It would be useful to start with a definition of the concept of alkanes. These are saturated or limiting. We can also say that these are carbons in which the connection of C atoms is carried out through simple bonds. The general formula is: CnH₂n+ 2.

It is known that the ratio of the number of H and C atoms in their molecules is maximum when compared with other classes. Due to the fact that all valences are occupied by either C or H, the chemical properties of alkanes are not expressed clearly enough, therefore the phrase saturated or saturated hydrocarbons is their second name.

There is also an older name that best reflects their relative chemical inertness - paraffins, which means "devoid of affinity".

So, the topic of our today's conversation: "Alkanes: homologous series, nomenclature, structure, isomerism." Data regarding their physical properties will also be presented.

Alkanes: structure, nomenclature

In them, the C atoms are in such a state as sp3 hybridization. In this regard, the alkanes molecule can be demonstrated as a set of tetrahedral structures C, which are connected not only to each other, but also to H.

There are strong, very low polarity s bonds between the C and H atoms. Atoms, on the other hand, always rotate around simple bonds, which is why alkane molecules take on various forms, and the bond length and the angle between them are constant values. Forms that transform into each other due to the rotation of the molecule around σ-bonds are commonly called its conformations.

In the process of detachment of the H atom from the molecule under consideration, 1-valent particles are formed, called hydrocarbon radicals. They appear as a result of compounds not only but also inorganic. If we subtract 2 hydrogen atoms from a saturated hydrocarbon molecule, we get 2-valent radicals.

Thus, the nomenclature of alkanes can be:

• radial (old version);
• substitution (international, systematic). It has been proposed by IUPAC.

Features of the radial nomenclature

In the first case, the nomenclature of alkanes is characterized by the following:

1. Consideration of hydrocarbons as derivatives of methane, in which 1 or more H atoms are replaced by radicals.
2. A high degree of convenience in the case of not very complex connections.

Features of the replacement nomenclature

The substitutional nomenclature of alkanes has the following features:

1. The basis for the name is 1 carbon chain, while the rest of the molecular fragments are considered as substituents.
2. If there are several identical radicals, the number is indicated before their name (strictly in words), and the radical numbers are separated by commas.

Chemistry: alkanes nomenclature

For convenience, the information is presented in the form of a table.

Substance name	Name base (root)	Molecular formula	Name of the carbon substituent	Formula of the carbon substituent

The above nomenclature of alkanes includes names that have developed historically (the first 4 members of the series of saturated hydrocarbons).

The names of unfolded alkanes with 5 or more C atoms are derived from Greek numerals that reflect the given number of C atoms. Thus, the suffix -an indicates that the substance is from a series of saturated compounds.

When naming unfolded alkanes, the one that contains the maximum number of C atoms is chosen as the main chain. It is numbered so that the substituents are with the smallest number. In the case of two or more chains of the same length, the main one is the one that contains the largest number of substituents.

Isomerism of alkanes

Methane CH₄ acts as the hydrocarbon-ancestor of their series. With each subsequent representative of the methane series, there is a difference from the previous one in the methylene group - CH₂. This regularity can be traced in the entire series of alkanes.

The German scientist Schiel put forward a proposal to call this series homological. Translated from Greek means "similar, similar."

Thus, a homologous series is a set of related organic compounds that have the same type of structure with similar chemical properties. Homologues are members of a given series. The homologous difference is the methylene group by which 2 neighboring homologues differ.

As mentioned earlier, the composition of any saturated hydrocarbon can be expressed using the general formula CnH₂n + 2. Thus, the next member of the homologous series after methane is ethane - C₂H₆. To derive its structure from methane, it is necessary to replace 1 H atom with CH₃ (figure below).

The structure of each subsequent homologue can be derived from the previous one in the same way. As a result, propane is formed from ethane - C₃H₈.

What are isomers?

These are substances that have an identical qualitative and quantitative molecular composition (an identical molecular formula), but a different chemical structure, and also have different chemical properties.

The above hydrocarbons differ in such a parameter as the boiling point: -0.5 ° - butane, -10 ° - isobutane. This type of isomerism is referred to as carbon skeleton isomerism, it belongs to the structural type.

The number of structural isomers grows rapidly with the increase in the number of carbon atoms. Thus, C₁₀H₂₂ will correspond to 75 isomers (not including spatial ones), and for C₁₅H₃₂ 4347 isomers are already known, for C₂₀H₄₂ - 366,319.

So, it has already become clear what alkanes are, a homologous series, isomerism, nomenclature. Now it's time to move on to the IUPAC naming conventions.

IUPAC nomenclature: rules for the formation of names

First, it is necessary to find in the hydrocarbon structure the carbon chain that is the longest and contains the maximum number of substituents. Then it is required to number the C atoms of the chain, starting from the end to which the substituent is closest.

Secondly, the base is the name of a straight-chain saturated hydrocarbon, which corresponds to the most main chain in terms of the number of C atoms.

Thirdly, before the base it is necessary to indicate the numbers of locants near which the substituents are located. They are followed by the names of the substitutes with a hyphen.

Fourth, if there are identical substituents at different C atoms, the locants are combined, and a multiplying prefix appears before the name: di - for two identical substituents, three - for three, tetra - four, penta - for five, etc. Numbers must be separated from each other by a comma, and from words by a hyphen.

If the same C atom contains two substituents at once, the locant is also written twice.

According to these rules, the international nomenclature of alkanes is formed.

Newman projections

This American scientist proposed special projection formulas for the graphical demonstration of conformations - Newman projections. They correspond to forms A and B and are shown in the figure below.

In the first case, this is an A-shielded conformation, and in the second, it is a B-inhibited conformation. In the A position, the H atoms are located at the minimum distance from each other. This form corresponds to the largest value of energy, due to the fact that the repulsion between them is the largest. This is an energetically unfavorable state, as a result of which the molecule tends to leave it and move to a more stable position B. Here, the H atoms are as far apart as possible. So, the energy difference between these positions is 12 kJ / mol, due to which the free rotation around the axis in the ethane molecule, which connects the methyl groups, is uneven. After getting into an energetically favorable position, the molecule lingers there, in other words, “slows down”. That is why it is called inhibited. The result - 10 thousand molecules of ethane are in a hindered form of conformation at room temperature. Only one has a different shape - obscured.

Getting saturated hydrocarbons

It has already become known from the article that these are alkanes (their structure, nomenclature are described in detail earlier). It would be useful to consider how to obtain them. They are isolated from such natural sources as oil, natural, coal. Synthetic methods are also used. For example, H₂ 2H₂:

1. Hydrogenation process CnH₂n (alkenes)→ CnH₂n+2 (alkanes)← CnH₂n-2 (alkynes).
2. From a mixture of monoxide C and H - synthesis gas: nCO+(2n+1)H₂→ CnH₂n+2+nH₂O.
3. From carboxylic acids (their salts): electrolysis at the anode, at the cathode:

• Kolbe electrolysis: 2RCOONa+2H₂O→R-R+2CO₂+H₂+2NaOH;
• Dumas reaction (alkali alloy): CH₃COONa+NaOH (t)→CH₄+Na₂CO₃.

1. Oil cracking: CnH₂n+2 (450-700°)→ CmH₂m+2+ Cn-mH₂(n-m).
2. Fuel gasification (solid): C+2H₂→CH₄.
3. Synthesis of complex alkanes (halogen derivatives) that have fewer C atoms: 2CH₃Cl (chloromethane) +2Na →CH₃- CH₃ (ethane) +2NaCl.
4. Water decomposition of methanides (metal carbides): Al₄C₃+12H₂O→4Al(OH₃)↓+3CH₄.

Physical properties of saturated hydrocarbons

For convenience, the data is grouped in a table.

Formula	Alkan	Melting point in °C	Boiling point in °C	Density, g/ml
				0.415 at t = -165°C
				0.561 at t= -100°C
				0.583 at t = -45°C
				0.579 at t =0°C
	2-methyl propane			0.557 at t = -25°C
	2,2-Dimethyl propane
	2-methylbutane
	2-Methylpentane
	2,2,3,3-Tetra-methylbutane
	2,2,4-trimethyl-pentane
n-C₁₀H₂₂
n-C₁₁H₂₄	n-undecan
n-C₁₂H₂₆	n-Dodecane
n-C₁₃H₂₈	n-Tridecan
n-C₁₄H₃₀	n-Tetradecane
n-C₁₅H₃₂	n-Pentadecan
n-C₁₆H₃₄	n-Hexadecane
n-C₂₀H₄₂	n-Eikosan
n-C₃₀H₆₂	n-Triacontan		1 mmHg st
n-C₄₀H₈₂	n-Tetracontane		3 mmHg Art.
n-C₅₀H₁₀₂	n-Pentacontan		15 mmHg Art.
n-C₆₀H₁₂₂	n-Hexacontan
n-C₇₀H₁₄₂	n-Heptacontane
n-C₁₀₀H₂₀₂

Conclusion

The article considered such a concept as alkanes (structure, nomenclature, isomerism, homologous series, etc.). A little is told about the features of the radial and substitution nomenclature. Methods for obtaining alkanes are described.

In addition, the entire nomenclature of alkanes is listed in detail in the article (the test can help to assimilate the information received).

The structure of alkanes

The chemical structure (order of connection of atoms in molecules) of the simplest alkanes - methane, ethane and propane - is shown by their structural formulas given in Section 2. From these formulas it can be seen that there are two types of chemical bonds in alkanes:

S-S and S-N.

The C–C bond is covalent nonpolar. The C–H bond is covalent, weakly polar, because carbon and hydrogen are close in electronegativity (2.5 for carbon and 2.1 for hydrogen). The formation of covalent bonds in alkanes due to the common electron pairs of carbon and hydrogen atoms can be shown using electronic formulas:

Electronic and structural formulas reflect the chemical structure, but do not give an idea of ​​the spatial structure of molecules, which significantly affects the properties of a substance.

Spatial structure, i.e. the mutual arrangement of the atoms of a molecule in space depends on the direction of the atomic orbitals (AO) of these atoms. In hydrocarbons, the main role is played by the spatial orientation of the atomic orbitals of carbon, since the spherical 1s-AO of the hydrogen atom is devoid of a definite orientation.

The spatial arrangement of carbon AOs, in turn, depends on the type of its hybridization (Part I, Section 4.3). The saturated carbon atom in alkanes is bonded to four other atoms. Therefore, its state corresponds to sp3 hybridization (Part I, Section 4.3.1). In this case, each of the four sp3-hybrid carbon AOs participates in axial (σ-) overlap with the s-AO of hydrogen or with the sp3-AO of another carbon atom, forming C-H or C-C σ-bonds.

Four σ-bonds of carbon are directed in space at an angle of 109o28 ", which corresponds to the smallest repulsion of electrons. Therefore, the molecule of the simplest representative of alkanes - methane CH4 - has the shape of a tetrahedron, in the center of which there is a carbon atom, and at the vertices - hydrogen atoms:

The H-C-H bond angle is 109o28". The spatial structure of methane can be shown using volumetric (scale) and ball-and-stick models.

For recording, it is convenient to use the spatial (stereochemical) formula.

In the molecule of the next homologue, C2H6 ethane, two tetrahedral sp3 carbon atoms form a more complex spatial structure:

Alkanes containing more than 2 carbon atoms are characterized by curved shapes. This can be shown using the example of n-butane (VRML model) or n-pentane:

Isomerism of alkanes

Isomerism is the phenomenon of the existence of compounds that have the same composition (the same molecular formula), but a different structure. Such connections are called isomers.

Differences in the order of connection of atoms in molecules (i.e. in the chemical structure) lead to structural isomerism. The structure of structural isomers is reflected by structural formulas. In the alkanes series, structural isomerism manifests itself when there are 4 or more carbon atoms in the chain, i.e. starting with butane C 4 H 10 . If in molecules of the same composition and the same chemical structure, a different mutual arrangement of atoms in space is possible, then spatial isomerism (stereoisomerism). In this case, the use of structural formulas is not enough, and molecular models or special formulas - stereochemical (spatial) or projection - should be used.

Alkanes, starting from ethane H 3 C–CH 3, exist in various spatial forms ( conformations) caused by intramolecular rotation along the C–C σ-bonds and exhibit the so-called rotational (conformational) isomerism.

In addition, if there is a carbon atom in the molecule associated with 4 different substituents, another type of spatial isomerism is possible, when two stereoisomers relate to each other as an object and its mirror image (just as the left hand relates to the right). Such differences in the structure of molecules are called optical isomerism.

. Structural isomerism of alkanes

Structural isomers - compounds of the same composition, differing in the order of binding atoms, i.e. the chemical structure of the molecules.

The reason for the manifestation of structural isomerism in the alkane series is the ability of carbon atoms to form chains of various structures. This type of structural isomerism is called isomerism of the carbon skeleton.

For example, an alkane of composition C 4 H 10 can exist in the form two structural isomers:

and alkane C 5 H 12 - in the form three structural isomers that differ in the structure of the carbon chain:

With an increase in the number of carbon atoms in the composition of molecules, the possibilities for chain branching increase, i.e. the number of isomers increases with the number of carbon atoms.

Structural isomers differ in physical properties. Alkanes with a branched structure, due to a less dense packing of molecules and, accordingly, smaller intermolecular interactions, boil at a lower temperature than their unbranched isomers.

Techniques for constructing structural formulas of isomers

Consider the example of an alkane With 6 H 14 .

1. First, we depict the linear isomer molecule (its carbon skeleton)

2. Then we shorten the chain by 1 carbon atom and attach this atom to any carbon atom of the chain as a branch from it, excluding extreme positions:

(2) or (3)

If you attach a carbon atom to one of the extreme positions, then the chemical structure of the chain will not change.

The use of alkanes is quite diverse - they are used as fuel, as well as in mechanics, medicine, etc. The role of these chemical compounds in the life of modern man can hardly be overestimated.

Alkanes: properties and brief characteristics

Alkanes are non-cyclic carbon compounds in which the carbon atoms are linked by simple saturated bonds. These substances represent a whole series with certain properties and characteristics. as follows:

N here represents the number of carbon atoms. For example, CH3, C2H6.

The first four representatives of the alkanes series - gaseous substances - are methane, ethane, propane and butane. The following compounds (C5 to C17) are liquids. The series continues with compounds that are solids under normal conditions.

As for the chemical properties, alkanes are inactive - they practically do not interact with alkalis and acids. By the way, it is the chemical properties that determine the use of alkanes.

However, these compounds are characterized by some reactions, including the substitution of hydrogen atoms, as well as the processes of splitting molecules.

• The most characteristic reaction is halogenation, in which hydrogen atoms are replaced by halogens. Of great importance are the reactions of chlorination and bromination of these compounds.
• Nitration is the replacement of a hydrogen atom with a nitro group when reacting with a dilute one (concentration 10%) Under normal conditions, alkanes do not interact with acids. In order to carry out such a reaction, a temperature of 140 ° C is needed.
• Oxidation - Under normal conditions, alkanes are not attacked by oxygen. However, after ignition in air, these substances enter into the final products of which are water and
• Cracking - this reaction takes place only in the presence of the necessary catalysts. In the process, stable homologous bonds between carbon atoms are split. For example, when butane is cracked, ethane and ethylene can be obtained as a result of the reaction.
• Isomerization - as a result of the action of certain catalysts, some rearrangement of the carbon skeleton of the alkane is possible.

Application of alkanes

The main natural source of these substances are such valuable products as natural gas and oil. The fields of application of alkanes today are very wide and varied.

For example, gaseous substances used as a valuable source of fuel. An example is methane, of which natural gas is composed, as well as a propane-butane mixture.

Another source of alkanes is oil , the importance of which for modern mankind is difficult to overestimate. Petroleum products include:

• gasolines are used as fuel;
• kerosene;
• diesel fuel, or light gas oil;
• heavy gas oil, which is used as a lubricating oil;
• The rest is used to make asphalt.

Petroleum products are also used to make plastics, synthetic fibers, rubbers, and some detergents.

Vaseline and vaseline oil are products that consist of a mixture of alkanes. They are used in medicine and cosmetology (mainly for the preparation of ointments and creams), as well as in perfumery.

Paraffin is another well-known product, which is a mixture of solid alkanes. This is a solid white mass, the heating temperature of which is 50 - 70 degrees. In modern production, paraffin is used to make candles. Matches are impregnated with the same substance. In medicine, various thermal procedures are carried out with the help of paraffin.

vocabulary lesson

"Days of the week"

Teacher. Look at the emblem of our lesson (owl). Remember what we are going to study today.

Children. Today we will learn new words.

U. Today we will travel through the counties where Vocabulary, Etymology, Spelling rule. Show these counties on the map.

What is learned in vocabulary?

D. Lexical meaning of words.

U. What is studied in etymology?

D. History and origin of words.

U. What do they study in spelling?

D. Spelling of words.

U. I will offer you riddles, and you will guess what words we will learn.

The book has six plain sheets,

and the seventh is golden.

There are seven brothers:

equal years, different names.

Who or what is it about?

D. These are the days of the week.

U. Let's write down the topic of today's lesson - "Days of the week."

So, today we will talk about the days of the week, learn the history of their names, learn how to write these words. But before the Countesses Lexica, Spelling, and Etymology allow you to enter their counties, they would like to test you. Answer what the word week means']

D. All days, there are seven of them.

U. That's right, it's seven days from Monday to Sunday. And what is the history of this word, we learn from the certificate that Countess Etymology has prepared for us.

The word week is in all Slavic languages: Ukrainian, Bulgarian, Polish. This word was formed from the words not to do and meant in the Old Russian language a day of rest, Sunday. Gradually, the word week began to mean seven days - from Monday to Sunday.

“The countesses let us through, but would like to hear how you name all seven days of the week in order.

D. Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday, Sunday.

U. The first day is Monday. Can any of you guess why the day is so named?

D. We don't know.

U. Etymology can help us.

Monday is a common Slavic word. Sunday was once considered the beginning of the week. And Sunday among the Slavs was called a week. And the first day of the week - Sunday - began to be called Monday.

- Write in notebooks the words week, Monday.

I think that we will determine the meaning of the word Tuesday and the history of this word faster. What Russian word does it resemble?

D. The second is the second day of the week!

W. Let's see if our assumption is correct.

Tuesday - this word came into our language from Old Slavonic. Denotes the second day after Sunday. It is close in meaning to the second word.

- Write in notebooks - Tuesday.

What is the next day of the week?

U. Determine the value.

D. Middle, middle.

U. Let us turn again to Etymology for help.

Wednesday - the word is borrowed from the Old Slavonic language. Indicates the middle, the average day of the week.

- Perfectly! You and I already feel and understand the language well, correctly determine the meanings of words and even know their history. Let's write the word Wednesday.

The next word is Thursday. Can we determine the value?

D. The fourth day of the week.

U. Etymology confirms our assumption.

Thursday is a common Slavic word that means the fourth day of the week. The meaning of this word is close to the meaning of the words four, four.

Let's write this word in a notebook.

Friday - the meaning of this word is not a secret to you. Who will determine its meaning?

D. "Five", "fifth day of the week."

U. Friday is an old Russian word. The fifth day is named Friday after the number of days of the week.

Write this word in your notebook Saturday. The history of this word is quite unusual. It has come a long way from language to language: from Hebrew to Greek, from Greek to Slavic, and from there to us in Russian. In Hebrew, the word Saturday was read as Shabbat, which means "rest, holiday." Jews rest on Saturday. Of all the days of the week, this is the only word of non-Slavic origin.

- Very carefully write down the word, dictating to ourselves: Saturday.

So Sunday. What Russian word reminds you of this?

D. We don't know.

U. Etymology will help us.

Sunday - this word came into our language from Old Slavonic. Formed from the word resurrect. The name of this holiday is connected with the history of Jesus Christ.

- Write the word in a notebook.

And now the countesses Vocabulary and Etymology offer us a game of grammatical compliments. We love it when people say nice things to us. So now we will say good words: what they mean, their history of origin.

A week - ? Monday - ? Tuesday - ? Wednesday - ? Thursday - ? Friday - ? Saturday - ? Sunday - ?

Well done, we have pleased the countesses! Now it's Spelling's turn. Write down from memory in your notebook the names of all the days of the week. And Spelling will select the best works.

In conclusion, the countesses propose to solve etymological problems:

1. What word is a relative of the words week, Monday!

2. Which of the days of the week are named according to the account? (Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday)

3. What is the name of the day of the week - a word of non-Slavic origin? (Saturday)

4. What day of the week is associated with ancient history? (Sunday.)

The lesson comes to an end, our journey ends. I think that the countesses are satisfied with your work, they will definitely come to visit us again. You will learn the spelling of the names of the days of the week.

At the lesson, the children are told that since February 21, 2000, the day of the native language has been celebrated. The lesson is conducted in an interesting game form, while there is a consolidation and control of previously acquired knowledge by students.

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Municipal budgetary educational institution secondary school No. 4

city ​​of Apsheronsk, Krasnodar Territory

Primary school teacher

Nevolina O.V.

Synopsis of the Russian language lesson in grade 3

Subject: International Mother Language Day.

Goals: the formation of a careful attitude to the native language, to cultivate love for the Russian language; development of students' speech; activation of verbal-logical thinking; improving knowledge about parts of speech.

During the classes:

1. Organizing time.The topic of the lesson.

Today we have an unusual lesson. It will be dedicated to International Mother Language Day.

1. Work on the topic of the lesson.

1. Talk about language.

International Mother Language Day was proclaimed by UNESCO in 1999 and has been celebrated on February 21 since 2000. (slide)

In different countries of the world, people today speak 6,000 languages. "Great languages" are called Chinese, Indian, English - they are used by the largest number of people. They are followed by German, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Japanese, Arabic and of course Russian. Learning a language is very interesting and exciting.

In the history of the Russian people there is a proverb: "They meet according to clothes - they see off according to the mind." She tells us that it is not only the appearance that matters, but also what a person thinks and says. One wise man said: “Just as the strength of pottery is tested by the ringing, a person is tested by the words that speak his mouth.”

I will give you an interesting example. The famous fabulist Aesop was a slave in ancient Greece. One day his master told him to prepare the best food for the guests. Aesop bought the tongues and made three dishes out of them. Aesop said to the owner: “And what could be better than a language in the world?” Another time, after the order to buy the worst, Aesop again bought languages, explaining that through language people can quarrel, become enemies, start a war.

1st reader

Do not count languages ​​and dialects on earth,

They probably exist forever.

But our Russian language is dearer to all of us,

And each of us got used to it from childhood.

2nd reader

But that's bad luck, we are Russian, like,

However, what you will not hear among the people:

Words distort, distort speech.

We will try to warn you.

3rd reader

Not - there, but there, and not here, but here,

However, my friend, mistakes are countless.

And high o, deep o, what's the matter?

Dela, I'll tell you how white the soot is!

1st reader

Are you Russian or Chukchi? Then, if possible,

Set the accents, it's not difficult.

Leisure at g, and not leisure, ringing and t, and not ringing.

Mistakes are everywhere: at school and at home.

There about zhnya, move and taystvo and rolled about g -

Memorize and memorize them.

2nd reader

Dostoevsky and Gorky wrote in Russian,

Turgenev, Yesenin, Tolstoy and more.

Be careful with your tongue my friend

And listen to the speeches of friends and girlfriends.

3rd reader

What the hell are you, in kind, got it, cormorants,

I don't give a damn about your lessons.

I am a cool pepper, and my market is what you need.

Guys, this is just bravado!

1st reader

Don't waste your words

Be responsible for every word!

The word is not a sparrow, it will fly out - you won’t catch it!

You know this proverb from childhood!

2nd reader

"Know the price of every word!", -

We repeat over and over again!

Teach! Honor our great language!

After all, the Russian language is both powerful and great!

(slide)

And what did prominent Russian and foreign writers say about the Russian language:

“Take care of the purity of the language, like a shrine! Never use foreign words. The Russian language is so rich and flexible that we have nothing to take from those who are poorer than us.”

Turgenev I.S.

“O great, mighty, truthful and free Russian language”, - I.S. Turgenev.

“The Russian language is real, strong, where it is necessary - strict, serious, where it is necessary - passionate, where it is necessary - lively, lively,” L.N. Tolstoy considered.

“This is the most beautiful of all European languages,” wrote Proster Mérimée, a classic of French literature.

“There is no doubt that the Russian language is one of the richest languages ​​in the world.”

Belinsky V.G.

"The Russian language in skillful hands and in experienced lips is beautiful, melodious, expressive, flexible, obedient, dexterous and roomy."

Kuprin A.I.

1. What is a word.

As you know, our speech consists of sentences, which in turn consist of words. A man needed a word in order to give a name to everything that is in the world and to himself. After all, in order to talk about something and even think about it, you need to call it somehow.

A name is given to everything - both to the beast and to the object,

There are a lot of things around, but there are no nameless ones.

And all that the eye can see - above us and below us,

And everything that is in our memory is signified by words.

1st student

There are words - like wounds, words - like a court, -

They do not surrender with them and do not take prisoners.

Words can kill, words can save

In a word, you can lead the shelves behind you,

In a word, you can sell and betray and buy,

In a word, you can pour it into smashing lead.

But we have words for all words in the language:

Glory, Motherland, Loyalty, Freedom and Honor.

2nd student

Every word has its own taste.

Some words are bitter as wormwood.

Others are sweeter than Abkhazian melons.

There are words, like seasonings among the highlanders,

And there are other words

That sea water is saltier and bitter.

There are also tasteless, like grass.

People have all sorts of words.

I invite you to go on a journey through the country of linguistics.

So let's start our tournament.

Today old friends are waiting for you, everyone will recognize them - both you and me!

1. Noun.

I have been living in this world for a long time, giving names to objects.

(Noun)

Competition "Catch the word"

I will name the words, and you will catch them, i.e. write down. Girls are feminine nouns and boys are masculine.

Cloak, swift, night, silence, bream, help, rook, doctor, daughter, hut, oven, ball, speech, lie, already, thing.

Contest "Guess the word"(slide)

The root of the word TALE.

Suffix, as in the word CARRIER.

Prefix in the word EXPENSE.

Ending in the word HOUSE.

(the narrator)

The root is in the word SNOWFLAKE.

The prefix in the word DRIVED.

Suffix in the word FOREST.

Ending in the word TABLE.

(snowdrop)

Competition "Tender"

I will speak the word, and you will turn it into an affectionate, pleasant one.

Mom (mommy), sun (sun) , brother, cat, bird, daughter, castle, pencil.

1. Adjective.

I give signs to objects - they are very noticeable with me.

I decorate your speech, you need to know me, take care of me!

(Adjective)

Competition "Describe a toy"(slide)

The teacher shows objects on the slide. Task: write as many adjectives as possible that describe the subject.

1. Verbs.

That for me objects are just names,

And I will come - everything will come into action.

(Verb)

Contest "Say the other way around"

I will say the word high, and you will answer ...(low).

I will say a word far, and you will answer ...(close).

I will say the word coward, you will answer ...(brave).

Now the beginning I will say, you will answer ...(the end).

Open, lie down, cry, leave, talk, find, run out, fall asleep.

Competition "Replace with one verb"

Give a chirp -(run away), scratch tongues - (talk) , lead by the nose -(deceive) , bite your tongue -(shut up) , Nick down -(remember), fall down - (tired).

1. Pronoun.

I have such an opinion about myself: my role is huge.

I give myself to the cause in full, I replace the names.

(Pronoun)

How many personal pronouns are in the word "family"?(family)

The first syllable is a personal pronoun, the second is the sound the frog makes. Together - a vegetable.(pumpkin)

The first syllable is a personal pronoun, the second is the same as misfortune. Together they denote petty slander or a slanderer.(I am trouble)

1. Summary of the lesson.

Well done boys. You did a very good job today and I hope you learned something new and interesting for yourself. (slide)

If you want to argue fate, if you are looking for consolation, a flower garden,

If you need a solid support, learn Russian. https://accounts.google.com

Slides captions:

dos u g ringing and t move and the mystery is there about zhnya rolled about g

"The Russian language in skillful hands and in experienced lips is beautiful, melodious, expressive, flexible, obedient, dexterous and roomy." Kuprin A.I. “There is no doubt that the Russian language is one of the richest languages ​​in the world.” Belinsky V.G. “This is the most beautiful of all European languages,” wrote the classic of French literature, Proster Mérimée.

fairy tale cabby house expense narrator

snowflake drove up table forester under snow nick

If you want to argue with fate, if you are looking for the joy of a flower garden, If you need a solid support, learn Russian. He is your mentor, great, mighty, he is a translator, he is a guide, If you storm the steep knowledge, - learn the Russian language!

Thank you! The lesson is over!