizzard, doggie, mint, Kyiv). Thus, we can say that there is no point in memorizing all hard consonants. Almost all of them are paired. This property was shown in the first row of words, where we learned to distinguish between hard and soft sounds. Therefore, everything depends on this very vowel.

Unpaired consonants

Another question is how to deal with unpaired consonants. There are very few of them in Russian: w, w, c . No matter how hard you try, you won't be able to pronounce them softly. Even if they are followed by those vowels that are usually used with soft consonants: ramrod - rustle - chic, creepy - liquid - tin, price - circus - king. Opposed to these consonants are unpaired h, w, y , which in all cases will sound soft: chock - thicket - cleaning, cheeks - squint - crushed stone, iot - yogurt.

Break the system!

In this situation, you need to understand that the rule of the subsequent vowel with them does not apply to unpaired solid consonants. The table that can be compiled for better assimilation of the material will in any case consist of two parts - paired, the equivalent of which can always be found by changing the vowel, and unpaired, living by their own rules.

We remember

Now let's move on to the methods of learning and memorization. Solid consonants grade 1 remembers reluctantly - too boring. But after all, there is always a way to increase efficiency by making the student interested in an unusual form of work, even with such theoretical and unnecessary, at first glance, material. Various pictures, diagrams, drawings and games with the choice of words will come to our aid.

Let's make some cards. You will need two sheets of colored paper or colored cardboard. The main thing is that they are contrasting. We cut out the same clouds, balls, figures - everything that comes to your mind. Then we connect the two figures with glue so that these very contrasting sides are outside. And then, with the participation of your little helper, on one side we write vowels that are friends with soft ones, and on the other - with hard consonants. In order not to forget anything at all, you can also place unpaired and paired ones side by side, respectively. When everything is at hand, it is much easier.

Next, draw something that can help create an association - a brick on a cardboard where hard sounds are written, and a feather with soft phonemes. Or something else like that. Having a concrete example in front of his eyes, the student will surely learn the information better. Later, to consolidate, you can ask your student to highlight hard and soft sounds in different colors in written words - red and blue, for example, so that you can easily check his homework.

improvised material

To prepare the tablets, which were mentioned just above, you still need to have some kind of material. Solid consonants - a table that you can rely on so as not to get confused. For convenience, it contains paired and unpaired sounds in terms of hardness and softness. By the way, if we want to indicate the softness of a sound, in phonetic transcription, for example, an apostrophe is placed after it.

In this table, all phonemes at the top are solid. Below are their soft counterparts. True, we have three cases where the sound does not have a pair. This means it is not soft.

We remember further

Let's keep practicing? Let's give more examples of words where the same consonant sounds in a hard or soft position. One more nuance. In addition to the very vowels that affect the consonant, it can be softened or hardened by a soft and hard sign, respectively. Let's not forget about it in our next task.

Beaver - white, blizzard - goalkeeper, city - helium, entrance - clerk, giraffe, winter - teeth, whale-cat, horse - lemonade, harvest-sea, Neptune-rhinoceros, steamboat - break, decision-novel, owl - family, cake - theme, film-photography, halvah - scheme, chicken, hat.

Identify the words from the presented pair that demonstrate soft or hard consonants. As you can see, the letters for their designation are still used the same. Please note that in some words, hardness and softness are affected not only by vowels, but also by consonants that are next to our sound. In addition, you can also ask the child to come up with examples for unpaired consonants, so that he himself is convinced that they are only hard. Still, own experience is much more vivid confirmation than any memorized theory.

One more game

To study the topic, soft and hard consonants can be offered to the student just such a game. She is very simple. In front of him are a number of words, from which only solid consonants need to be written out. And then, inserting vowels into them, come up with a word. For example, there are a number of words: pickle - footman - knives. Write out the consonants: s, l, n, add vowels. And the first thing that comes to mind is the short but capacious word "elephant". Shall we continue?

Edit - will - scrap(issued pr, v, l ).
Tomato - role - swamp(issued t, r, t ).
Bittern - dormouse - hay(issued in, s, n ).

Conclusion

In conclusion, I would like to remind you that in no case should you say “solid consonants”. These are just the sounds. And for their designations, they are absolutely the same as in the case of soft ones (this was evident from the table above). Now that you have all the material in your hands, it remains only to practice. On the net you can find a huge number of different games and exercises to determine the type of consonants. And, of course, you can re-read the material on the topic “Solid consonant sounds” a few more times - the table presented in the article will help to systematize all our knowledge. It will be much easier to repeat with her.

Do not forget to give new examples for each paired and unpaired sound, so that our student himself learns to compare the different sounds of consonant phonemes. It sometimes depends not only on the subsequent vowel or soft and hard sign, but also on neighboring consonants, which, depending on their hardness or softness, can also affect the original sound. Everything is not as difficult as it seems. More games and practice - and everything will definitely work out.

Alexey Nikolaevich Tolstoy said that there is nothing sedimentary or crystalline in the Russian language; everything excites, breathes, lives. Such "liveness" of our native language is the merit of its constituent words. But before you learn how to use them, you need to learn the letters and sounds. They will be discussed in this article.

When studying a language with a child, you need to clearly let him understand the differences between oral and written speech. To do this, it is important to give him the concept of what a sound is, and what is a letter.

Sounds are what we perceive with our ears. Our brain easily separates what is related to speech from other sounds and interprets them into images. We can write the sounds of speech in letters, forming words from them.

A letter is a graphic symbol of the alphabet, thanks to which we can display on paper what we hear by ear. But, here for the child lies a very big difficulty. After all, the number of sounds and letters that reproduce them on paper in different words can differ both in one direction and in the other.

How many letters and sounds in the Russian language and alphabet and their ratio

IMPORTANT: We hear sounds and can produce them with our speech apparatus. We can see and write letters! There are sounds in all languages. Even in those where there is no writing.

In a word like "chair" letters correspond to sounds. But, in the word "sun", the letter "L" not pronounced. Letters are also not pronounced. "b" and "b". They only slightly change the pronunciation of the words in which they are used.

There is also such a "school" word as "Compass". In which instead of sound [AND] pronounced sound [S].

There are still a lot of words in Russian that are not pronounced the way they are written in letters. Therefore, it is very important for a child to learn to correctly understand this difference.

Alphabet

Language is the main invention of mankind. Moreover, for each people who created their own language, it differs in features characteristic of this people. At a certain stage in the development of a community that uses a particular people, there is a need to record speech sounds combined into words and sentences. This is how writing appeared, and at the same time the alphabet. That is, a set of all letters used in writing, standing in strict order.

The alphabet of the Russian language has 33 letters and looks like this:

The alphabet is the base of any language that everyone who learns it needs to know. Is it possible to learn to speak without knowing the alphabet? Certainly. But, in addition to being able to express your thoughts, you need to learn how to write and read. And this can not be done without knowing the alphabet.

Today, children have a lot of different aids for learning the alphabet. You can buy special flash cards, magnets, a small primer that the child can take with him on walks or trips.

In our computerized age, electronic gadgets can also be called upon to help you learn the alphabet. Type letters in text apps and name the sounds that teach them. You can connect your imagination and use graphic editors, change fonts and add fills. Create your own alphabet that will be of interest to the child. Then the training will go faster and more efficiently.

INTERESTING: Teachers came up with a very interesting and fun way to learn the alphabet. Dedicate each new day in your family to one of the letters of the alphabet. Of course, we should not forget about the rest. Bake buns in the shape of letters, make letters from plasticine with your child, draw them, collect them from counting sticks. Be sure to talk about the letter that the day is dedicated to and give examples of its use.

Vowel sounds and letters

Introducing the alphabet to a child is a very exciting activity. But, this is only one of the first steps in mastering the language. To continue the study of its elementary units, you need to learn how to divide them according to their characteristics.

Those letters that are pronounced lingeringly are called vowels.

There are 10 vowels in Russian "A", "E", "E", "I", "O", "U", "S", "E", "Yu", "I"
6 vowels [a], [o], [y], [e], [and], [s]. Usually vowel sounds in the school curriculum should be highlighted in red.

We have already found out the difference between the elementary particles of the language.

Letters I, Yo, Yu, E - iotated. They mean one or two sounds.

From this table - this difference can be seen again:

INTERESTING: By the way, about the letter "Yo". Today it is mistakenly considered that it was introduced into our alphabet by Karamzin. But, it's not. This was done by the director of the St. Petersburg Academy, Princess Ekaterina Dashkova, on November 18, 1783, at a meeting on the occasion of the creation of the first explanatory dictionary in Russia. She suggested changing the letters "IO" to one "Yo".

Stressed and unstressed vowels

Stressed vowel pronounced with great force and does not change.

for example: sn e g, st ý l, sh a f

unstressed vowel sound pronounced with little force and undergoes changes.

for example: to O rzina (heard instead of O, sound BUT), m E two d (In the first unstressed vowel instead of E, is heard And), pl E cho (vowel And heard instead E).

IMPORTANT: The stress is not put in words with one syllable and in words with a letter Yo.

Vowels Iotated letters I, Yu, E, Yo make the consonant sound in front of them soft and create one sound: e → [e] or [i], ё → [o], yu → [y], i → [a ].

For example:

At the beginning of a word: hedgehog [y'ozhik]
In the middle of a word: shelter [at y'ut]
At the end of a word: gun [rouge y'o]

Hard and soft vowels directly affect consonants. For example, a consonant "P", maybe as solid (in a word "package"), and soft (in the word "biscuit").

Consonants and letters

Consonants are called such because of the inclusion of consonants in their composition. There are 36 consonants in Russian:

Soft sounds are marked with an apostrophe.
And 21 consonants:

Consonants and sounds soft and hard: table

Consonants, like vowels, can be either hard or soft. For example, in the word "River", beech "R" soft, but "Hand"- solid. In general, several factors influence the softness and hardness of sounds in a word. For example, the location of a sound in a word. Soften the sounds of iot vowels ( "E", "Yo", "YU" and "I") and diphthongs that come after consonants. For example:

"White"
"Love"
"Friday"

Also softens the sounds of the letter "AND", and its antipode "Y", on the contrary, makes the sound hard. An important role is played by the presence of a soft sign at the end of the word:

"Linen" and "laziness"

A soft sign can soften the sound, even if it is inside a word:

"Skates"

Voiceless and voiced consonants in Russian: table

Consonants can be voiced or voiceless. Voiced are obtained with the participation of the voice in the formation of sound. Whereas in the formation of a deaf sound, the voice practically does not play its creative role.

Voiced consonants

are formed during the passage of an air stream through the passage of the oral cavity and vibration of the vocal cords. This results in consonants such as:

When forming voiceless consonants

To make it easy to remember deaf consonants, remember the expression: STEPKA DO YOU WANT A PIECE? - FI! All consonants in these words are deaf.

If you delete all vowels from this expression, only deaf consonants remain.

Paired and unpaired hard and soft consonants: table

By hardness-softness, most sounds form pairs:

Paired and unpaired voiced and deaf consonants: table

In Russian, it is customary to distinguish pairs of deaf-voiced consonants:

The remaining consonants are unpaired:

Sometimes there is a "forced" deafness or sonority of a consonant sound. This is due to the position of the sound in the word. A common example of such a forced state is the words: pond [rod] and booth [butka].

Sonorant- voiced unpaired consonants. There are only 9 of them: [th’], [l], [l’], [m], [m’], [n], [n’], [r], [r’]

Noisy consonants - there are voiced and deaf:

Noisy voiceless consonants(16): [k], [k'], [p], [n'], [s], [s'], [t], [t'], [f], [f'], [ x], [x'], [c], [h'], [w], [w'];
Noisy voiced consonants(11): [b], [b'], [c], [c'], [d], [g'], [e], [e'], [g], [h], [h '].

Summary table of commonly used soft and hard letters and sounds in Russian:

Hissing consonants

Consonants "F", "SH", "H" and "SCH" are called hissing. These letters bring some zest to our language. At the same time, they make it very difficult. While studying these letters, the child should know the rules:

"ZhI" — "SHI" write with "AND"
"CHA" — "ShA" with a letter "BUT"
"CHU" — "SHU" with a letter "U"

Letter "F" voiced, and the other three ( "H", "SH" and "SCH") are deaf. An important feature of these sounds is that it is impossible to pronounce from without opening the mouth. Compare their pronunciation with the pronunciation "M" or "N". To pronounce hissing consonants, there must be a gap between the lips through which air will escape, creating an acoustic accompaniment to these sounds.

The letter "and short" denotes the consonant sound th

Letter "Y" or "And short" found in almost all Slavic alphabets, as well as in those non-Slavic alphabets where the Cyrillic alphabet is used. In the Russian alphabet, this letter occupies the 11th place. It was formed from the vowel "AND" and voiced consonant J.

It is interesting that in the 18th century, when the civil type was introduced (as opposed to the church type), all superscript characters disappeared from it. And the letter "Y" missing an important part. At the same time, the sound that was designated by this letter “did not suffer” from such reforms. Return "Y" in the letter succeeded under Peter I. But, at the same time, it was not returned to the alphabet. This was done only in the 20th century.

Today, more and more philologists attribute sound "Y" to sonorant consonants. That is, to such sounds that are located between vowels and consonants, but still refers to a consonant. In addition, it is always considered soft.

Which letters have multiple sounds?

Ribbon of letters and sounds for elementary school

Very good help in learning the Russian language in various manuals. One of these benefits is "Summer of Letters". It helps to understand the difference between letters, develop reading skills in children faster and facilitate the phonetic analysis of a word.

Even at first glance "Tape of Letters" carries a minimum of information, this is far from the case. This manual can be used not only at school, but also at home. Parents can self-teach their child literacy with this tool.

"Tape of letters" You can buy it at a stationery store or make your own. For example, you can use this diagram.

Video. Native language lessons Grade 1

The speech of a person, especially a native speaker, should be not only correct, but also beautiful, emotional, expressive. Voice, diction, and consistent orthoepic norms are important here.

The ability to pronounce sounds correctly consists of practical exercises (voice training: volume, timbre, flexibility, diction, etc.) and knowledge of when this or that sound pronunciation is appropriate (orthoepic norms).

Before talking about letters that denote soft consonant phonemes, we should recall the basic phonetic concepts and terms.

Phonetics: sounds and letters

Let's start with the fact that there are no soft consonants in the words of the Russian language. Since sound is what we hear and pronounce, it is elusive, it is an indivisible part of speech, which is obtained as a result of human articulation. A letter is just a graphic symbol denoting a particular sound. We see and write them.

There is no complete correspondence between them. In one word, the number of letters and sounds may not match. The Russian alphabet consists of thirty-three letters, and in speech there are forty-seven sounds.

When reading or writing, there are two ways to indicate soft consonants.

If a soft consonant ends a word or comes before another consonant, then it is denoted by "ь". For example: a blizzard, a steward, etc. Important: when writing, the softness of a consonant is determined by "b" only if it stands in the same root words before both the soft and the hard consonant in different cases (flax - flax). Most often, when two soft consonants stand side by side, after the first "b" is not used in writing.
If a soft consonant is followed by a vowel, then it is determined by letters i, yu, i, yo, e. For example: carried, sat down, tulle, etc.

Even when applying the syllabic principle, there are problems with e before a consonant, they are so deep that they turn into orthoepy. Some scholars believe that a necessary condition for euphony is the ban on writing e after hard consonants, because this grapheme defines soft consonants and interferes with the correct pronunciation of hard ones. I have a suggestion to replace e to unambiguous uh. Before the introduction, unified spelling of syllables e - e in 1956, the paired spelling of such words (adequate - adequate) was actively and legally practiced. But the unification did not solve the main problem. Replacing e with uh after hard consonants, obviously, will not be an ideal solution either, new words in the Russian language appear more and more often, and in which case to write this or that letter remains debatable.

Orthoepy

Let's go back to where we started - our speech - it is due to orthoepy. On the one hand, these are the developed norms for the correct pronunciation, and on the other hand, it is a science that studies, substantiates and establishes these norms.

Orthoepy serves the Russian language, blurs the lines between dialects, so that it is easier for people to understand each other. So that, communicating with each other, representatives of different regions think about what they are saying, and not about how this or that word sounded from the interlocutor.

The foundation of the Russian language and, consequently, pronunciation is the Moscow dialect. It was in the capital of Russia that sciences began to develop, including orthoepy, so the norms prescribe us to speak - to pronounce sounds like Muscovites.

Orthoepy gives one correct way of pronunciation, rejecting all others, but at the same time sometimes allows options that are considered correct.

Despite clear, understandable and simple rules, orthoepy notes many features, nuances and exceptions in how letters are pronounced, denoting a soft consonant sound and a hard ...

Orthoepy: soft and hard consonants

What letters are soft consonants? H, w, th In no case should you pronounce hard sounds instead of soft sounds. But this rule is violated, falling under the influence of the Belarusian language and even Russian dialects, reprimands. Remember how the word sounds in this Slavic group more, For example.

L- this is a paired consonant sound, respectively, standing directly before the consonant or at the end of the word, it should sound solid. Before oh, a, uh, uh, s also (tent, corner, skier), but in some words that came to us more often from foreign languages, whose speakers live mainly in Europe, and which are proper names, l pronounced almost softly (La Scala, La Rochelle, La Fleur).

The last consonants in the prefix in front of a hard sign, even if letters denoting a soft consonant sound follow, are pronounced firmly (entrance, announcement). But for consonants with and h this rule is not in full force. Sounds with and h in this case, they can be pronounced in two ways (congress - [s "] rides - [s] rides).

The rules of orthoepy state that you cannot soften the final consonant in a word, even if they merge with the next word starting with e (in this, to the equator, with emu). If such a consonant softens in speech, this indicates that a person communicates through a colloquial style.

"b" also belongs to the list of "soft consonants" and the sounds before it should be pronounced softly, even sounds m, b, p, c, f in words such as seven, eight, hole, shipyard, etc. Pronounce soft sounds firmly in front of " b"is unacceptable. Only in the words eight hundred and seven hundred m may not have a soft, but a hard sound.

What letters denote soft consonants, you need to remember clearly - e, yu, yo, i, and.

So, in many foreign words before e the consonant sound is not softened. This often happens with lips. m, f, c, b, p. P- Chopin, coupe; b- Bernard Show; in- Solveig; f- auto-da-fé; m- reputation, consommé.

Much more often than these consonants, firmly before e dental consonants sound r, n, z, s, d, t. R- Reichswehr, Roerich; n- pince-nez, tour; h- chimpanzee, Bizet; with- highway, Musset; d- dumping, a masterpiece; t- pantheon, aesthetics.

Thus, letters of soft consonants have a fairly definite composition, but fall under a number of exceptions.

All speech sounds are divided into vowels and consonants. In turn, consonants can be divided into hard and soft. This is one of the main characteristics of the consonant sound.

What sounds are called soft

Most students have no doubts whether the sound is soft or hard. Usually we distinguish them simply by ear. Indeed, these sounds are heard differently than solid ones. When pronouncing them, the tongue moves slightly forward towards the teeth and is localized in the region of the hard palate. That is why, after soft consonants, vowels are most often pronounced, which are also formed in front, next to the teeth.

Paired and unpaired soft consonants

Hard and soft sounds often form pairs. For example, a hard sound [B] corresponds to a soft [B ']. In transcription, softness is indicated by an apostrophe.

We see that in Russian there are several unpaired hard sounds and several unpaired soft sounds.

Hard and soft paired consonants can perform a meaningful function. For example, MAL and MYAL, CHALK and MEL. There are many linguistic riddles based on this.

How soft sounds are indicated in writing

As a rule, soft consonant sounds in writing can be indicated in different ways.

With a soft sign. However, we must remember that the soft sign indicates only the softness of the double consonant. If we have a hissing one in front of us, its softness cannot be indicated with a soft sign. Hissing ones are either always hard (and then they cannot be softened), or always soft (and then a soft sign is superfluous in this situation). After hissing, the soft sign performs a grammatical function, that is, with its help, nouns of the 2nd and 3rd declensions are distinguished.

Studying the Russian language already in the 2nd grade, the guys learn about the dual role of the letters E, E, Yu, Ya. If these letters are in the field of a double consonant, they are read E, O, U, A and simultaneously indicate the softness of the previous consonant: [L'E ], [L'O], [L'U], [L'A].

Similarly to the first case, after the hissing E, Yo, Yu, I cannot indicate the softness of the previous consonant, therefore the spelling of E and Yo after the hissing is difficult and is also learned in the form of a rule and also performs the grammatical function of distinguishing parts of speech. for example, the word "arson" is a noun, and the word "arson" is a verb.

In what cases it is not necessary to indicate softness in writing

Some soft consonant sounds and combinations are "not friendly" with a soft sign.

This is an unpaired soft sound [Y ']. The field is never put a soft sign.

In combinations CHK, CHN-LF, HF, TH, SCH-NShch, SC, a soft sign is not needed.

It is not required in combinations of ST, SN, ZD, ZN and some others, in which C or Z are softened when pronounced before a soft consonant: verses [S’T ’], difference [Z’N’], etc.

Consonants sound differently in different words. Sometimes hard, sometimes soft. In this lesson, we will learn to distinguish between soft and hard consonants and designate the softness of consonants in writing with the letters I, E, E, Yu, I and L. We will find out which consonants form pairs of hardness-softness, and which are only hard or only soft.

Compare the first consonants. When pronouncing a sound in the word KIT, the middle part of the tongue rises to the palate, the passage through which the air flows narrows and a sound is obtained, which scientists conventionally called soft. And the opposite sound is called - solid.

Let's complete the task. You need to arrange the vegetables in two baskets. In the first place, we put those in the names of which any soft sounds are heard, in the second, those in the names of which all consonant sounds are hard. Beetroot, turnip, eggplant, cabbage, onion, tomato, onion, pumpkin, cucumber.

Let's check. In the first basket put: beets(sound [in ']), turnip(sound [p ']), tomato(sound [m ']),cucumber(sound [p ']). Second: cabbage, pumpkin, eggplant, onion .

It is important to listen to the sounds of spoken words. If you say the word HES otherwise - with a solid first sound, we get a completely different word - NOSE.

Let's listen and observe the movement of our tongue:

row - sound [p '] - glad - sound [p]

hatch - sound [l ’] - bow - sound [l]

Rice. 3. Bow ( )

crumpled - sound [m '] - small - sound [m]

Sounds can be written (conditionally) with icons. Musical sounds are recorded in notes, and speech sounds are written in letters, but in special square brackets - in transcription. In order not to confuse hard and soft sounds when reading the transcription, scientists agreed to show the softness of the sound with an icon very similar to a comma, only put it on top.

Most consonants form pairs of softness - hardness:

Some consonants are only hard or only soft. They do not form pairs in hardness / softness:

Only hard consonants: [w], [w], [c]. Only soft consonants: [th '], [h '], [u '].

Let's complete the task: indicate the paired sound.

[h] - ? [g] - ? [R'] - ? [h '] - ? [with'] - ? [l] - ? Let's check the correctness of the task: [s] - [s ']; [p '] - [p]; [s '] - [s]; [l] - [l ']. [g], [h ’] - unpaired soft-hard sounds.

In writing, the hardness of consonants is indicated by vowels A, O, U, Y, E, and the softness of consonants is indicated by vowels E, E, I, Yu, I.

There are words with soft consonants at the end of words or in the middle of words before other consonants. Listen to the words: salt, horse, notebook, coat, ring, letter. Then a soft sign will come to the rescue. Even his name suggests - a sign soft, for soft consonants.

Let's make a memo on how to act while writing words:

I hear a solid consonant sound - I write letters after it in place of the vowel sound: A, O, U, Y, E.

I hear a soft consonant sound before a vowel - I denote its softness with vowels: E, E, I, Yu, I.

I hear a soft sound at the end of a word or before a consonant - I show softness b.

Rice. 5. Hard and soft consonants ()

So, today we learned that consonants can be soft and hard, and the softness of consonants in writing in Russian is indicated by the letters i, e, e, u, i and y.

Andrianova T.M., Ilyukhina V.A. Russian language 1. M .: Astrel, 2011. ().
Buneev R.N., Buneeva E.V., Pronina O.V. Russian language 1. M .: Ballas. ()
Agarkova N.G., Agarkov Yu.A. Textbook on teaching literacy and reading: ABC. Academic book / Textbook.

Additional web resources

Knowledge hypermarket ()
Russian language: a short theoretical course. ()
Logosauria: site for children's computer games. ()

do at home

Andrianova T.M., Ilyukhina V.A. Russian language 1. M .: Astrel, 2011. Pp. 35, ex. 6, pp. 36, ex. 3.
Count how many soft consonants are in the word electric train? (In the word train - 3 soft consonants ([l '], [p '], [h ']).
Using the knowledge gained in the lesson, make puzzles or charades with words, where the softness-hardness of the sound changes the meaning.