Prince Rurik is the first prince. The first Varangian princes Reasons for the migration of the Varangians to the east

The emergence of the state among the Eastern Slavs. By the beginning of the IX century. in the East Slavic lands, first tribal unions appeared, and later, thanks to their unification, strong intertribal groups. All life led the Slavs to unity. The centers of the association were the Middle Dnieper, headed by Kyiv, and the northwestern region, headed by the cities of Ladoga and. These were the most developed East Slavic lands in all respects. There the initial one was formed.

State of Russia on the Dnieper. One of the signs of statehood, as already mentioned, was the emergence of princely power, squads. In the ninth century they showed all their power in relations with their neighbors. A number of blows were inflicted on Khazaria, and the clearing was freed from paying tribute to it. The attacks of the Russian rati on the Crimean possessions of Byzantium date back to the same time. It is from those times that the first news of Byzantine and Eastern authors about the name of the Eastern Slavs, the inhabitants of the Dnieper region, reach "dews", "Rus". Therefore, we will call the Eastern Slavs as the rest of the world called them, as the ancient chronicles called them - Rus, Russ, Rusyns.

The blow to the Crimean possessions of Byzantium is the first known to us mention of the state formation of Rus. The Russians conquered the entire coast of Crimea to the Kerch Strait, stormed the city of Surozh (present-day Sudak) and plundered it. The legendary news has been preserved that the leader of the Russians, in order to recover from an illness, was baptized from the hands of a local Greek bishop, and the disease immediately receded. This fact is significant. By this time, most of the countries of Europe had adopted Christianity. The transition from paganism to a new monotheistic faith marked the onset of a new civilization for these countries, a new spiritual life, a new culture, unity within the state of the entire people. Russia also took the first, rather timid step on this path, which has not yet shaken the foundations of Slavic paganism.

A few years later, Russia launched a second attack, this time on the southern coast of the Black Sea. True, the Russian army has not yet decided to attack Constantinople itself. And in 838 - 839. in Constantinople, and then in the Frankish Empire, an embassy from the state of Rus appears.

Finally, on June 18, 860, an event occurred that literally shook the world of that time. Constantinople was suddenly subjected to a furious attack by the Russian army. The Russians approached from the sea on 200 boats. For a week they besieged the city, but it held out. Taking a huge tribute and concluding an honorable peace with Byzantium, the Russians went home. The names of the Russian princes who led the campaign have been preserved. They were Askold and Dir. From now on Russia was officially recognized as a great empire.

Russian battle boat.

A few years later, Greek priests appeared in the land of Russ and baptized their leader and his squad. Presumably it was Askold. So from the 60s. 9th century news of the second baptism of the Russians comes.

The Kievan rati are also going to the north in order to subjugate the entire Slavic part of the path to Kyiv "from the Varangians to the Greeks" and access to the Baltic Sea. The Slavic South begins an active offensive against the Slavic North.

The first Varangian princes

Varangians. In the same decades, in the area of Lake Ilmen and the Volkhov River, on the shores of Lake Ladoga, another powerful union of Slavic and Ugro-Finnish tribes was formed, the center of which was the lands of the Ilmen Slovenes. The unification was facilitated by the struggle of the Slovenes, Krivichi, Mary, Chud with the Varangians, who shortly before that established control over the local population. And just as the meadows threw off the power of the Khazars in the south, so in the north the union of local tribes drove the Varangians away. However, in the future, discord began between the local tribes. They decided to stop the civil strife in the traditional way for that era - to invite the ruler from outside. The choice fell on the Varangian princes, and they appeared in the Russian north-west with their squads.

Who were these Varangians? This question has long haunted historians.

Some considered the Varangians to be Normans, Scandinavians, based on the fact that at that time there was a period of Norman naval invasions of European countries.

For a long time, the point of view prevailed that it was the Normans who created the state in the lands of the Slavs. And the Slavs themselves were unable to create a state, which spoke of their backwardness. These views were especially popular in the West during periods of confrontation between our Motherland and its Western opponents. Those who adhered to this point of view are called Normanists, and their views are called the Norman theory of the creation of the Russian state. Opponents of this theory were called anti-Normanists. Later, scientists proved that statehood matured among the Slavs long before the appearance of the Varangians.

But even today there are Normanists and anti-Normanists. Only the dispute is already about something else - who were the Varangians by nationality. Normanists consider them Scandinavians (Swedes) and believe that the very name "Rus" is of Scandinavian origin. Anti-Normanists, on the other hand, argue that the Varangians, who appeared in the Russian north-west in the 9th century, have nothing to do with Scandinavia. They were either Balts or Slavs from the southern shores of the Baltic Sea. In essence, the dispute continues about the fate of Russia, the Slavs, about their historical independence.

And what does the chronicler Nestor say about this, whose information is primarily used by both of them? He writes that, at the request of various tribes, Varangian princes appeared in the Slavic lands in 862. “Those Varangians were called Rus,” he notes, just as the Swedes, Normans, English, and others had their ethnic names. Thus, for him, “Rus” is primarily a national definition.

Varangians, in his opinion, "sit" to the east of the Western peoples, along the southern coast of the Varangian (Baltic) Sea. “And the Slavic language and Russian are one,” the chronicler emphasizes. This means that those princes who were invited by the Priilmensky Slovenes and Krivichi were related to them. This explains the painless and rapid introduction of aliens into their environment, the absence in Ancient Russia names associated with the Germanic languages.

Origin of the word "Rus". Why did the names "Rus", "Russ" appear in the 9th century? both in the Slavic northwest and in the south, in the Dnieper region?

From the 5th-6th centuries. Slavs occupied vast territories in Central and Eastern Europe. Among them there were many tribes with the names Russes, Ruthenians. They were also called rutens, ruts, rugs. The descendants of these Russians still live in Germany, Hungary, Romania. in Slavic "blond" means "light". This is a typically Slavic word and a typically Slavic name for tribes. The resettlement of part of the Slavs, who originally lived on the Danube, in the Dnieper region (which Nestor told about in his chronicle), brought this name there.

Other Russians lived in the lands adjacent to the southern shores of the Baltic Sea. Strong Slavic tribal unions have long existed there, which waged a severe struggle with the Germanic tribes. At the time of the creation of tribal unions among the Eastern Slavs, the Baltic Slavs already had their own state formations with princes, squads, a pagan religion developed in detail, very close to East Slavic paganism. From here there were constant migrations to the east, to the shores of Lake Ilmen. Therefore, the chronicler later wrote: Novgorodians are from the Varangian family.

But there is no information about the existence of the name "Rus" in Scandinavia, just as there is no data about what was there in the 9th century. there was a princely power or some kind of state formation. But the dispute about the origin of the Varangians continues.

Rurik in Novgorod. The chronicle tells that in 862 three Varangian brothers, Sineus and Truvor, arrived in the Slavic and Ugro-Finnish lands. The eldest of them - Rurik sat down to reign at the Ilmen Slovenes. His first residence was the city of Ladoga. Then he moved to Novgorod, where he "cut down" the fortress. The second brother sat in the lands of the tribe, all in the city of Beloozero, and the third - in the lands of the Krivichi in the city of Izborsk. Later, after the death of the brothers, Rurik united under his command the entire north and north-west of the East Slavic and Ugro-Finnish lands.

Unknown artist - Roerich (Rurik).

Unknown artist - Varangian princes.

Both state centers, formed in the East Slavic lands, called themselves Rus. In southern Russia, the local Polyana dynasty was established, and in northern Russia, immigrants from the Slavic lands of the southern Baltic took power. Rivalry between these centers began immediately after their formation.

After the death of Rurik, his young son Igor remained, but either the voivode or Oleg, a relative of Rurik, took over all affairs in Novgorod. But Igor remained the official Prince of Novgorod. Power from father to son was inherited. This is how the Rurik dynasty began, which ruled in the Russian lands for many hundreds of years.

Creation of a single state of Russia. It was Oleg who had the share to unite the two ancient Russian state centers. In 882, he gathered a large army and undertook a campaign to the south. The striking force of his troops was the Varangian squad. Along with him were detachments representing all the northwestern Russian lands: there were Ilmen Slovenes, Krivichi, as well as their allies and tributaries - Chud, Merya, all. Together with everyone in the prince's boat, little Igor also sailed.

Oleg captured the main city of the Krivichi Smolensk, then took Lyubech. Having sailed to Kyiv, he realized that it would be difficult for him to take the well-fortified and populous city by storm. In addition, an experienced warrior Askold reigned here, who distinguished himself in battles with Byzantium, the Khazars and the new steppe nomads - the Pechenegs. And then Oleg went to the trick. Hiding the soldiers in the boats, he sent the news to the Kyiv prince that a merchant caravan had sailed. Unsuspecting Askold came to the meeting and was killed right there on the shore.

Oleg established himself in Kyiv and made this city his capital. One can think that the Kyiv pagans did not stand up for their Christian ruler Askold and helped Oleg's pagans to seize the city. So ideological views for the first time in Russia influenced the change of power.

So, the Novgorod north defeated the Kyiv south. Novgorod became the unifier of Russian lands into a single state. But it was only a purely military victory. In the economic, commercial, cultural sense, the Middle Dnieper region was far ahead of other Slavic lands. At the end of the ninth century it was the historical center of the Russian lands, and Oleg, having made Kyiv his capital city, confirmed this position.

Oleg did not complete his military successes on this. He continued the unification of the East Slavic lands. The ruler streamlined his relations with northern Russia, imposed a tribute on the territories subject to him - “set a tribute” to the Novgorod Slovenes, Krivichi, and other tribes. He concluded an agreement with the Vikings, which was valid for about 150 years. According to it, Russia was obliged to pay the Varangian South Baltic state 300 silver hryvnias (the hryvnia is the largest monetary unit in Russia) annually for peace on the Russian northwestern borders and for regular military assistance to the Varangians of Russia.

Then Oleg undertook campaigns against the Drevlyans, northerners, Radimichi and overlaid them with tribute with furs. Here he encountered Khazaria, whose tributaries were Radimichi and northerners. But military success again accompanied Oleg. Now these East Slavic tribes have ceased their dependence on Khazaria and became part of Russia. Vyatichi remained tributaries of Khazaria.

Russia in the X century

Russia at the beginning of the X century. Having united the East Slavic lands, freeing many of them from tribute to foreigners, Oleg gave the princely power unprecedented authority and international prestige. Now he assumes the title of Grand Duke, that is, the prince of all princes. The rest of the rulers of individual tribal principalities become his tributaries, vassals, although they still retain the rights to manage their principalities.

The new state of Russia was not inferior in size to the Frankish Empire of Charlemagne or the Byzantine Empire. However, many regions of Russia were sparsely populated and not suitable for life. The difference in the level of development of various parts of the state was also too great. In addition, it immediately became a multinational state, including different peoples. All this made him loose and fragile.

He was known not only for his unifying policy and the fight against the Khazars. Since its inception, Russia has set itself large-scale tasks: mastering the mouth of the Dnieper, the mouth of the Danube, establishing itself in the Northern Black Sea region and the Balkans, breaking through the Khazar cordons to the east and subordinating the Taman Peninsula and the Kerch Strait to its control. Some of these tasks were already outlined by the Ants, and later by the Polyansky princes, and now matured Russia again tried to repeat the impulse of its ancestors.

Part of this policy was the campaign of Russia against Byzantium in 907.

At the beginning of summer, a huge Russian army on boats and cavalry along the coast moved to Constantinople. The Russians “fought” the surroundings of the city, took huge booty, and then pulled the ships onto land, raised the sails and, under the cover of the boats that protected them from enemy arrows, moved under the very walls of the city. The Greeks were horrified at the sight of an unusual sight and asked for peace.

Under the peace treaty, the Greeks undertook to pay Russia a monetary indemnity, pay tribute annually, and widely open the Byzantine market to the Russians. sky merchants. They even received the right to trade duty-free within the empire, which was unheard of. As a sign of the end of the war and the conclusion of peace, the Russian Grand Duke hung his shield on the gates of the city. This was the custom of many peoples of Eastern Europe.

In 911, Oleg confirmed his agreement with Byzantium. A Russian embassy arrived in Constantinople, which concluded the first written treaty in the history of Eastern Europe with the empire. One of the articles dealt with the establishment of a military alliance between Byzantium and Russia.

So the state of Rus immediately declared itself as a major force in the international arena.

It was this man who was destined to initiate the construction of a new state, which over more than a thousand years of history has grown into the largest state in the world. Let's get acquainted briefly with who was the first prince of young Russia?

History of the Eastern Slavs before Rurik

The ancient Russian chronicle "The Tale of Bygone Years", answering the question: "Where did the Russian land come from," says that before the advent of the first prince of the Varangian Rurik, many scattered tribes lived on the territory of future Russia - Krivichi, Slovene and others. All these tribal unions had a common culture, language and religion. Each of them tried to unite the rest of the tribes under its command, but the balance of power and constant wars did not reveal the winner. It was then that the leaders of the tribes decided that none of them would get power and it was decided that the invited prince would rule all the tribes. At that time, the most formidable warriors who were respected among the Slavic tribes, with whom there were close trade and cultural ties, were the Varangians - the inhabitants of Scandinavia. They easily served both the Byzantine emperors and went to hired squads in the west, and were also free to accept local beliefs, which made the Slavic leader Gostomysl and his companions go to Scandinavia and invite the Rus tribe and their king, Rurik, to rule.

Rice. 1. Prince Rurik.

Biography of the first Russian prince

We know very little about Rurik's biography. The date and place of his birth are unknown, and the years of reign are considered 862-879.

Rurik did not come to Russia alone. He was accompanied by two brothers - Sineus and Truvor. Their squads landed in northeastern Russia and were invited to Novgorod. Often there are disputes in which city Rurik ruled. There is an opinion that this is Ladoga - the ancient capital of the northeastern Slavs. However, it was in Novgorod, having taken the reins of government, that Rurik went down in history as the first Russian prince.

Rice. 2. The calling of the Varangians.

He sent his brothers to reign in other strategically important cities. Sienus assumed power in Beloozero, and Truvor began to reign in Izborsk.

The internal policy of the prince was aimed at strengthening the external borders of the state, as well as their expansion. During the period of his reign, Smolensk, Murom and Rostov became part of Russia. Rurik made attempts to move south, but things did not go beyond the robberies of local peoples. Rurik's squad advanced to the Kyiv lands. With the famous rulers of Kyiv, Askold and Dir, Rurik signs a peace treaty. And although Askold still tried to plunder the lands of Rurik, his squad was defeated.

Table “Immediate descendants of Rurik”

In honor of the first Russian prince, the third son of Novgorod Rostislav Mstislavovich, Prince Rurik Rostislavovich, was named, who became famous during the civil strife of 1196 as an opponent of the Olgovichi.

What have we learned?

The biography of Rurik before coming to Russia is vague and we don’t know much about him, however, the name of the first Russian prince and his political activities are beyond doubt.

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There are almost no legends about the activities of the semi-fairytale Rurik (in Old Norse Hroerekr) in Novgorod. It was said that he originally lived not in Novgorod, but in Ladoga, at the mouth of the river. Volkhov, moved to Novgorod after the death of his brothers. His rule seemed to arouse displeasure and even caused a rebellion led by some Vadim the Brave; but Rurik killed Vadim and defeated the rebels. Dissatisfied with him, they fled to Kyiv, where the Varangian warriors Askold and Dir were already sitting, who left Rurik's squad and founded their principality in Kyiv. It is difficult, of course, to say how true all these legends are.

After the death of Rurik (879), his relative Oleg (in Old Norse Helgi) became the prince in Novgorod. He enjoyed power as the guardian of Rurik's young son Igor (in Old Norse Ingvarr). Oleg did not stay in Novgorod: together with Igor, he moved south, along the great path "from the Varangians to the Greeks", conquered Smolensk and Lyubech on the Dnieper and approached Kyiv. By deception, he captured here and destroyed Askold and Dir on the grounds that they are “not princes and not princely family,” while he himself is a prince, and Igor is Ryurik prince. Having occupied Kyiv, Oleg settled in it and made it the capital of his principality, saying that Kyiv would be "the mother of Russian cities." So Oleg managed to unite in his hands all the main cities along the great waterway. This was his first goal. From Kyiv, he continued his unifying activity: he went to the Drevlyans, then to the northerners and subjugated them, then subjugated the Radimichi. Thus, all the main tribes of the Russian Slavs, except for the outlying ones, and all the most important Russian cities gathered under his hand. Kyiv became the center of a large state and freed the Russian tribes from Khazar dependence. Throwing off the Khazar yoke, Oleg tried to strengthen his country with fortresses from the eastern nomads (both Khazars and Pechenegs) and built cities along the border of the steppe.

But Oleg did not limit himself to the unification of the Slavs. Following the example of his Kyiv predecessors, Askold and Dir, who made raids on Byzantium, Oleg conceived a campaign against the Greeks. With a large army "on horses and on ships" he approached Constantinople (907), devastated its environs and laid siege to the city. The Greeks started negotiations, gave Oleg a “tribute”, that is, paid off the ruin, and concluded an agreement with Russia, reaffirmed in 912. Oleg’s luck made a deep impression on Russia: Oleg was sung in songs, and his exploits were adorned with fabulous features. From the songs, the chronicler entered into his chronicle the story of how Oleg put his ships on wheels and went on dry land on sails “through the fields” to Tsaryugrad. From the song, of course, the detail is taken into the annals that Oleg, “showing victory”, hung his shield at the gates of Constantinople. Oleg was given the nickname "prophetic" (wise, knowing what others are not allowed to know). Oleg's activities were indeed of exceptional importance: Oleg created a large state from disunited cities and tribes, brought the Slavs out of subordination to the Khazars and arranged through agreements the correct trade relations between Russia and Byzantium; in a word, he was the creator of Russian-Slavic independence and strength.

Upon the death of Oleg (912) came to power Igor, apparently, who did not have the talent of a warrior and ruler. He made two raids into Greek possessions: in Asia Minor and in Constantinople. For the first time, he suffered a severe defeat in a naval battle, in which the Greeks used special ships with fire and let "fire on the Russian boats with trumpets." The second time, Igor did not reach Tsaryagrad and made peace with the Greeks on the terms set forth in the treaty of 945. This treaty is considered less beneficial for Russia than Oleg's treaties. Igor's campaign against the Greeks was attended by Pechenegs(§ 2), for the first time under Igor, they attacked the Russian land, and then reconciled with Igor. Igor ended his life sadly: he died in the country of the Drevlyans, from whom he wanted to collect a double tribute. His death, the courtship of the Drevlyan prince Mal, who wanted to take Igor's widow Olga for himself, and Olga's revenge on the Drevlyans for the death of her husband are the subject of poetic tradition, described in detail in the annals.

Prince Igor's campaign against Constantinople in 941. Miniature from the Radziwill Chronicle

Olga(in Old Norse and Greek Helga) remained after Igor with her young son Svyatoslav and took over the reign of the principality. According to ancient Slavic custom, widows enjoyed civil independence and full rights, and in general the position of a woman among the Slavs was better than among other European peoples. Therefore, there is nothing surprising in the fact that Princess Olga became the ruler. The attitude of the chronicler towards her is the most sympathetic: he considers her "the wisest of all people" and ascribes to her great concern for the organization of the earth. Going around her possessions, she established order everywhere and left a good memory everywhere. Her main business was the adoption of the Christian faith and a pious journey to Constantinople (957). According to the chronicle, Olga was baptized "by the tsar with the patriarch" in Tsaregrad, although it is more likely that she was baptized at home, in Russia, before her trip to Greece. Emperor Konstantin Porphyrogenitus, who honorably received Olga in his palace and described her reception (in his essay “On the Rites of the Byzantine Court”), narrates about the Russian princess with restraint and calmness. The tradition that has developed in Russia about the journey of the princess tells that the emperor was so struck by the beauty and intelligence of Olga that he even wanted to marry her; however, Olga shied away from this honor. She behaved respectfully towards the patriarch, but quite independently towards the emperor. The chronicler is even sure that she managed to outwit the emperor twice: firstly, she deftly managed to refuse his matchmaking, and secondly, she refused him tribute or gifts, which he supposedly gullibly counted on. Such was the naive tradition that taught Olga exceptional wisdom and cunning. With the triumph of Christianity in Russia, the memory of Princess Olga, in holy baptism Elena, began to be revered by the Orthodox Church and Princess Olga was canonized.

Duchess Olga. Baptism. The first part of the trilogy "Holy Russia" by S. Kirillov, 1993

Olga's son Svyatoslav already bore a Slavic name, but his temperament was a typical Varangian warrior and combatant. As soon as he had time to mature, he made himself a large and brave squad, and with it began to seek glory and prey for himself. He got out of his mother's influence early, "was angry with his mother" when she urged him to be baptized. “How can I change my faith alone? The squad will start laughing at me,” he said. He got along well with the squad, led a harsh camp life with her, and therefore moved unusually easily: “walking easily, like a pardus (leopard),” according to the chronicle.

Even during the life of his mother, leaving the Principality of Kiev in the care of Olga, Svyatoslav made his first brilliant campaigns. He went to the Oka and subjugated the Vyatichi, who then paid tribute to the Khazars; then he turned to the Khazars and defeated the Khazar kingdom, taking the main cities of the Khazars (Sarkel and Itil). At the same time, Svyatoslav defeated the tribes of Yases and Kasogs (Circassians) on the river. Kuban and took possession of the area near the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov called Tamatarkha (later Tmutarakan, and now Taman). Finally, Svyatoslav, having penetrated the Volga, devastated the land of the Kama Bulgarians and took their city of Bolgar. In a word, Svyatoslav defeated and ruined all the eastern neighbors of Russia, which were part of the Khazar state. Russia now became the main force in the Black Sea region. But the fall of the Khazar state strengthened the nomadic Pechenegs. All the southern Russian steppes, formerly occupied by the Khazars, now fell at their disposal; and Russia itself soon had to experience great troubles from these nomads.

Returning to Kyiv after his conquests in the east, Svyatoslav received an invitation from the Greeks to help Byzantium in its struggle against the Danube Bulgarians. Having gathered a large army, he conquered Bulgaria and stayed there to live in the city of Pereyaslavets on the Danube, since he considered Bulgaria his property. “I want to live in Pereyaslavets Danube,” he said, “there is the middle of my land, all sorts of benefits are collected there: from the Greeks gold, fabrics, wine and fruits, from Czechs and Ugrians - silver and horses, from Russia - furs, wax and honey and slaves." But he had to return from Bulgaria to Kyiv for a while, because in his absence the Pechenegs attacked Russia and laid siege to Kyiv. The people of Kiev with Princess Olga and the children of Svyatoslav barely sat out from the formidable enemy and sent to Svyatoslav with reproaches and with a request for help. Svyatoslav came and drove the Pechenegs into the steppe, but did not stay in Kyiv. The dying Olga asked him to wait in Russia until her death. He granted her wish; but, having buried his mother, he immediately left for Bulgaria, leaving his sons as princes in Russia. However, the Greeks did not want to allow Russian domination over the Bulgarians and demanded the removal of Svyatoslav back to Russia. Svyatoslav refused to leave the banks of the Danube. The war began, and the Byzantine emperor John Tzimiskes defeated Svyatoslav. After a series of hard efforts, he locked the Russians in the fortress of Doristol (now Silistria) and forced Svyatoslav to make peace and clear Bulgaria. The army of Svyatoslav, exhausted by the war, on the way home was captured by the Pechenegs in the Dnieper rapids and scattered, and Svyatoslav himself was killed (972). So the Pechenegs completed the defeat of the Russian prince, begun by the Greeks.

Monument to Prince Svyatoslav in Zaporozhye

After the death of Svyatoslav in Russia between his sons (Yaropolk, Oleg and Vladimir) there were bloody civil strife, in which the brothers of Prince Vladimir died, and he remained an autocratic sovereign. Shaken by strife, the Kiev principality showed signs of internal decay, and Vladimir had to spend a lot of effort to pacify the Varangians who served with him and subdue the deposited tribes (Vyatichi, Radimichi). Shaken after the failures of Svyatoslav and the external power of Russia. Vladimir waged many wars with various neighbors for border volosts; also fought with the Volga Bulgarians. He was also drawn into the war with the Greeks, as a result of which he adopted Christianity according to the Greek rite. This important event ended the first period of power of the Varangian dynasty in Russia.

Arrange in chronological order the reigns of the first ancient Russian princes

Capital of the Old Russian state

Use the map to assign tribes to territories.

Specify an extra word

Eastern Slavs did not grow

It does not apply to the agricultural systems of the Eastern Slavs ..

The main occupation of the Eastern Slavs

Eastern Slavs settled Eastern Europe in ..

Balto-Slavic tribes separated from the Indo-European community

A people that does not belong to the Indo-Europeans.

B) the Germans;

B) Celts

D) Slavs

A) 6000 years ago

B) 4000 years ago

B) 2000 years ago

D) 1000 years ago

3. The Slavs separated from the Balts in ...

A) III - V centuries.

B) VI - IX centuries.

C) VIII - X centuries.

D) VIII - X centuries.

5. The people who created the Old Russian state ...

B) the Germans

B) Eastern Slavs

A) farming

B) cattle breeding

D) ore mining

A) slash and fire

B) shifting

B) irrigation

A) buckwheat

B) olives

B) Mokosh

D) Stribog

A) Vyatichi 1) Middle Dnieper

B) Northerners 2) Upper Oka

B) Radimichi 3) Desna

D) Drevlyans 4) Upper Dnieper

Tasks in a test form for the topic "Old Russian State"

1. Prince, who is considered the founder of the ruling dynasty of ancient Russian princes:

B) Askold

2. Varangian princes ruled in the East Slavic lands:

A) as a result of the conquest

B) by invitation

B) by inheritance

3. The main state centers of the Eastern Slavs do not include:

A) Novgorod

B) Smolensk

4. The formation of a single Old Russian state took place in:

5. The main reason for the formation of a single Old Russian state:

A) the need to resolve conflicts between the rich and the poor

B) protection of the trade route "from the Varangians to the Greeks" and control over it

C) organization of construction of dams and canals.

A) Moscow

B) Novgorod

7. Christianity in Russia was introduced by the prince:

A) Svyatoslav

B) Vladimir

B) Ivan Kalita

8. The baptism of Russia took place in:

9. Russia adopted Christianity:

A) according to the Western European model

B) according to the Byzantine model.

A) Igor D) Oleg

B) Vladimir D) Olga

C) Rurik E) Svyatoslav

Tasks in a test form for the topic “Kievan Rus. The first Russian princes"

Choose one correct answer:

Year of formation of the Old Russian state:

A) Vladimir

D) Svyatoslav;

3. Kievan Rus existed for about 250 years, its collapse occurred in ...

B) 1120 g;
B) 1132

4. Name the formational stage of development of Kievan Rus:

A) Primitive communal;

B) slaveholding;

B) feudal

D) capitalist;

D) socialist.

5. The basis of public relations in Kievan Rus was ....

A) patrimony;

B) Manufactory;

B) Oprichnina.

6. Large owners paid for the use of land ...

C) feudal rent.

7. The first collection of laws of Kievan Rus was called ...

A) Sudebnik;

B) Russian Truth;

B) chronicle.

8. The compiler of the first collection of laws was ....

A) Yaroslav the Wise;

B) Vladimir Monomakh;

C) Yuri Dolgoruky.

9. Lessons are...

A) Certain places of tribute collection;

B) A fixed amount of tribute.

10 It was this prince who baptized Rus in 988…

B) Svyatoslav;

B) Vladimir.

Tasks in a test form for the topic "Feudal fragmentation of Russia"

Choose one correct answer:

The congress in Lyubech in 1097 recognized ....

A) Independence of princely patrimonial possessions;

B) Unification of the principalities into a single Russian state;

C) The beginning of the war with nomadic tribes.

2. The victory over the Polovtsy brought this prince to supreme power in 1113:

A) Yaroslav the Wise;

B) Vladimir Monomakh;

C) Yuri Dolgoruky.

summary of other presentations

"The period of formation of the Old Russian state" - Merchants. The meadows paid tribute to the Khazars. Trade. Formation of state centers. Territories of northerners and Radimichi. The emergence of princely power. Formation of the Old Russian state. Settlements. Kings. Tribes. Prerequisites for the creation of the Old Russian state. Great Kyiv prince. Calling Rurik. Formation of the Old Russian state. State. The power of the Kyiv prince. Invited princes. Noble warriors of Rurik.

"History of the formation of the Old Russian state" - Kyiv. Conditions. Polyudie. State. Formation of the Old Russian state. The calling of the Varangians. Prerequisites for the creation of the state. Historians. Unification of North and South. Can the Varangians be called the creators of the Old Russian state. Prerequisites. Kyiv prince. Management of the Old Russian state.

"Economic development of the Old Russian state" - Economic development of the Old Russian state. Trade routes of Ancient Russia. Votchina. family and neighborhood communities. Feudalization of the land. Taxes in Ancient Russia. Trifield system. Kremlin. International trade. Ancient city. Economy of Kievan Rus. Money in Ancient Russia. Craft. Novgorod hryvnia. Occupations of the ancient Slavs. Causes of feudal fragmentation. Prince. The first Russian princes. Mongol-Tatar yoke.

"Rus 9-13 centuries" - The reasons for the formation of the state in Russia. State. Russia in the 9th - 13th centuries. Build a logical chain. Systematize. front poll. Historical workout. Yaroslav the Wise. A group of warriors. Independent work. Historical dictation. Characteristics of a historical personality. Problem definition. Get to know the historical figure.

"Old Russian State and Society" - Olga's Reform. Cathedral of Prince Vladimir. Old Russian state and society. The rural community is a "rope". Lesson goals. Prerequisites for the emergence of the state among the Slavs. Entrance to the Cathedral of Prince Vladimir. Polyudie. Oleg (879-912). Basic concepts. Igor was immoderate in his demands on the defeated tribes. Beginning of Russia. The main directions of domestic and foreign policy. Vladimir (980-1015). Polyudie of Russian princes in the 10th century.

"Formation of the state among the Eastern Slavs" - Polyudie. The state of Slavic society. Formation of Kievan Rus. Signs of the state in Russia. Formation of the state among the Eastern Slavs. What explains the rise of Kyiv. Varangians in Russia. State. Improvement of tools. Slavic society by the 9th century.