Communicative qualities of speech (quality of good speech). Topics of practical classes in the course Russian language and culture of speech

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Brevity of speech. This is the ability to convey a thought in the least number of words, without duplicating them. Stylistically, it is not correct if what has already been said is repeated, or what is already clear is explained.

Completeness of speech. The disadvantage of speech, the opposite of brevity, is incompleteness. The reason for this error is that the writer transfers the skills of oral colloquial speech into the text. So with visual contact, many expressions are understandable and do not require additional explanation. The writing process, on the other hand, presupposes a more complete and detailed expression of thought.

Logic of speech. Under the logic of speech can be understood, on the one hand, the natural course of reasoning and conclusions, on the other hand, rationality, internal regularity in the construction of the text. Thus, the logic of the output and the logic of the text are assumed.

The abstract ends with a list of references.

The last stage of work on the abstract is either its defense in the form of a speech during the seminar, or the abstract is submitted to the teacher for verification.

The abstract is either printed on a computer or written by hand.

The title page of the abstract is drawn up in accordance with the sample.

The volume of the abstract should be 10–12 A4 pages typed (written) on one side of the sheet.

Typing is carried out using the Word editor, Times New Roman font 14 pt, line spacing should be 1 point. Paragraph indent - 1.25 mm.

The following margins are set: top and bottom - 20 mm, left - 30 mm, right - 10 mm. The main text of the abstract is justified in width.

The print font must be straight, light, clear, black, the same throughout the text of the abstract. To focus on definitions, terms, important points, you can use computer features: italic, bold, italic bold, underlining, and more.

The headings of the structural parts of the abstract "introduction", "chapter", "conclusion", "literature" are printed in capital letters in the middle of the lines using a bold font 2 points larger than the font of the main text.

Section headings are printed in lowercase letters in bold type 1 point larger than the font of the main text (Example: "Architecture of Belarus in the 16th-18th centuries").

Do not put a dot at the end of headings of chapters, sections and subsections. If the heading consists of two or more sentences, they are separated by a dot(s).

The distance between the heading (except for the heading of the paragraph) and the text should be 2 line spacing. If there is no text between two headings, then the distance between them is set to 1 line spacing. The distance between the title and the text after which the title follows should be 3 line spacing.

Pages are numbered in Arabic numerals. The first page of the abstract is the title page, which is included in the general pagination of the abstract. On the title page, the page number is not put; on subsequent sheets, the number is put down in the center of the bottom of the sheet without a dot at the end.

The list of used literature is placed at the end of the work. It contains bibliographic entries either in alphabetical order or as references appear in the text. Bringing the same work in the list of references is allowed only once.

An example of a list of references for an abstract

Source characteristic	Design example
	Bardakh Y. Studies on the History of Vyalikag of the Lithuanian Principality. - Minsk: TAA "POLITMAG Printing House", 2002. - 459 p.
	Bardakh Yu., Lesnodorsky B., Pietrchak M. History of the state and law of Poland. - M.: "Legal Literature", 1980. - 559 p.
	Syam’ya and family life of Belarus / pad red. VK. Bandarchyk [і іnsh.]. fall aguln. red. VK. Bandarchyka - Mn.: Science and technology, 1990. - 256 p.
Chapter from a book	Chakvin I.U. Ethnagraphy of the Belarusian epoch of Skaryna: syameny and hramadski life, material and spiritual culture // Skaryna and yago epoch / fall. red. V.A. Chamyarytskaga - Minsk: Science and technology, 1990. - 280 p.
Separate volume of the multi-volume edition	Belarusians: in 9 vols. T. 5: Syam’ya / V.K. Bandarchyk, G.M. Kurylovich T.I. Cuharonac; pad red. VK. Bandarchyk [і іnsh.]. – Minsk: Bel. Navuka, 2001. - 375 p.
Magazine article	Dzyarnovich A. Yes, the problems of the act as a recognizable krynitsa: the dual-legal right-wing of the late XV - the first palovy of the XVI stage in Central and Desolate Europe // Archives and right-wing. - 2000. - No. 5. – S. 86–92.
Article from the ongoing edition	Slizh, N. Shlyakhetsky testaments 16–17 centuries/N. Slizh, M. Gardzeev // Historical almanac. - Garodnya, 2000. - T. 3. - C. 89–110.
Articles from collections of abstracts and conference materials	Slizh, N. St. International Shlyub: attack from the ship's right, 1583/N. Сліж // Actual problems from the historical past and present in the socio-humanitarian and socio-religious sciences of Belarus, near and far abroad: materials of the international. scientific-theoretical. conf. in 3 hours. Part 2., Vitebsk, April 19–20, 2007 / Vitebsk State Educational Institution. un-t im. P.M. Masherova"; ed. V.A. Kosmach and [others]. - Vitebsk, 2007. - S. 152-153.
Remote Access Resources	Eike from Repkov Saxon mirror. In 2 hours. Part 1: Zemstvo law. In 3 books. Book. 3. /per. L.I. Dembo. - M.: Nauka, - 1985. - [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://www.vostlit.info/Texts/ Dokumenty/Germany/XIII/Sachsenspiegel/frametext3.htm. – Date of access: 01/08/2007

New about pedagogy:

Experimental work and its results
Technologies for using elements of the project methodology in the system of educational and extracurricular activities in the module "Mass Media" for 2nd year students of the TEF, State Technical University of Komsomolsk-on-Amur: As a result...

Independent work of students in the technology of modular-rating education
The existing traditional technology of studying in schools, which is built on passive informational, semantic and learning methods, does not stimulate the systematic independent learning activities of students. Therefore, the learning process must be...

This is a very important chapter. “The secret of the boring is to say everything” (Voltaire). In one report, we will never exhaust our topic, but only exhaust the patience of our listeners. Luther's advice to a young preacher: “If they stand up and open their mouths wider, then people plug their ears. Much more is preached in a quarter of an hour than in 10 years. If you feel that people are listening more diligently, immediately end your sermon. That's when you'll have listeners." Luther dismissed rhetoric as seeking to skilfully embellish things with words. He opposed verbose rhetoric and in one drinking speech he said: “If they engage in rhetoric and use many words without having a foundation, then there is nothing behind it, it is only a decorated thing, a carved and painted idol.”

Luther showed the difference between a parsimonious dialectic and verbose rhetoric with the following example: “Dialectic says: give me something to eat; the rhetoric says: I have been on a difficult path all day, I am tired, sick, hungry, and so on, I have nothing to eat; give me at least a piece of meat, well-done, give me a mug of beer to drink.

Mark Twain said that he once liked a missionary preacher so much that he decided to donate a dollar to him. The sermon had been going on for an hour, and Mark Twain lowered his alms by half a dollar. The sermon went on for another half an hour, and he decided that he would not give anything. When the priest finally finished two hours later, Mark Twain took a dollar off the begging plate to make up for his lost time.

The ancient Spartans were enemies of verbosity. Once, during a time of famine, a messenger from another city asked for a sack of grain for a long time. The Spartan refused him: "We forgot the beginning of your speech, and therefore did not understand its end."

The second messenger showed an empty bag and only said: “You see: it is empty; please put something in it." The Spartan fulfilled his wish, but not without teaching: “Next time, speak shorter. That the bag is empty, we see. You don't have to mention filling it up."

"Beware of verbosity!" This last statement is true today. “To be stingy with words, you need to master the fullness of understanding. But this fullness is achieved by long, persistent reflection, which the ancestors called meditation ”(Naumann).

♦ “True eloquence consists in saying all that is necessary; but say only what is necessary” (La Rochefoucauld in his Maxims).

Verbosity equals boredom. The most devastating criticism of a speech that I know is contained in one sentence: "The report began at eight, when at eleven I looked at my watch, it was half past nine." The boring speaker was never appreciated anywhere. “Dear friend,” the political opponent said sarcastically to the overly silent Shaftesbury (1671-1713). - You did not open your mouth at any meeting of Parliament! "You are mistaken, dear friend," Shaftesbury retorted imperturbably. “While you were talking, I was yawning.”

It was reported from Argentina (1962) that the politician Luis Miguel challenged one doctor to a duel - to fight with sabers. Reason: Miguel found out that a doctor was prescribing his speeches to his patients as sleeping pills.

One British prime minister closed his eyes during a boring speech. Speaker: "I think the Honorable Prime Minister has fallen asleep." He slowly opened his eyes and sighed heavily: "How I wish it was."

And today in some countries soporific long speeches are practiced. At the party congress of the Christian Democrats in January 1962 in Naples, party secretary Moro spoke for six hours. The record holder for "long speeches" in Germany was the deputy Antriku: in 1911, in the Reichstag, he held an eight-hour oratory day. But then this record was broken by his Austrian colleague Leher, who spoke “without periods and commas” in the Reichstag on the land of beautiful Vienna for 14 hours. To avoid further records, the performance time was limited.

They say, most likely jokingly: the speaker is allowed to talk about everything in the world, but not more than an hour. And the Evangelist Matthew warns, quoting a speech

Christ to the Pharisees: “I tell you that for every idle word that people say, they will give an answer on the day of judgment” (Mat. 12, verse 36).

You can speak much shorter and more expressively thanwe are thinking. The speech should not replace the book. We easily put too much into speech. A long speech is not always the result of the speaker's verbosity, but very often the result of insufficient preparation.

“This letter is longer than usual, because I did not have time to make it shorter,” Pascal once admitted to a friend. Instead of "writing" you can often say "speech".

And think about the old theatrical wisdom when composing a speech: what is crossed out cannot fail.

"Speak briefly!" - so it is written in booths for phones. This reminder should not only be posted in the meeting rooms, but should be taken seriously.

but embellish things with words. He opposed verbose rhetoric and in one drinking speech he said: “If they engage in rhetoric and use many words without having a foundation, then there is nothing behind it, it is only a decorated thing, a carved and painted idol.”

♦ “True eloquence consists in saying all that is necessary; but say only what is necessary” (La Rochefoucauld in his Maxims).

They say, most likely jokingly: the speaker is allowed to talk about everything in the world, but not more than an hour. And the Evangelist Matthew warns, quoting a speech

Christ to the Pharisees: “I tell you that for every idle word that people say, they will give an answer on the day of judgment” (Mat. 12, verse 36).

It is possible to speak much shorter and more expressively than we think. The speech should not replace the book. We easily put too much into speech. A long speech is not always the result of the speaker's verbosity, but very often the result of insufficient preparation.

“This letter is longer than usual, because I did not have time to make it shorter,” Pascal once admitted to a friend. Instead of "writing" you can often say "speech".

Practice shows that especially many ambiguities arise where the author, instead of exact quantitative meanings, uses words and phrases with an indefinite or too generalized meaning. Required:

Strict sequence of presentation(in accordance with the plan and content).

Full consistency between adjacent sentences, especially those located in different paragraphs.

The requirement for the compliance of the given data and statistical calculations with real events and facts.

This means that the scientific text is distinguished by a pragmatic structure. Everything in it is aimed at solving the goal set in the introduction. The means of expression used in the scientific text, first of all, should be distinguished by accuracy, semantic clarity.

Options

Homework

1. What law of classical formal logic is involved in the reasoning: “Normal. This is said when someone is normal and about whom it cannot be said that he is abnormal ”(Shakespeare“ Henry IV ”):

a) identities; b) double negative; c) simple contraposition; d) good reason?

2. Restore the enthymeme: "The moon revolves around the Earth, because the stars revolve around the Earth." Check the correctness of the received simple categorical syllogism in a semantic way.

3. Find out what kind of following there is in the reasoning: "Swans are only white, because until some time European scientists have not met anywhere else."

4. Calculate the probability of the occurrence of events, the statement about which is fixed by the formula (aÉe), subject to the occurrence of the events fixed by the formula (((aÙbÙc)Ée)Ù((aÙd)Ée)Ù((bÙc)ÉØe)Ù((dÙb)ÉØe )).

5. In the reasoning “When the wind blows, the trees sway; when it does not blow, they do not sway; it was found that the wind blows when there are no trees at all; therefore, the swaying of the trees is caused by the wind" method is used:

a) residues; b) the combined method of similarity and difference; c) assimilation; d) accompanying changes.

6. Write in the language of classical predicate logic the statement that is the first implicative judgment in the reasoning given in the previous task.

7. In what relationship are the judgments: A) “All lions are predators”, B) “Some lions are predators”; C) “All snakes are not warm-blooded”, D) “Some fish and not only are they not warm-blooded”?

8. Perform opposition to the subject and opposition to the predicate of statement D from the previous task.

9. Formalize, using the language of classical predicate logic, the reasoning: "Since it is not true that some swans have white plumage, it is true that all swans do not have white plumage." Construct the proof of the obtained formula.

10. What mistake was made when using reasoning in the argumentative process: “The fact that Ivanov did not borrow from Sidorov is obvious, since they never made money transactions with each other”:

a) transition to another genus; b) false grounds; c) from what was said with a condition to what was said unconditionally; d) argument to the person).

11. Determine the type and consistency of the output: "The first pancake was a lump, the second pancake was a lump, the third pancake was a lump, which means that all the pancakes I bake will have the shape of a lump."

12. Name the main types of heuristics used in propositional calculus.

13. Prove that |- (((AÙB)ÉC))É((BÙØC)ÉØA)).

14. The substantive meaning of "logical" in the statement "It is logical that during the full moon the highest tides are observed" corresponds to:

a) logic as a science; b) object logic; c) subjective logic; d) dialectical logic.

15. Make all possible conclusions on the logical square from the judgment given in the previous task.

16. What is the statement "Gneisses are of organic origin":

a) inference by analogy; b) private hypothesis; c) general hypothesis; d) none of the above?

17. Select two incomparable judgments corresponding to the model scheme:

U S + , M +

18. The statement “Any conclusion follows from a false statement” is the formulation:

a) the law of identity; b) the law of carrying the quantifier; c) the law of idempotency; d) the law of Duns Scotus?

1. What conclusion and by what method can be drawn, according to the scheme:

______________ .

2. Determine the form of the formula in a tabular way: ((a&b)Éc)É(aÉ(bÉc)).

3. Restore the enthymeme "All crimes are punishable, so non-payment of taxes is a crime" into a complete syllogism and check its correctness.

4. Errors in the grounds of proof do not include:

a) vicious circle; b) imaginary following; c) basic misconception; d) none of the above.

5. What is the error: "Undoubtedly, this plant is belladonna, because you can easily feel an unpleasant, stupefying smell coming from its flowers."

6. Prove the formula (((cÉa)Ù(dÉb))Ù(ØaÚØb))É(ØcÚØd)) and determine the form of this conclusion.

7. Formulate the rules of evidence-based reasoning related to arguments. Give examples from the practice of public relations.

8. Determine which requirement for the theoretical justification of the hypotheses was violated: “During the civil war in one of the Siberian villages at night, gigantic tar prints began to appear on the gates of peasants who sympathized with Soviet power, which received the nickname “devil's paw”, as the local old women assured that they saw with their own eyes the “enemy of the human race” behind this case. The arranged ambush discovered that the prints were left with the help of a specially tailored giant glove by an ardent opponent of the establishment of Soviet power in this village.

9. The founder of which type of logic is Leibniz:

a) mathematical; b) paraconsistent; c) formal; d) dialectical?

10. Define: 1) complete (untrue) and 2) scientific induction.

11. Formulate the meaning and write down in a diagram: 1) “the rule for introducing a disjunction”; 2) "rule of exclusion of implication".

12. Make all possible conclusions on the logical square from the statement "It is true that they milk chickens in Moscow."

13. Using the language of classical predicate logic, write down the expressions: 1) Anyone who understands the laws of logic can use them; 2) None of the lecturer's listeners forgot the laws of logic.

14. The scheme (AÚØA) expresses the law:

a) good cause; b) an excluded third; c) contrapositions; d) Duns Scott.

15. Semantically confirm or refute the presence of a logical consequence in a simple categorical syllogism, restored according to the requirement of task No. 3.

16. The types of incompatibility of judgments include:

a) identity; b) subcontrarality; c) counterargument; d) submission.

17. Determine the type and consistency of the conclusion: "If the patient has hypotension, then he has low blood pressure, but this patient does not have low blood pressure, then this patient does not have hypotension."

18. The structure of inference by analogy includes:

a) model; b) big package; c) consequent; d) proponent.

1. Formulate the rules of evidence-based reasoning related to the thesis.

2. In the syllogism "Mercury shines with reflected light, since Mercury is a planet, and all planets shine with reflected light" 1) indicate the terms of judgments; 2) define and depict relationships between terms; 3) determine the distribution of terms.

3. Define: 1) the meaning of the concept and 2) the content of the concept.

4. Which of the schemes corresponds to "conversion":

a) S is P ___________________; S not to eat not- P

b) S is P ___________________; not- P is not S

c) S is P ___________ ; P is S

d) not-P is not S ___________________. not-R is not-S.

5. A., wanting to get rid of V., knowing that she cannot swim, buys her a ticket to a resort on the Black Sea in the hope that V. will drown. V. really sinks in the Black Sea. Is there a causal relationship between A's actions and B's death?

6. Determine the type of conclusion: “We had a small quarrel in Budejovice a few years ago at the market,” Schweik said, “and a cattle dealer, a certain Brzhetislav Ludwik, was stabbed. And he had a son, Boguslav, - so where, it happened, he would not come to sell piglets, no one buys anything from him. Everyone used to say: “This is the son of the one who was pierced in the market. Also, I suppose, a decent swindler!” (J. Gashek “The Adventures of the Good Soldier Schweik”).

7. Indicate the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of judgments: 1) All S is P; 2) No S is P. Determine the relationship between these judgments.

8. The reasoning "Since in case of detection of ignorance, its causes should be eliminated, and people are busy eliminating the causes of ignorance, then ignorance has revealed itself" is:

a) sophistry; b) paralogism; c) neither sophism nor paralogism; d) lemma.

9. Construct a proof of the formula (("x"yA(x,y))É("y"x A(x,y))).

10. Perform operations: 1) transformations and 2) opposition to the subject in relation to the judgment "Some judgments are false."

11. Formulate the meaning and write down in a diagram: 1) “the rule for introducing a conjunction”; 2) "the rule of exclusion of negation".

12. Logical constants of propositional logic do not include:

a) concept; b) logical unions; c) comparison; d) propositional negation.

13. Determine the probability of uttering the form (аÉd), when uttering the form (((aÙb)Éd)Ù((aÙс)Éd)).

14. What is the relationship between the concepts of "movement" and "development":

a) identities; b) subordination; c) subordination; d) incomparability?

15. Name the types of hypotheses according to the degree of generality. Give examples from the theory of public relations corresponding to each of these types.

16. The formulas (aÉа) and (aÚØa) are not:

a) identically true; b) well-formed; c) contradictory; d) incompatible.

17. What principle of classical formal logic is violated in the reasoning: “When they say that the state of affairs described in the judgment “not everything is true that is true” corresponds to reality, and the judgment “everything that is true is true” is declared false, then they are mistaken, because they forget about that neither one nor the other is possible.

18. What is the difference between positive syllogistics and negative syllogistics?

1. Using the "logical square" determine the relationship between judgments: 1) Some S are P; 2) Some S are not P.

2. Determine the form of the formula in a tabular way: ((pÉ(qÉr))É((aÙq)Ér)).

3. What method of establishing a causal relationship corresponds to the formula: (((aÚq)ÙØa)Éq)?

4. What is the correct mode I of the PCS figure:

a) EIO; b) AIO; c) AOO; d) OAI?

5. Prove that |- (AÉ(BÉC))Q(BÉ(AÉC)).

6. Whether and why the dilemma is correct: “If a philosopher is a dualist, then he is not a materialist. If a philosopher is a dialectician, then he is not a metaphysician. This philosopher is a materialist or metaphysician. So he is neither a dualist nor a dialectician”?

7. Enthymeme is:

a) compound abbreviated simple categorical syllogism; b) complex categorical syllogism; c) shortened simple categorical syllogism; d) conditional inference.

8. Refute the thesis "No one has read what is written here" by proving the antithesis.

9. Define comparable and incompatible judgments.

10. The founder of which type of logic is Aristotle:

a) dialectical; b) formal; c) mathematical; d) non-classical?

11. Name the input rules in the classical natural calculus of propositions.

12. Express, using the language of classical predicate logic, inferences “by the logical square” in relation to incompatible simple categorical judgments.

13. Isolate: 1) general, 2) particular and 3) single hypotheses: “The ancient Greek philosopher Anaximander believed: the Sun is an earthy body that became hot from its rapid movement; the beginning and foundation of all that exists is a kind of “infinite”; humans are descended from fish.

14. Give a verbal formulation and write down in the form of formulas of classical propositional logic 1) the law of non-contradiction, 2) the law of complex counterposition.

15. Express the logical structure of statements using model diagrams: 1) Some of the planets do not have satellites; 2) Blood vessels are natural organic tubes through which blood moves.

a) predictors; b) proposals; c) quantifiers; d) names of objects.

17. Determine the nature of the following, the type and consistency of the conclusion: “Alexander the Great was persistent and courageous, and Dmitry Donskoy was persistent and courageous, and Kutuzov was persistent and courageous, and Eisenhower was persistent and courageous; since it is known that Alexander the Great, Dmitry Donskoy, Kutuzov and Eisenhower were commanders, then each commander is staunch and courageous.

18. Calculate the conditional probability of concluding the preceding task.

1. Using the "logical square" determine the relationship between the judgments: 1) Some birds are migratory; 2) Some stones don't fall from the sky; 3) Everything that falls from the sky are stones.

2. Determine the form of the formula in a tabular way: ((aÉ(bÉc))É((a&b)Éc)).

3. What method of establishing a causal relationship corresponds to the formula:

(((aÚb)&Øa)Éb).

4. Among the listed modes of the I figure of a simple categorical syllogism, the correct one is:

a) EIO; b) AIO; c) IOE; d) AOO.

5. Which of the schemes corresponds to the "opposition to the subject":

not- P

not- P is not S

d) S is P __________________ . P don't eat not-S

6. The founder of which type of logic is Aristotle:

a) paraconsistent; b) mathematical; c) formal; d) dialectical?

7. Is the conclusion necessary and why: "If some felines are lions, and all lions are predators, then some predators are felines"?

8. Sorit is:

a) an abbreviated simple categorical syllogism; b) complex categorical syllogism; c) disjunctive syllogism; d) abbreviated polysyllogism.

9. A non-strict disjunctive judgment is false if:

a) one of the clauses is false; b) all clauses are true; c) all clauses are false; d) none of the above conditions are met.

10. Give definitions: 1) incomparable, 2) compatible judgments.

11. Prove that |- ((AÉB)ÙA)ÉB).

12. The statement “In reasoning, one can go from the negation of the subsequent to the negation of the previous one” is the formulation:

a) the law of the excluded middle; b) the law of carrying the quantifier; c) the law of idempotency; d) the law of exclusion of implication.

13. Perform the operation: |- Ø$xØP(x,y)É"xP(x,y).

14. What is not part of the argumentation process:

15. What conclusion follows from the premises: “You said that if people are very reasonable in childhood, then in old age they become great fools. And if this is true, then you were an excellent reasoner in infancy. Formalize this discussion.

16. Determine the type of proof and write down the formula of classical propositional logic: “Since the statement that all bodies have a rest mass follows the conclusion that neutrinos have rest mass, which is not the case in reality, then the statement that some bodies do not have mass should be recognized as true rest."

17. Calculate the conditional probability in the statement from the previous task.

18. Determine the type of hypothesis: “At the end of the last century, physicists faced the problem of the radiation of a completely black body, which absorbs all the radiation falling on it and reflects nothing. In order to avoid infinite quantities of radiated energy that have no physical meaning, Planck assumed that energy is not emitted continuously, but in separate discrete portions - quanta.

1. Name the logical operations, with the help of which, as well as with the help of the “comparison” operation, concepts are formed.

2. Analyze the evidence, indicate the errors: “Slavery is a natural institution; all that is natural is just; to destroy what is just will be injustice; therefore, it would be injustice to abolish slavery.”

3. Write down a tabular definition of the truth of implicative judgments.

4. The formula (((aÉb)ÙØa)ÉØb) is:

a) identically true; b) identically false; c) inferential, but not identically true; d) a predicate logic formula.

5. What does the term “logic” mean in the statement “It is logical that life and death are inseparable, because everything exists in the unity and struggle of opposites:

a) the necessary regularity in the relationship of objective phenomena; b) regularities in the connection and development of thoughts; c) science - a certain system of knowledge that considers the logic of thinking; d) an empty concept?

6. What kind of error associated with going beyond the limits of logic is made in the statement “The reader of this task is poorly versed in its problems, because did not read the primary sources on logic, among which one should especially highlight the logical work of Dhyan-Kogan, created by him before the pralaya of the universe that preceded ours”:

7. What law of logic and why is violated in the reasoning “Silence means agree; After all, it’s not in vain that they say that silence is a sign of consent”?

8. What scheme corresponds to the opposition of the predicate? Choose the reasoning that corresponds to the appropriate scheme:

a) S is P __________________ ; S not to eat not- P

b) S is P ___________ ; P is S

c) S is P ___________________; not- P is not S

d) S is not- P_______________ . P yes not- S

9. Judgments of the form E and A cannot be:

a) simultaneously true; b) false at the same time; c) opposite; d) incomparable.

10. Give definitions: 1) subject, 2) judgment predicate.

11. Prove that |- (AÙØA)ÉB.

12. Determine the nature of the following and the type of conclusion “When the wind blows, the trees sway, when the wind does not blow, the trees do not sway. Therefore, the swaying of the trees is caused by the wind." Write down this reasoning with a formula of classical propositional logic.

13. What type of following and type of inference takes place: “The English philosopher G. Spencer believed that the functions of administrative bodies in class societies are similar to those that arise when functions are divided between the organs of a living body”:

a) plausible implication and complete induction; b) deductive reasoning and one of Mill's canons; c) plausible implication and vulgar analogy; d) logical consequence and loose analogy?

14. Identify the structural elements of the argumentation process: “I declare that all living things come from living things, because this is how all organisms known to us appeared and appear, and no one has yet been able to observe or experimentally carry out what is called the spontaneous generation of living things from inorganic matter.”

15. Carry out the operation of reversal in relation to the judgment: "Not everything is legal that is not punishable."

16. Prove the formula: Øx$A(x)É"xØ A(x).

17. Which principle of logic is violated: “It is true that all people are good, and that I myself am undoubtedly an evil being”?

18. Identify the semantic categories in the expression: "We are not given to predict how our word will respond."

1. Write down in the language of classical propositional logic: 1) the disjunction exclusion law; 2) the law of exclusion of implication.

2. Formulate the basic laws (principles) of formal logic.

3. Write down a tabular definition of the truth of disjunctive judgments.

4. What is the relationship between the concepts of "Sun" and "star"?

5. What is not included in the argumentation process:

a) audience; b) thesis; c) proponent; d) opponent?

6. The types of compatibility of judgments include:

a) subordination; b) counterargument; c) contradictoriness; d) incomparability.

7. Restore the enthymeme and check in a semantic way the consistency of the resulting simple categorical syllogism: "All crows are birds, which means they are not sea animals."

8. The formula ((aÉb)Ùa)ÉØb) is:

a) identically true; b) identically false; c) incorrectly built; d) inferential, but not identically true.

9. What type of conclusion should be attributed to: “If, before a real hunt, you stage it, during which it will be possible to accurately hit the dummy of an animal with a hunting weapon, then the real hunt for such an animal will be successful”:

10. Produce 1) opposition to the predicate, 2) reversal of the judgment: "All states are subsystems of society."

11. Prove that |- ((AÚB)ÙB)ÉA).

12. Formalize the reasoning: "If fire and smoke are seen, then this indicates a fire, but if there is fire and no fire, then there is smoke."

13. Find out the conditional probability of the conclusion in the previous task.

14. The reasoning "There is an opinion that the richness of the vocabulary and the flexibility of the grammar of the English language in comparison with any other living languages indicate that English speakers understand the universe more subtly" corresponds to:

a) general hypothesis; b) an axiom; c) single assumption; d) empirical generalization.

15. Translate into the language of judgment predicate logic: 1) “All non-dogmatic philosophers are prone to reasoning”, 2) “Some of the students are part-time students”.

16. Show all model schemes of the AAA mode of a simple categorical syllogism.

17. Prove that: Ø$x(S(x)ÉP(x))ÉØ"(S(x)ÉP(x)).

18. What rules of a simple categorical syllogism are violated: "All collectors are passionate people, and Ivanov is a passionate person, which means Ivanov is a collector."

1. Restore the conclusion to a complete categorical syllogism and check its correctness in a semantic way: "Since all perches are fish and none of the perches are amphibians, and all frogs and tadpoles are amphibians, then not a single perch is a tadpole."

2. Calculate the value of the formula (Ø((ØxÚy)Ùz)Ér) if x is true, y is false, z is false, r is true.

3. Name the methods for establishing a causal relationship.

4. The formula (aÉa) fixes the law:

a) acquisitions; b) identities; c) statements of the consequent; d) de Morgan's law.

5. Errors in the grounds (arguments) of the proof do not include:

a) vicious circle; b) imaginary following; c) basic misconception; d) none of these.

6. By volume, concepts are not divided:

a) incomparable; b) empty; c) general; d) single.

7. Define the term "logical consequence" and give two examples of reasoning in which 1) there is no logical consequence, 2) there is a logical consequence.

8. The formula (Ø "xAº $ xØA) expresses the law:

a) subordination; b) negations of quantifiers; c) an excluded third; d) the law of non-emptiness of the subject area.

9. Give an example of a strict analogy of properties.

10. Which element of the structure of the argument refers to and what is the error expressed by the phrase "This man is wise because he is very old."

11. Select elementary judgments from the statement “Some people like to talk about tomorrow without remembering anything from the past”, indicate the elements of their logical structure and depict the relationship of terms in circular diagrams.

12. Prove that: $xAÚ$xØA.

13. Choose a statement that corresponds to the formula given in the previous task, and select all semantic categories in it.

14. Which of the schemes of direct syllogistic reasoning corresponds to "transformation":

a) S is P __________________ ; S not to eat not- P

b) S is P ___________ ; P is S

c) S is P ___________________; not- P is not S

d) S is P ___________________. P don't eat not-S

15. Set the distribution of the terms of the following judgments:

1) No ignoramus is a man without conceit;

2) Everything good should be rewarded with good.

16. What is the common and what is the difference in the subjective and objective meanings of logic?

17. Formulate rule IV of the figure of a simple categorical syllogism.

18. Define the hypothetical-deductive method.

Control questions for the course

1. The subject and basic concepts of logic.

2. Correlation of thinking, language, logical form and law.

3. Basic laws (principles) of formal logic.

4. Historical formation of logic in the form of formal, dialectical and mathematical.

5. The concept of proof.

6. Proof and intuition.

7. Logical methods of concept formation.

9. General logical characteristics of concepts.

10. Types and types of relationships between concepts.

11. Definition of concepts: types, rules, errors.

12. Techniques similar to the definition of a concept.

13. Division of the concept; classification.

14. Generalization and limitation of concepts.

15. Operations with classes (volumes of concepts).

16. Judgment, its types.

17. Logical structure of judgments.

18. Relationships of terms in judgment; distribution and non-distribution of terms

19. Qualitative and quantitative characteristics of judgments.

20. Relations between judgments.

21. Complex judgment and its types: structure.

22. Propositional connectives and their expression in natural language.

23. Tabular definition of the truth of complex judgments.

24. Relationships between judgments on the values of truth.

25. Judgment as a statement; principles and tasks of symbolization.

26. Syntax and semantics of the language of propositional logic.

27. Formalism of the laws of propositional logic.

28. Formalization of proofs in propositional calculus.

29. Syntax and semantics of the language of predicate logic.

30. Calculus of predicates; natural calculus.

31. The concept of a logical conclusion (inference).

32. Specificity of the deductive method of inference.

33. Traditional syllogistic.

34. Inference through transformation of the structure of the judgment.

35. Inferences on the "logical square".

36. The concept of a simple categorical syllogism (PCS) and its logical structure.

37. Figures and modes of PCS.

38. General rules of the PKS.

39. Special rules of figures, modes of PCS.

40. The concept of complex syllogisms.

41. The concept of abbreviated syllogisms.

42. The concept of complex abbreviated syllogisms.

43. Conditional inferences: types and modes.

44. Divisive reasoning: types and modes.

45. Conditionally-separating (lemmatic) conclusions.

46. Indirect conclusions.

47. The principle of backward deduction.

48. The concept of sophisms and paralogisms.

49. The concept of logical paradoxes.

50. The concept of induction, its types and rules; methods of similarities and differences, concomitant changes, residues.

51. Inference by analogy: strict, non-strict, false analogy.

52. Hypothesis, its construction, stages of development, types.

53. Methods of confirmation and refutation of the hypothesis.

54. The idea of argumentation: formal-logical application.

55. The concept of proof (argument structure, order, types of arguments).

56. Direct and indirect (indirect) evidence.

57. Criticism and refutation: strategy and tactics.

58. Rules of the thesis, arguments and demonstration.

59. Logical errors in proof and refutation.

60. Socio-psychological component in the art of persuasion.

The simplicity of judicial speech is different from the simplicity of any other public speech. Simplicity is the most important requirement

Presented to the court speech. The simplicity and intelligibility of judicial speech is the ability to speak in an accessible way about complex and serious things, taking into account the characteristics of the audience. And since the purpose of a judicial speech is to establish the truth, it should be simple, intelligible and understandable to both the judges and the defendant and all those present in the courtroom. If these requirements are met, the speech will be perceived easily, and the thoughts of the listeners will follow the thoughts of the speaker without any difficulty. Only those speeches in which "the deepest thoughts merge with the simplest words" are of true value.

The simplicity of a judicial speech primarily depends on how well the speaker knows the subject of his speech, the audience and, of course, how much he knows the word, how much he knows how to find such a language form that is most accessible and understandable for this specific, specific audience. It is necessary to ensure that the audience could not misunderstand the speaker.

Court speakers need to remember that the courtroom is not a place for verbal exercises. Empty talk, grandiloquence, flirtatiousness with words, empty phrase-mongering are unacceptable here. Their speeches should help the court and all those present more fully and deeply understand the case materials and draw the right conclusions from them.

Brevity is the ability to free speech from everything superfluous and "watery". Even Cicero argued that "the greatest virtue of an orator is not only to say what is needed, but also not to say what is not needed." Brevity lies in the speaker's ability to express thoughts accurately, concisely and at the same time energetically and emotionally.

It is not easy to speak to the public briefly and succinctly. This must be learned. As a rule, a concise judicial speech is the result of an excellent knowledge of the materials of a criminal case, general erudition and thorough preparation. Verbosity, as often as Raz, indicates the lack of a clear idea of the subject and goals of the speech. Sometimes it happens that some speakers in a sea of words try to drown the lack of a clear cape. or your own point of view. In this regard, A.F. Koni wrote: "The brevity of speech consists not only in the brevity of the time during which it is pronounced. A lecture can go on for an hour and still be short; at ten minutes it can seem long, tedious."

Another reason for verbosity is that it often manifests itself in the abuse of pleonasms, i.e. turns containing superfluous words. These are, as a rule, unambiguous definitions, for example: "Urgent and urgent business ...", "Long and prolonged silence was the reason ...", "Our sacred and highest duty is to protect ..." "... about twenty people."

The third reason for verbosity is tautology, i.e. repetition of what was said in the same words, often with the same root. "The following features of this criminal case should be noted", "in response to a request, we received an answer about something."

However, the worst enemy of judicial speech is lengthy reasoning, "chewing" known truths. It is known that the modern audience does not accept "common places" at all, automatically disconnecting from the perception of speech that does not contain anything new for it.

A characteristic dialogue once took place in Laconia, an area of Ancient Greece, whose inhabitants were surprisingly laconic. One day, ambassadors from the island of Somoza came to them and delivered a long, long and intricate speech. The answer was short: "What you said at the beginning, we have forgotten, since it was a long time ago, and the end is incomprehensible to us, since we have forgotten the beginning ...".

At the same time, the judicial speech of the prosecutor, the lawyer should not be simplistically clerical. On the contrary, it should be bright, figurative, expressive. The court speech should not turn into a telegraphic message or a summary of the topic.

Thus, a judicial orator, making a speech, must remember that "brevity is the soul of talent" and it is determined not by the amount of time spent on its delivery, but by the ability to state everything necessary to prove one's case.

In this regard, the classic example of the shortest speech by F.N. Plevako, uttered by him in defense of the clergyman: "He forgave your sins so many times, won't you forgive him his sin?" The speech was short, simple, persuasive. And we know that after this speech, the jury acquitted the clergyman.

The strength of judicial speech is in its rich content, simplicity, and clarity. The simplicity of speech is its naturalness, accessibility in understanding, the absence of any pomposity, false prettiness and unnecessary complexity.