Commissioner of State Security. Decree of the Central Executive Committee and Council of People's Commissars of the USSR on the approval of the regulation on the service of the commanding staff of the main department of state security of the people's commissariat of internal affairs of the USSR

Lyushkov Genrikh Samoylovich

Genrikh Samoilovich Lyushkov was born in Odessa in 1900 into a tailor's family. Jew.

He studied at the state elementary school (1908-1915), at evening general education courses. He worked as an assistant in the office of automotive supplies.
Under the influence of his older brother, he takes part in underground anti-state activities.
July 1917 joined the RSDLP (b).
In 1917 he joined the Red Guard in Odessa as a private.
Since 1918 in the bodies of the Cheka.
In 1918-1919, at underground work under the leadership of a member of the Odessa Revolutionary Committee F. D. Kornyushin, he was arrested and fled.
He served in the Red Army as a Red Army soldier, political cadet, head of the political department.
Political instructor of the Shock Separate Brigade of the 14th Army.
In 1920 - deputy. Chairman of the Tiraspol Cheka, then in various positions in the Odessa Cheka, Kamenetz-Podolsk branch of the GPU.
In 1924 - head of the Proskurovsky (now - Khmelnitsky) district department of the OGPU, transferred to the GPU of the Ukrainian SSR in Kharkov.
By the early 1930s, he was engaged in industrial espionage in Germany.
In 1931 - head of the secret political department of the GPU of Ukraine.
In 1931 he was transferred to the central apparatus of the OGPU. He conducted interrogations and approved the indictment in the case of the Russian National Party fabricated by the GPU.
In December 1934, he participated in the investigation into the murder of S. M. Kirov. He tried to counteract the attempts of N. I. Yezhov and A. V. Kosarev to control the investigation (later, having defected to the Japanese, he would declare that the killer of Kirov, L. V. Nikolaev, was a mentally ill person, and not a member of the terrorist Zinoviev organization, to which he "brought" consequence). But the then disagreements, the future People's Commissar of the NKVD Lyushkov did not remember, on the contrary, he kept him among his favorites. Lyushkov also enjoyed the location of the People's Commissar of Internal Affairs in 1934-1936 G. G. Yagoda: after returning from Leningrad, he prepares the most important orders for the NKVD and the most significant memoranda to the Central Committee of the party (on behalf of Yagoda), is used to control the situation in the Secret Political department.
In 1935-1936, he participated in such high-profile investigations as the “Kremlin Affair” and the case of the “Trotskyist-Zinoviev Center” (which formed the basis of the First Moscow Trial).
1936-1937 - Head of the UNKVD for the Azov-Chernomorsky Territory (Rostov-on-Don). He led the deployment of great terror in the Black Sea region. He was a member of the regional trio of the NKVD. Including with his sanction, the murderer of Emperor Nicholas II A. G. Beloborodov was arrested
In 1937-1938 - Plenipotentiary of the NKVD in the Far East. In connection with the beginning of Japan's military intervention against China, the situation in the region causes increased attention of the Soviet leadership.
. On June 28, 1937, he received a brief briefing on his future duties personally from Stalin during a 15-minute audience.
Lyushkov's arrival in Khabarovsk coincides in time with the start of the mass operation of the NKVD according to the infamous order No. elements nesting in the countryside and the city and infiltrating industry”), is purges the local UNKVD. Under his leadership, about 40 employees of the local NKVD were arrested, including the former head of T. D. Deribas, the head of the Dalstroy camp trust, E. P. Berzin. They were charged with the creation of a right-wing Trotskyist organization in the internal affairs bodies of the Far East. Lyushkov was the main organizer of the deportation of Koreans from the Far East, as well as repressions against other nations.
In December 1937 he was elected a deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR from the Far Eastern Territory, he came to Moscow for its first session in 1938. In the same place, according to the memoirs of M.P. Frinovsky, he noticed that he was being followed, which he reported to him with concern. However, the first deputy people's commissar of the NKVD assured that Lyushkov did not arouse suspicions in him and Yezhov, on the contrary, they were taking measures to protect him from unfounded accusations. Lyushkov regarded this conversation as a rejection of a direct explanation.
Lyushkov was the highest-ranking nominee of Yagoda, who for a long time retained his position after his disgrace. Moreover, the new all-powerful People's Commissar of the NKVD defended his name in every possible way from compromising evidence. Yagoda was sentenced to death at the III Moscow Trial, and in 1937-1938 the Chekists under investigation often called the name of Lyushkov along with the name of the former people's commissar. In particular, the former head of the NKVD of the ZSFSR D. I. Lordkipanidze reported about his belonging to a counter-revolutionary organization, but Yezhov did not bring information to Stalin, but demanded that Frinovsky interrogate Yagoda and prove Lyushkov's innocence. The testimony of Yagoda's deputy G. E. Prokofiev was corrected with the exclusion of the fragment about Lyushkov. Frinovsky expressed doubts about the need to protect Lyushkov, but Yezhov convinced his deputy.
Already after Lyushkov was sent to the Far East, compromising information was received on him from L. G. Mironov (former head of the Counterintelligence Department of the GUGB of the NKVD of the USSR) and N. M. Bystrykh (brother of the deputy head of the Main Directorate of Workers 'and Peasants' Militia). Yezhov interrogated the first and forced him to retract his previous testimony, the second was “qualified” as a criminal, which made it possible to give his case to the police “troika” and remove the political component.
However, then the question of political distrust of Lyushkov was expressed by Marshal V.K. Blucher. At the end of April 1938, I. M. Leplevsky, one of Lyushkov’s closest associates, was arrested, and a little later, Lyushkov’s deputy M. A. Kagan was summoned to Moscow and arrested for harboring a Trotskyist brother, which was already a serious alarming sign. On May 26, 1938, Lyushkov was relieved of his duties as head of the Far Eastern NKVD, allegedly in connection with the reorganization of the GUGB of the NKVD and his appointment to the central office. Yezhov informed him about this in a telegram, where he asked him to express his attitude towards the transfer to Moscow. The text of the telegram betrayed that in reality he was recalled for arrest (a specific position was not offered, it turned out only the desire to work in the center in general, which was not asked during appointments; for some reason, it was specifically said about the selection of a successor). In June 1938, Frinovsky and L. Z. Mekhlis arrived in the Far East to purge the leadership of the Pacific Fleet, the border troops and the local NKVD.
An experienced Chekist who knew the methods of the NKVD understood what this meant and decided to flee the country. According to the currently available archival data, it can be stated with a certain degree of certainty that Lyushkov was preparing his escape in advance. On May 28, he telegraphed that he thanked for the trust placed in him and considered the new work an honor. But 2 weeks before that, he ordered his wife to take his daughter and go to one of the clinics in Western Europe (documents confirming the need for his daughter's treatment were already ready for this trip). Upon safe arrival, the wife was supposed to send Lyushkov a telegram containing the text "I send my kisses." However, the development of Lyushkov began even then - his wife was arrested and subsequently shot. The fate of her daughter is unknown, most likely she was sent to an orphanage under a different surname.
On June 9, Lyushkov informed his deputy G. M. Osinin-Vinnitsky about his departure to the border Posyet to meet with a particularly important agent. On the night of June 13, he arrived at the location of the 59th border detachment, allegedly to inspect posts and the border strip. Lyushkov was dressed in a field uniform with awards. Having ordered the head of the outpost to accompany him, he moved on foot to one of the sections of the border. Upon arrival, Lyushkov announced to the escort that he had a meeting on the "other side" with a particularly important Manchurian illegal agent, and since no one should know this by sight, he would go further alone, and the head of the outpost should go half a kilometer towards Soviet territory and wait for the signal. Lyushkov left, and the head of the outpost did as ordered, but after waiting for him for more than two hours, raised the alarm. The outpost was raised in a gun, and more than 100 border guards combed the area until the morning. More than a week before news came from Japan, Lyushkov was considered missing, namely that he was kidnapped (killed) by the Japanese. By that time, Lyushkov had crossed the border and on June 14, at about 5:30 am, near the city of Hunchun, he surrendered to the Manchurian border guards and asked for political asylum. After he was transferred to Japan and collaborated with the Japanese military department.
G. F. Gorbach was appointed in his place, who purged all Lyushkov's proteges.
Lyushkov's escape was used as one of the reasons for the removal of N. I. Yezhov. According to the testimony of the former head of the Security Department of the GUGB NKVD, I. Ya. Dagin, upon learning of the flight of Lyushkov, Yezhov cried and said: “Now I am gone.” From Yezhov's letter to Stalin: “I literally went crazy. I called Frinovsky and offered to go together to report to you. Then I said to Frinovsky: “Well, now we will be severely punished.” It was such an obvious and big failure of intelligence that for such cases, of course, they don’t pat on the head. ”
Lyushkov revealed to the Japanese all the information he knew about the Stalinist terror and about the methods of the NKVD in general. On July 13, 1938, in an interview with the Japanese newspaper Yomiuri Shimbun, Lyushkov stated: " Until recently, I committed great crimes against the people, since I actively collaborated with Stalin in carrying out his policy of deceit and terrorism. I am indeed a traitor. But I am a traitor only in relation to Stalin ... These are the immediate reasons for my escape from the USSR, but this is not the end of the matter. There are more important and fundamental reasons that prompted me to act this way. This is that I am convinced that Lenin's principles have ceased to be the basis of party policy. For the first time I felt hesitation since the assassination of Kirov by Nikolaev at the end of 1934. This incident was fatal for the country as well as for the party. I was then in Leningrad. I was not only directly involved in the investigation of the murder of Kirov, but also actively participated in public trials and executions that took place after the Kirov case under the leadership of Yezhov. I was involved in the following cases: The case of the so-called Leningrad terrorist center in early 1935 The case of the terrorist center about the conspiracy against Stalin in the Kremlin in 1935 with full responsibility that all these imaginary conspiracies never existed and they were all deliberately fabricated. Nikolaev certainly did not belong to the Zinoviev group. He was an insane person who suffered from delusions of grandeur. He decided to die in order to go down in history as a hero. This appears from his diary. At the trial, which took place in August 1936, accusations that the Trotskyists, through Olberg 1) were associated with the German Gestapo, accusations against Zinoviev and Kamenev of espionage, accusations that Zinoviev and Kamenev were associated with the so-called "right center "through Tomsky, 2) Rykov and Bukharin - completely fabricated. Zinoviev, Kamenev, Tomsky, Rykov, Bukharin and many others were executed as enemies of Stalin who opposed his destructive policies. Stalin used the opportunity presented by the Kirov affair to get rid of these people by fabricating vast anti-Stalinist plots, spy trials and terrorist organizations. So Stalin got rid of political opponents by all means and from those who might become them in the future. Stalin's diabolical methods led to the fall of even very sophisticated and strong people. His actions have generated many tragedies. This happened not only due to Stalin's hysterical suspicion, but also on the basis of his firm determination to get rid of all Trotskyists and rightists who are political opponents of Stalin and may pose a political danger in the future ... "
According to Lyushkov, sensational confessions were forced out of convicts under severe torture and with the threat of new torture. In support of his words, he published a suicide letter taken with him to the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, the former assistant commander of the Separate Red Banner Far Eastern Army for the Air Force, A. Ya. Lapin, who committed suicide in a Khabarovsk prison. Revealing the secrets of the Stalinist terror to the Japanese, Lyushkov did not hide his active participation in it.
Lyushkov was the most senior defector from the NKVD. He worked in Tokyo and Dairen (Dalian) in the intelligence agencies of the Japanese General Staff (in the "Bureau for the Study of East Asia", adviser to the 2nd department of the headquarters of the Kwantung Army). Lyushkov gave the Japanese extremely important information about the Soviet armed forces, in particular about the region of particular interest to them - the Far East. The Japanese received detailed information about the deployment of troops, the construction of defensive structures, fortresses and fortifications, etc. It was unexpected for them that the USSR had a rather significant military superiority over the Japanese in the Far East. In addition, Lyushkov gave the Japanese detailed information about the plans for the deployment of Soviet troops not only in the Far East, but also in Siberia, Ukraine, and revealed military radio codes. He gave the Japanese the most important agents of the NKVD in the Far East (in particular, the former General V. Semyonov). However, it is still not clear whether he passed on all the military information known to him or concealed a number of the most important ones.
Here is what Koizumi Koichiro writes about the information that Lyushkov passed on to Japanese intelligence: " The information that Lyushkov reported was extremely valuable for us. Information about the Armed Forces of the Soviet Union in the Far East, their deployment, the construction of defensive structures, and the most important fortresses and fortifications fell into our hands. In the information received from Lyushkov, we were struck by the fact that the troops that the Soviet Union could concentrate against Japan, as it turned out, had overwhelming superiority. At that time, that is, at the end of June 1938, our forces in Korea and Manchuria, which we could use against the Soviet Union, numbered only 9 divisions ... Based on the data received from Lyushkov, the fifth department of the General Staff came to the conclusion that The Soviet Union can use up to 28 rifle divisions against Japan under normal conditions, and, if necessary, concentrate from 31 to 58 divisions ... The ratio in tanks and aircraft also looked alarming. Japan could put up only 340 against 2000 Soviet aircraft and only 170 against 1900 Soviet tanks ... Before that, we believed that the Soviet and Japanese armed forces in the Far East were related to each other as three to one. However, the actual ratio turned out to be about five or even more to one. This made it virtually impossible to carry out the previously drawn up plan of military operations against the USSR.…
Lyushkov proposed to the Japanese a plan to assassinate Stalin. They eagerly embraced it. As the Japanese researcher Hiyama writes, this was almost the only seriously prepared assassination attempt on Stalin. On duty as head of the NKVD department for the Azov-Chernomorsky Territory, Lyushkov was personally responsible for protecting the leader in Sochi. He knew that Stalin was being treated in Matsesta. Lyushkov remembered the location of the building where Stalin took baths, the order and the security system, since he developed them himself. Lyushkov led a terrorist group of Russian emigrants, which the Japanese in 1939 transferred to the Soviet-Turkish border. However, a Soviet agent was introduced into the terrorist group and the border crossing failed.
In 1939 Lyushkov was sentenced to death in absentia in the USSR.
In July 1945, on the eve of the USSR's entry into the war with Japan, he was transferred from Tokyo to the location of the Japanese military mission in Dairen (China) to work in the interests of the Kwantung Army. On August 16, the command of the Kwantung Army announced its surrender. On August 19, 1945, Lyushkov was invited to the head of the Dairen military mission, Yutaka Takeoka, who suggested that he commit suicide (apparently to hide data about Japanese intelligence known to Lyushkov from the Soviet Union). Lyushkov refused and was shot dead by Takeoka, the body was secretly cremated (after 3 days, Dairen was occupied by the Red Army). According to other sources, Lyushkov was brought to Dairen to be extradited to the USSR in exchange for the captured son of the former Prime Minister Prince Konoe. Lyushkov, learning about the upcoming extradition, attempted to escape and was strangled by Japanese officers

Commissar of State Security of the 3rd rank (which corresponds to the rank of lieutenant general).

State awards:

Order of Lenin (June 1937)

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Central Executive Committee and Council of People's Commissars of the USSR

p o s t a n o v l i u t:

Approve the attached Regulations on the service of the commanding staff of the Main Directorate of State Security of the People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs of the USSR.

Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR
M.KALININ.

Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR
V.MOLOTOV

Secretary of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR
I.AKULOV.

Moscow Kremlin.

Regulations on the service of the commanding staff of the Main Directorate of State Security of the People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs of the USSR

Chapter 1. COMMANDING STAFF OF THE GUGB

1. The commanding staff of state security includes the personnel of the Main Directorate of State Security of the NKVD of the USSR and its local bodies, having appropriate training and directing operational work, or directly performing operational work in the bodies of the Main Directorate of State Security of the People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs of the USSR.

2. Personnel of the commanding staff of the Main Directorate of State Security are staffed with:

a) persons who graduated from schools and courses of the GUGB:

b) persons of the GUGB reserve recruited for service in the cadre of the GUGB:

c) persons of the command and command staff of the border and internal guards of the NKVD of the USSR:

d) personnel of other departments of the People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs of the USSR in the attestation procedure:

e) persons who have passed the work experience in state security established by the People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the USSR (candidates for the title).

Chapter 2. SPECIAL RANKS OF THE COMMANDING STAFF OF THE GUGB

3. Each person of the commanding and operational staff of the Main Directorate of State Security of the NKVD of the USSR is assigned a special rank, determined by the combination of the following data:

1) performance appraisals,

2) special training,

3) work experience in state security,

4) operational qualification for state security.

The following special ranks are established for the commanding staff of the Main Directorate of State Security:

1) Sergeant of State Security.

2) Junior lieutenant of state security.

3) Lieutenant of state security.

4) Senior lieutenant of state security.

5) Captain of State Security.

7) Senior major of state security.

8) Commissar of State Security of the 3rd rank.

9) Commissar of State Security of the 2nd rank.

10) Commissioner of State Security of the 1st rank.

Chapter 3. PROCEDURE FOR ASSIGNING SPECIAL RANKS

5. The first rank of "sergeant" is awarded to persons who have graduated from schools and courses of the GUGB, or to persons who have successfully completed the relevant work experience in state security established by orders of the People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the USSR.

6. The assignment of each next rank is carried out after the expiration of the established line of stay in the previous special rank, in the presence of a positive performance appraisal.

7. The terms of stay in each rank are established as follows:

Note. In some cases, in the presence of outstanding success in operational work or special merits, by decision of the People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the USSR, the commanding staff may be awarded the next special ranks before the expiration of the established deadlines (p. 7) .

8. Assignment of special ranks up to and including Commissar of State Security of the 3rd rank, inclusive, is carried out by orders of the People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the USSR.

9. For persons in command of the Main Directorate of State Security with the ranks of "St. Major" and "Commissar of State Security of the 3rd rank", no terms of service for conferring the rank are established and promotion to these ranks is carried out by decision of the People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the USSR.

10. Ranks: "commissar of state security of the 1st and 2nd rank" are assigned by a decree of the government of the USSR on the proposal of the People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the USSR.

11. For students of the Central School and advanced training courses of the Main Directorate of State Security, the time spent in these educational institutions is counted in the term of service for the assignment of the next special rank.

12. The assignment of special ranks is carried out only in the order of gradualness of the established ranks.

Note. The People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the USSR is given the right, in exceptional cases, to assign subsequent special ranks to individuals without observing the order established by this "Regulations".

13. Persons of the command and command staff of the border and internal guards of the NKVD of the USSR, transferred by orders of the People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the USSR to the Main Directorate of State Security, retain their military or special military rank until the next certification by the GUGB.

During certification, they are assigned a special rank established for persons in command of the Main Directorate of State Security (not lower than the military or special military rank assigned to them).

Note. The terms of stay in the last military or special military rank are counted when receiving a special rank from the Main Directorate of State Security.

14. Persons in command of the Main Directorate of State Security of the NKVD of the USSR, transferred by order of the People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the USSR to the border and internal guards of the NKVD of the USSR, retain their special rank until the next certification for border and internal protection.

During certification, this composition is assigned a military or special military rank (not lower than the special rank assigned to them by the Main Directorate of State Security).

Notes: 1. When appointed to a command position directly in the part of the border and internal security, the assignment of an equal military rank is carried out simultaneously with the transfer.

2. The terms of stay in the last special rank of the GUGB are counted upon receipt of a military or special military rank for border and internal security.

15. Persons in command who have served the established period in one special rank and have not received the next rank (negative certification, etc.) can be left in the same rank for up to 2 years.

If, after this period, the commanding staff does not deserve promotion in rank, then they are transferred to another job while maintaining the previously assigned rank or are transferred to the reserve of the Main Directorate of State Security of the NKVD of the USSR.

16. Reduction in special ranks is allowed only in exceptional cases and only by orders of the People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the USSR, and in respect of persons in command who have the special rank of commissar of state security of the 3rd rank and above - only by special decree of the government of the USSR.

17. Special ranks are for life for each person in command. Deprivation of a special rank can be made only by a court verdict, announced by order of the People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the USSR. The deprivation of a special rank - a commissar of state security of the 3rd rank and above, is carried out by a court verdict approved by the government of the USSR.

Chapter 4. INSIGNIA

18. The following insignia are established for the commanding staff of the Main Directorate of State Security and its local bodies:

a) two sleeve truncated triangles of red color - sergeant of state security;

b) three sleeve truncated triangles of red color - junior lieutenant of state security;

c) one sleeve star embroidered with silver - lieutenant of state security;

d) two sleeve stars embroidered with silver - senior lieutenant of state security;

e) three sleeve stars embroidered with silver - captain of state security;

f) one sleeve star embroidered with gold - major of state security;

g) two sleeve stars embroidered with gold - senior major of state security;

h) three sleeve stars embroidered with gold - commissioner of state security of the 3rd rank;

i) four sleeve stars embroidered with gold, one of them at the bottom is the commissioner of state security of the 2nd rank;

j) four sleeve stars embroidered with gold, one of them at the top is the commissioner of state security of the 1st rank;

Note. Rank insignia is worn on both sleeves.

For the entire commanding staff of the GUGB, a special sleeve insignia of an approved sample is established. The badge is worn on the left sleeve.

Persons of the commanding staff of the GUGB wear a longitudinal tourniquet on their buttonholes, namely:

a) silver tourniquet - sergeant, junior lieutenant, lieutenant, senior lieutenant and captain;

b) a golden tourniquet - major, senior major, commissar of state security of the 3rd, 2nd and 1st rank.

Candidates for the rank, probationers in junior operational positions, wear the uniform established for the commanding staff of the GUGB with a silver longitudinal cord, but without insignia and sleeve insignia.

A blue tourniquet on the buttonholes, but without insignia on the sleeves, is worn by cadets of the schools of the Main Directorate of State Security and the courier corps.

19. The wearing by the commanding staff of insignia that do not correspond to the special rank assigned personally is punishable by law.

Note. The commanding staff of the reserve and retired wear buttonholes (Articles 41, 48, 49) with a special distinctive patch on the buttonholes, a detailed description of which is given in the instructions of the NKVD of the USSR on the application of this "Regulation ".

Chapter 5. PROCEDURE FOR APPOINTMENT TO POSITIONS

20. All managerial and operational positions of the commanding staff are divided into categories corresponding to the established special ranks.

Each special rank corresponds to a certain category of posts indicated by the People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the USSR in the instructions for the application of this "Regulation."

Appointment to senior positions within the category corresponding to the special rank of the appointed person is carried out in an attestation procedure for vacant vacancies.

21. Promotion to the positions of the next category is carried out, as a rule, with the receipt of the next rank.

Notes: 1. In some cases, in the absence of vacancies or due to special conditions, a person promoted to the next rank may be left in his position without prejudice to his further promotion in the rank.

2. If there are vacancies, a well-certified person of the commanding staff may be admitted to the position of the highest category, remaining in his rank.

22. The transfer of persons in command from higher positions to lower ones is allowed:

a) when transferred to a less responsible job in the certification procedure;

b) if necessary, transfer for health reasons;

c) in case of downsizing or reorganization;

d) and in some cases under special conditions caused by the operational situation.

In all cases specified in this article, the displaced retain their ranks.

22. The appointment of persons in command of the positions is carried out:

a) up to and including the operationally authorized - by orders of the heads of the republican, regional and regional departments of the NKVD of the USSR;

b) to all higher positions, including the positions of heads of district and city departments of the NKVD - by order of the People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the USSR.

24. All appointments of the commanding staff (regardless of positions) related to the transfer from one republican, regional (regional) department of the NKVD of the USSR to another, are made by order of the People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the USSR.

25. Temporary removal of persons in command is allowed in exceptional cases and is carried out by order of the heads of the corresponding republican, regional and regional departments of the NKVD of the USSR only in relation to the commanding staff not higher than the operational commissioner, with an immediate report to the People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the USSR on the reasons that caused the application of this measure , and a petition for approval.

All senior officials of the commanding staff of the Main Directorate of State Security can be removed from office only by order of the People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the USSR.

Chapter 6

26. Compulsory service of the commanding staff of the Main Directorate of State Security consists of active service (in personnel and active reserve) and state in reserve of the Main Directorate of State Security of the NKVD of the USSR.

The following time limits for active and compulsory service are established:

a) for those with special ranks: sergeant and junior lieutenant - active service up to 35 years, compulsory service up to 45 years;

b) for those with special ranks: lieutenant, senior lieutenant, captain - active service up to 45 years, compulsory service - up to 50 years;

c) for those with a special rank of major - active service up to 45 years, compulsory service up to 55 years;

d) for the rest of the commanding staff - the term of active service is up to 55 years, compulsory service is up to 60 years.

27. The commanding staff is in active service in the cadres and in the active reserve of the Main Directorate of State Security of the NKVD of the USSR.

28. The current reserve of the Main Directorate of State Security of the NKVD of the USSR consists of the personnel commanding staff of the Main Directorate of State Security, temporarily seconded by orders of the People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the USSR for leadership work in other departments of the NKVD of the USSR (except for the border and internal security).

Note. The assignment of the next special rank to the commanding staff, which is in the active reserve, is carried out with a mandatory one-year stay during the established period of service in direct operational work.

29. Persons of the commanding staff of the Main Directorate of State Security, transferred by order (order) of the People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the USSR to serve in the protection of the Moscow Kremlin and government buildings, are credited to the active reserve of the commanding staff of the Main Directorate of State Security, with the extension of this provision on passing services.

30. Persons in command who have served the established terms of active service in the personnel or in the active reserve of the Main Directorate of State Security are entitled to be transferred to the reserve of the Main Directorate of State Security of the NKVD of the USSR.

31. The People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the USSR has the right to detain certain groups and individuals of commanding staff in active service for periods not exceeding the age limits for compulsory service in the Main Directorate of State Security of the NKVD of the USSR.

32. Persons in command who have served their terms of active service and are detained in the cadres or in the active reserve of the Main Directorate of State Security of the NKVD of the USSR are credited with the length of service for the right to receive a pension in the amount of one year of service for two years for all the time in excess of the established period of active service.

33. The commanding staff of the Main Directorate of State Security of the NKVD of the USSR has the right to receive annual leave. The dates and sequence of vacations are established annually by the People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the USSR.

34. The rights and duties of the commanding staff (disciplinary, administrative, economic and operational) are established by orders and orders of the People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the USSR.

35. The entire commanding and commanding staff of the border and internal guards and the commanding staff of the Main Directorate of State Security of the NKVD of the USSR is senior in relation to the junior in military and, accordingly, special rank, the commanding and commanding staff of the border and internal guards and the commanding staff of the Main Directorate of State Security, with the exception of those cases when they are subordinate to the junior in rank in the order of service.

36. All persons in the commanding staff of the Main Directorate of State Security, starting from the senior lieutenant and above, are the chiefs in relation to the entire private, junior command and commanding staff of the border and internal guards of the NKVD of the USSR.

Chapter 7. DISMISSAL OF THE COMMANDING STAFF FROM THE REAL SERVICE OF THE GUGB NKVD

37. The dismissal of the commanding staff from the personnel and the current reserve of the Main Directorate of State Security is carried out on the basis of length of service in active service (Chapter 6 of this "Regulation") and due to illness, and can also be done:

a) in the attestation procedure for official non-compliance;

b) for the inability to use due to downsizing or reorganization.

38. In addition, in some cases, the reasons for dismissal may be:

a) the verdict of the court or the decision of the Special Meeting of the NKVD of the USSR

b) arrest by the judicial authorities;

c) the inability to use at work in the Main Directorate of State Security.

39. Depending on the reason for the dismissal, age and state of health, those dismissed from the staff and the current reserve of the Main Directorate of State Security can either be credited to the reserve of the Main Directorate of State Security, or dismissed from the Main Directorate of State Security altogether, with deregistration, if how:

a) the commanding staff, dismissed from active service from the Main Directorate of State Security, who has not reached the age limit for compulsory service (Chapter 6 of this "Regulations");

b) a commanding staff who has reached the age limit for compulsory service or is recognized for health reasons unfit for service both in peacetime and in wartime, as well as sentenced by a court or a Special Conference of the NKVD of the USSR to imprisonment.

40. Persons in command of the staff and the active reserve dismissed altogether from the Main Directorate of State Security with an exception from the register due to age or illness, as well as persons in the commanding staff of the reserve who were removed from the register of the reserve of the Main Directorate of State Security for the same reasons, are credited for retirement, with the preservation of the special ranks assigned to them with the addition of the word "retired" (retired state security major, retired state security commissioner of the 3rd rank, etc.).

41. Persons in command who are retired are allowed to wear uniforms, but without insignia.

With the permission of the People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the USSR, retired individuals may be granted the right to wear uniforms with insignia.

These persons are issued special certificates by the People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs of the USSR for the right to wear uniforms with insignia.

42. The dismissal of persons in command from the cadre and the active reserve of the Main Directorate of State Security due to illness is carried out according to the decisions of the medical expert commissions, approved by the Central Medical Expert Commission of the Main Directorate of State Security of the NKVD of the USSR, orders of the People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the USSR.

43. Persons in command who have been prosecuted without arrest as a preventive measure are dismissed from the cadre or the active reserve of the Main Directorate of State Security from the moment the conviction of the court or the decision of the Special Meeting of the NKVD of the USSR enters into legal force, if any entails imprisonment.

44. Not a single person in the commanding staff of the Main Directorate of State Security may be arrested by investigative and judicial bodies without the special permission of the People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the USSR.

Note. This article does not apply to disciplinary arrests.

45. The dismissal of the commanding staff from the cadres of the Main Directorate of State Security is carried out exclusively by orders of the People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the USSR.

Chapter 8 PROCEDURE FOR ASSIGNING SPECIAL RANKS TO THE OFFICIAL STAFF IN THE GUGB RESERVE

46. For persons dismissed from the cadre and the current reserve of the GUGB to the reserve after the release of this "Regulation", their last special ranks are retained.

47. Persons in command of the reserve, dismissed from the staff of the Main Directorate of State Security before the release of this "Regulation", the assignment of special ranks is carried out in the following order:

a) ranks are assigned to them by orders of the People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the USSR, after passing special training camps or retraining courses, on the basis of seniority in the Main Directorate of State Security and certification;

b) the sequence and procedure for passing the commanding staff of the reserve through special collections and retraining courses are established by the People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the USSR;

c) The People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the USSR is granted the right to confer special ranks on certain persons in the commanding staff of the reserve without passing the fees and courses indicated in paragraph "a".

48. The commanding staff of the GUGB reserve is allowed to wear uniforms and insignia only during their training camps, retraining courses and during recruitment for temporary operational work.

The rest of the time, these persons in command are allowed to wear uniforms, but without insignia.

49. By special permission of the People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the USSR, individuals in the reserve may be granted the right to wear uniforms with insignia and outside training camps and retraining courses.

These persons are issued special certificates by the People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs of the USSR for the right to wear uniforms with insignia.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Commissioner of State Security 1st rank- a special rank of the highest commanding staff in the state security bodies of the USSR - the NKVD of the USSR.

Previous lower rank: Commissar of State Security 2nd rank. Next higher rank: General Commissioner for State Security.

Corresponded to the military ranks of commander of the 1st rank, army commissar of the 1st rank, fleet flagship of the 1st rank (1935-1943), general of the army, admiral of the fleet (1943-1945).

In total, this special title was awarded to nine heads of state security agencies. All of them were shot: 7 - during the years of mass Stalinist repressions, 2 - after the death of I.V. Stalin.

List of state security commissioners of the 1st rank

Positions are given at the time of awarding a special title

11/26/1935 - Agranov, Yakov Saulovich (1893-1938), Deputy People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the USSR, shot
11/26/1935 - Balitsky, Vsevolod Apollonovich (1892-1937), People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the Ukrainian SSR, was shot
11/26/1935 - Deribas, Terenty Dmitrievich (1883-1938), head of the NKVD Directorate for the Far East, shot
11/26/1935 - Zakovsky, Leonid Mikhailovich (1894-1938), head of the NKVD Directorate for Leningrad, shot
11/26/1935 - Prokofiev, Georgy Evgenievich (1895-1937), Deputy People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the USSR, shot
11/26/1935 - Redens, Stanislav Frantsevich (1892-1940), head of the NKVD Directorate for the Moscow Region, was shot
07/05/1936 - Blagonravov, Georgy Ivanovich (1895-1938), head of the Main Directorate for the Construction of Highways of the NKVD of the USSR, was shot
09/11/1938 - Beria, Lavrenty Pavlovich (1899-1953), First Deputy People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the USSR, since 1941 - General Commissar of State Security, since 1945 - Marshal of the Soviet Union, shot
02/04/1943 - Merkulov, Vsevolod Nikolaevich (1895-1953), First Deputy People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the USSR, since 1945 - Army General, shot

Insignia

The provisions and regulations governing the ranks and insignia of the NKVD are discussed in the main article.

The insignia of the commissioner of state security of the 1st rank since 1937 - four sleeve stars embroidered with gold - three in a row, the fourth is higher in the center. Rank insignia is worn on both sleeves.
A special sleeve insignia of an approved sample, which is worn on the left sleeve.
Maroon buttonholes with a longitudinal gold braid-clearance.
On April 30, 1936, by order of the NKVD, the sleeve insignia of employees were also duplicated on buttonholes.
In 1937, buttonholes were introduced for certified employees of the GUGB, similar to those in the army: for state security commissars of the 1st rank, the stars were replaced with "diamonds", above which there was one gold star (similar to army commissars of the 1st rank).
In March 1943, shoulder straps were introduced for state security officers. The insignia of the commissioner of state security of the 1st rank were shoulder straps of a general type with 4 stars, similar to the shoulder straps of an army general.

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An excerpt characterizing the Commissar of State Security of the 1st rank

On May 29, Napoleon left Dresden, where he stayed for three weeks, surrounded by a court made up of princes, dukes, kings, and even one emperor. Before leaving, Napoleon treated the princes, kings and the emperor who deserved it, scolded the kings and princes with whom he was not completely satisfied, presented his own, that is, pearls and diamonds taken from other kings, to the Empress of Austria and, tenderly embracing the Empress Marie Louise, as his historian says, he left her with a bitter separation, which she - this Marie Louise, who was considered his wife, despite the fact that another wife remained in Paris - seemed unable to endure. Despite the fact that diplomats still firmly believed in the possibility of peace and worked diligently towards this goal, despite the fact that Emperor Napoleon himself wrote a letter to Emperor Alexander, calling him Monsieur mon frere [Sovereign brother] and sincerely assuring that he did not want war and that he would always love and respect him - he rode to the army and gave new orders at each station, aimed at hastening the movement of the army from west to east. He rode in a road carriage drawn by a six, surrounded by pages, adjutants and an escort, along the road to Posen, Thorn, Danzig and Koenigsberg. In each of these cities, thousands of people greeted him with awe and delight.
The army moved from west to east, and variable gears carried him there. On June 10, he caught up with the army and spent the night in the Vilkovis forest, in an apartment prepared for him, on the estate of a Polish count.
The next day, Napoleon, having overtaken the army, drove up to the Neman in a carriage and, in order to inspect the area of the crossing, changed into a Polish uniform and drove ashore.
Seeing on the other side the Cossacks (les Cosaques) and the spreading steppes (les Steppes), in the middle of which was Moscou la ville sainte, [Moscow, the holy city,] the capital of that, similar to the Scythian, state, where Alexander the Great went, - Napoleon, unexpectedly for everyone and contrary to both strategic and diplomatic considerations, ordered an offensive, and the next day his troops began to cross the Neman.
On the 12th, early in the morning, he left the tent that had been pitched that day on the steep left bank of the Neman, and looked through the telescope at the streams of his troops emerging from the Vilkovissky forest, spilling over three bridges built on the Neman. The troops knew about the presence of the emperor, looked for him with their eyes, and when they found a figure in a frock coat and hat separated from the retinue on the mountain in front of the tent, they threw their hats up, shouted: “Vive l" Empereur! [Long live the emperor!] - and alone for others, without being exhausted, flowed out, all flowed out of the huge forest that had hidden them hitherto, and, upset, crossed over three bridges to the other side.
- On fera du chemin cette fois ci. Oh! quand il s "en mele lui meme ca chauffe… Nom de Dieu… Le voila!.. Vive l" Empereur! Les voila donc les Steppes de l "Asie! Vilain pays tout de meme. Au revoir, Beauche; je te reserve le plus beau palais de Moscou. Au revoir! Bonne chance… L" as tu vu, l "Empereur? Vive l" Empereur!.. preur! Si on me fait gouverneur aux Indes, Gerard, je te fais ministre du Cachemire, c "est arrete. Vive l" Empereur! Vive! vive! vive! Les gredins de Cosaques, comme ils filent. Vive l "Empereur! Le voila! Le vois tu? Je l" ai vu deux fois comme jete vois. Le petit caporal ... Je l "ai vu donner la croix a l" un des vieux ... Vive l "Empereur! here they are, Asian steppes... But a bad country. Goodbye, Boche. I'll leave you the best palace in Moscow. Goodbye, I wish you success. Have you seen the emperor? Hooray! If they make me governor in India, I will make you minister of Kashmir... Hooray! Emperor here he is! See him? I saw him twice since you. Little corporal... I saw how he hung a cross on one of the old men... Hurrah, emperor!] - said the voices of old and young people, of the most diverse characters and positions in society. all the faces of these people had one common expression of joy at the start of the long-awaited campaign and delight and devotion to the man in the gray frock coat standing on the mountain.
On June 13, Napoleon was given a small thoroughbred Arabian horse, and he sat down and galloped to one of the bridges across the Neman, constantly deafened by enthusiastic cries, which he obviously endured only because it was impossible to forbid them to express their love for him with these cries; but these cries, accompanying him everywhere, weighed him down and distracted him from the military care that had seized him from the time he joined the army. He crossed one of the bridges that swayed on boats to the other side, turned sharply to the left and galloped towards Kovno, preceded by the enthusiastic guards chasseurs, who were dying with happiness, clearing the way for the troops galloping ahead of him. Having approached the wide river Viliya, he stopped near the Polish uhlan regiment, which stood on the shore.

State Security Commissioner

Alexander Bondarenko

It would seem that much can be said about a man who, just before the Great Patriotic War, turned 30 years old and who fought for exactly two months and one day? A different reader, "prepared" by numerous publications that in 1941 we only retreated and surrendered, will decide that there is nothing to tell at all; besides, at the beginning of the war, thirty years is, at the most, a precocious regimental commander ... However, skeptics will be mistaken, and the fate of Anatoly Nikolaevich Mikheev is the clearest confirmation of this.

In 1932 he graduated from the Leningrad Military Engineering School, commanded a sapper platoon, studied again - first at the 4th NKVD Border School, then at the Kuibyshev Military Engineering Academy of the Red Army. In February 1939, Anatoly headed the Special Department of the NKVD of the USSR of the Orel Military District, then, in August of the same year, the Kyiv Special District. It seems that there is no need to explain in detail the reasons for such a sudden career growth: the Chekists were first thoroughly affected by repressions, and then by the "fight against distortions." But, by the way, it was just before the war that a lot of very intelligent young people came to the ranks of the state security agencies, who soon managed not only to surpass the Abwehr and the 6th SD Directorate, but even outplayed the special services of our allies in some way. However, that's another topic...

A year later, Mikheev was transferred to the head of a department in the central apparatus of the GUGB NKVD, and in February 1941, with the rank of commissar of state security of the 3rd rank, he became head of the 3rd Directorate of the People's Commissariat of Defense of the USSR - that was how military counterintelligence transferred from composition of the NKVD in the military department.

July 17, 1941 Anatoly was appointed head of the Special Department of the Southwestern Front. This should not be considered a downgrade: in those days when the German command was trying to realize the plans of the blitzkrieg and the fate of our country was at stake, the most reliable, the best were sent to the active army. Suffice it to say that at the same time, Chief of the General Staff General of the Army Zhukov was appointed Commander of the Reserve Front...

Commissar of State Security Mikheev arrived at his destination on July 20 - just three weeks before the deadline set by Hitler for the capture of Kyiv. The fact that the capital of Ukraine should be taken on September 10, the prisoners spoke during interrogations ...

Subsequently, Marshal of the Soviet Union Ivan Khristoforovich Bagramyan, who fought along with Mikheev, recalled in his memoirs the words of Anatoly Nikolaevich that the place of the Chekist in war conditions is in the most dangerous areas of the fight against the enemy.

He can and should fight like a soldier, but at the same time he has never the right to forget about his main duties.

And therefore, on the very first day, Mikheev, taking with him adjutant Pyatkov, employee Belousov and senior detective Goryushko, went to the front line. At the position of one of the companies, from which only 8 people remained after ten enemy attacks that day, Mikheev’s group had a chance to participate in repelling the next, already eleventh, German tank attack, and Goryushko managed to set fire to two tanks with bundles of grenades. Mikheev wanted to feel for himself the psychological state of the fighter at the time of the fascist attack and, without intermediaries, evaluate the operational work on the front line.

After returning to the nearest rear, the head of the Special Department of the South-Western Front gathered the operational staff and brought one of the main requirements of the State Defense Committee to military counterintelligence officers: to work together with commanders and political workers to maintain high combat and morale of the troops. It probably sounds official now, but then, when it suddenly turned out that we weren’t very good at fighting, and therefore the German was hitting us not so much with numbers, but with the competent use of his equipment and weapons, our fighters and commanders needed to believe in their strength, remember what they are fighting for, and be able to stop the enemy. At any cost, by all means!

The enemy also understood this, and therefore they did everything possible to sow panic in the ranks of our retreating troops, aggravate chaos and disorder, and disorganize the leadership of subunits, units and formations. Mikheev believed that military counterintelligence officers should be able to counteract these aspirations of the enemy, for which, first of all, it was necessary to identify and neutralize enemy agents. He personally developed a number of operations to destroy enemy spies and saboteurs and led them.

Already on the second day of his stay in the troops - July 21, following a directive from Moscow, Anatoly Nikolayevich ordered the formation of several dozen operational groups to assist the front command in restoring order in the front line. Operational groups ensured order at the crossings across the Dnieper and at railway stations adjacent to the front line; military security officers contributed to the advancement of trains and transports with weapons, ammunition and personnel to the front line, and with the wounded, children, women and the elderly - to the rear ... It is worth noting that this work was organized on the South-Western front earlier than on other fronts, and the undoubted merit in this belonged to the Commissar of State Security Mikheev.

And here's another point: when making films about the beginning of the war, our "filmmakers" love to show how "ruthless special officers" shoot faltering, retreating fighters. Of course, and it was, but usually as an extreme, necessary measure. Meanwhile, on the instructions of Mikheev, the operatives formed military units of 40-60 people from the Red Army soldiers and commanders of the retreating units and sent them to the front line. The first shock passed, people came to their senses and, without coercion, went to fight and die. And just like everyone else, the military counterintelligence officers themselves went into battle.

Here is what Mikheev told the Chekists: “When the enemy breaks through the defense and is forced to withdraw, the operative is obliged to prevent panic, flight, confusion. He has the right only to an organized withdrawal in battle formations. In any case, he must set a personal example of courage and perseverance... An army Chekist at a critical moment in the battle must replace a commander who has fallen out of action, not to mention a political instructor.

The fact that by the end of July the command of the Southwestern Front managed to significantly change the mood of the troops and prevent the surrender of the capital of Ukraine to the enemy was a considerable merit of the Chekists, and first of all the head of the Special Front Department Anatoly Nikolaevich Mikheev.

On August 9, about 30 German tanks and an infantry regiment, having broken through the defenses on the left flank of the Kyiv fortified area, captured the Sovki farm, a suburb of Kyiv. This meant a real threat of the Germans entering the city, capturing bridges across the Dnieper, encircling Soviet troops west of Kyiv. The task of destroying the enemy was entrusted to the landing brigade of Colonel Rodimtsev and the 206th rifle division - or rather, to what was left of it after fierce battles ...

In those conditions, it was possible to raise people to the attack only by personal example, and then the front commander, Colonel-General Mikhail Petrovich Kirponos, turned to the head of the Special Department.

Commissar of State Security Mikheev, together with operatives Petrov and Goryushko, arrived at the location of the units to help the commanders prepare them for battle. Anatoly Nikolaevich, a man with an academic military education, took over direct control of the operation. In that battle, Petrov was seriously wounded, and Goryushko carried him to the rear, and then, returning, replaced the dead machine gunner. The group of Germans was destroyed. Thus, the Fuhrer's order to seize Kyiv on September 10 remained unfulfilled.

On August 21, the Nazis delivered a powerful blow to the right flank of the front and broke through it, developing the offensive. On September 14, the front headquarters, the Military Council and the Special Department were surrounded. On the evening of September 19, on the orders of Mikheev, all the operatives - 62 people - gathered on the southern outskirts of the village of Gorodishchi. The head of the Special Department announced the decision of the commander: to break out of the encirclement. Two breakthrough groups were formed: the first - from the Chekists, the second - from the border guards. The combat mission of the Chekist platoon was personally set by the chief of staff of the front, General Vasily Ivanovich Tupikov, who ended the briefing with the words:

If you manage to break through the German encirclement, then the Military Council will follow you, and if you lay down your heads here, then the Motherland will not forget you!

Seven employees of the Special Department, headed by Mikheev, remained with the front command. Having lost 10 people, the Chekists broke through the encirclement, crossed the Mnoga River and went to the village of Melekhi, where they joined up with the border guards. 2 border guards were sent to the Military Council with a report that the path from the Settlements was free.

However, due to a malfunction of the bridges, the front command was unable to cross Mnoga, and therefore the Kirponos detachment, in which Mikheev also followed, had to deviate west from the route that the Chekists had taken.

On the morning of September 20, the commander ordered his detachment, which numbered about 800 people, to take cover in the Shumeikovo tract in order to continue the breakthrough at night. But a German reconnaissance aircraft appeared. After some time, the tract was surrounded on all sides by enemy tanks and infantry, the Nazis opened artillery and mortar fire. The battle went on for a whole day.

The security officers Pyatkov, Goryushko, Belotserkovsky, the chief of staff of the 5th army, General Pisarevsky, died, raising the Red Army in counterattacks ... More than once, Commissar of State Security Mikheev, divisional commissars Rykov and Nikishev, generals Potapov, Tupikov and the commander of the front, Colonel General himself, led people into battle Kirponos. Counterattacks ended in furious hand-to-hand combat, but our fighters could not break through the many times superior forces of the Nazis.

In one of the counterattacks, Anatoly Nikolaevich was wounded in the leg, and therefore then he went hand-to-hand, leaning on a stick. In one of the fights, he destroyed 8 fascist soldiers from his Mauser. With his courage and heroism, the Commissar of State Security inspired commanders and Red Army soldiers. The Chekists, commanders and Red Army men who were with him constantly saw the head of the Special Department next to them ...

Throughout the day, the encircled detachment of Kirponos desperately repelled fascist attacks, and in the late afternoon, the commander of the troops of the front, Kirponos, ordered Mikheev to form a group for a new attempt to break out of the encirclement. But then fate made its cruel adjustments: a few hours later, the commander of the Southwestern Front, Colonel General Kirponos, the chief of staff, General Tupikov, and other generals and officers of the 5th Army died heroically. Mikheev assumed command of the remnants of the detachment.

It was clear that it was necessary to break through, and therefore, on the night of September 21, Anatoly Nikolayevich's group fought their way out of the tract and headed in the direction of the village of Zhdany, Senchansky district. During the breakthrough, Mikheev was wounded in the head by a fragment of a mine.

The morning of September 21 found the group two kilometers southwest of the village, and here on the field, in shocks, it was decided to wait for the evening. But after a while, six German tanks appeared and near a platoon of soldiers, who began to set fire to the shocks and shoot the Red Army soldiers running out of them.

Despite the injury, Mikheev continued to lead the surviving Chekists, who began to retreat to the ravine with a fight ... But they failed to leave - soon the ravine was surrounded by the enemy, and here the Chekists took their last battle. Shooting back to the last bullet, 3rd-rank state security commissar Anatoly Nikolayevich Mikheev, his deputy senior state security major Yakunchikov, divisional commissar Nikishev, head of the Special Department of the 5th Army, state security major Belotserkovsky, and several other border guards heroically died. Now, at the place where the Chekists took their last battle, there is a monument.

... The thirty-year-old head of the Special Department of the South-Western Front, Anatoly Mikheev, fought for only two months. But how much these months "weigh" on the scales of History!

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