What role do homonyms play in a literary work? The role of homonyms in the language

Synonyms - words of the same part of speech, different in sound and spelling, but having the same or very close lexical meaning, for example: cavalry - cavalry, brave - brave.

Synonyms serve to increase the expressiveness of speech, their use allows you to avoid the monotony of speech.

However, synonyms can be not only words, but also phrases, phraseological units, morphemes, constructions, etc., similar in one of the meanings with a difference in sound and stylistic coloring

Synonymous words are functionally equivalent, that is, they perform the same function, but may differ in:

Expressive coloring (labor - work - coven)

Attachment to a certain style (ending - inflection)

Semantic valence (brown eyes BUT brown door)

By use (lanites - cheeks)

Synonyms are used: 1. To clarify thoughts. 2. To highlight the most important semantic shades. 3. To increase the figurativeness and artistic figurativeness of speech. 4. For the image in speech of language stamps.

Antonyms are words of one part of speech, different in sound, having directly opposite meanings: truth - lies, good - evil, speak - be silent.

It must also be said that antonyms must have:

Equal degree of emotionality (laugh and sob are not antonyms, as they have different emotionality, antonyms - laugh and cry, laugh and sob)

Equal semantic valency (high part (no low honor))

Antonymy is the basis of an oxymoron - a combination of words that are opposite in meaning. Antithesis ("WAR and PEACE").

Homonyms are identical-sounding words that do not have common semantic features that make it possible to consider the corresponding meanings as the meanings of one word.
1) Homophones, i.e. such cases as a pond and a rod, words that sound the same in the nominative and accusative cases, but have a different composition of phonemes, which is found in other forms of these words and in derivatives:

2) Homoforms, i.e. cases when two words have the same pronunciation and composition of phonemes, but only in one form or in separate forms

3) Actually homonyms, which, in turn, can fall into significantly different groups:
a) Genuine homonyms, i.e. words that sound the same, have the same composition of phonemes and morphological composition: onion - “plant” and onion - “weapon”, lama - “hoofed animal” and lama - “Tibetan priest”, once such Homonyms arise in a language either when words are borrowed, or as a result of the operation of phonetic laws in their language.

They are used to give expressiveness to the text. One of the main techniques is a pun, that is, a play on words.

22. Barbarisms, vulgarisms, macaronic speech in literary works.

Barbarism is a foreign word or expression perceived as alien, a violation of the language norm. Over time, this word can either go out of circulation and be forgotten, or get circulation in limited areas, or become widely used. As an artistic device, barbarisms are used: to achieve a comic effect, to create local color, in an era when the knowledge of a foreign language is the exclusive property of the ruling class, to indicate the high social position of the characters.

Vulgarisms – words that feel harsh. In artistic speech, they serve to indicate the low social status of the characters.

Argo (slang)

compás, at the theater

Argo functions:

1) increase or decrease in style (from bibleisms to obscene vocabulary).

2) creation of local color.

3) stylization of speech of a certain era, locality, professional group.

4) imitation of oral speech.

5) characteristics of the hero's individual speech.

6) language update.

7) comic function.

Outside of these functions, argotisms usually clog and coarsen the speech of speakers.

Macaronism is a foreign word or expression mechanically inserted into speech, often distorted. Internal pasta also includes complex hybrid words formed from the roots of different languages. M. in fiction is often a source of comedy (especially when a character thoughtlessly uses foreign words).

23. Dialectisms, jargon, professionalism.

Dialectisms - words characteristic of any territorial varieties of the language. They are perceived as foreign, but close to their native language.

By the 20th century, dialectical differences were almost leveled out, because widely disseminated by the media.

Ethnographic (ethnic) dialectisms- words of local use, denoting an object that is not found in other places, or classifying the world in more detail.

I perform the same function as barbarisms, i.e. give it a local touch. They can also be used to characterize a character, to enliven the author's speech; as a nomination that is absent in the literary language.

Interest in dialectisms and folklore arises in the first third of the 19th century. They are collected by the brothers Grimm, V. Dahl, A. Pogorelsky, N. Gogol.

Dialectism is a lexical unit (word, phrase, syntactic construction) characteristic of a particular dialect. There are phonetic, lexical, ethnographic dialectisms. Along with other elements of passive vocabulary, dialectisms are introduced into the language of fiction in order to create local color, an accurate designation of realities, and also a comic effect.

Argo (slang) - these are varieties of speech common in certain limited groups (professional, etc.). Same as sociolect.

Argo may contain phonetic or grammatical differences: compás, at the theater. But usually the differences appear in the vocabulary.

Argo includes languages of subcultures, youth slang, conditional languages (their goal is to hide something): thieves' language, the language of card cheats; professional vocabulary (“guild languages”): the language of the ofens, doctors, sailors ... As society becomes more professional, more jargons appear.

Argos exist on the basis of natural language, but use elements borrowed from other languages, from territorial dialects, or artificially created for conspiracy purposes.

Jargon is a lexical unit (usually a word or phrase) that is not part of the spoken language, characteristic of the non-normative conditional language of a social group. Jargon duplicates the literary language in an "encrypted form", makes the speech of those who speak it incomprehensible to the uninitiated. Varieties of Zh. salon, student, army, thieves, sports, youth, family, etc. Zh. are used in an artistic text, along with other units of passive vocabulary, as a means of artistic expression.

Professionalisms - a category of words representing specific terminology in the "natural" speech of representatives of a particular profession. Creating artistic images of these people, writers turn to this type of "passive" vocabulary to make their characters' speeches come alive. Professionalisms are a kind of vocabulary of a socially limited sphere of use, they include words that reflect the characteristics of a particular type of activity (profession). P. - corporate vocabulary, they recognize their own by it. In fiction, poetry is usually characterized not only (and often not so much) as the subject of speech, but as the speaker (narrator, character, lyrical hero). P.

24. Archaisms, historicisms, neologisms.

historicisms - words denoting phenomena of the past that do not exist now (for example, armyak, nepman, collegiate assessor). The appearance of I. in the language is due to extralinguistic reasons: the development of society, science, culture, changes in the customs of the people. I. are characterized by varying degrees of obsolescence. I. lexical, or complete, are distinguished - words (single- or multi-valued) that have gone out of active use and are not used to nominate new realities (for example, caftan, mayor), and I. semantic, or partial, - obsolete meanings of polysemantic words (meaning ‘a person announcing official news to the people’ in the word herald).

Historicism - words denoting objects or concepts that have passed away or have lost their relevance. Unlike archaisms, they do not have synonyms in the modern language. Usually they are found in works on historical themes; with their help, writers recreate the flavor of the era.

In a broad sense: the property of works on a historical theme, the ability of the author to reflect the originality of the described era, to show the originality of the appearance and characters of the characters. I. changes as historical knowledge accumulates.

Archaism is one of the types of passive vocabulary, a lexical unit (word, phrase, syntactic construction) that has gone out of use, although the corresponding object (phenomenon) remains in real life and receives other names. And they do not disappear without a trace: they are preserved in the literature of past eras, are necessary in historical novels and essays - to recreate the life and linguistic coloring of the era.

Obsolete words perform various stylistic functions in artistic speech. Archaisms and historicisms are used to recreate the color of distant times.

Archaisms, especially Slavicisms, give speech an elevated, solemn sound. Old Slavonic vocabulary performed this function even in ancient Russian literature. In the poetic speech of the XIX century. with the high Old Slavonic vocabulary, Old Russianisms were stylistically equalized, which also began to be involved in creating the pathos of artistic speech. The high, solemn sound of obsolete words is also appreciated by writers of the 20th century.

25. Trails, their artistic function.

The interaction of word meanings in the creation of artistic images has long been studied in stylistics under the general name of a trope.

Tropes, therefore, are lexical figurative and expressive means in which a word or phrase is used in a transformed meaning.

As figurative and expressive means of language, tropes have attracted attention since classical antiquity and have been described in detail in rhetoric, poetics, and other humanities1. A fairly detailed classification of them, or rather, detailed classifications, has long been developed.

The essence of the tropes is to compare the concept presented in the traditional use of a lexical unit and the concept conveyed by the same unit in artistic speech when performing a special stylistic function. Tropes play an important, although auxiliary role in the interpretation and interpretation of the text, but, of course, stylistic analysis should lead to a synthesis of the text and cannot be reduced to the recognition of tropes.

The great variety of tropes and their functions gave rise to many of their classifications.

The most important tropes are metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche, irony, hyperbole, litotes and personification. Allegory and paraphrase, which are built as an extended metaphor or metonymy, stand somewhat apart.

Trail functions:

· 1. Reflect a person's personal view of the world;

· Make speech attractive;

PERSONIFICATION - an artistic technique (tropes), in which an inanimate object, phenomenon or concept is given human properties (do not confuse, it is human!). Personification can be used narrowly, in one line, in a small fragment, but it can be a technique on which the whole work is built (“You are my abandoned land” by S. Yesenin, “Mom and the evening killed by the Germans”, “Violin and a little nervously” by V. Mayakovsky and others). Personification is considered one of the types of metaphor (see below).

The task of personification is to correlate the depicted object with a person, to make it closer to the reader, to figuratively comprehend the inner essence of the object, hidden from everyday life. Personification is one of the oldest figurative means of art.

HYPERBOLE (Greek Hyperbole, exaggeration) is a technique in which an image is created through artistic exaggeration. Hyperbole is not always included in the set of tropes, but by the nature of the use of the word in a figurative sense to create an image, hyperbole is very close to tropes. A technique opposite to hyperbole in content is LITOTA (Greek Litotes, simplicity) - an artistic understatement.

Hyperbole allows the author to show the reader in an exaggerated form the most characteristic features of the depicted object. Often, hyperbole and litotes are used by the author in an ironic vein, revealing not just characteristic, but negative, from the author's point of view, sides of the subject.

METAPHOR (Greek Metaphora, transfer) is a type of so-called complex trope, speech turnover, in which the properties of one phenomenon (object, concept) are transferred to another. Metaphor contains a hidden comparison, a figurative likening of phenomena using the figurative meaning of words, what the object is compared with is only implied by the author. No wonder Aristotle said that "to compose good metaphors means to notice similarities."

26. Comparison, epithet, their aesthetic role.

Epithet (from gr. epitheton - "application") - a kind of trail. This is a word or phrase that names some feature of an object and thereby highlights it, emphasizing: the sea is blue; light-winged joy (A. S. Pushkin); thoughts breathing power (M. Yu. Lermontov); enchantress winter; waves rush, thundering and sparkling (F. I. Tyutchev).

Grammatically, the epithet is most often an adjective, but in the same role (as can be seen from the examples given) a noun, participle, adverb, participle can act. Accompanying the word being defined, the epithet characterizes, evaluates, individualizes an object or phenomenon, transfers its meaning to it, participating in the creation of an artistic image. According to L. I. Timofeev, any epithet can be considered as a trope, since everywhere “we are dealing with the transfer of the meaning of a word to another and a new semantic meaning arising from this combination, i.e. a sign of a trope<...>Wooden clocks carry a meaning that is different from both clocks and wood; only certain properties of the concept of a tree are noted here.

Comparison (lat. Comparatio, German Gleichnis), as a term of poetics, denotes a comparison of the depicted object, or phenomenon, with another object according to a common feature for both of them, the so-called. tertium comparationis, that is, the third element of comparison. Comparison is often considered as a special syntactic form of expressing a metaphor, when the latter is connected with the object expressed by it through the grammatical link "like", "as if", "as if", "precisely", etc., and in Russian these conjunctions can be are omitted, and the subject of comparison is expressed in the instrumental case. “The streams of my poems run” (Block) - a metaphor, according to “my poems run like streams” or “my poems run in streams” - there would be comparisons. Such a purely grammatical definition does not exhaust the nature of comparison. First of all, not every comparison can be syntactically compressed into a metaphor. For example, “Nature amuses itself jokingly, like a carefree child” (Lermontov), or an antithetical comparison in “The Stone Guest”: “The Spanish grandee, like a thief, Waits for the night and is afraid of the moon.”

The epithet enhances the expressiveness, figurativeness of the language of the work, gives it artistic, poetic brightness. Epithets highlight a characteristic feature or quality of an object, phenomenon, evaluate this object or phenomenon, evoke a certain emotional attitude towards them, help to see the author's understanding of the surrounding world.

27. Metaphor, its varieties and figurative and expressive means.

Metaphor - (from ancient Greek. metaphor- transfer) - an allegorical word based on the identification of the phenomena of life by the similarity of signs, qualities, properties. It can be color, shape, character of movement, any individual properties of an object that are close or correspond to the individual properties of another object. Associative correspondences between objects play the main role in the formation of artistic metaphors. Metaphors created by writers activate perception, break the automatism and "comprehensibility" of a literary text, make it expressive. In language and in artistic speech, two main models are distinguished, according to which metaphors are formed.

Metaphor is the most capacious trope. It is able to highlight an object or phenomenon from a completely new, unusual side, to make the text uniquely poetic. Metaphors are simple and detailed. Expanded are those metaphors in which the metaphorical image covers, for example, several phrases. An extended metaphor is, for example, the image of the "troika bird" in Gogol's "Dead Souls".

METONYMY (Greek Metonomadzo, to rename) - a type of trail: a figurative designation of an object according to one of its signs.

Allegory - the image of an abstract (abstract) concept through a specific image, when one phenomenon is depicted and characterized through another.

The allegory consists of two elements:

semantic - this is some concept or phenomenon (wisdom, cunning, kindness, childhood, nature, etc.), which the author seeks to depict without naming it;

figurative-objective - this is a specific object, a creature depicted in a work of art and representing the named concept or phenomenon.

The connection of an allegory with the designated concept is more direct and unambiguous than, for example, that of a symbol. Basically, an allegory expresses a strictly defined object or concept (the connection between the image and the concept, the image and its meaning is established by analogy). Traditionally, allegory is used in a fable, a parable. A classic example of an allegory is a blindfolded woman with scales in her hands, the goddess Themis, an allegory of justice.

In the modern Russian language, a significant number of homonyms have been recorded, and with the development of the language, their number is increasing. The question arises whether homonymy interferes with the correct understanding of speech? After all, homonyms are sometimes called "sick" words, since homonymy reduces the informative function of the word: different meanings receive the same form of expression. In support of the negative assessment of the phenomenon of homonymy, the idea is also expressed that the very development of the language often leads to its elimination. For example, at the beginning of the XIX century. in linguistics, the term "dialectical" was used, meaning "pertaining to a dialect" (local dialect). But with the spread of the concept of "dialectical materialism" the word dialectical more often it began to be used in a different sense - "related to dialectics." And then the linguistic term fell out of use, giving way to another - "dialect" - "associated with a dialect, relating to a dialect." Many examples of such opposition of the language itself to the phenomenon of homonymy can be cited. So, adjectives disappeared from the dictionary eternal(from eyelid), wine(from guilt); the latter is supplanted by a related word - guilty.

However, this process is far from active and not consistent in the lexical system of the modern Russian language. Along with the facts of the elimination of homonymy, the emergence of new homonyms, homophones and homographs is observed, which has a certain linguistic value and therefore cannot be considered as a negative phenomenon, which the language itself "obstructs".

First of all, the context clarifies the semantic structure of such words, excluding inappropriate interpretation. In addition, homonyms belonging to different areas of use and having an ambiguous expressive coloring, different functional attribution, as a rule, do not collide in speech. For example, "paths do not cross" of such homonyms as bar" - "type of restaurant" and bar- "unit of atmospheric pressure"; a lion"- "beast" and a lion- "monetary unit in Bulgaria"; scolding- "swearing" and scolding- "war" (obsolete) and under.

At the same time, the deliberate clash of homonyms has always been an indispensable means of witty word play. Kozma Prutkov also wrote: Nicely caress a child or a dog, but it is most necessary to rinse the mouth. Similar homophones are used in folk jokes: I in the forest, and he got in, I for the elm, and he stuck (Dal); Not under rain- let's stand let's wait .

Poets use homonymous rhymes, which often give the poem a special attraction.

You puppies! Follow me! You'll be on a roll, Yes, look, don't talk, Or I'll beat you! (P.). Snow said: - When I flock, A river of pigeons will become, It will flow, shaking a flock of Reflected pigeons (Goat).

The use of homonymous rhymes is all the more justified in humorous and satirical genres, for example, in epigrams: Don't flaunt, buddy topics that you have too much topics. Works we know themes where the best died themes (Min.). The successful comparison of consonant forms, their playing out in speech is of great interest.

However, it is necessary to be careful in word usage, since in some cases homonymy (and related phenomena) can lead to a distortion of the meaning of the statement, inappropriate comedy. For example, when commenting on a football match: " Today the players left the field headless"; "On the TV screen you see Gavrilov in a beautiful combination ". Even professional writers and great writers are not immune from such speech errors: Heard or you... (P.); with lead I lay motionless in my chest(L.); Is it possible to be indifferent to evil? (modern translation from Kazakh). The most common cause of puns is homophony.

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

Hosted at http://www.allbest.ru/

Subject:

The role of homonymy in Russian

Introduction

4. The emergence of homonyms in Russian

Conclusion

Introduction

The purpose of this work is to study the phenomenon of homonymy in the Russian language.

The tasks are to study the following issues:

1. the concept of homonymy. Lexical homonymy;

2. linguistic phenomena similar to lexical homonymy;

3. homonymy and polysemy in Russian;

4. the emergence of homonyms in the Russian language;

5. the use of homonyms in speech.

1. The concept of homonymy. Lexical homonymy

homonymy lexical polysemy speech

In scientific and linguistic literature, the essence of homonymy is not understood unambiguously.

The main work on this issue is an article in the journal "Problems of Linguistics" by V.V. Vinogradov "On homonymy and related phenomena" 1968. In this article, Vinogradov V.V. gives a definition of homonymy and distinguishes between phenomena adjacent to it.

And Rosenthal D.E. agrees with the point of view of V.V. Vinogradov that lexical homonyms are words that sound the same but have completely different meanings. He defines homonymy - the sound and grammatical coincidence of language units that are not semantically related to each other.

Greek homos- the same onyma - name.

Fomina M.I. offers a more extensive definition: lexical homonyms are two or more words of different meanings that coincide in spelling, pronunciation and grammatical design.

In lexicology, two types of homonym words are distinguished - complete and incomplete (or partial).

By structure, lexical homonyms can be divided into:

Fomina M.I. offers other names: simple, or non-derivative, and derivatives. Non-derivative homonyms are most often found in the circle of nouns. In the derivative homonymy of nouns and verbs, researchers, following V.V. Vinogradov usually distinguish the following varieties:

homonymous derived stems each consist of two (or more) homomorphemes of the same type.

lezgin-to -a(cf. Lezgins) and lezgin-to -a(dance)

homonymous derived stems consist of morphemes that do not match in sound design.

paper-Nick (paper industry worker) and paper-Nick (purse for papers)

in a homonymous pair of words, the derivative of the stem is felt only in one of the words, while the other (or others) undergoes a morphological process of simplification.

siege-it - besiege(to besiege, that is, to surround with troops)

besiege - besiege(separate the component of the sediment)

besiege - besiege(make slow down at full gallop, lean back, crouching a little)

one of the homonymous bases has a derivative character, the other is non-derivative.

nor-to -a(reduced from burrow) and mink(animal and animal skin)

O.S. Akhmanova calls such types of derived homonyms "words with a pronounced morphological structure" and distinguishes among them 5 subtypes:

homonymy of bases

pungent(look, grass, mockery) and pungent(sugar, wood)

affix homonymy

Finnish(to Finn) and Finnish(knife)

homonymy with varying degrees of articulation

straighten(galley) and straighten(passport)

homonymy with different internal structure

crossbow(type of weapon that fires itself) and crossbow(one who shoots himself)

homonymy from different parts of speech

bake (noun) and bake(verb infinitive)

Derivative homonymy among verbs (the most active process in the modern language) occurs in such cases when, in one verb, the prefix merges with the stem, losing its morphological separability or separability, and in another, homonymous with the first, it retains its semantic functions of a separate morpheme.

name"call someone what" (cf. name) and call(many people)

start talking"talk your teeth" (cf. conspiracy) and to speak(to speak, start speaking)

Homonymous words are characterized primarily by the fact that they correlate with one or another phenomenon of reality independently of each other, therefore, there is no associative conceptual and semantic connection between them, which is characteristic of different meanings of polysemantic words. When implementing the lexical meaning of homonyms, their mixing is practically impossible. For example, no one will think that we are talking about vein as about a “spring, source”, if, standing at the door, they ask for key, i.e. "device for actuating the lock". The conceptual and thematic correlation of words is completely different, and the use of one of the homonymous words in the text (or live speech) excludes the use of the other.

So, lexical homonymy is observed among words of the same parts of speech. At the same time, two or more lexical homonyms (full or partial) are characterized by the absolute identity of the sound and spelling complex, that is, the external structure ( defend 1 - stay until the end defend 2 - be at some distance defend 3 - protect) and all (or parts) of grammatical forms (initial change in cases, the presence of the same number forms in three words that are full lexical homonyms: jar 1 - vessel, jar 2 - shallow, jar 3 - spec. transverse seat in the boat).

2. Linguistic phenomena similar to lexical homonymy

Homonymy as a linguistic phenomenon is observed not only in vocabulary. In the broad sense of the word, homonyms are sometimes called different language units that coincide in sound. Unlike proper lexical (or absolute) homonyms, all other consonances and various kinds of coincidences are called relative, although here it would be more correct to speak not about homonymy in the broad sense of the word, and not even about relative homonymy, but about the homonymous use of various types in speech homophones, which, as V.V. Vinogadov, includes "all kinds of unanimities or consonances - in whole constructions, and in conjunctions of words or their parts, in separate segments of speech, in separate morphemes, even in adjacent sound combinations."

Such scientists as Rosenthal D.E., Shmelev D., Vinogradov V.V. are of the opinion that homoforms, homographs and homophones are phenomena adjacent to homonymy, since they relate to the grammatical, phonetic and graphic levels of the language.

Rosenthal D.E. believes that “strict differentiation of linguistic phenomena requires limiting proper lexical homonymy from homoforms, homophones, homographs.”_

homoforms - words that coincide only in one grammatical form (less often in several).

three 1 - counts. in I. p. (three friends)

three 2 - verb in command. incl., units h., 2 l. (three carrots on a grater)

The grammatical forms of words of the same part of speech can also be homonymous.

Adjective forms big, young may indicate:

I.p., unit, m.p. (great success, young professional)

R.p., s.ch., w.r. (great career, young woman)

D.p., s.ch., w.r. (to a great career, to a young woman)

etc., sing. (with a big career, with a young woman)

The reason for recognizing these forms as different forms, although coinciding in sound, is that they agree with nouns that appear in different cases (moreover, the same adjectives with noun m.r. and cf.r. here have different forms - big village, big villages, big village).

Homoforms by their nature go beyond the vocabulary, as they belong to a different level of the language and should be studied in the morphology section.

Homophones are words that sound the same but are spelled differently.

meadow - bow, hammer - young, lead - carry

These words coincide in pronunciation due to the stunning of voiced consonants at the end of a word and before voiceless consonants. Changing vowels in an unstressed position leads to the consonance of words rinse - caress, lick - climb, sharp - islands, brother - brother. Therefore, the appearance of homophones is associated with the operation of phonetic laws.

Homophones are the subject of study not of lexicology, but of phonetics, since they manifest themselves at a different linguistic level - the phonetic one.

homographs Words that are spelled the same but pronounced differently. they usually have stress on different syllables:

mugs - mugs, fell asleep - fell asleep

There are more than a thousand pairs of homographs in modern Russian. Homography is directly related to the graphic system of the language.

Fomina M.I. offers a broad concept of homophony (Greek homos - the same, phone - voice, sound), which covers the consonance of a variety of language units:

the coincidence of the pronunciation of words (the so-called proper homophones, or phonetic homonyms)

flu - mushroom, dock - dog, labor - tinder

coincidence of words and phrases (a kind of homophony)

dumb - not mine, skidding - by the nose, for days - with ducks

coincidence of separate forms of the word (the so-called homoforms, or grammatical homonyms)

saw(n.) - saw(ch. in pr.v.) , I'm flying(from fly) - flying(I'm flying) ,

young man - caring for a young mother

the same spelling of words, but the difference in pronunciation, in particular stress (homographs):

lexical: atlas - atlas

***lexico-grammatical: village(verb) - village(n.)***

grammar: addresses - addresses

stylistic: compass(lit.) - compass(maritime)

But Fomina M.I. agrees with V.V. Vinogradov that lexical homonymy proper (full or partial) “cannot be confused or even brought together” with homophony in the broad sense of the word, that is, with all consonances and similarities that occur in speech.

And the linguist Rakhmanova L.I. considers homophones and homoforms as types of homonyms, but recognizes that not all scientists classify homographs as homonyms, since the main feature - different sounding contradicts the general definition of homonyms.

Rakhmanova L.I. identifies a special group of homoforms - these are words that have moved from one part of speech to another.

straight(adverb) - straight(enhanced particle)

The words of this group are distinguished from other homoforms by the fact that when they are declined as units. hours, and in the plural. in all case forms they have the corresponding homoform - adjective.

Popov R.N. notes that “paronymy is considered to be one of the close phenomena to homonymy. But at the same time, it must be taken into account that paronymy takes place only in oral speech and has nothing to do with the lexical system of the language.

Paronyms are words that are close, but not identical in sound, different in meaning and mistakenly used in speech one instead of the other.

Fact- "a real, non-fictional event, phenomenon."

Factor- "the driving force, the cause of any process or phenomenon, which determines its characteristic features."

Phonetically, paronyms differ from each other in that they have a different pronunciation or the beginning of a word ( president - resident), or end ( set - complex).

Among paronyms, a significant place is occupied by a noun. Paronyms expressed by other parts of speech are less common ( single - ordinary; to grind - to grind).

In grammatical literature, the so-called functional homonyms have recently been distinguished. These are similar in sound, etymologically related words related to different parts of speech.

Kolkhoz fieldsmooth . (cr. adj.)

The letters are writtensmooth . (adverb)

I will comesmooth at five.(particle)

Functional homonyms are words that are used in speech as a result of the transition of one part of speech to another. In such cases, several words belonging to different parts of speech are hidden behind a single sound complex.

The formation and existence of functional homonyms allows cases of double, triple (sometimes more) use of the same sound complex.

The formation of functional homonyms is carried out under certain syntactic conditions, which should be understood as a change in the syntactic function of a word, the order of words in a sentence, compatibility with other words, the nature of the connection between the members of the sentence, the ellipsis of the word being defined.

In modern research, a tendency has been established to use double names for those phenomena that are built on various kinds of coincidences, consonances. For example: homophones are phonetic homonyms, homoforms are grammatical homonyms, homomorphemes are morphological homonyms (or derivational homonyms). Sometimes the following terms are used: omosyntagms - syntactic homonyms, omostylemes - stylistic homonyms. It seems that, despite the critical attitude of researchers to this kind of double terminology, in particular to terms-collocations such as "syntactic homonymy" and the like, its use does not cause confusion, but, on the contrary, makes it possible to more clearly define one or another linguistic phenomenon.

3. Homonymy and polysemy in Russian

The distinction between different homonymous words and one word with many meanings, as already noted, causes many difficulties and cannot always be carried out unambiguously.

The difficulty of distinguishing between these phenomena and the complexity of their clear, consistent definition is also indicated by modern lexicographic practice. So, many words that are given as polysemantic in one dictionary are considered in another (or others) as different words, homonymous to each other.

Ways to distinguish between homonymy and polysemy:

Substituting synonyms for each homonym or for all meanings of the polysemantic, and then comparing the selected synonyms with each other. If they turn out to be semantically close to each other, we have a polysemantic word, if not - homonyms.

Comparison of the word forms of each of them, the selection of related (single-root) words, that is, the establishment of their derivational connections. if the word forms are the same or similar and there are related words that are identical in terms of the type of formation, and there is a semantic proximity between them, we can talk about polysemy.

Finding out the origin of words, that is, etymological information about words.

Comparison of the translation of Russian homonyms into other languages. This noticeably refines the idea of real homonymization.

Identification of the thematic relation of the word and the definition of typical models of lexical compatibility, as well as the semantics of the entire context as a whole.

Thus, in order to reasonably distinguish between homonymy and polysemy, it is necessary to use as much comparative data as possible, which will make it possible to identify which features prevail: similar over distinctive ones, or vice versa - distinctive over similar ones. However, the decisive features for the stages of analysis are still actually semantic ones. It is they, as modern researchers note, that should be recognized as the main ones in distinguishing homonymy from polysemy, it is they that should be present in all other distinctive comparisons.

4. The emergence of homonyms in Russian

In the process of the historical development of the dictionary, the appearance of lexical homonyms was due to a number of reasons.

Rosenthal D.E. offers a clear distribution of these causes:

As a result of borrowing foreign words, there may be a formal coincidence in the sound and spelling of the word "alien" and native Russian.

marriage 1 in Russian is related to the verb take(cf: to marry oneself), its modern meaning is “family relations between a man and a woman; marital relationship."

marriage 2 - “spoiled, poor-quality, defective items of production”, borrowed from it. language brack- flaw

club 1 - eng. "public organization"

club 2 smoke - Russian swirl

Words that entered the Russian language from different languages may turn out to be consonant.

tap 1 - Dutch a closure in the form of a tube for the release of a liquid or gas »

tap 2 - German "mechanism for lifting and moving goods"

mat 1 - German "soft bedding made of durable material"

mat 2 - Arab. "defeat in a game of chess"

mat 3 - French "absence of gloss, roughness of the smooth surface of the object."

Words that sound the same are borrowed from the same language

French mine 1 - "explosive projectile"

mine 2 - "facial expression"

latin. note 1 - musical sound

note 2 - "diplomatic appeal of one government to another"

When new words are formed from the roots and affixes available in the language, homonyms also appear.

settlement 1 - site of an ancient settlement

settlement 2 - magnifying from a word city

daddy 1 dad

daddy 2 - a form of subjective assessment from folder

The appearance of homonyms as a result of the coincidence of the newly formed abbreviation with a long-known full-value word.

stork 1 - "migratory bird"

STORK 2 - automatic information station

Mars 1 - planet

MARS 2 - automatic registration and alarm machine

Homonyms become native Russian words that have undergone various changes as a result of phonetic and morphological processes that took place in the language.

onion 1 - ancient weapons (once had a nasal vowel, which eventually began to sound like y)

onion 2 - garden plant

flying 1 - treat (e - b "yat")

flying 2 - fly

The source of the appearance of homonyms may be a break in the semantic structure of polysemantic words, in which individual meanings diverge so much that they are no longer perceived as belonging to one word.

light1- Universe

light2- dawn, sunrise

"I wanted to go around the whole light, and did not travel around a hundredth of a share ... "-" A little light- already on your feet! (Griboedov A.S.)

duty- duty and duty- borrowed. In the 1950s, these words were considered as variants of the same word with different meanings. This indicates the duration of the process of splitting a polysemantic word and the transformation of its meanings into independent homonyms, the inevitability of the appearance of intermediate, transitional cases when it is difficult to give an unambiguous semantic description of the word. For example, words are treated differently in different dictionaries to knit(tighten with rope) and to knit(knitting needles, crochet); wave(something) and wave(go somewhere)

Fomina M.I. He also notes the discrepancy between the meanings of a polysemantic word in the language, not only in native Russian words, but also in words borrowed from any one language. Interesting observations are given by comparing the homonymy of etymologically identical words:

agent 1 - ruler of a state

agent 2 - an active cause of certain phenomena

(both words from lat. ages, agentis from agere - to act)

openwork 1 - see-through mesh fabric

openwork 2 - maintaining accounting books, documents until the last day

(from French ajour - through, summarized)

It should be noted that there is no consensus in modern lexicology on the role of the disintegration of a polysemantic word in the formation of homonyms. They expressed the idea that new homonyms, their "reproduction is mainly due to polysemy." However, V.V. Vinogradov noted the unproductiveness of this method of formation, believing that “even fewer homonyms owe their formation to the semantic disintegration of a single lexeme into several homonymous lexical units of the type light- the universe, and light- lighting. A.A. Reformatsky argued that in the Russian language "the most homonyms that arose due to borrowings", although he also recognized the fact that the process of derivative homonymy is active. A.I. Smirnitsky called random sound coincidences the main source of replenishment of the language with homonyms. O.S. Akhmanova, recognizing the sufficient activity of homonyms arising as a result of dispersed polysemy, at the same time pointed out the great difficulties associated with the search for objective criteria for evaluating the completion of the homonymization process.

5. Use of homonyms in speech

In the modern Russian language, a significant number of homonyms have been recorded, and with the development of the language, they become more. The question arises: does homonymy prevent correct perception in speech? The functioning of homonyms in speech, as a rule, does not cause any particular difficulties. First of all, the context clarifies the semantic structure of such words, excluding inappropriate interpretation. In addition, homonyms belong to different areas of use and have an ambiguous expressive coloring, different functional attribution, as a rule, do not collide in speech. Nevertheless, the combination of the meanings of homonymous words is possible. However, in this case it is due to a certain stylistic goal, and in different styles of speech this goal is different.

The intentional clash of homonyms has always been an indispensable means of witty puns. Kozma Prutkov also wrote: “It’s nice caress child or dog, but most necessary rinse mouth".

Similar homophones are used in folk jokes:

"I in the forest, and he got in, I behind elm, and he stuck» W. Dahl

Often there is a collision of lil even a combination in one text of both homonymous words and words that accidentally coincide in sound (homophones, homoforms, etc.) it is interesting to compare the intentional collision of partial homonyms there is- "to be, to be" and there is- “to take food”, translated by S.Ya. Marshak "Zazdravny toast" by Robert Burns:

Which there is, what there is- sometimes they can't there is,

And others may there is, yes they sit without bread,

And we have here there is, what there is, yes at the same time there is, how there is, -

So, we have to thank the sky!

Combines consonant words, a writer, poet, publicist, as it were, brings together those objects, concepts that they designate. This technique is a means of actualization, it performs the task of communicating additional artistic information.

Do you hear how to smell like gunpowder become

Editorials and poetry?

Feathers are stamped from the same become,

Which tomorrow will go on bayonets.

(K. Simonov "Winner")

Poets use homonymous rhymes, which often give the poem a special attraction.

You puppies! Follow me!

Will you on kalachu,

Look, don't talk

But not that I'll beat you!

(A.S. Pushkin)

Snow said: - When I flock,

There will be a river of doves,

Will flow, shaking flock

Reflected doves.

(Y.A. Kozlovsky)

Alena is good braid.

And the grass in the meadow is for her braid.

Soon the meadow will pass braid:

The time is approaching mowing.

(Y.A. Kozlovsky)

Gray crow

Black crow

In the morning I scolded, sitting on a branch,

The news of that was smashed in all directions

Fourty fourty.

(Y.A. Kozlovsky)

The use of homonymous rhymes is all the more justified in humorous genres, for example, in epigrams.

Don't flaunt, buddy topics that you have too much topics. Works we know themes where the best died themes. (D. Minaev)

Or homonymous consonances - the main material for a pun.

that the people are waking up

Now give him statutes,

They shout: "Shut up mouth you!»

And instantly put a seal on the mouth.

(K.M. Fofanov)

Rhyme area - my passion,

And I write easily poems i,

Without thinking without a line

I run to the line from the line

Even to the Finnish rocks brown

I deal with pun.

(D.D. Minaev)

Homonyms are often used to create rhymes.

You are white swans fed,

Throwing back the weight of black braid…

I swam nearby, agreed fed*,

The sunset beam was strange braid.

Suddenly the swans darted pair

I don't know whose it was guilt…

Sunset faded behind the haze pair,

Alley like a stream guilt.

(V. Bryusov)

* helm - traditional poetic. ship's rudder, stern oar.

The successful comparison of consonant forms, their playing out in speech is of great interest. However, it is necessary to be careful in word usage, since in some cases homonymy (and related phenomena) can lead to a distortion of the meaning of the statement, inappropriate comedy. When commenting on a football match: “Today the players left the field without goals”;

"On the TV screen you see Gavrilov in a beautiful combination."

Even professional writers and great writers are not immune from such speech errors.

Heard or you? or is it possible to be indifferent to evil? (A.S. Pushkin)

Conclusion

In the process of the historical development of the dictionary, the appearance of lexical homonyms was due to a number of reasons: as a result of borrowing foreign words, a formal coincidence in the sound and spelling of the word “alien” and native Russian may occur; words that entered the Russian language from different languages \u200b\u200bmay turn out to be consonant; similar-sounding words are borrowed from one language; when new words are formed from the roots and affixes available in the language, homonyms also appear; homonyms become native Russian words that have undergone various changes as a result of phonetic and morphological processes that took place in the language; The source of the appearance of homonyms may be a break in the semantic structure of polysemantic words, in which individual meanings diverge so much that they are no longer perceived as belonging to one word.

In 1972, for the first time, the homonymy of words was recognized and recorded in the Ozhegov Dictionary duty- duty and duty- borrowed. In the 1950s, these words were considered as variants of the same word with different meanings. This indicates the duration of the process of splitting a polysemantic word and the transformation of its meanings into independent homonyms, the inevitability of the appearance of intermediate, transitional cases when it is difficult to give an unambiguous semantic description of the word.

In the modern Russian language, a significant number of homonyms have been recorded, and with the development of the language, they become more.

List of used literature

1. Vvedenskaya L.A., Cherkasova M.N. Russian language and culture of speech: Textbook 3rd ed. - Rostov n / D .: Phoenix, 2004. - 384 p.;

2. Dantsev D.D., Nefedova N.V. Russian language and culture of speech for technical universities: Textbook. - Rostov n / D .: Phoenix, 2002. - 320 p.;

3. Golovanova D., Mikhailova E. Russian language and culture of speech. Short course: study guide. - M.: Norma, 2008. - 144 p.;

4. Russian language and culture of speech: Textbook / Ed. prof. IN AND. Maksimov. - M.: Gardariki, 2002. - 413 p.;

5. Modern Russian: Textbook / Ed. Valgina N.S., Rosenthal D.E., Fomina M.I. - 6th ed., revised. and additional - M.: Logos, 2002. - 528 p.

Hosted on Allbest.ru

What role do homonyms play in a literary work? The role of homonyms in the language

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Introduction

1. The concept of homonymy. Lexical homonymy

2. Linguistic phenomena similar to lexical homonymy

the same spelling of words, but the difference in pronunciation, in particular stress (homographs):

lexical: atlas - atlas

lexico-grammatical: village(verb) - village(n.)

grammar: addresses - addresses

stylistic: compass(lit.) - compass(maritime)

But Fomina M.I. agrees with V.V. Vinogradov that lexical homonymy proper (full or partial) “cannot be confused or even brought together” with homophony in the broad sense of the word, that is, with all consonances and similarities that occur in speech.

And the linguist Rakhmanova L.I. considers homophones and homoforms as types of homonyms, but recognizes that not all scientists classify homographs as homonyms, since the main feature - different sounding contradicts the general definition of homonyms.

3. Homonymy and polysemy in Russian

4. The emergence of homonyms in Russian

5. Use of homonyms in speech

So, we have to thank the sky!

Conclusion

List of used literature

Similar Documents

***lexico-grammatical: village(verb) - village(n.)***