What kind of education after a technical school is Belarus. Grand Duchy of Lithuania

In the Republic of Belarus there is a developed network of educational institutions in the system of vocational education. Currently, it includes vocational schools, vocational lyceums, vocational colleges. They provide vocational and general secondary education with the qualification of a worker in mass occupations and the issuance of a diploma of vocational education.

Secondary special education

The educational institutions where you can get secondary specialized education include technical schools (schools), colleges, schools-colleges of arts, gymnasiums-colleges of arts, vocational colleges, linguistic gymnasiums-colleges, higher colleges.

Secondary specialized education is provided on the basis of general basic, general secondary and vocational education. Education is conducted on full-time, part-time and evening forms and lasts from 2 to 4 years.

National High School

The system of higher education of the Republic of Belarus includes 43 state higher educational institutions (31 universities, 6 academies, 2 institutes, 4 higher colleges), as well as 12 universities of private ownership.

In Belarus, the licensing of the educational activities of all universities has been carried out, regardless of the form of ownership. The Belarusian State University and the Belarusian National Technical University are the leading higher educational institutions in the national education system, 9 universities are the leading ones in the industry.

The National Higher School trains specialists in 360 specialties and more than 2,000 specializations, which makes it possible to almost completely satisfy the needs of the national economy of the republic for specialists with higher education.

In 2002, in accordance with the Decree of the President of the Republic of Belarus “On the Accession of the Republic of Belarus to the Convention on the Recognition of Qualifications Relating to Higher Education in the European Region”, Belarus became a full member of the 1997 Lisbon Convention, prepared jointly with UNESCO and the Council of Europe. This allows to more effectively solve the problem of recognition of diplomas of Belarusian universities, promotes the development of international cooperation, attracting foreign students to study in Belarus, the number of which is planned to increase to 5% of the total number of students in the future.

The training of scientific and scientific-pedagogical personnel in the Republic of Belarus is carried out in postgraduate, doctoral studies of universities and scientific organizations of the Ministry of Education (www.minedu.unibel.by).

The country has a network of educational institutions of the system of advanced training and retraining of personnel. The education system in Belarus is managed by the republican government bodies, as well as local executive and administrative bodies. The Ministry of Education is responsible for the state and development of the education system in the state.

Belarus is also actively visited foreign students. Activities in the field of providing paid educational services to foreign citizens are carried out by 51 educational institutions. Training is carried out in Belarusian or Russian. Its cost, according to international practice, is set by the educational institution for each specialty.

Every year, about 130 post-graduate students from foreign countries study at the universities and scientific institutions of Belarus.

5) Basic principles of the education system of the Republic of Belarus

Article 14 The main principles of the state policy in the field of education of the Republic of Belarus are formulated in the Law of the Republic of Belarus "On Education" dated March 19, 2002 and are aimed at improving the quality of education that meets the needs of the individual, society and the state, ensuring social justice in obtaining education at all levels.
The national system of education and upbringing guarantees every citizen the right to receive education, which is ensured by:

development of a network of educational institutions of all forms of ownership, various forms of organization of training and education, creation of conditions for obtaining general and vocational education, taking into account national traditions, individual needs and abilities of students

Availability and free of charge education in public educational institutions of general and primary vocational (vocational) education

free on a competitive basis of secondary vocational (secondary special), higher, postgraduate education in state institutions, regardless of the form of education when obtaining this level of education for the first time within the state education standards

Continuity of education and continuity of its various stages

Partial or full coverage of expenses for the maintenance of citizens in need of social assistance during the period of their education

In accordance with Art. 14 of the Law "On Education in the Republic of Belarus" all state and non-state educational institutions on the territory of the republic belong to the national education system of the Republic of Belarus, which includes:

1. Pre-school education

2. General secondary education

3. Out-of-school forms of education

4. Vocational education

5. Secondary specialized education

6. Higher education

7. Training of scientific and scientific-pedagogical personnel

8. Professional development and retraining of personnel

9. Independent education of citizens

Questions for self-examination

1) What does the education system of the Republic of Belarus include?

2) Explain the components of the education system?

3) Give a brief description of the structure of the education system of the Republic of Belarus?

4) What are the forms of education?

5) List the principles of state policy in the field of education?

The national education of the Republic of Belarus is traditionally one of the highest values of the Belarusian people.

Evidence of the achieved results is the early fulfillment by the Republic of Belarus of a number of Millennium Development Goals, a high level of human development, ensuring political and socio-economic stability in the country.

The choice of a course towards the creation of a social state made it possible to determine the correct strategy for its functioning and development. This is evidenced by such macro indicators as the literacy rate of the adult population (99.7%), coverage of the employed population with basic, general secondary and vocational education (98%). In terms of enrollment of children in primary and secondary schools, the number of students in higher educational institutions, Belarus is at the level of developed countries in Europe and the world.

Every third inhabitant of the republic studies.

The state policy in the field of education is based on strengthening the leading principles for the development of the Belarusian school, including:

state-public nature of management;

ensuring the principle of justice, equal access to education;

improving the quality of education for everyone.

The tasks of ensuring the functional literacy of the population through the development of a network of institutions of vocational, secondary specialized and higher education are also priorities.

Almost 10,000 educational institutions operate in the country, representing all its levels, in which about 445,000 employees provide education and upbringing for more than 2.0 million children, pupils and students.

Social standards in the field of education have been adopted and their implementation is being ensured. A developed system of social support for students has been created.

In recent years, the state has allocated at least 5% of GDP for the educational system, which is not inferior to the volume of funding for the education sector in developed European countries.

In 1991–2011 The national education system has developed and is developing in accordance with the Programs of Social and Economic Development of the Republic of Belarus for 2001-2005, 2006-2010. and 2011-2015, as well as the National Strategy for Sustainable Socio-Economic Development of the Republic of Belarus for the period up to 2020 (NSSD-2020) adopted in 2004. NSSD-2020 is a policy document that defines promising directions and forecast indicators of the country's development, taking into account the results achieved and global trends in world development. In the NSSD-2020, the main attention is paid to the implementation of the "Agenda for the XXI century", defined by the UN Conference on Environment and Development (Rio de Janeiro, 1992), the Millennium Declaration adopted by the UN General Assembly (September, 2000), the Political Declaration and Plan of Implementation of the World Summit on Sustainable Development in Johannesburg (September 2002), other international agreements.

The Republic of Belarus has an effective regulatory legal framework that regulates public relations in the field of education. The legal basis of the industry is the Constitution of the Republic of Belarus, the laws of the Republic of Belarus “On Education” (1991), “On Vocational Education” (2003), “On the Education of Persons with Disabilities in Psychophysical Development (Special Education)” (2004), “On General secondary education” (2006), “On Higher Education” (2007).

An important event for the education system was the adoption on January 13, 2011 of the Code of the Republic of Belarus on Education. Thus, for the first time in the country, the task of codifying social relations in the field of education was solved, and an independent branch of law, educational law, was formed. The structure of the national education system has been specified. Updated the name and content of education levels.

The material base has been significantly updated: almost 300 new educational facilities have been built, 1/3 of the total number of educational institutions have been overhauled. Computer technologies in the educational process have become not only accessible, but also familiar.

A national system of educational book publishing has been created. From 2006 to 2010 96.2 billion rubles ($35 million) were allocated from the state budget for the publication of textbooks and teaching aids only for general educational institutions, 843 titles of textbooks and teaching aids, 192 titles of teaching aids were published.

Functioning and development of the education system of the Republic of Belarus

Preschool education

Preschool education is the level of basic education aimed at the versatile development of the personality of a child of early and preschool age (up to 6 years old) in accordance with his age and individual capabilities, abilities and needs, the formation of his moral standards, the acquisition of social experience by him.

The achieved level of coverage of children in preschool institutions is one of the highest among the CIS countries (71.4%), while the coverage of children from 3 to 6 years is even higher - 93.3%, including in rural areas - 68.7% . Complete coverage of five-year-old children with preparation for school has been ensured.

The availability of preschool education is maintained through the development of a multifunctional network of preschool institutions, the introduction of new forms of organization of preschool education in accordance with the requests of parents.

Currently, there are 104 preschool child development centers in the republic (in 2006 - 70), 87 sanatorium institutions of preschool education (in 2006 - 59), 981 kindergarten - school (in 2006 - 815), 2518 groups short stay (in 2006 - 111). Conditions have been created for the provision of quality educational services to children with special needs of psychophysical development: there are 376 groups of integrated education and training (in 2006 - 173).

The process of education and training in preschool institutions is provided by 51.4 thousand teachers (in 2006 - 50.4 thousand). A positive trend continues to improve their educational level: over the past 5 years, the number of teachers with higher education has increased by 6.6%, which is 49.4%. of their total number

For the purpose of further sustainable development of the system of preschool education, the Government of the Republic of Belarus adopted the Program for the Development of the System of Preschool Education in the Republic of Belarus for 2009-2014, which provides for: optimization of the network of preschool education institutions, formation of a health-saving system in preschool education institutions, improvement of the quality of services provided to preschool children age, overcoming differences in the material and technical support of institutions of preschool education and upbringing, raising the social status of workers in the system of preschool education.

General secondary education

General secondary education - the level of basic education aimed at the spiritual, moral and physical development of the student's personality, preparing him for a full life in society, mastering the basics of science, the state languages of the Republic of Belarus, the skills of mental and physical labor, the formation of moral convictions, a culture of behavior, aesthetic taste and a healthy lifestyle, readiness for an independent life choice, the beginning of labor activity and the continuation of education.

General secondary education includes three stages:

I stage - primary education (I - IV classes);

II stage - basic education (grades V - IX);

Stage III - secondary education (X - XI classes, in the evening
schools - X - XII classes, evening classes - X - XII classes).

Levels I and II of general secondary education constitute general basic education.

Levels I, II and III of general secondary education constitute general secondary education.

In 2011, there are 3,516 general educational institutions in the republic. In rural settlements - 2,265 (64.4%); urban - 1,251 (35.6%). 940,360 students study in general education institutions. In rural settlements - 220,158 students (23.4%), urban - 720,202 students (76.6%).

In accordance with the demographic situation and the needs of the regions, the network of educational institutions is being optimized and rationalized. At the same time, both social, economic and demographic factors of the region are taken into account.

The educational process in general educational institutions is organized in the mode of a six-day school week, including a five-day school week and one day for conducting mass sports, physical culture, recreation, and other educational events with students, organizing labor training, including training sessions at educational and production facilities.

In general educational institutions, two state languages are mandatory for study - Belarusian and Russian, as well as one of the foreign languages - English, German, French, Spanish or Chinese.

The rights of citizens belonging to national minorities to learn their native language, culture and traditions of their people (citizens of Polish, Lithuanian, Ukrainian and other nationalities) are ensured.

In addition to compulsory subjects (74%), the curriculum of general educational institutions provides for optional classes (26%). Optional classes are held at the request of students in groups of 3-5 people and are funded from the state budget.

Gifted and talented school youth have the opportunity to master the curriculum at an advanced level. For these purposes, a network of gymnasiums and lyceums (212 gymnasiums and 29 lyceums) has been created and is being developed.

The level of education, its competitiveness in the world market of educational services is consistently high. In the treasury of international awards of Belarusian schoolchildren won over the past five years, there are 123 medals, of which 15 are gold and 48 are silver.

Special education

Special education - training and education of students who are persons with special needs through the implementation of educational programs of special education at the levels of preschool, general secondary education. Special education includes the creation of special conditions for receiving special education at the levels of preschool, general secondary education by persons, taking into account the peculiarities of their psychophysical development and the correction of their physical and (or) mental disorders.

Much attention in the Republic of Belarus is paid to ensuring the rights to general and vocational education of the disabled and persons with special needs of psychophysical development.

Legal, economic, social and organizational bases of special education are defined.

In accordance with the Convention on the Rights of the Child and the Law of the Republic of Belarus “On the Education of Persons with Disabilities in Psychophysical Development (Special Education)” adopted in 2004, the state not only recognizes, but also guarantees every child the right to receive education in accordance with cognitive abilities and health . Updated special education content. The educational standard "Special education (basic standards and requirements)" and subject standards have been adopted, a database of children with special needs of psychophysical development aged 0 to 18 years has been created, which contains information about 127,000 children.

In 143 centers for correctional and developmental education and rehabilitation, about 7,000 children with special needs for psychophysical development, including those with severe and (or) multiple physical and (or) mental disorders, study and receive correctional and pedagogical assistance. More than 1,000 children with special needs of psychophysical development are covered by early comprehensive medical and pedagogical assistance.

Groups and classes of integrated education, special classes, points of correctional and pedagogical assistance are open in preschool institutions, general education schools at the place of residence of children. 62% of the total number of children with special needs receiving special education are integrated into the system of general secondary education. In order to improve the social security of graduates with special needs since 2005, educational institutions have been providing their psychological and pedagogical support for two years after graduation.

Vocational education

Vocational education is the level of basic education aimed at developing the personality of the student, his professional development, receiving special theoretical and practical training, culminating in the qualification of a worker with a vocational education, an employee with a vocational education.

Currently, there are 211 institutions of vocational education in the country, in which more than 75 thousand students study. Training is underway in 100 specialties, including more than 300 professions.

In the system of vocational education, the third state program approved by the Government is being implemented, which provides a comprehensive solution to the issues of training personnel, strengthening the material base of educational institutions.

In 2012, 21.3 thousand people (43.0% of the total output) with an advanced (grade 4 and above) skill level were trained in order to meet the needs of science-intensive, high-tech industries in skilled workers. 97.8% of graduates are sent to work in the organization.

The vocational education system promptly responds to structural changes in the demand for personnel. This happens due to close ties with customer organizations, primarily due to the contractual system of training, as well as due to the formation of an order by state authorities for the training of workers for a five-year period. This order, as well as other important indicators, are reflected in the State Program for the Development of Vocational Education for 2011-2015. Currently, more than 90.0% of young workers in the vocational education system are trained under contracts.

Secondary special education

Secondary specialized education - the level of basic education aimed at developing the personality of a student, cadet, receiving special theoretical and practical training, culminating in the qualification of a specialist (worker) with a secondary specialized education.

More than 900 thousand workers with specialized secondary education (23% of the total working population) are employed in the sectors of the economy and the social sphere.

Currently, there are 121 institutions of secondary specialized education of the state form of ownership and 11 institutions of private ownership in the republic. The total number of students in institutions of secondary specialized education is 167.6 thousand people.

For 2006-2010 216,000 specialists with specialized secondary education were trained for the sectors of the economy and the social sphere.

Within the framework of the State Program for the Development of Secondary Specialized Education, a system has been created for forecasting the needs of sectors of the economy and the social sphere in labor resources, the procedure for placing an order for training personnel with the responsibility of industries and regions has been determined, educational standards have been developed for all specialties, the structure of personnel training has been optimized, the targeting of training has increased, improved employment rates for graduates.

Higher education

Higher education is the level of basic education that provides the training of qualified specialists, the development of abilities and the intellectual and creative potential of the individual.

Higher education includes two levels:

The first stage of higher education provides training for a specialist with fundamental and specialized knowledge, skills and abilities, and ends with the assignment of qualifications and the issuance of a diploma of higher education, which grants the right to employment, taking into account the assigned qualifications and to study in a master's program;

The second stage of higher education (master's) provides in-depth training of a specialist, the formation of knowledge, skills and abilities of scientific, pedagogical and research work, ends with the assignment of a master's degree and the issuance of a master's diploma, providing the right to study in postgraduate (adjuncture) and employment according to the acquired specialty and qualifications.

Currently, there are 45 public and 10 private institutions of higher education in the Republic of Belarus. Training of specialists is carried out in 15 educational profiles, including 438 specialties of higher education of the first stage, 192 specialties of the second stage of higher education. For 2006-2010 302.2 thousand specialists with higher education were trained for the sectors of the economy and the social sphere. Education is organized in full-time and part-time (including distance) forms of education.

Over the past five years, the student population has increased from 396.4 thousand people (2006) to 442.9 thousand people (2010), or 467 students per 10 thousand citizens. The ratio of teaching staff and students in the organization of the educational process is 1:10.

An important area of cooperation between universities and customers is the creation of educational, scientific and industrial complexes and branches of university departments at enterprises with high-tech production. The leaders in creating such structures in production are the leading universities. Thus, the Belarusian State University of Informatics and Radioelectronics opened 17 branches of the university departments at specialized enterprises, including NPO Integral, the Belarusian National Technical University created 56 branches of the departments in design organizations and in production.

In order to improve the quality of education, strengthen control at all stages of training workers (employees), specialists, work is underway to create education quality management systems based on the international standard ISO 9001.

For success in training highly qualified personnel, the educational institutions Yanka Kupala State University of Grodno and the Belarusian State Technological University were awarded the Honorary State Flag of the Republic of Belarus in 2010.

Postgraduate education

Postgraduate education is the level of basic education aimed at developing the personality of a graduate student, doctoral student, applicant and the realization of their intellectual and creative potential, the formation of professional skills in organizing and conducting scientific research.

Postgraduate education is divided into two levels:

postgraduate studies (adjuncture) - the first stage of postgraduate education, aimed at training specialists who have the skills to plan and independently conduct scientific research, deep theoretical knowledge, allowing them to prepare a qualifying scientific work (dissertation) for the degree of candidate of sciences;

doctoral studies - the second stage of postgraduate education, aimed at training specialists who have the skills to organize research work in a new direction of scientific research or in the development of existing relevant areas of scientific research, analytical generalization of the results of scientific activity, allowing to prepare a qualifying scientific work (dissertation) for the competition of a scientist doctorate degrees.

As of January 1, 2011, 4,725 people studied in 119 organizations of the Republic of Belarus with postgraduate (adjuncture) courses, incl. 2730 (57.8%) - full-time, 1995 (42.2%) - part-time. 98 doctoral students studied in 37 organizations of the Republic of Belarus with doctoral studies.

The sectoral structure of postgraduate studies: social sciences and humanities - 46.5%, technical sciences - 18.7%, natural sciences - 14.1%, medical sciences - 10%, agricultural sciences - 4.6%.

Branch structure of doctoral studies: social sciences and humanities - 42.8%, technical sciences - 17.3%, natural sciences - 17.3%, medical sciences - 13.2%, agricultural sciences - 4.1%.

By 2015, it is planned to increase the admission of doctoral students by 86.1%, and more than 60% of admission will be in the field of high-tech disciplines.

Research activities

The core of the scientific and technical potential of Belarus is made up of teams of state scientific organizations of various industry and departmental affiliation, as well as institutions of the higher education system.

Over the past 5 years, the contribution of university science to the development of the country's economy has become more significant. In 2010, the universities of the Ministry of Education of the Republic of Belarus carried out 735 (42%) out of 1766 tasks of 39 state programs of fundamental and applied scientific research. In more than half of them (54%), universities were the lead implementing organizations.

Universities cooperate with more than 300 enterprises of the republic. A list of problems and tasks of a technological and economic nature of industrial enterprises has been formed and is annually updated (the so-called "Problem book from industry").

An effective direction for the development of innovative activity in the universities of the country is the creation of business structures (technoparks, technology transfer centers, business incubators). Currently, there are 7 technology parks, 2 innovation centers, 9 technology transfer centers, the Interuniversity Research and Development Marketing Center and regional marketing centers in the system of the Ministry of Education.

The contribution of university science to the development of the country's innovative economy is confirmed by the fact of the growth in the volume of funds received from the sale of scientific and technical products in foreign markets. In 2010, the volumes exceeded $5 million, growth by 2009 - 16%, and compared to 2005 - more than 2 times. Export of scientific and technical products was carried out to more than 30 foreign countries.

Belarusian universities support partner relations in the field of scientific and scientific-technical interaction with scientific organizations of 58 countries of the world within the framework of more than 700 agreements.

As part of the creation and development of innovative infrastructure in 2010, scientific and technological parks were created at the Vitebsk Technological and Polotsk State Universities, a technology transfer center at the International State Ecological University. AD Sakharov, joint Belarusian-Chinese innovation center in Harbin and Belarusian-Chinese technopark in Changchun.

In the future, along with advanced training of personnel ready for innovation, universities should become centers of scientific and innovative activity, ensure the integration of higher education, science and production, create and develop an innovative infrastructure for the introduction and export of their own scientific and technical developments.

Additional education of children and young people, educational and social work

Additional education for children and youth is a type of additional education aimed at developing the personality of the pupil, the formation and development of his creative abilities, meeting his individual needs for intellectual, moral, physical improvement, adaptation to life in society, organizing free time, professional orientation.

In institutions of out-of-school education and training, there is an extensive network of interest associations (circles, sections, studios), the main activities of which are: the development of the natural abilities of students, the deepening of knowledge and the development of cognitive interests, the cultivation of a healthy lifestyle, physical culture and sports.

In educational institutions, conditions have been created for combining studies and practicing various sports. There are 134 specialized educational and sports institutions in the education system, in which almost 70 thousand people study (5.6% of the total number of students), classes specialized in sports have been created.

Systematic work is being carried out to improve the health and sanatorium treatment of children and young students. A special concern of the state is children who suffered from the consequences of the disaster at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. Every year, children in this category are provided with sanatorium treatment and rehabilitation at the expense of the republican budget.

A mechanism has been created in the country that makes it possible to adequately ensure the protection of childhood, the protection of children from inadequate living and upbringing conditions.

Active work is being carried out to expand family forms of placement of children for upbringing, as a result of which the number of children in residential institutions has decreased by 60%. By 30%(from 74 in 2005 to 52 in 2010) the number of boarding schools has decreased

Social assistance to children and families, rehabilitation of minors who are in a socially dangerous situation and recognized as in need of state protection are provided by 142 social and pedagogical institutions (social and pedagogical centers, children's social shelters).

The state youth policy is systematically implemented. In December 2009, the Law of the Republic of Belarus "On the Fundamentals of the State Youth Policy" was adopted. Positive results have been achieved in solving such socially significant problems of youth as employment and temporary employment, support for a young family and socially unprotected youth. A real opportunity for young people to participate in the adoption of socially significant state and managerial decisions has been provided.

Additional adult education

Additional adult education is a type of additional education aimed at the professional development of a student, trainee and satisfaction of their cognitive needs.

More than 390 educational institutions provide advanced training, internships and retraining of personnel in the republic.

More than 550 thousand employees (about 14% of the total number of all employees of the republic) are covered by vocational training, advanced training, internships and retraining every year.

Continuous vocational training is carried out for 5.5 thousand professions of workers (employees).

Advanced training of managers and specialists is carried out in all profiles (directions) of education. Retraining of personnel with higher and secondary specialized education is carried out in 360 specialties.

An important area of work is the organization of training for the laid-off, unemployed and unemployed population, including the training of unemployed youth. On the basis of educational institutions and specialized training centers, taking into account the needs of the labor market, over 26 thousand unemployed are trained annually with subsequent employment.

The purpose of the development of the system of additional education for adults is the implementation of the principle "Education through life". In the next five years, a flexible system of training, retraining and advanced training of personnel will be created in accordance with the needs of the country's innovative development. The system of additional education for adults will be developed on the basis of the introduction of modern information and communication technologies, the integration of vocational education, science and production.

The international cooperation

The Republic of Belarus is a party to many international treaties and agreements, an active participant and initiator of the discussion of problems affecting global issues of the development of human society in the post-industrial era, including the Lisbon Convention of 1997 on the recognition of qualifications related to higher education in the European region, is working on accession of the country to the European Higher Education Area (Bologna process).

Belarus is taking concrete steps to further integrate the national education system into the global educational space, while maintaining its national and cultural identity.

The recognized practice of “academic mobility” is steadily expanding. Close cooperation has been established with such international organizations as UNESCO, UNICEF, DAAD, European Education Foundation. The international programs Tempus, Tacis, Erasmus Mundus, Youth in Action are being implemented. The exchange of students and teachers reaches about 16 thousand people a year. There is a flexible system of admission for training of foreign citizens, which fully takes into account their interests and needs in specialties. For foreign citizens who do not speak Russian, there is the possibility of studying at the preparatory department.

The number of foreign citizens studying in the country's universities has more than doubled over the past 5 years and has now exceeded 10,000 people. At the same time, mutually beneficial cooperation is developing not only with the countries of the near, but also far abroad (more than 60 international agreements have been concluded).

The largest scientific partners of universities are Russia, Venezuela, India, China, Kazakhstan, Switzerland, Germany. The geography of deliveries of scientific and technical products covers France, Finland, Austria, Belgium, Poland, Czech Republic, Great Britain, Latvia, Lithuania, USA, Korea, etc.

General secondary education is designed to ensure the spiritual and physical development of the individual, preparing the younger generation for a full life in society, educating a citizen of the Republic of Belarus, mastering the basics of sciences, state languages of the Republic of Belarus, skills of mental and physical labor, developing moral beliefs, culture of behavior, aesthetic taste and a healthy lifestyle.

The Republic of Belarus has a developed system of general secondary education, the foundations of which were laid during the Soviet period. Such achievements of the Soviet school as the availability and free of charge of primary, basic and secondary education, high requirements for the content of education and the qualifications of teachers became the basic principles for the development of the national system of general secondary education.

In the first years after the Republic of Belarus gained independence, the system of general secondary education found itself in a difficult situation. The school was in dire need of domestic educational and methodological literature. Until 1992, almost all educational literature was supplied from Russia, only textbooks on the Belarusian language and literature, history and geography of Belarus were native. In this regard, the government of the country decided to create a system of national educational book publishing for a comprehensive school. A phased transition of the school to domestic programs, textbooks and teaching aids has begun.

Over the years, the country's general educational institutions have been fully provided with new generation curricula, domestic educational literature, there are systems of standardization, examination and preparation for publication of textbooks and teaching aids. In total, more than 3.5 thousand educational publications have been published since 1993, including more than 1.5 thousand titles of domestic school textbooks, over 400 teaching aids for teachers, more than 80 titles of domestic contour ( wall) maps on history and geography, over 350 titles of program works of art from the School Library series. New textbooks and teaching aids have become more accessible in content, practice-oriented (while maintaining the fundamental and systematic construction of educational material), their printing performance has significantly improved.

In the second half of the 1990s, the reform of the general education school began in the country. The Decree of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus dated August 21, 1996 No. 554 approved the Concept of the reform of the general education school in the Republic of Belarus, and also adopted the Program for the implementation of the reform of the general education school in the Republic of Belarus. In addition to these documents, by decision of the First Congress of Teachers of the Republic of Belarus, held in Minsk in October 1997, and the instructions of the President of the Republic of Belarus in 1998, state republican programs were developed and approved by resolutions of the Council of Ministers: "Teacher", "Rural school”, “Foreign languages”, “Informatization of the education system”, “Complex overhaul of buildings of schools and other educational institutions for 1998-2005.” and etc.

As a result of the ongoing transformations, the state system of general secondary education will reach a level that meets the advanced world standards that meet the needs of the individual, society and the state, increase the prestige of education, and create an effective system of patriotic, civil and spiritual and moral education. At the same time, there is a transition to a 10-year compulsory general basic education at the beginning of the education of children from the age of six, an increase to 12 years of the period for obtaining a general secondary education, the implementation of profile differentiation at the final stage of a comprehensive school, etc.

In the period from 1998 to 2002, the transition from elementary school to education from the age of six was carried out. For 1998-2004 new curricula for the basic school were tested, the procedure and conditions for the transition of the senior stage of the general education school with a 12-year term of study to a new structure and content of education were determined. Since 2002, the transition of the basic school to a 10-year term of study began, which will be completed by 2008. Since 2004, new curricula for grades 11-12 of the 12-year school have been tested. The first graduation of the 12-year-old school will take place in 2010.

Since 2002, schools have introduced a 10-point system for assessing the results of students' learning activities, which makes it possible to objectively assess the knowledge and abilities of students. Fundamental changes have been made to the curricula aimed at expanding the freedom to choose the content of education and ensuring multi-level education, taking into account the individual characteristics and capabilities of students. General education schools are actively introducing health-saving technologies that ensure the creation of optimal conditions for the physical development and health protection of students.

One of the ways to improve the quality of education is the creation of a differentiated educational environment. In 2004, the Concept of specialized education was approved, to which the senior level of the 12-year school will pass, and its testing has already begun on the basis of 18 experimental schools of the republic.

In recent years, significant steps have been taken in the normative support of the general education school. The most important documents are the Regulations on the institution providing general secondary education, approved by the Ministry of Education of the Republic of Belarus on July 7, 2004, No. 44 and the Law of the Republic of Belarus "On General Secondary Education", adopted by the House of Representatives of the National Assembly Modern the comprehensive school model includes:

general primary education (study period - 4 years, grades I-IV);

general basic education (the period of study, taking into account primary education - 10 years, grades I-IV, V-X);

general secondary education (the term of study, taking into account basic education, is 12 years or more, I-I, V, V-X, XI-XII (XIII) grades).

Primary school is designed to develop a child's sustainable interest in learning, knowledge, mastering the basic skills of educational activities; to form the foundations of initial literacy, allowing you to continue further education. Education of children under the first grade program can be carried out both in an institution providing general secondary education and in a preschool institution.

The basic school bears the main burden of implementing the tasks of the general education school, preparing children for life and work in society. The basic school program is characterized by logical completeness and completeness of knowledge that is provided within the framework of a state institution.

Successful completion of a basic school provides an opportunity to continue education in the lyceum or gymnasium classes of a general education school in order to receive a general secondary education or receive general education and vocational education in vocational and secondary specialized educational institutions.

A wide network of educational institutions has been created in Belarus. Institutions providing general secondary education include primary school, basic school, secondary school, evening (shift) school (general education), gymnasium, lyceum, boarding school, sanatorium boarding school (general educational institutions), as well as an educational and pedagogical complex, including a kindergarten-school, a secondary school-college of arts, a gymnasium-college of arts, a linguistic gymnasium-college, etc. Gymnasium and lyceum classes, classes with in-depth (profile) study can be created in secondary schools individual items.

In the system of general secondary education at the beginning of the 2005/2006 academic year, there were 4.2 thousand educational institutions of various types, in which 1.2 million students studied. There is a constant reduction of traditional schools, especially in primary and basic schools, the number of which by the beginning of the 2005/2006 academic year was 348 and 841, respectively. This is due to the unfavorable demographic situation in the country, especially in rural areas, where the number of school-age children is declining due to a decrease in the birth rate. As a result, there is an active process of reorganization of primary and basic schools into larger schools, including all levels of secondary education. At the same time, the network of institutions of a new type grew significantly. In the 2005/2006 academic year, 160 gymnasiums functioned in the republic (12 gymnasiums in the 1990/1991 academic year), 35 lyceums (5 in the 1990/1991 academic year), 7 educational and pedagogical complexes. At the beginning of the 2005/2006 academic year, there were 12 private general education institutions in Belarus (650 students).

In recent years, the educational level of the teaching staff of state daytime general education schools has noticeably increased. In 2000, the number of teachers in the system of the Ministry of Education with higher education was 82.9%, at the beginning of the 2005/2006 academic year - 88.1%. For 1990-2005 the ratio between the number of teachers and students has improved (in the early 1990s, there were 12 students per teacher, and in the 2005/2006 academic year - 8.5). Such a situation in the general education school system makes it possible to individualize the educational process and improve the quality of education.

One of the priorities of the state policy in the field of education is to improve the quality and accessibility of education in rural areas. By the beginning of the 2005/2006 academic year, 4 gymnasiums, 3 lyceums, more than 1,000 schools with classes for in-depth study of subjects were created for rural youth. With the active support of the state, the development and implementation of various models of organization continues

educational process in a rural school, the network of gymnasium and lyceum classes is expanding, the material and technical base of general educational institutions is being improved, and modern technologies of education and upbringing are being introduced. Measures are being implemented aimed at securing teaching staff in the countryside, improving the level of qualifications of teachers in rural schools. Improving the educational process in rural schools is also due to the development of specialized education, which already covers a quarter of all students. In accordance with the approved Decree of the President of the Republic of Belarus dated March 25, 2005 No. 150, the State Program for the Revival and Development of the Village for 2005-2010. by 2010, it is planned to increase the coverage of students in rural schools with profile education up to 80%.

The education system in the Republic of Belarus is a subject of not unfounded national pride. The government of the country has chosen an effective strategy for the development of the education system. This is evidenced by the following indicators:

almost 100 percent adult literacy rate.
98% of the working population has a basic, secondary or vocational education.

In terms of the number of students with higher education, Belarus is on an equal footing with the most developed countries of the world.

The education system in the Republic of Belarus is financed from the state budget. Over the past ten years, over 300 buildings for universities, schools, kindergartens have been built in the Republic of Belarus. A huge contribution has been made to the production of modern textbooks and teaching aids, and technological innovations in educational institutions have become commonplace, not a curiosity.

At the same time, the education system in Belarus is still in the process of reform. Goals of the reorganization:

providing all citizens with equal access to education;
improving the quality of education;
professional development of teachers;
integration of the national education system into the world one;
increase in funding for the education sector.

preschool

Thanks to the policy of the state, the system of preschool education in Belarus is successfully functioning and is constantly being improved. The level of preparatory education is the highest in the CIS. There are public and private preschool institutions in the country. New technologies are being actively introduced in education, taking into account the individual characteristics and needs of each child.

In kindergartens, they develop observation and curiosity of kids, teach them to speak and express their thoughts correctly, introduce them to the culture of communication, form the ability to establish contact with peers and adults. Educators help to master the orientation in time and space, lay the foundations for a positive attitude towards the world around, order, work and instill love for the motherland.

Competent psychologists and qualified doctors work in kindergartens of the Republic of Belarus, who closely monitor the mental and physical health of each child.

Private kindergartens offer additional music and foreign language lessons.

school

The school education system in Belarus is divided into three stages:

elementary: grades 1-4;
basic: 5-9 grades;
middle: 9-11 grades.

The first two steps are required. The main goal of primary education is to instill an undying interest in acquiring new knowledge. Education takes place in two languages - Russian and Belarusian, but there are also schools where teaching is conducted exclusively in the native language. From the third grade, a foreign language is introduced into the school curriculum - English, French or German.

The main load begins in the fifth grade. New disciplines are added - physics, geometry, chemistry, algebra. The study of foreign languages is at an advanced level. Teachers help students to discover their abilities and show the areas of their possible application.

Much attention in the Belarusian education system is given to the physical training of children. School stadiums comply with international safety and sanitation standards.

In the senior classes, students are prepared for admission to universities, programs are built depending on the chosen direction of study.

In some cities of Belarus, high school students in training and production facilities can get a working specialty (cook, hairdresser, gardener, etc.) without leaving school.

Higher

The system of higher education in Belarus is represented by the following types of institutions:

Classic University- prepares scientific workers of the highest qualification. The program includes fundamental theoretical research in various areas.
Profile university- produces specialists in one or two areas. In such institutions, you can get a diploma of an architect, designer, agronomist, marketer or financier.
Institute- conducts narrow-profile training and trains translators, political scientists, psychologists, programmers.
higher college- here you can get only a bachelor's degree.

In some universities, such as Brest, you can master two specialties at the same time.

The form of education in universities is full-time and part-time, and the practice of remote education is also developing. The term of study is five years. Lectures are given in Russian and Belarusian. In addition to public higher education institutions, there are also private ones, the quality of education in which is strictly controlled by the government.

At the moment, institutions of higher education issue diplomas with bachelor's and master's degrees. Doctoral degrees are not provided.

In September, about 1 million students will go to educational institutions in Belarus, and many of them are not citizens of this country. Two official languages are accepted for study in these institutions of Belarus - these are Belarusian and Russian. Ties between Russia and Belarus have always been strong.

The preschool education system is designed to prepare children for schooling, to give them a start in the world of knowledge. About a year before school, preparatory classes for kids are held in kindergarten groups, with the goal of a painless transition to school for the next year. By the age of 6, children begin to receive a school course, which, depending on the level (basic and intermediate), will last 9 or 11 years.

After 9 years of study, you can choose several ways to develop your future: secondary education at school, vocational school or college, where you can get a fairly prestigious education. In vocational schools, not only a profession is given, but also secondary education according to a standard school curriculum. The main document confirming training is a certificate of secondary, secondary special or secondary vocational education. Any of these documents is the main one for admission to the university. Higher education is the last step in the educational system of the country. It is from universities that the best specialists come out. The quality of training and education in Belarus is very high, as the state pays a lot of attention to it.

Higher education in Belarus is at a very high level and covers a very significant proportion of school graduates. These indicators became possible due to the availability of educational institutions in the country. To receive scientific knowledge, students come both to state higher institutions and private ones. In total, there are 50 universities in Belarus. Private educational institutions are subdivided into the classical system, academies, institutes and colleges that produce specialists at the level of higher education. Also, a private university can be narrowly focused. In Belarus, private higher institutions are not afraid, since education in them is controlled and supported at all stages by state structures.

The form of study can be chosen by the student upon admission. There is a full-time form of education, evening, convenient for students who have a job and part-time for students, for example, from another city. Full-time education, as a rule, lasts for 5 years. Students who have chosen this system of education, with successful studies, can count on state support in the form of scholarships. In all universities, regardless of whether they belong to the state or private individuals, a state standard diploma is issued. The subordination of all universities of the country goes to the Ministry of Education of Belarus.

Foreign citizens also study at higher educational institutions, but mostly on a paid basis. The fee in different institutions is not the same and depends on the specialty and form of education. It is not difficult for a foreign citizen to enter a Belarusian university. The main thing is to contact the one you like and provide a certain package of documents, namely:

questionnaire on the model of the university;
copy of the passport;
a copy of the birth certificate certified by a notary;
certificate, with an insert of grades in the studied subjects or their certified copies;
medical documents aimed at certifying the possibility of the student's residence on the territory of Belarus (whether the climate is suitable). Documents must be issued by a medical institution in the country of permanent residence of the applicant.

Upon admission to the university, the student must replace all copies of the submitted documents with ice caps and provide standard photos for documents. Of course, studying in the country is impossible without obtaining a Belarus visa. Another requirement of universities upon admission is the provision of a medical certificate stating that the student does not have HIV infection.

The student submits documents for admission to the institute personally. Belarusian laws in the education system are quite loyal and allow you to submit documents to a university even in foreign languages, for example: German, Spanish or English, although in such cases a translation certified by a notary may be required.

If a student who came to study in the country does not speak Russian and Belarusian, he will most likely have to take an additional course of study, approximately within a year. Usually universities themselves do this work as part of the general preparation for the admission of applicants. Of course, it is not necessary to study languages in Belarus. It is easiest for Russian students to enter universities in this country.

Training programs provide for many nuances. For example, providing non-resident students with housing takes place in each educational institution with the help of a special department. For foreign students, the same department helps to find accommodation and obtain a residence permit in the country. Most often, student hostels are assigned to higher educational institutions. This type of housing is quite cheap for students, although living there is quite cozy and comfortable.