What is the importance of water transport for the development of the Russian economy? Transport, its importance in the life of society and the economy of the country.

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TRANSPORT OF SUBSTANCES
(from Latin transporto - I transfer, move, transfer) in living organisms, includes the delivery of the necessary compounds to certain organs and tissues (using the circulatory system in animals and the conducting system in plants), their absorption by cells and movement inside cells, as well as excretion metabolic products. These processes can be divided according to their mechanism into transport with fluid flow (e.g., with blood, bile, urine, with current grows, juice contained in the vessels of xylem, phloem), diffusion in solutions (in cells and intercellular fluid) or gas phase (in the lungs, intercellular spaces of plant leaves), transport through biol. membranes. T. v. through biol. membrane is carried out, as a rule, special. transport systems, their work determines the rate of intake of substances and metabolism in cells, and, consequently, throughout the body. Distinguish passive and active T. century. through membranes. In the first case, T. century. occurs spontaneously, while the molecules and ions are transferred to an area with a lower electrochemical. potential. The transfer of molecules (ions) in the opposite direction (active transport) is possible only with the simultaneous expenditure of energy, the source of which can be ATP hydrolysis or oxidizing. reactions in electron transport chains, and special is carried out. they say systems - ion pumps As a result of such an active TV, called. primary is the non-equilibrium distribution of H+, Ca+, Na+, K+ ions inside the cell and between the cell and the environment; it, in turn, ensures the operation of systems of conjugated, or secondary active, TV. through membranes. An example of a conjugate T. in. is the transfer of sugars and amino acids into the cells of the intestinal epithelium. The membrane facing the intestinal lumen contains a protein carrier, which carries out the transfer of glucose (or a certain amino acid) only together with sodium ions. Na + enters the cell passively, but at the same time there is a transfer of the molecule, which can be active; in total, the free energy in the system decreases. Na+ is removed from cells by Ma+/K+-ATPase included in the membrane facing the intestinal circulatory system. Conjugate T. v. ensures the transfer of various metabolites through the membranes of all cells of organisms. Passive TV through membranes is quantitatively characterized by the value of permeability, which can vary dramatically for different substances, but is ultimately determined by the laws of diffusion and electrodiffusion. Simple diffusion easily occurs through the lipid layer of membranes only in the case of substances that are highly soluble in lipids, which include many others. medicines. Ions (Na +, K + and Ca2 +) are transported through the membranes of nerve, muscle and other cells due to the presence of ion channels in them, which open and close depending on the magnitude of the electric difference. potentials on the membrane or chemical action. mediators. Turning off or a sharp change in the properties of carriers and channels underlies the action of many. toxic substances. Nek-ry substances (ionophores) are capable to create channels in a lipidic layer of a membrane. Action of a number of medicines, drugs is based on change of properties of channels and carriers, a cut allows to regulate T. century. in cells and the whole organism

The importance of transport for the country is exceptionally great. It performs important economic, social, cultural and defense functions of the state.

Economic role transport consists in the fact that it is an organic link in any production, specialization and cooperation of enterprises, and also serves to deliver all types of raw materials, fuel and products from points of production to points of consumption. Without transport, the development of new areas and natural resources is unthinkable.

Transport is an important factor in economic integration as well as in international trade.

social significance transport is to ensure labor and household trips of people, to facilitate their physical labor with the help of transport, in particular, when moving large volumes of materials in the production process and at home. Transport contributes to the preservation of health, providing an opportunity for people to use the health-improving areas not only in the near, but also in remote areas. It provides all people with the territorial accessibility of resorts with their healing springs, as well as special medical centers in capitals and large cities.

cultural significance transport is very large and diverse. This is communication between people and a way to satisfy their aesthetic needs. Transport delivers newspapers, magazines, books, etc. to settlements, and also makes it possible to carry out international exchange.

A powerful stimulator of the growth of culture is the communication of the broad masses of the people with scientists, writers, artists, musicians, trips to symposiums, conferences, festivals, exhibitions, etc.

Defense value transport is one of the most important factors in the defense capability of the state. This is the transfer of troops and weapons, supply, evacuation of people and material and technical resources.

The main task transport - full satisfaction of the needs of industry, agriculture and the population in transportation, both in terms of volume and quality.

Transportation quality manifests itself:

In ensuring traffic safety;

Reducing the time of delivery of goods and passengers;

Compliance with the regularity of transportation;

Increasing the level of comfort;

Ensuring the complete safety of transported goods;

Achieve higher cost-effectiveness of transportation.

Economic theory, defining the place and role of transport in the development of modern society, considers it as a universal means of labor, as one of the general conditions of production. By moving the means of labor and workers within enterprises, transport carries out the links generated by the technological division of labor. These functions are performed by intra-production transport. By moving various types of products between producers (suppliers) and consumers, transport implements the links generated by the territorial division of labor. These functions are performed by the transport of the sphere of circulation, which, in the course of the historical process of the social division of labor, emerged as an independent sphere of production. Transportation in the process of circulation in modern conditions is mainly carried out by public transport - rail, sea, river, road, air, as well as special transport (pipelines, high-voltage power lines and railway access roads of enterprises connecting them with a network of main lines of communication). These modes of transport, together with the system of warehouses, are the material basis of the circulation process. Transport, on the one hand, is part of the market infrastructure, "physically" realizing the exchange of goods and providing services to the population, and on the other hand, as a market entity, it sells its services by moving goods and passengers. Different modes of transport can provide these services in different ways, thus forming a transport market. The labor of transport workers is productive labor, it creates national income, increases social wealth, measured in value terms. The share of transport costs in the cost of industrial and agricultural products is 15-20%, reaching 45-50% for some goods.

The pace of transport development should correspond to economic growth. According to foreign researchers, the growth of gross domestic product in most countries of the world is accompanied by a proportional increase in the cost of fixed assets of transport. Thus, as the country's economy develops, the transport industry must change in accordance with the dynamics of demand for transport services. There is also an inverse relationship, that is, transport has an impact on economic development, being, if not the engine, then at least the "wheels" of economic activity. However, special studies have found that investments in the transport industry alone, or even in the entire infrastructure, do not guarantee economic growth. Success depends primarily on the economic policy of the state as a whole.

The importance of transport for the country is exceptionally great. It performs important economic, social, cultural and defense functions of the state.

The economic role of transport lies primarily in the fact that it is an organic link in any production, specialization and cooperation of enterprises, and also serves to deliver all types of raw materials, fuel and products from production points to points of consumption. Without transport, the development of new areas and natural resources is unthinkable.

Transport is an important factor in economic integration as well as in international trade.

The social significance of transport lies in the provision of labor and household trips of people, in facilitating their physical labor with the help of transport, in particular, when moving large volumes of materials in the production process and at home. Transport contributes to the preservation of health, providing an opportunity for people to use the health-improving areas not only in the near, but also in remote areas. It provides all people with the territorial accessibility of resorts with their healing springs, as well as special medical centers in capitals and large cities.

The cultural significance of transport is very large and diverse. This is communication between people and a way to satisfy their aesthetic needs. Transport delivers newspapers, magazines, books, etc. to settlements, and also makes it possible to carry out international exchange.

The defensive value of transport is one of the most important factors in the defense capability of the state. This is the transfer of troops and weapons, supply, evacuation of people and material and technical resources.

The main task of transport is to fully meet the needs of industry, agriculture and the population in transportation, both in terms of volume and quality.

The quality of transportation is manifested by:

in ensuring traffic safety;

reducing the time of delivery of goods and passengers;

compliance with the regularity of transportation;

increasing the level of comfort;

ensuring the complete safety of transported goods;

achieve higher transport efficiency.

1.4 Basic terms and concepts of the transport system

System translated from Greek means a whole, consisting of parts, ordered in a certain way.

A system is understood as a certain set of interconnected

elements that form a whole that has features that are absent from its constituent elements.

The elements of the system interact with each other. Relationships depend on the type of systems.

Any system consists of a number of subsystems, each of which can be divided into a number of elements.

Transport system is a complex of different modes of transport that interact in the performance of transportation. The term " transport system" is used in relation to a state, region or large city. The transport system includes the following types of transport: railway (rail); sea; river (inland water); automobile; air; pipeline (including oil pipelines, product pipelines for pumping mainly refined products and gas pipelines).

Elements of the transport system are also: urban transport, which is a complex of different types of transport (metro, tram, trolleybus, bus, and others), functioning separately in different cities; industrial (industrial) transport, which includes all types of transport directly serving the internal needs of industrial, agricultural, construction, trade and other enterprises and organizations.

"Unified transport system"- a concept that emphasizes the socio-economic unity of all modes of transport.

transport network- this is a set of all means of communication connecting the settlements of a country or a separate region (railways, roads, air and waterways, pipelines). It characterizes the power of transport.

Allocate public and non-public transport.

Public transport- this is a transport that, in accordance with the current legal provisions, must carry out the transportation of goods and passengers, regardless of who they were presented by: state-owned enterprises or institutions, a public organization, a company or an individual. Public transport includes:

railway, which is administered by the association "Belarusian Railway";

nautical

river, which is under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Transport and Communications of the Republic of Belarus;

automotive, which is under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Transport and Communications of the Republic of Belarus;

air, which is under the jurisdiction of the Air Transport Committee under the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus;

urban public(metro, tram, trolley bus, bus, taxi), which is under the jurisdiction of the city executive committees.

Public transport is the basis of a unified transport system of the state.

Non-public transport- This is a departmental transport that carries out transportation only of its own department or enterprise. Departmental transport is also called industrial, and short paths, for example, to warehouses, are called access roads. Railways, sea, river, road, air, pipeline transport, as well as conveyor, cable and a number of others under the jurisdiction of the relevant non-transport ministries, departments, and enterprises serve as non-public transport.

Under main transport understood:

public transport;

communication routes, linking the largest cities and industrial centers of the country or a large region. Small branches from the main highways, despite the fact that they are part of the public network, are not considered links of the main transport and are usually referred to as local lines.

Non-trunk industrial and urban transport is also considered.

universal transport- This is a transport capable of transporting almost all goods, as well as passengers. Rail, sea, river, road and air transport, as well as the corresponding types of urban and industrial transport are universal modes of transport. Modern pipelines for both main and industrial purposes, as well as cable and conveyor modes of transport are specialized, although some promising projects can be adapted to transport a wide range of goods and passengers.

Non-universal transport- this is a specialized or special transport, designed only to perform one type of transportation (freight or passenger) or to move only one type of cargo (bulk, liquid).

Discrete transport- this is any transport where the objects of transportation (cargo or passengers) move along the lines in units or separate groups (batches) using independently moving transport units (cars, trains, ships, aircraft, etc.).

Continuous transport- this is such a transport where the items of transportation are moved in the form of a continuous stream using various kinds of flexible lines, screws, scrapers, escalators, and pipelines. However, pipelines used as guides, with separate units moving in them (capsules, containers, wagons) belong to the category of a discrete mode of transport.

"Transport process" - a term denoting the activity of transport aimed at ensuring the transportation of goods and passengers (this term is an analogue of the concept " production process"accepted in the industry). As a synonym, the term " transportation process", which reflects the complex of operations performed during the delivery of goods and passengers from points of departure to points of destination.

Each type of transport performs its function with the help of powerful technical equipment or complex of technical means involved in the transportation process.

The means of transport are divided into two main categories:

permanent funds, including the actual path (road) and stationary structures with all their equipment;

rolling stock, which includes all active (self-propelled) and passive (trailer) units that directly carry out the movement of goods and passengers (wagons, barges, trailers, etc.). Self-propelled units include locomotives, river and sea tugs, autotractors, ships, cars, aircraft, etc. All self-propelled units, using a power plant, have a certain traction force and power to drive trains of wagons, barges, trailers at a set speed.

The characteristics of the transport system of the Republic of Belarus are given in Table 1.1.

The state of the transport complex of the Republic of Belarus can be reflected in the following indicators:

the total number of employees in the transport sector of the economy is 4% of the total number of employees in the Republic of Belarus, and the share of fixed assets attributable to transport is 11.4%;

communication routes include: 50.3 thousand km of roads, of which 33,000 km with improved coverage, over 5.5 thousand km of railways. The density of roads per 1000 km 2 is 337 km, which brings the Republic of Belarus to 12th place in Europe in this indicator, and 60 km per 1000 km 2 of the territory in railway transport, there are 7 airports;

to ensure the operation of transport to serve users of the Republic of Belarus, there are: 380 railway station structures, 26 freight car terminals and 36 freight yards, over 400 equipped stopping points for suburban traffic;

maintenance and repair of rolling stock is carried out at a car repair plant in Gomel, two car repair plants (passenger) and 6 car repair depots for freight cars, specialized locomotive depots, specialized plants.

T a b l e 1.1 - Characteristics of the transport system of the Republic of Belarus (1991)

transport	Operating length of tracks, thousand km	Sent	Cargo turnover	Transported passengers	Passenger turnover
transport	Operating length of tracks, thousand km				million passenger-km
Railway
Automotive

Air
All types of transport
* Domestic airlines (no overlapping sections). ** Automobile transport of general and non-public use.

The Belarusian Railway (Figure 1.7) is currently a state complex association directly subordinate to the Government of the Republic of Belarus, which includes railway departments, industrial, construction, motor transport, research, design, technology, supply, trade and other enterprises , organizations, as well as educational, health and cultural institutions.

The share of freight turnover of the Belarusian Railway in the total freight turnover of all types of transport of the republic in 1999 amounted to 75.9% (30.5 billion ton-km), passenger turnover - 63.0% (16.9 billion pas-km). In the structure of transportation for 1999, 36% is transit and 30.7% is transportation in intra-republican traffic, and the rest is import and export.

More than 100 thousand people work on the Belarusian Railway, including 78,526 people in their core business. This personnel is distributed among the main facilities as follows: locomotive facility - 15512; track management - 12778; passenger economy - 10332; wagon economy - 7828; transport economy - 6331; cargo management - 5637; alarm and communication facilities - 4440; power supply economy - 1646 people.

The operational length of the Belarusian Railway is 5523.3 km, and the total length of the tracks: main - 7334.7; station -

3696.4; receiving and dispatching - 1728.1; access roads serving individual enterprises and organizations - 1037.7 km. Total length

of electrified lines is 875.6 km, including on alternating current - 847.0 and on direct current - 28.6 km. At the same time, rails of the P65 type were laid - by 75.5; jointless lashes - by 52; reinforced concrete sleepers - for 73% of the operating length of the main tracks. 3699.8 are equipped with automatic blocking, 1917.3 are equipped with semi-automatic blocking, and

Figure 1.7 - Scheme of development of the Belarusian railway

centralization - 3229.7 km of the operating length of the main tracks. 92.7% of turnouts are included in electrical interlocking.

The length of trunk communication lines is 8879.4 km, of which 6517.4 km are cable lines and 2361.7 km air lines.

The structure of transport management in the Republic of Belarus

The state policy on transport in the Republic of Belarus is carried out by the Ministry of Transport and Communications, which includes: River Fleet Administration; Department of the Merchant Marine; Department of Passenger Motor Transport; Department of Freight Transportation and Licensing in Road Transport. Outside the Ministry of Transport and Communications, there are the State Committee for Aviation and the Belarusian Railways, which report directly to the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus. Production associations of road transport (Oblavtotransy) have been created in the regions. Urban modes of transport are under the jurisdiction of the city executive committees, the main railway transport is under the jurisdiction of the Belarusian Railways Department. The Belarusian Railways has six branches: Baranovichi, Brest, Vitebsk, Gomel, Minsk and Mogilev. There is the Belarusian Production Association of Industrial Railway Transport (OPZhT).

Documents regulating the work of transport

The main document that defines the economic, legal and organizational foundations for the activities of public transport, its place and role in the economy of the Republic of Belarus is Law on Transport of the Republic of Belarus. It regulates the relationship of transport with public authorities and administration, passengers, senders and recipients of goods. The second document regulating the operation of modes of transport is their Charters(Codes), including the Charter of the Belarusian Railway, which is currently being approved by the Council of Ministers of the Republic. The third document is Rules for technical operation(PTE) and instructions specifying the rules. Thus, the PTE of the Belarusian Railway establishes the basic provisions and procedures for the operation of the railway and railway transport workers, the main dimensions and standards for the maintenance of the most important structures, devices, rolling stock and the requirements for them, the system for organizing train traffic and the principles of signaling. Instructions for movement and shunting work on the Belarusian Railways, Instructions for signaling on the Belarusian Railways specify the PTE. The fee for the carriage of goods, passengers and baggage is determined Tariff Guides(there are five of them on the railway).

The technical work of transport is regulated technological processes work of transport departments, as well as technical and administrative acts. The latter establish the procedure for using technical means in a particular transport unit in order to ensure traffic safety when receiving, departing and passing trains through the station, the safety of intra-station shunting work and observing safety regulations. For example, technical and administrative act (TRA) railway station establishes the procedure for the use of its technical means, which regulates the safe and unimpeded reception, departure and passage of trains at the station, the safety of intra-station shunting work. TRA is developed by the head of the station in accordance with the PTE and instructions for signaling and train traffic.

The technological process of the station called the system for organizing the work of the station, which provides for the processing of trains and wagons, the norms of time for individual operations with wagons and for the processing of trains of various categories, as well as the procedure for using the technical equipment of stations (shunting locomotives, station tracks, etc.).

On the railway there are train formation plan, train schedule, technical norms for the operation of the railway. On modes of transport there are schedules movements buses, trains, planes.

And finally published orders and guidelines The Ministry of Transport, the head of the Belarusian Railways, the leaders of other modes of transport, who establish regulatory requirements for specific issues of transport operation, regulate the operational situation in transport.

Water transport - transport using natural and artificial reservoirs. The main means of transport is a ship.

According to the type of water areas used, it is divided into river and sea. Seagoing vessels must be seaworthy, i.e., the ability not to break up or sink in waves; Sea vessels are larger than river vessels. Transportation on lakes is usually referred to as river transport (with the exception of the largest lakes - such as the Caspian Sea).

Ports (sea and river) serve for loading and unloading; sea and river stations are being built for passengers.

Water transport is characterized by high carrying capacity and very low cost of transportation; in addition, it allows you to transport almost any bulky cargo. Further, water transport is vital where overland transportation is impossible: between continents, islands, and also in underdeveloped areas.

Ferries are an important type of water transport.

The speed of movement on water transport is relatively low, so at present it is almost never used for business passenger transportation. But it is very popular with tourists and outdoor enthusiasts in general. Used and large tourist ships, and a variety of boats, yachts and boats.

A special type of water transport - a buer - moves under the influence of the force of the wind on skates on the frozen surface of the water.

Water transport
Water transport is a type of transport that transports goods and passengers along natural water (oceans, seas, rivers, lakes) and artificial (canals, reservoirs) communication routes. Water transport is divided into sea and inland water transport.

Inland water transport
River transport
Inland water transport - a type of water transport that transports goods and passengers along rivers, lakes and channels of river systems (river navigation).
In terms of cargo and passenger turnover, river transport is inferior to road and rail transport.
The major rivers of the world, suitable for navigation, have a much larger capacity than the most powerful railways, but the use of river transport opportunities depends on the general level of economic development - the United States, Russia, Canada, Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, China have the largest river transport turnover. .

>> Sea Freight
Maritime transportation - the transportation of goods and people carried out on ships along sea lanes.

>> Sea transport
Maritime transport - a type of water transport that transports goods and passengers using ships across the oceans, seas, sea channels (maritime navigation).
Sea transport:
- characterized by high carrying capacity of vehicles, unlimited throughput, relatively low transportation costs;
- serves 4/5 of all international trade;
- subdivided into coastal and international long-distance navigation

1. What is the importance of water transport in the development of the Russian economy?

Water transport is natural routes, inexpensive to operate, mass transportation of goods and passengers. The largest single load capacity. The role of water transport is most significant where there are no other types of it.

2. Choose the correct answer. River transport is of great importance: a) in the Primorsky and Khabarovsk Territories; b) in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) and the Magadan region; c) in the Moscow and Saratov regions.

Correct answer: a) in the Primorsky and Khabarovsk Territories.

3. Describe maritime transport. List the largest ports in the country.

Maritime transport in Russia serves mainly foreign trade. The only region in which intraregional maritime transportation plays an important role is the Far East, where the northeastern territories are supplied with everything necessary from the ports of the southern part of the region.

The largest ports of the country:

Pacific basin: Vladivostok, Nakhodka;

Baltic basin: St. Petersburg, Primorsk, Ust-Luga, Vyborg, Kaliningrad;

Black Sea-Azov basin: Novorossiysk, Tuapse, Sevastopol;

Northern basin: Arkhangelsk, Murmansk.

4. Choose the correct answer. A major port in the Pacific basin is: a) St. Petersburg; b) Murmansk; c) Vladivostok; d) Novorossiysk.

Correct answer: c) Vladivostok.

5. What are the features of air transport.

Air transport is the most expensive, but also the fastest.

6. What is a transport hub? What is the importance of transport nodes?

A transport hub is a point where several modes of transport or several transport routes converge, and goods are transshipped from one mode of transport to another.

Transport hubs provide interaction between different modes of transport.

7. What modes of transport will you use to get from home to Arkhangelsk, Perm, Astrakhan, Magadan and why? Through which settlements will your path pass? Create detailed routes.

We will get from home (Chelyabinsk) to Arkhangelsk by plane, because the distance to the final destination is quite large (more than 2 thousand km). Our path will pass through Moscow (1 transfer).

We will get from home (Chelyabinsk) to Perm by train, because the distance between cities is not large, and the trip is not expensive. Our path will pass through Yekaterinburg.

We will get from home (Chelyabinsk) to Astrakhan by plane, because the distance to the final destination is quite large (more than 1.5 thousand km). Our path will pass through Moscow (1 transfer).

We will get from home (Chelyabinsk) to Magadan by plane, because the distance to the final destination is quite large (more than 5 thousand km). Our path will pass through Moscow and Novosibirsk (2 transfers).

8. The world today is actively developing technologies of intelligent transport systems (ITS), which make it possible to optimize traffic and, above all, increase its safety. With the help of modern electronic systems, data on the situation on the roads are collected in special centers where they are analyzed. The results are then sent back to the roads along which scoreboards are installed to inform drivers of the traffic situation. Information for drivers can also be transmitted using mobile phones, radios and navigation systems. How do you see the development of this sector in Russia in the next 10 years?

When using ITS systems, travel time will be reduced and the choice of route or mode of transport will be optimized, and the efficiency of using the transport infrastructure will increase. Vehicle users will be able to avoid wasting time in traffic jams, searching for parking, especially at the entrances to the city, and reach the final destination of the trip in the shortest possible time. The most efficient transport service will be aimed at speeding up the flow of traffic and reducing congestion on the main traffic routes.