Potassium-iron hexacyanoferrate - instructions, application, indications, contraindications, action, side effects, analogues, composition, dosage. Potassium hexacyanoferrate(II)
Potassium-iron hexacyanoferrate is a complexing drug that is prescribed in the presence of intoxication with certain radioisotopes, as well as for the prevention of this condition.
Composition and form of release
The drug is produced by the pharmaceutical industry in tablet form, where the active compound is potassium-iron hexacyanoferrate, presented in an amount of 500 milligrams. In addition, the tablets also contain auxiliary components.
Tablets are produced in cell packs, which are sealed in cardboard packs, on their end you can see the date of manufacture of the medicinal product, in addition, there is also a date of sale, which corresponds to four years from the date of manufacture of the drug.
In addition, the pharmaceutical industry produces the drug Potassium-iron hexacyanoferrate in small glass jars, they are quite dark, inside there are tablets in the amount of 500 or 1000 pieces.
It is recommended to store the complexing drug in a darkened room, since the tablet form will lose its therapeutic properties in the light. The drug is dispensed on preliminary applications to specialized medical institutions.
In addition to the tablet form, this remedy is produced in the form of a homogeneous, fine powder, from which a medicinal suspension is prepared by dissolving the drug in a certain amount of water.
pharmachologic effect
The complexing compound Potassium-iron hexacyanoferrate acts on radioactive isotopes, firmly binding them, in particular, the drug is active against cesium and rubidium. After taking the tablets, their active substance prevents the absorption of isotopes from the intestines, as a result, their excretion from the human body is accelerated.
Indications for use
The preparation Potassium-iron hexacyanoferrate is indicated for use in case of intoxication with uranium fission products, in addition, radioisotopes of rubidium, as well as cesium.
In addition, a complexing drug is prescribed as a preventive measure for the accumulation of radioisotopes in the body, which can enter the body with food.
Contraindications for use
Among the contraindications to the appointment of a complexing drug, hypersensitivity to the substances of the drug can be noted.
Application and dosage
The medicine Potassium-iron hexacyanoferrate is intended for internal use. Typically, tablets are prescribed to adult patients in the amount of one gram three times a day. The complexing drug is washed down with a sufficient volume of liquid, at least a third of a glass, it is better to use ordinary boiled water.
In pediatric practice, a drug is used from the age of two years, while the child is prescribed a dosage equal to 0.5 grams up to three times throughout the day. The drug is taken daily, while the therapeutic course can last up to thirty days.
During the treatment, it is recommended to control the excretion of radionuclides from the organisms, depending on the parameters obtained, the doctor can adjust the dosage of the complexing agent, reducing or increasing the amount of the drug.
The drug, which is produced by the pharmaceutical industry in the form of a fine powder, is intended for the preparation of a medicinal suspension. To do this, the amount of medicine prescribed by the doctor is recommended to be dissolved in one hundred milliliters of boiled water, after which the mixture is taken orally.
It should be noted that the use of potassium iron hexacyanoferrate together with drugs containing alkali metals will reduce the effectiveness of the latter.
When prescribing a complexing drug simultaneously with drugs from the group of diuretics, it can lead to a decrease in potassium in the bloodstream, that is, to hypokalemia.
Side effects
When using the drug in some patients, the development of allergic reactions is not excluded, which manifest themselves in the form of dermatological symptoms, for example, the patient may feel redness of the skin, their swelling joins, in addition, itching of the skin may occur.
In addition to allergic manifestations, side effects can be expressed in the form of a violation of the evacuation function of the intestine, in particular, diarrhea will be noted, which in severe cases can lead to dehydration. With the severity of symptoms, the patient is advised to consult a qualified doctor in a timely manner.
drug overdose
If an overdose of tablets occurs, then gastric lavage should be urgently started. If a patient experiences discomfort, it is necessary to call a doctor.
special instructions
If the physicochemical properties of the drug change, it is worth refraining from its further use.
Analogues
The drug Ferrocin refers to analogues.
Conclusion
We have reviewed the preparation Potassium-iron hexacyanoferrate, instructions, use, indications, contraindications, action, side effects, analogues, dosage, composition. The drug should be used only on the advice of a competent specialist.
Other names: potassium ferrocyanide, potassium ferrocyanide, potassium hexacyanoferriate, yellow blood salt, ZhKS, E536, yellow blue, yellow salt, blood alkali.
Potassium hexacyanoferrate(II) is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula K 4 . Forms a crystalline hydrate of composition K 4 .3H 2 O - yellow blood salt. In the food industry, the substance is registered as a food additive E536.
Physical Properties
Appears as yellow crystals or crystalline powder. Powder soluble in water; insoluble in ethanol, ether.Chemical properties and preparation methods
Potassium ferrocyanide is obtained by processing the cyanide-containing mass remaining after gas purification in gas production. For this purpose, the specified mass is treated with a suspension of calcium hydroxide and the resulting Ca 2 compound is filtered off, after which it is sequentially treated with potassium chloride and potassium carbonate according to the scheme:Ca 2 + 2KCl → K 2 Ca + CaCl 2
K 2 Ca + K 2 CO 3 → K 4 + CaCO 3
In addition, potassium ferrocyanide is obtained by the reaction of ferrous sulfate with potassium cyanide: FeSO 4 + 6KCN → K 4 + K 2 SO 4
The content of the main substance in the final product is at least 99.0%.Source #3
Hygiene standards
Hazards according to GN-98: MPC in the air of the working area 4 mg / m 3, hazard class 3. In the Russian Federation it is allowed as an additive that prevents caking and clumping, in table salt and salt substitutes in an amount of up to 20 mg / kg individually or in combination with other ferrocyanides in terms of potassium ferrocyanide (clause 3.5.7 SanPiN 2.3.2.1293-03); residues are not allowed in wine materials (clause 3.2.24 SanPiN 2.3.2.1293-03).Application
Potassium ferrocyanide is added to table salt as an anti-caking agent, but is most commonly used to demetallize wines. According to the Instructions for processing wines with yellow blood salt, approved by the Ministry of Agriculture and Food of the Russian Federation on May 5, 1998, such processing is allowed solely for the purpose of removing excess heavy metal cations from wine, which adversely affect its taste properties and stability. Immediately before processing, an analysis is necessarily carried out, based on the results of which the required amount of yellow blood salt is calculated. The amount of yellow blood salt is determined based on the removal of no more than 90% of heavy metal cations from their total content from wine in one processing cycle. Wines containing more than 40 mg / dm 3 of heavy metal cations (calculated as iron) are processed in several stages. Wines containing less than 3 mg / dm 3 of heavy metal cations are not subject to yellow blood salt treatment.The wine is treated with a freshly prepared aqueous solution of yellow blood salt with stirring. It is recommended to combine wine processing with its fining. After settling until clarification, which can last no more than 20 days, the wine, in the absence of excess FA, is decanted from the sediment and, if necessary, filtered. The sludge mainly consists of Prussian blue, it is transferred to chemical plants or destroyed. Wines treated with yellow blood salt before bottling, aging, champagne, etc. be sure to check for the presence of fatty acids, heavy metal cations and Prussian blue sediment in them according to the approved method. If FCS is found in the finished wine, its release is prohibited.
Potassium ferrocyanide in accordance with GOST 4207-75 "Potassium iron-blue-hydrous 3-aqueous" is included in the list of raw materials in GOST 13918-88 "Soviet champagne. Specifications”, GOST 28616-90 “Fruit wines. General technical conditions”, GOST 28685-90 “Sparkling wines. General technical conditions".
Source #2
List of used literature
- Volkov, A.I., Zharsky, I.M. Big chemical reference book / A.I. Volkov, I.M. Zharsky. - Minsk: Modern school, 2005. - 608 with ISBN 985-6751-04-7.
- Sarafanova L. A. Food Additives: Encyclopedia. - 2nd ed., corrected. and additional - St. Petersburg: GIORD, 2004. - 808 p. ISBN 5-901065-79-4 [p. 627-628]
- Lastukhin Yu.O. Kharchov's additives. E-code. Budov. Obsession. power. Navch. posibnik. - Lviv: Center of Europe, 2009. - 836 p. ISBN 978-966-7022-83-9 [p. 624-625]
Presented are analogues of the drug potassium-iron hexacyanoferrate (potassium-ferric hexacyanoferrate), in accordance with medical terminology, called "synonyms" - drugs that are interchangeable in terms of effects on the body, containing one or more identical active substances. When choosing synonyms, consider not only their cost, but also the country of origin and the reputation of the manufacturer.
Description of the drug
Potassium-iron hexacyanoferrate (Potassium-ferric hexacyanoferrate)- Complexing compound. Strongly binds radioactive isotopes of cesium, rubidium and thallium, preventing their absorption from the intestine, which allows to accelerate their excretion from the body.List of analogues
Note! The list contains synonyms Potassium-ferric hexacyanoferrate (Potassium-ferric hexacyanoferrate), which have a similar composition, so you can choose a replacement yourself, taking into account the form and dose of the medicine prescribed by your doctor. Give preference to manufacturers from the USA, Japan, Western Europe, as well as well-known companies from Eastern Europe: Krka, Gedeon Richter, Actavis, Egis, Lek, Geksal, Teva, Zentiva.
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Official instructions for use
There are contraindications! Before use, read the instructionsFERROZIN ®
Registration number: LSR-010485/08-241208Trade name of the drug: FERROZIN ®
International nonproprietary name (INN): Potassium-iron hexacyanoferrate (Potassium-ferric hexacyanoferrate)
Dosage form: pills
Compound: 1 tablet contains 500 mg ferrocin
white clay, colloidal silicon dioxide (aerosil) A-380, gelatin, talc.
Description: dark blue tablets with light patches.
Pharmacotherapeutic group: complexing agent.
ATX code V03AB31
Pharmacological properties
Pharmacodynamicscomplexing compound. Strongly binds radioactive isotopes of cesium, rubidium and thallium, preventing their absorption from the intestine, which allows to accelerate their excretion from the body.
Pharmacokinetics
Ferrocin is not absorbed in the intestines and is completely excreted from the body.
Indications for use
Intoxication with radioisotopes of cesium, rubidium and thallium (including uranium fission products), prevention of accumulation of radioisotopes in the body when they enter the gastrointestinal tract with food.Contraindications
Hypersensitivity to any of the components of the drug.Dosage and administration
inside. Adults and children over 14 years old - 2 tablets 3 times a day, taken daily, course of treatment - up to 30 days (under the control of radionuclide excretion); children over 3 years: 1 tablet 3 times a day for 5-10 days.Side effects
Allergic reactions, constipation and diarrhea.Interaction with other drugs
Reduces the effect of drugs containing alkali metals, simultaneous administration with diuretics can lead to hypokalemia.Release form
Tablets of 500 mg. 0.3 kg (500 pieces) in orange glass jars. 2 or 10 tablets in a blister pack.1 contour pack containing 10 tablets, together with instructions for use in a carton pack.
Bound packs containing 2 or 10 tablets, without secondary packaging, are intended for special purposes.
Storage conditions
In a place protected from light and out of the reach of children.Shelf life
4 years. Do not use after the expiry date stated on the packaging.Holiday conditions
On request to specialized institutions.Manufacturer's name and address:
Federal State Unitary Enterprise Research and Production Center "Pharmzashchita" of the Federal Medical and Biological Agency (SPC "Pharmzashchita")
141400 Khimki, Moscow region, Vashutinskoe highway, 11
Consumer claims are accepted at:
141400, Khimki, Moscow region, Vashutinskoe highway 11
The information on the page was verified by the therapist Vasilyeva E.I.
hexacyanoferrate(iii) potassium orotate, hexacyanoferrate(iii) potassium permanganate
Potassium hexacyanoferrate(III)(potassium iron-cyanide, potassium ferricyanide, potassium hexacyanoferriat, Gmelin salt, red blood salt) - a complex compound of ferric iron K3.
- 1 History and origin of the name
- 2 Properties
- 3 Toxicity
- 4 Getting
- 5 Application
- 6 Mnemonic rules
- 7 See also
- 8 Notes
- 9 Links
History and origin of the name
In 1822, the German chemist Leopold Gmelin prepared the compound by oxidizing "yellow blood salt". This fact, as well as the red color of the crystals, led to the origin of the traditional name: red blood salt.
Properties
Dark red crystals with a monoclinic lattice. Greenish-yellow aqueous solution.
It is insoluble in ethanol.
Potassium hexacyanoferrate(III) is a very strong oxidizing agent, especially in an alkaline environment. Oxidizes H2S to S, HI to I2, PbO to PbO2, NH3 to N2 and ammonium salts, W to WO42−:
The following reversible reactions occur in the light:
K3 + H2O ↔ K2 + KCN KCN + H2O ↔ HCN + KOH
With Fe2+ salts, it forms a dark blue precipitate of turnbull blue. Reaction equation (in ionic form):
4Fe2+ + 33− → FeIII43↓
Previously, it was believed that iron(II) hexacyanoferrate(III), that is, FeII32, is formed in this case; this is the formula that was proposed for "turnbull blue". It is now known that turnbull blue and Prussian blue are the same substance, and during the reaction, electrons transfer from Fe2+ ions to hexacyanoferrate (III) - ion (the valence rearrangement of Fe2+ + to Fe3+ + occurs almost instantly, the reverse reaction can be carried out in vacuum at 300 °C). Fe3+ salts do not interfere with this, since they give only a weak greenish-brown color (iron(III) Hexacyanoferrate(III) Fe3+ is stable only in solutions).
This reaction is analytical and is used to determine Fe2+ ions.
It reacts with concentrated sulfuric acid to give Fe(HSO4)2, KHSO4, NH4HSO4 and CO.
Reacts with barium peroxide (this reaction can be used to quantify BaO2):
BaO2 + 2K3 → K6Ba2 + O2
Unlike potassium hexacyanoferrate(II), potassium hexacyanoferrate(III) is poisonous.
When interacting with acids, it releases very toxic hydrogen cyanide: K3 + 6HCl = 3KCl + FeCl3 + 6HCN
It is interesting that potassium hexacyanoferrate(II) can be obtained from potassium hexacyanoferrate(III) using hydrogen peroxide in an alkaline medium.
2K3 + H2O2 + 2KOH → 2K4 + 2H2O + O2
The fact is that in a neutral environment, this reaction proceeds in the opposite direction.
Toxicity
Potassium hexacyanoferrate has very low toxicity. The main danger is that this substance can irritate the eyes and skin. However, in very acidic environments, hydrogen cyanide can be released:
6H+ + 3− → 6HCN + Fe3+
In reaction with hydrochloric acid:
6 HCl + K3 → 6 HCN + FeCl3 + 3 KCl
Receipt
Potassium hexacyanoferrate(III) is obtained by oxidation of potassium hexacyanoferrate(II) K4 with chlorine in hydrochloric acid, bromine, or another strong oxidizing agent, for example, potassium permanganate.
Application
A component of tinting, bleaching, enhancing, attenuating solutions in photography, an electrolyte in chemotronic devices, a component of electrolytes in electroforming, a reagent for the detection of Fe2+ (see above), Li+ Sn2+, and also as a strong oxidizing agent.
In soil science, it is used for the qualitative determination of gleying (ferrous salts). The chemical reaction is described above.
Mnemonic rules
In order to memorize the formula for red blood salt K3 and not confuse it with the formula for yellow blood salt K4, there are several mnemonic rules:
- In the red blood potassium salt with a triple behind the wall. Next - ferrum, six cyan: everything is ready without cheating.
- The number of potassium atoms corresponds to the number of letters in the English names of salts: "gold" - 4 letters, that is, 4 potassium atoms - yellow blood salt K4. "Red" - three letters, that is, three potassium atoms - red blood salt - K3.
see also
- Potassium hexacyanoferrate(II)
Notes
- Ferrocyanide potassium // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg, 1890-1907.
- Dawson R., Elliot D., Elliot W., Jones K. Biochemist's Handbook. - M: Mir, 1991. - S. 296.
- MSDS for potassium ferricyanide.
Links
- Gmelin salt // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg, 1890-1907.
hexacyanoferrate(iii) potassium iodide, hexacyanoferrate(iii) potassium orotate, hexacyanoferrate(iii) potassium permanganate, hexacyanoferrate(iii) potassium chloride
Potassium hexacyanoferrate(III) Information About
(CN) 6 ] to Fe 4 3 . Turnbull blue obtained by other methods, for which the formula Fe 3 2 would be expected, is in fact the same mixture of substances.
| Prussian Blue | |
|---|---|
| HEX | 003153 |
| RGB¹ ( , , ) | (0, 49, 83) |
| CMYK ( , , , ) | (63, 35, 14, 72) |
| HSV² ( , , ) | (205°, 100%, 43%) |
|
|
History and origin of the name
The exact date of receipt of the Prussian blue is unknown. According to the most common version, it was obtained at the beginning of the 18th century (1706) in Berlin by the dyer Diesbach. In some sources, he is called Johann Jacob Diesbach (German Johann Jacob Diesbach).
According to a version published in 1731 by the physician and chemist Stahl, a key role in the invention and promotion of Prussian blue, along with Diesbach, was played by Johann Conrad Dippel, a German physician, alchemist and adventurer. According to one version, Diesbach simply created a new pigment while working in Dippel's laboratory in Berlin. According to another, recounted by the contemporary French historian Michel Pastoureau, Diesbach, an apothecary and paint dealer, bought low-quality potash from Dippel, used to precipitate cochineal tincture. The potash sold by Dippel had already been used by him to refine bone oil, resulting in a gorgeous blue precipitate instead of the usual red. Disbach turned to Dippel with questions, and already he set up the production of a new pigment and hid its composition for ten years, thanks to which he made a fortune. In 1724, the English chemist John Woodworth discovered and published the recipe, after which Prussian blue began to be produced throughout Europe.
The intense bright blue color of the compound and the place of origin gave rise to the name. From a modern point of view, the production of Prussian blue consisted in the precipitation of iron(II) hexacyanoferrate (II) by adding iron (II) salts to the “yellow blood salt” (for example, “ferrous sulfate”) and subsequent oxidation to iron (II) hexacyanoferrate (II) ( III). Oxidation could also be avoided if iron(III) salts were immediately added to the "yellow blood salt".
Under the name "Paris blue", refined "Prussian blue" was at one time offered.
Receipt
The method of preparation was kept secret until the publication of the production method by the Englishman Woodward in 1724.
Prussian blue can be obtained by adding ferric iron salts to solutions of potassium hexacyanoferrate (II) (“yellow blood salt”). In this case, depending on the conditions, the reaction can proceed according to the equations:
Fe III Cl 3 + K 4 → KFe III + 3KCl,
or, in ionic form
Fe3+ + 4− → Fe−
The resulting potassium-iron(III) hexacyanoferrate(II) is soluble, therefore it is called "Soluble Prussian Blue".
In the structural scheme of soluble Prussian blue (crystalline hydrate of the KFe III H 2 O type), the Fe 2+ and Fe 3+ atoms are located in the crystal lattice of the same type, however, with respect to cyanide groups, they are unequal, the tendency to be placed between carbon atoms prevails, and Fe 3 + - between nitrogen atoms.
4Fe III Cl 3 + 3K 4 → Fe III 4 3 ↓ + 12KCl,
or, in ionic form
4Fe 3+ + 3 4− → Fe III 4 3 ↓
The resulting insoluble (solubility 2⋅10 −6 mol/l) precipitate of hexacyanoferrate (II) iron (III) is called "Insoluble Prussian Blue".
The above reactions are used in analytical chemistry to determine the presence of Fe 3+ ions.
Another method consists in adding ferrous salts to solutions of potassium hexacyanoferrate (III) (“red blood salt”). The reaction also proceeds with the formation of a soluble and insoluble form (see above), for example, according to the equation (in ionic form):
4Fe 2+ + 3 3− → Fe III 4 3 ↓
It was previously believed that iron(II) hexacyanoferrate (III) is formed in this case, that is, Fe II 3 2, just such a formula was proposed for “turnbull blue”. It is now known (see above) that turnbull blue and Prussian blue are the same substance, and during the reaction, electrons transfer from Fe 2+ ions to hexacyanoferrate (III) ion (valence rearrangement of Fe 2+ + to Fe 3 ++ occurs almost instantaneously, the reverse reaction can be carried out in a vacuum at 300 °C).
This reaction is also analytical and is used, respectively, to determine Fe 2+ ions.
With the old method of obtaining Prussian blue, when solutions of yellow blood salt and iron sulfate were mixed, the reaction proceeded according to the equation:
Fe II SO 4 + K 4 → K 2 Fe II + K 2 SO 4.
The resulting white precipitate of potassium-iron(II) hexacyanoferrate(II) (Everitt's salt) is rapidly oxidized by atmospheric oxygen to potassium-iron(III) hexacyanoferrate(II), that is, Prussian blue.
Properties
Thermal decomposition of Prussian blue goes according to the schemes:
at 200 °C:
3Fe 4 3 →(t) 6(CN) 2 + 7Fe 2
at 560 °C:
Fe 2 → (t) 3N 2 + Fe 3 C + 5C
An interesting property of the insoluble form of Prussian blue is that, being a semiconductor, upon very strong cooling (below 5.5 K) it becomes a ferromagnet - a unique property among the coordination compounds of metals.
Application
As a pigment
The color of iron blue changes from dark blue to light blue as the potassium content increases. The intense bright blue color of Prussian blue is probably due to the simultaneous presence of iron in different oxidation states, since the presence of one element in different oxidation states in compounds often gives rise to or intensification of color.
Dark azure is hard, it is difficult to wet and disperse, it glazes in paints and, floating up, gives a mirror image of yellow-red rays (“bronze”).
Iron blue, due to its good hiding power and beautiful blue color, is widely used as a pigment for the manufacture of paints and enamels.
It is also used in the production of printing inks, blue carbon paper, coloring of colorless polymers such as polyethylene.
The use of iron blue is limited by its instability with respect to alkalis, under the influence of which it decomposes with the release of iron hydroxide Fe (OH) 3. It cannot be used in composite materials containing alkaline components, and for painting on lime plaster.
In such materials, the organic pigment phthalocyanine blue is usually used as the blue pigment.
Medicine
It is also used as an antidote (Ferrocin tablets) for poisoning with thallium and cesium salts, to bind radioactive nuclides entering the gastrointestinal tract and thereby prevent their absorption. ATX code V03AB31. The pharmacopoeial drug Ferrocin was approved by the Pharmaceutical Committee and the USSR Ministry of Health in 1978 for use in acute human poisoning with cesium isotopes. Ferrocine is composed of 5% potassium iron hexacyanoferrate KFe and 95% iron hexacyanoferrate Fe43.
Veterinary drug
For the rehabilitation of lands contaminated after the Chernobyl disaster, a veterinary drug was created based on the medical active ingredient Ferrocin-Bifezh. It is included in the State Register of Medicinal Products for Veterinary Use under the number 46-3-16.12-0827 No. PVR-3-5.5 / 01571.
Bifezh is a Prussian blue (10%) applied on an organic carrier - cellulose granules (90%). The use of a carrier simplifies dosing in the home.
During the initial trials, preparations with Prussian blue reduced the transition of the Cs-137 radioisotope from pasture to milk and meat by 1.5–6 times. Further studies have shown that the daily addition of 30 g of Bifezh to feed reduces the content of radiocesium in the muscle tissue of cows, bulls and sheep by 12-13 times, in internal organs by 25-90 times, in cow's milk by 10-20 times. The use of more than 500 tons of Bifezh from 1993 to 2003 made it possible to rehabilitate more than 250 thousand cows and purify more than 500 thousand tons of milk from radiocesium in Russia, Ukraine and Belarus.
Other applications
Before wet copying of documents and drawings was superseded by dry copying, Prussian blue was the main pigment produced in the process. blueprinting(the so-called "blue", the process of cyanotype).
In a mixture with oily materials, it is used to control the density of adhesion of surfaces and the quality of their processing. To do this, the surfaces are rubbed with the specified mixture, then combined. The remains of the unwashed blue mixture indicate deeper places.
Also used as a complexing agent, for example to make prussides.
In the 19th century, it was used in Russia and China for tinting sleeping tea leaves, as well as for repainting black tea into green.
Toxicity
It is not a toxic substance, although it contains the cyanide anion CN - , since it is firmly bound in a stable complex hexacyanoferrate 4 - anion (the instability constant of this anion is only 4⋅10 -36).
see also
| Portal "Colour " | |
| Portal "Mineralogy" | |
| Prussian blue at Wikimedia Commons |
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