Keys in Chinese pronunciation table. Hieroglyph structure: features, graphemes, complex characters

In English, nouns change by number, that is, they can have a singular and plural form (as, in fact, in Russian). As a general rule, in the plural, most nouns in English end in -s. But there are certain nuances. This topic is one of the easiest in grammar, and is studied at the initial stages of mastering the language. So let's get started.

General Rule for Plural Formation with Examples

A general scheme for pluralizing nouns is given in this handy table:

Happening	Education	Examples
General case	— s	cat-cat s– cat-cats ant-ant s- ant-ants table-table s– table-tables book book s– book-books window-window s– window-windows
— s, —ss-x, —ch-sh	— es	bus-bus es– bus-buses class - class es– class-classes glass-glass es- glass-glasses box-box es– box-boxes tax-tax es– tax-taxes couch couch es– sofa sofas bush-bush es- bush bushes
Noun ends in – y and preceded by consonant	-y changes to — ies	ba b y-bab ies– infant-babies ci t y-cit ies– city-city
Noun ends in — y and preceded by vowel	The ending is added to the singular form – s (general case)	b o y-boy s- boy-boys d a y-day s- day-days
Noun ends in -o	To the form of units. numbers are added ending — es	tomato-tomato es- tomato-tomatoes hero hero es- hero-heroes Exceptions: radio-radio s– radio photo-photo s– photograph(s) piano-piano s- piano zoo-zoo s– zoo-zoos
Noun ends in — f, —fe	— f, —fe changes to — weight	wolf wol weight- wolf-wolves thief-thie weight- thief-thieves scarf-scar weight– scarves knife-kni weight– knife-knives wife-wi weight- wife-wives Exceptions: chief-chief s roof-roof s cliff-cliff s handkerchief- handkerchief s safe safe s and some others

Exception words

The following nouns have a special plural form, without adding the ending -s, that is, they do not follow the general rule:

man-men- man - men

woman-women- woman's woman

foot-feet- foot - feet

tooth-teeth- tooth teeth

goose-geese- goose - geese

mouse - mice– mouse – mice

sheep-sheep– sheep – sheep

deer - deer - deer - deer

fish-fish- fish - fish

ox-oxen- bull - bulls

trout – trout– trout – trout

child - children - children

louse-lice- louse - lice

means - means - way - ways

species -species - kind - kinds

These nouns must be memorized.

Formation of the plural of complex (compound) nouns in English

The plural of compound nouns is formed according to the rules described above, but only one of the parts of the compound word takes on the plural form:

Happening	Education	Examples
A compound noun is made up of two nouns	Only the second element of the noun takes the plural form	girlfriend - girlfriend s teapot-teapot s schoolchild-school children gas-mask – gas-mask s Exception: In compound nouns with the first element man/woman in the plural. number, both parts change by numbers: woman-writer - women-writer s
A compound noun is made up of an adjective and a noun	The plural form only nouns accept numbers	frying pan – frying pan s- frying pan
A compound noun consists of two nouns with a preposition or one noun with a preposition	The plural form only the first noun accepts numbers	mother-in-law-mother s-in-law - mother-in-law, mother-in-law passer-by-passer s-by - passerby
There is no noun in the word (for example, a compound word consists of verbs, prepositions, or other parts of speech)	To pluralize, add -s to the last element	drop-out - drop-out s- withdrawn, expelled breakdown - breakdown s- breakdown, accident (the noun consists of the verb break and the adverb down)

Nouns that are used only in the singular

There are quite a few such nouns, but I will give an example of the most common and common:

advice- advice, tips
information- information, information
money- money
furniture- furniture
knowledge– knowledge
weather– weather
vacation- holiday
news- news, news (note that this word has a plural form, but is used in the singular. For example, What is the news today? - What is the news today? The verb to be is in the singular form)
progress- success, success
names of school subjects and sciences, for example, maths,Physics, although they have a plural form, are used in the meaning of the singular. For example, Maths is my favorite subject.

Nouns that are used only in the plural

These include items that are paired or have the meaning (meaning) of the plural. For example:

scissors- scissors

glasses- glasses

trousers- trousers, trousers

clothes- clothes

stairs- stairs, stairs

goods- goods, goods

people- people

This group of nouns is used in the meaning of plural. numbers, respectively, requires the use of verbs for the plural form.

For example, His clothes are dirty. His clothes are dirty. The verb to be is used in the plural form. numbers.

Topic exercises

If you want to practice, you can do the following exercises to consolidate the material.

Exercise 1. Form the plural form of the following nouns:

dog, book, table, goose, potato, book,pencilbridge,box,foot, match,rosebus,party, grape, watch,garlic,onion, shop, fish,press, day, fly,goal, lady, key,rate, clock,pet, lorry, zoo,office,owl,city,window,story, tummy, city, country, berry, dictionary, key, party, bay, tray, boy, knife, life, thief, loaf, wolf, dish, dress, glass, match, fox, potato, tax, bus, tomato, piano, woman-doctor

Exercise 2. Form a unit. numbers:

oxen, children, leaves, roses, berries, cities, snails, mother-in-law, cats, rulers, men, photos, roofs, drop-outs, fish, eagles, birds, lice, deer, trees, seas, trout, wives, ties, vases, flats

Exercise 3 Correct the errors in the formation of the plural of nouns, if any:

teeths, dogs, pens, deer, erasers, radioes, potatos, keys, leave, tables, torches, glasses, advices, moneys, scissors, newses, shelves, handkerchieves, oxes, lice

That's all for today. Good luck in learning English.

In the lesson, we will learn how to determine the number of nouns, learn about the features of the use of nouns in the plural, about the correct placement of stress. Let's do a lot of interesting tasks.

We speak correctly:

Not boots, boots, boots .

Pair boots, boots, boots .

Lot places, cases, soldiers, apples .

Not socks , pair socks .

Many kilograms tangerines, oranges, tomatoes .

Let's write sentences, adding letters where necessary.

Bought a pair of noses in the store….

Tanya has a lot to do…..

There are no empty seats on the bus….

There are a lot of tomatoes on the market…. and apples...

There are many soldiers on the parade ....

Examination.

Bought a pair of socks from the store.

Tanya has a lot to do.

There are no empty seats on the bus.

There are many tomatoes and apples in the market.

There are many soldiers on the parade.

Peculiarities of stressing plural nouns

And now let's get acquainted with the correct placement of stress in some nouns that are in the plural form.

Rice. 13. We speak correctly! ()

director-director a

Chauffeur - chauffeur yo ry

Cake - t about mouths

To find out how to pronounce a word correctly, you can turn to the spelling dictionary or stress dictionary for help.

There are unusual nouns in Russian. What is their secret?

Let's find out.

Let's look at the pictures.

Let's name the items.

Milk, flour, honey, leaves.

These nouns do not have a plural form.

Let's consider another example.

Let's name the items.

Chess, clocks, glasses, sledges, scissors.

These nouns do not have a singular form.

We conclude: in Russian there are nouns that do not have a singular or plural form. We will get to know them in more detail in high school.

In this lesson, we learned that nouns change in number. There are two forms of number: singular and plural.

It turns out that in the Old Russian language, in addition to the singular and plural numbers that are familiar to us, there was another number that was used to designate paired objects. This is a dual number. The dual number was used to designate two or paired objects.

For example, eyes, sleeves, shores, horns.

Now this role is played by the plural.

Some nouns have several possible number forms that differ in meaning:

« leaves" on the tree - " sheets» paper, « teeth» man - « teeth» pitchfork

Klimanova L.F., Babushkina T.V. Russian language. 2. - M.: Enlightenment, 2012 (http://www.twirpx.com/file/1153023/)
Buneev R.N., Buneeva E.V., Pronina O.V. Russian language. 2. - M.: Balass.
Ramzaeva T.G. Russian language. 2. - M.: Bustard.

Festival of pedagogical ideas "Open Lesson" ().
Nsportal.ru ().
Do.gendocs.ru ().

Klimanova L.F., Babushkina T.V. Russian language. 2. - M.: Enlightenment, 2012. Part 2. Do ex. 118, 119 p. 88.
Divide the nouns from the poem into two columns: singular and plural.

The wind is blowing on the sea
And the boat is urging;
He runs in waves
On inflated sails .. (A. Pushkin)

* Using the knowledge gained in the lesson, come up with 2 rebuses or 3 riddles for the singular and plural of a noun.

In English, the noun has singular and plural forms: dog - dogs (dog - dogs), box - boxes (box - boxes).

The singular form is transmitted by the so-called. "zero ending" - wall_ (wall - ending "missing").

The most common way to form the plural is to add the ending -s to the word: cat - cats, wall - walls.

Another common way is to add an ending –es.

1. The ending -es is added: to the stem of the word if it ends with –s, -ss, x, z, ch, tch, sh:

class - classes (class - classes);
bush - bushes (bush - bushes);
box - boxes (box - boxes);
inch - inches (inch - inches);
fox - foxes (fox - foxes);
match - matches (match - matches, match - matches).

As a rule, in such words, the ending -s is pronounced as.

2. To the stem of a word that ends in consonant +y, while the ending –y changes to –i:

army - armies (army - armies);
country - countries (country - countries);
duty - duties (debt - debts, tax - taxes).

The ending -es in this case is pronounced as [z].

3. If the word ends with a vowel +y, then add to the base of the word -s:

Boy - boys (boy - boys);
Toy - toys (toy - toys);
Day - days (day - days).

The ending -s in this case is pronounced as [z].

4. To a stem that ends in -about In most cases:

hero - heroes (hero - heroes),
potato - potatoes (potatoes - potatoes).

Zoo - zoos (zoo - zoos);
Photo - photos (photo - photos);
Solo - solos (solo);
Piano - pianos (piano);
Video - videos (video);
Radio - radios (radio).

12 nouns that end in -f or –fe, the plural is formed with – es. Wherein -f changes to -v, and the ending -es is read as [z].

Calf - calves (calf - calves);
Half - halves (half - halves);
Knife - knives (knife - knives);
Leaf - leaves (leaf - leaves);
Life - lives (life - lives);
Loaf - loaves (baton - loaves);
Self - selves (personality - personality);
Sheaf - sheaves (beam - bunches);
Shelf - shelves (shelf - shelves);
Thief - thieves (thief - thieves);
Wife - wives (wife - wives);
Wolf - wolves (wolf - wolves).

Other nouns ending in f are pluralized with the ending -s, which is pronounced like [s]:

Chief - chiefs (chef - chiefs);
Cliff - cliffs (cliff - cliffs);
Roof - roofs (roof - roofs);
Kerchief - kerchiefs (kerchief - scarves, scarf - scarves).

Exception words

A number of nouns form the plural in a special way that does not follow the rules, namely by changing the vowel in the stem of the word. This is the old way of pluralizing nouns, so the forms of these plurals need to be memorized:

Child - children (child - children);
Foot - feet (side - feet);
Goose - geese (goose - geese);
Man - men (man - men, man - people);
Woman [‘wumən] [‘wumen] - women [‘wɪmɪn] ([‘vimen] woman - women);
Mouse - mice (mouse - mice);
Ox - oxen (bull - bulls);
Tooth - teeth (tooth - teeth);
Louse - lice (louse - louse).

Noun man often forms words with other nouns, usually denoting nationalities or professions. In these cases, man becomes plural as follows:

Englishman - Englishmen (Englishman - Englishmen);
Fireman - firemen (fireman - firefighters);
Businessman - businessmen (businessman - businessmen).

Matching singular and plural

There are nouns that have the same singular and plural form (the word in the plural is the same as in the singular):

sheep (sheep - sheep),
swine (pig - pigs),
fish (fish - fish),
salmon (salmon - salmon);
trout (trout - trout);
deer (deer - deer)
works (factory - factories);)
carft (ship - ships);
aircraft (aircraft - aircraft);
means (means - means);
series (series - series).

Such nouns also include names of nationalities that end in –ese and - ss, For example:

Chinese - Chinese, Chinese, Chinese;
Japanese - Japanese, Japanese;
Swiss - Swiss, Swiss.

Plural of nouns borrowed from Latin and Greek

Some words borrowed from Latin and Greek in the 15th century retain their plural forms:

Latin words:

Antenna (antenna) - antennae;
Datum (given value) – data;
Erratum (typing error) - errata;
Formula (formula) - formulae;
Genius (spirit, demon) - genii;
Radius (radius) - radii;
Stimulus (stimulus) - stimuli.

Greek words:

Bacterium (bacterium) - bacteria;
Crisis (crisis) - crises;
Ellipsis (ellipse) - ellipses;
Thesis (thesis) - theses;
Criterion (criterion) - criteria;
Phenomenon (phenomenon) - phenomena;
Stadium (stadium) - stadia.

Plural Formation of Compound Nouns

Compound nouns form the plural in a special way.

If a compound noun is written together, then the ending -s (-es) is added to the last part of the word:

Schoolboy - schoolboys (student - schoolchildren);
Blackboard - blackboards (board - boards).

If a compound noun is written hyphenated, then the ending gets that part of the complex noun that carries the main meaning:

Daughter-in-law - daughters-in-law (daughter-in-law);
Passer-by - passers - by (passer-by - passers-by).

Nouns that are used only in the singular

(Singularia Tantum)

There are nouns in English that only take the singular form. These include:

Nouns denoting products: bread - bread, tea - tea, milk - milk.
Abstract nouns: love - love, advice - advice.
Words with the suffix -ics: athletics - athletics, mathematics - mathematics.
Names of games, diseases that end in - s: billiards - billiards, mumps - mumps.
Nouns such as: weather - weather, luggage - luggage, furniture - furniture, money - money, news - news.

Nouns that are used only in the plural

(Pluralia Tantum)

There are nouns in English that only have a plural form. These include:

Nouns denoting paired items: trousers - trousers, pyjamas (pajamas) - pajamas, scissors - scissors, glasses - glasses, binoculars - binoculars.
Some collective items: clothes - clothes, goods - goods, people - people, police - police, cattle - livestock.

Nouns that have only the singular or only the plural form are uncountable nouns, i.e. those that cannot be counted. Singularia Tantum only agrees with words in the singular, Pluralia Tantum only in the plural. With the words of this group in the singular, the indefinite article a / an is never used; instead of the indefinite article, the indefinite pronoun some is used:

Some milk - milk (a little, some amount of milk);
Some bread - bread (a little, some amount of bread).

Some nouns, however, have special singular forms or numbers;

A piece of advice - one piece of advice;
A piece of furniture - a piece of furniture;
A piece of news - one piece of news;
A piece of water - a glass of water;
A piece of bread - a loaf of bread;
A piece of meat - a kilogram of meat;
A piece of sugar - a kilogram of sugar;
A piece of flour - a kilogram of flour, etc.

Remember that ONLY nouns get plural! Adjectives before a noun do not agree with the number:

Young girls - young girls;

Little boys - little boys.

Designation of a group of people

The subject (who? what?), expressed by a noun that denotes a group of people, agrees with the predicate in the singular or plural:

in the singular, if the group is perceived as a single entity: Our team was the best in the country. - Our team was the best in the country.
plural when referring to all team members: Our team were all given medals. - All members of our team got medals.

The dependence of the meaning of some nouns on their number

Some nouns, depending on the number in which they are used, can change their meaning:

- people (people) - peoples (peoples);
- glass (glass) - glasses (glasses);
- wood (wood) - woods (forest);
- hair (hair) - hairs (hairs).

Despite the fact that the rule seems rather complicated, remember the variety of plural noun endings in Russian (pines, people, trees, bills, reptiles, chores, negotiations, etc.). For comparison - girls, ladies, classes. We wish you success!

The plural of nouns in English is a simple topic, but there are some nuances here that you need to pay attention to. Let's analyze in detail all the rules for the formation of the plural in English.

Special cases of plural formation

There are nouns in English that form the plural without the ending -s, because they change their root vowel:

Nouns used only in the singular

There are a number of nouns that are used exclusively in the singular - these are uncountable nouns. Uncountable nouns include:

Names of substances and materials:

Silver - silver
Air - air, atmosphere
Iron - iron (element), etc.

Some products:

salt - salt
Sugar - sugar, etc.

abstract concepts:

love - love
bitterness - bitterness

Names of diseases:

Chickenpox - chickenpox
Mumps - pig
Rabies - deprive
Rickets - rickets

Collective nouns:

Furniture - furniture
luggage
rubbish - rubbish
fruit - fruit, fruits, etc.

Pay attention to the word fruit.

As a rule, the plural matches the singular: fruit - fruit (fruit-fruit). However, the plural fruits is used to refer to different types of fruit.)

On the table there are apples, plums and other fruits.

There are apples, plums and other fruits on the table.

Languages: Chinese, French, English, Spanish, etc.

Note that the following nouns also do not have a plural form.

Advice, information, progress, knowledge, weather

These nouns are used only in the singular.

She gave me some good advice. She gave me some good advice.

They have very little information on this subject. They have very little information on this subject.

Her knowledge of Italian is poor. She has poor knowledge of Italian.

Exception:

Set expression Inallweathers- In any weather

Nouns money(money) and hair(hair) is always used in the singular.

Mu money is on the table. My money is on the table.

She has beautiful brown hair. - She has beautiful brown hair.

Note:

Hair(in the meaning of a hair) can be used in the plural form.

My mother has lots of gray hairs. My mother has a lot of gray hair.

Noun news(news, news) is always used in the singular.

What time is the News on the radio? What time is the news on the radio?

Names of sciences and sports ending in -ics (mathematics, physics, phonetics, gymnastics, athletics, etc.) are used in the singular, although they are plural.

Athletics is my favorite sport. - Athletics is my favorite sport.

Note:

The words politics meaning political views and statistics in the meaning of statistical data are used with verbs in the plural.

Next sport games also have a singular form:

drafts, checkers - checkers
billiards - billiards

Nouns that are used only in the plural

There are a number of nouns that are used in English only in the plural, although in Russian they are used in the singular:

Arms - weapons
Clothes - clothes
Contents - content
Customs - customs
Dregs - sediment
Embers - hot ash
Outskirts - outskirts
Premises - premises, house (with adjacent buildings)
Proceeds - revenue
Stairs - stairs
Wages - wages, etc.

The following nouns are used exclusively in the plural, which do not have the ending s / es

police - police
Cattle - cattle
Poultry - poultry
People - people
Clergy - clergy

Name of many paired items are used, as in Russian, only in the plural:

Scissors - scissors
Trousers - trousers
Spectacles - glasses
Scales - scales
Tongs - tongs,
Jeans - jeans,
Pajamas - pajamas

But, if they are used with the expression a pair of, then the verb and other determiners are put in the singular:

I need a new pair of trousers - I need new trousers (a new pair of trousers).

Special cases of using the number of nouns

It is necessary to separately stipulate some cases of the formation of the plural of English nouns:

Noun penny(pence) has two plural forms:

Penny-pence(when it comes to money)
Penny - pennies(when individual coins are meant)

It costs ten pennies. - It costs 10 pence.

Pennies are made of bronze. - Pence (i.e. onepence coins) are made of bronze.

Nouns export and import are used in the plural form exports, imports, when it comes to the quantity or value of exported or imported goods:

Poland exports to the Ukraine have greatly increased. – Polish exports to Ukraine, as well as Polish imports from this country, have increased significantly.

When the process of export or import is meant, the singular forms export and import are used:

That company is engaged in the export and import. This company is engaged in export and import.

Some collective nouns can be used with singular or plural verbs, depending on the connotation of the meaning.

With plural verbs, such nouns will be used if all members of a given group of people or structure are meant and the statement can be fully attributed to each member of the group.

In the singular - if the group is considered as a whole.

These are the nouns:

Army - army
Audience - public
Choir - choir
crew - team
crowd
family - family
government - government
Public - public, society
staff
team - team

Our team is the best. - Our team is the best.

The team discuss strategy before every game. — The team discusses the strategy before each game.

So countries in the plural, the verb and other determiners are always used in the singular.

The United States is situated in North America.

When it comes about the amount of money, period of time, distance, etc. considered as a whole, then plural nouns are used with a singular verb.

Three thousand pounds was too much to lose in a casino. “It was too much to lose three thousand pounds at the casino.

Note:

We also use the verb and other determiners in the singular when we count any two parts as one when they are connected. and:

fish and chips. Fish and chips (one course) Fish and chips is very tasty. Fish and chips are delicious.

"War and Peace" is the longest book I've ever read. “War and Peace is the longest book I have ever read.

In expressions

a two-week holiday two week vacation
a three year old boy- three year old boy

where cardinal numbers + noun are components of a compound adjective, they do not form a plural.

A dozen is a dozen, a score is twenty, a hundred is one hundred, a thousand is a thousand, a is a million, when they are preceded by a numeral they have the same form for singular and plural

I have three dozen eggs.

When there is no numeral, the plural is formed according to the general rule.

Pack the pens in dozens, please. – Pack dozens of pens, please.

Hundreds of students came here. “Hundreds of students came here.

I hope you have mastered all the rules for the formation of the plural, as well as special cases of using numbers in English.

You can check yourself in the rules for the formation of the plural by doing these

Most textbooks offer an analysis of the topic of the singular and plural by category of parts of speech: noun, verb, pronoun. We have prepared for you an unusual excursion into the world of numbers. Today we’ll talk about the most common cases and the rules of “multiplication” in general, consider similar in appearance, but different in grammatical functions, changes in different parts of speech, as well as some exceptions (sometimes it seems that English is one big exception), and we will try to apply all this in the "natural environment".

Singular in English ( singular/sg) designates or characterizes one subject:

a game
-self
this/that
he loves

Plural (plural/pl) is used when the number of items is more than one:

two cups of coffee
-selves
these/those
they love

Ending -s/ -es

The ending -s- is one of the most common surviving endings in English and is an indicator of number. If a word ends in a hissing sound s/ ss/ x/ sh/ ch, it acquires the ending -es(this is due to a more convenient pronunciation and does not visually lead to a heap of hissing):

to match - it matches
to wash - she washes
a fox - foxes
a dress - dresses

From the examples above, you can see that:

he loves- singular
two cups- plural

The question arises - why?
The thing is that in the examples above, the ending -s- appears in different parts of speech.
The number category of verbs is active only in the present tense. The exception is to be in the temporary form Past Simple (was/were).
Thus at verbs the ending -s/ -es indicates the use of the singular.

e.g.
Pl. vs. Sg.
we go - she goes
I spell - he spells(it is worth noting that in Present Simple the pronoun I makes grammatical connections according to the plural principle with verbs and has a special form to be).
they say - it says

Nouns the reverse principle applies. The ending is an indicator of plurality.

eg.
Sg. vs. Pl.
a ticket - tickets
a bus - buses
a college - colleges

Words that end in -y-

The principle of change / non-change -y- operates in English regardless of the part of speech. It should be remembered:

* if -y- is preceded by a vowel, in the plural, the ending -s- is added to the word, and the letter -y- is retained:

a ray - rays
to buy - she buys

* if -y- is preceded by a consonant, in the plural the letter -y- is changed to -ie-, followed by a plural ending:

to try - he tries
sky - skies

Now let's talk about special cases of changing the number, characteristic only for a certain part of speech.

Nouns in singular and plural

In addition to the cases that we considered earlier, there are “special” numerical formations.
1. Changing the word form.
There are a number of words that form the plural form by changing the root vowels, sometimes the change affects the entire word form. These examples are not numerous. They are often singled out as exceptions. Let's list them:

man - men(and derivatives - fireman - firemen/ policeman - policemen)
woman/ˈwumən/ – women/ˈwɪmɪn/ (and derivatives - policewomen)
tooth-teeth
foot - feet
goose-geese
mouse - mice
louse-lice
child - children
ox-oxen

Also in English there are a number of nouns that are written and pronounced the same regardless of their number - their forms are absolutely identical:

sheep-sheep/ sheep - sheep
swine – swine/ pig - pigs
deer – deer/ deer - deer
grouse – grouse/ black grouse, partridge - black grouse
series-series/ series - series
species - species/ view - views ( species of butterflies- species of butterflies)
corps/kɔːr/ – corps/ type of army

2. Borrowing
There is a fairly capacious category of borrowed words that have retained changes in the endings of their native language when forming plural forms. Most often these are words of Latin and Greek origin:

Sg. vs. Pl.
-us/ -i(cactus - cacti/ˈkæktaɪ/) - cactus
-on/ -a(phenomenon - phenomena)
-is/ -es(crisis-crises)
-um/ -a(datum - data)
-ex/ -ices (index - indices)
-a/ -ae(formula - formulae)

In colloquial speech, these words do not constitute a daily minimum, but can be found in any situation.

3. “Numeric preferences”
In English, you can find nouns that are used only in the singular or only in the plural. Exceptions again! Most often, these are uncountable nouns or concepts that already include a certain amount in their meaning.

Singular forever. We would like to draw your attention to the fact that these nouns are recommended to be learned and remembered, since they can be found in almost any area of our life, and the principle by which they formed their attachment to the singular is often quite arbitrary.

money
hair(in the meaning of “hair” / can be plural in the meaning of “hair”, “hairs”)
news
information
knowledge
weather
work
advice
bread
furniture
music
progress

Words that lay in their meaning a certain amount ( dozen- a dozen / score- ten / head- when counting cattle by head) both numbers are allowed, but with numerals they are used only in the singular:

three dozen roses

Plural prefer paired items (scissors- scissors, pants- trousers, spectacles- glasses, glasses- points, etc.), some geographical names ( The Netherlands, The Phillipines, The High Lands, etc.)

There are words that cannot be grouped, which should only be remembered:

police
people- people (it is possible to use “ a person” in the singular)/ a “ people - peoples” means people - peoples
clothes
contents
wages
riches- wealth
manners
customs
outskirts
proceeds
goods

Verbs in singular and plural

we can - she can
you must - he must

The verb to be has a special relationship with numerical changes. It has specific shapes for each face - am/ is/ are(in present tense) and were/were(in the past time).

we are - he is
they were - it was

Pronouns in singular and plural

In English personal pronouns and their possessive forms have the category of number:
Sg. vs. Pl.
I-we
it - they
he-they
she-they
my - our

You always presented in the plural, although it is possible to meet the singular form Thou/ðaʊ/, which is used when referring to God.
In this case, most pronouns either completely change the word form, or imply a certain number, by analogy with the Russian language:

every- each (sg.)
all- all (pl.)

A special case of plural changes occurs in reflexive and demonstrative pronouns.

Reflexive pronouns contain a morpheme in the word -self, which in the plural will take the form -selves:

myself - myself
yourself - yourselves
himself - theirselves

Demonstrative pronouns also acquire new characteristics in sound and spelling:

this - these
that - those

We wish you intensive entertaining practice and success!

Victoria Tetkina